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Prunus fasciculata

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with Prunus fremontii, called desert apricot

Prunus fasciculata, also known as wild almond, desert almond, or desert peach[2] is a spiny and woody shrub producing wild almonds, which is native to western deserts of North America.

Prunus fasciculata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Prunus
Subgenus: Prunus subg. Prunus
Section: Prunus sect. Emplectocladus
Species:
P. fasciculata
Binomial name
Prunus fasciculata
Synonyms[1]
  • Emplectocladus fasciculata Torr.
  • Amygdalus fasciculata (Torr.) Greene

Description edit

Prunus fasciculata grows up to 2 metres (6+1⁄2 feet) high, exceptionally to 3 metres (10 ft), with many horizontal (divaricate) branches, generally with thorns (spinescent), often in thickets. The bark is gray and without hairs (glabrous).[3]

 
This male has flowers with 10–15 stamens that are clustered with leaves in fascicles.
 
Branches with smooth gray bark bear clusters of narrow leaves and small flowers.

The leaves are 5–20 millimetres (1⁄4–3⁄4 inch) long, narrow (linear), with a broad, flatten tip that tapers to a narrow base, (spatulate, oblanceolate), arranged on very short leaf stem (petiole) like bundles of needles (fascicles). Sepals are hairless and without lobes or teeth. The flowers are small and white with 3-mm petals, occurring either solitary or in fascicles and are without a petal stem (subsessile) growing from the leaf axils. They are dioecious. Male flowers have 10–15 stamens; female, one or more pistils. The plant displays numerous fragrant flowers from March to May, which attract the bees that pollinate it. The drupe is about 1 centimetre (1⁄2 in) long, ovoid, light brown and pubescent with thin flesh.[3][4][5]

The species lives many years (is perennial), and drops its leaves (deciduous).[6][7][8]

Taxonomy edit

The plant was first classified as Emplectocladus fasciculata in an 1853 paper by John Torrey based on a collection of the plants of California acquired during the third expedition of John C. Fremont in 1845;[9] whence the synonym Emplectocladus fasciculata (Torr.)[10] The work was illustrated by Isaac Sprague. Torrey devised the genus Empectocladus to comprise a few desert shrubs. According to Silas C. Mason[11] the genus has

... a top so densely branched, angled and interlocked as to well merit the name Emplectocladus (Greek, "woven branch"), signifying interlocked branches ...

According to George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker[12] the name fasciculata means that the leaves are in fascicles, or little bundles:

Leaves small, spatulate, as it were of precious stones, subglobose fasciculate[13]

However, Asa Gray publishing in 1874 reclassified Empectocladus to Prunus resulting in the designation Prunus fasciculata (Torr.) A. Gray (subg. Emplectocladus), in which the desert shrubs become a subgenus.[14] In 1996 Jepson[8] defined a California variety with smooth leaves, punctata, in comparison to which Gray's species, with pubescent leaves, becomes the variety, fasciculata. Unfortunately, the binomial Prunus punctata was already used in 1878 to describe what is now known to be Prunus phaeosticta.[15] Prunus fasciculata punctata grows in the coastal ranges as well as in the desert.[3][16][17]

Palaeobotanical evidence edit

Middens from rodent activities such as those of the pack rat are a rich source of plant macrofossils from late Pleistocene habitats. At Point of Rocks in Nevada by 11,700 BP, desert shrubs such as desert almond had replaced Juniper and Joshua trees, indicating the onset of the modern desert.[18] Somewhat earlier, 17,000–14,000 BP, desert almond flourished in a mixed desert and woodland ecology on the Colorado Plateau.[19]

Distribution and habitat edit

The species is native to the deserts of Arizona, California, Baja California, Nevada, and Utah.[20][6][21][22][23] It prefers sandy or rocky soil on dry slopes and washes, usually below 7,000 feet (2,100 m) elevation.[20]

Uses edit

The plant is not cultivated. Some Native Americans in its limited range learned traditional ways of using it: the Cahuilla prepared the drupe as a delicacy. The wild almonds were considered a delicacy by Native Americans. The Kawaiisu found the tough twigs useful as drills in starting fires and as the front portion of arrow shafts.[24] The seed contains too much cyanide to be edible, although there is some archaeological evidence that the ancient population of the Mojave desert pounded the seeds into flour and leached it to make it edible.[25]

References edit

  1. ^ Tropicos, Prunus fasciculata (Torr.) A. Gray
  2. ^ Bailey, L.H., Bailey, E.Z., and the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. Macmillan, New York.
  3. ^ a b c "Prunus fasciculata". in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora. Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley. 2018. Retrieved 2018-07-06.
  4. ^ Geological Survey of California (1880). Botany of California: Volume I: 2nd (Revised) Edition. Little, Brown, and Company. p. 168.
  5. ^ Rydberg, Per Axel (1917). Flora of the Rocky Mountains and Adjacent Plains: Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Saskatchewan, Alberta and Neighboring Parts of Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota and British Columbia. New York: Published by the Author. p. 452.
  6. ^ a b "Prunus fasciculata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  7. ^ "Emplectocladus fasciculata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  8. ^ a b Jepson, Willis Linn (1936). A Flora of California, Volume 2. Berkeley: University of California. pp. 229–230.
  9. ^ This famous expedition combined scientific and military operations, merging into the war with Mexico of 1848 and the acquisition of California for the United States. Fremont's mandate had been to explore Oregon. He followed secret orders to establish a presence in California. Apparently he did accomplish both scientific and military objectives (but not in Oregon) and the pre-publication in Torrey's paper of his remaining plant specimens (some had been lost on the Missouri) helped him during his later prosecutions for insubordination.
  10. ^ Torrey, John (1854). "Plantae Fremontianae; or Descriptions of Plants Collected by Col. J. C. Fremont, in California". Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge Volume 6 Paper 1. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. The contents of this volume are stated in The American Catalogue of Books (1856). London: Sampson Low, Son & Co. 1856. p. 59. The paper, however, had already been published independently in April, 1853, according to Karslake, Frank (1971). Book-Auction Records. London, New York and Edinburgh: Dawsons of Pall Mall. p. 1050.
  11. ^ Mason, Silas C. (1911). "U. S. Department of Agriculture Bureau of Plant Industry-Bulletin Nos. 192 to 197 Inclusive 1910-1911: Drought Resistance of the Olive in the Southwestern States". Bulletins of the Bureau of Plant Industry Nos. 192 to 197 Inclusive 1910-1911. Vol. XXV. Washington: Government Printing Office. p. 24.
  12. ^ Bentham, George; Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1865). Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita Volume I Part II. London: Lovell Reeve & Co. p. 614.
  13. ^ "Folia minuta, spathulata, e gemmis subglobosis quasi fasciculata ...."
  14. ^ "Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1874)". 10:70. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ^ The Flora of British India 2(5): 317. 1878.
  16. ^ "ITIS Report".
  17. ^ Stuart, John David; Sawyer, John O. (2001). Trees and Shrubs of California. University of California Press. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-520-22109-3.
  18. ^ Sauer, Jonathan Deininger (1988). Plant Migration: the dynamics of geographic patterning in seed plant species. University of California Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-520-06871-1.
  19. ^ Anderson, R. Scott; Betancourt, Julio L.; Mead, Jim I.; Hevly, Richard H.; Adam, David P. (2000). "Middle- and late-Wisconsin paleobotanic and paleoclimatic records from the southern Colorado Plateau, USA". Palaeo. 155 (1–2): 45. Bibcode:2000PPP...155...31A. doi:10.1016/s0031-0182(99)00093-0. The article is available as a .pdf file at [1].
  20. ^ a b Sullivan, Steven. K. (2018). "Prunus fasciculata". Wildflower Search. Retrieved 2018-07-06.
  21. ^ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
  22. ^ SEINet, Southwestern Biodiversity, Arizona chapter photos, distribution map
  23. ^ Calflora taxon report, University of California, Prunus fasciculata (Torrey) A. Gray, 1874. Desert almond
  24. ^ Moerman, Daniel E. (1998). Native American Ethnobotany. Portland, Cambridge: Timber Press. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-88192-453-4.
  25. ^ Bond, Elaine Miller (Summer 2000). (PDF). Transect. 18 (1): 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2007-08-31.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Prunus fasciculata at Wikimedia Commons
  • Prunus fasciculata - U.C. CalPhoto Gallery
  • "Prunus fasciculata". Plants for a Future.

January 01, 1970
prunus, fasciculata, confused, with, prunus, fremontii, called, desert, apricot, also, known, wild, almond, desert, almond, desert, peach, spiny, woody, shrub, producing, wild, almonds, which, native, western, deserts, north, america, scientific, classificatio. Not to be confused with Prunus fremontii called desert apricot Prunus fasciculata also known as wild almond desert almond or desert peach 2 is a spiny and woody shrub producing wild almonds which is native to western deserts of North America Prunus fasciculata Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Rosales Family Rosaceae Genus Prunus Subgenus Prunus subg Prunus Section Prunus sect Emplectocladus Species P fasciculata Binomial name Prunus fasciculata Torr A Gray Synonyms 1 Emplectocladus fasciculata Torr Amygdalus fasciculata Torr Greene Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 2 1 Palaeobotanical evidence 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Uses 5 References 6 External linksDescription editPrunus fasciculata grows up to 2 metres 6 1 2 feet high exceptionally to 3 metres 10 ft with many horizontal divaricate branches generally with thorns spinescent often in thickets The bark is gray and without hairs glabrous 3 nbsp This male has flowers with 10 15 stamens that are clustered with leaves in fascicles nbsp Branches with smooth gray bark bear clusters of narrow leaves and small flowers The leaves are 5 20 millimetres 1 4 3 4 inch long narrow linear with a broad flatten tip that tapers to a narrow base spatulate oblanceolate arranged on very short leaf stem petiole like bundles of needles fascicles Sepals are hairless and without lobes or teeth The flowers are small and white with 3 mm petals occurring either solitary or in fascicles and are without a petal stem subsessile growing from the leaf axils They are dioecious Male flowers have 10 15 stamens female one or more pistils The plant displays numerous fragrant flowers from March to May which attract the bees that pollinate it The drupe is about 1 centimetre 1 2 in long ovoid light brown and pubescent with thin flesh 3 4 5 The species lives many years is perennial and drops its leaves deciduous 6 7 8 Taxonomy editThe plant was first classified as Emplectocladus fasciculata in an 1853 paper by John Torrey based on a collection of the plants of California acquired during the third expedition of John C Fremont in 1845 9 whence the synonym Emplectocladus fasciculata Torr 10 The work was illustrated by Isaac Sprague Torrey devised the genus Empectocladus to comprise a few desert shrubs According to Silas C Mason 11 the genus has a top so densely branched angled and interlocked as to well merit the name Emplectocladus Greek woven branch signifying interlocked branches According to George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker 12 the name fasciculata means that the leaves are in fascicles or little bundles Leaves small spatulate as it were of precious stones subglobose fasciculate 13 However Asa Gray publishing in 1874 reclassified Empectocladus to Prunus resulting in the designation Prunus fasciculata Torr A Gray subg Emplectocladus in which the desert shrubs become a subgenus 14 In 1996 Jepson 8 defined a California variety with smooth leaves punctata in comparison to which Gray s species with pubescent leaves becomes the variety fasciculata Unfortunately the binomial Prunus punctata was already used in 1878 to describe what is now known to be Prunus phaeosticta 15 Prunus fasciculata punctata grows in the coastal ranges as well as in the desert 3 16 17 Palaeobotanical evidence edit Middens from rodent activities such as those of the pack rat are a rich source of plant macrofossils from late Pleistocene habitats At Point of Rocks in Nevada by 11 700 BP desert shrubs such as desert almond had replaced Juniper and Joshua trees indicating the onset of the modern desert 18 Somewhat earlier 17 000 14 000 BP desert almond flourished in a mixed desert and woodland ecology on the Colorado Plateau 19 Distribution and habitat editThe species is native to the deserts of Arizona California Baja California Nevada and Utah 20 6 21 22 23 It prefers sandy or rocky soil on dry slopes and washes usually below 7 000 feet 2 100 m elevation 20 Uses editThe plant is not cultivated Some Native Americans in its limited range learned traditional ways of using it the Cahuilla prepared the drupe as a delicacy The wild almonds were considered a delicacy by Native Americans The Kawaiisu found the tough twigs useful as drills in starting fires and as the front portion of arrow shafts 24 The seed contains too much cyanide to be edible although there is some archaeological evidence that the ancient population of the Mojave desert pounded the seeds into flour and leached it to make it edible 25 References edit Tropicos Prunus fasciculata Torr A Gray Bailey L H Bailey E Z and the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium 1976 Hortus third A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada Macmillan New York a b c Prunus fasciculata in Jepson Flora Project eds Jepson eFlora Jepson Herbarium University of California Berkeley 2018 Retrieved 2018 07 06 Geological Survey of California 1880 Botany of California Volume I 2nd Revised Edition Little Brown and Company p 168 Rydberg Per Axel 1917 Flora of the Rocky Mountains and Adjacent Plains Colorado Utah Wyoming Idaho Montana Saskatchewan Alberta and Neighboring Parts of Nebraska South Dakota North Dakota and British Columbia New York Published by the Author p 452 a b Prunus fasciculata Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 12 January 2018 Emplectocladus fasciculata Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 12 January 2018 a b Jepson Willis Linn 1936 A Flora of California Volume 2 Berkeley University of California pp 229 230 This famous expedition combined scientific and military operations merging into the war with Mexico of 1848 and the acquisition of California for the United States Fremont s mandate had been to explore Oregon He followed secret orders to establish a presence in California Apparently he did accomplish both scientific and military objectives but not in Oregon and the pre publication in Torrey s paper of his remaining plant specimens some had been lost on the Missouri helped him during his later prosecutions for insubordination Torrey John 1854 Plantae Fremontianae or Descriptions of Plants Collected by Col J C Fremont in California Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge Volume 6 Paper 1 Washington DC Smithsonian Institution The contents of this volume are stated in The American Catalogue of Books 1856 London Sampson Low Son amp Co 1856 p 59 The paper however had already been published independently in April 1853 according to Karslake Frank 1971 Book Auction Records London New York and Edinburgh Dawsons of Pall Mall p 1050 Mason Silas C 1911 U S Department of Agriculture Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin Nos 192 to 197 Inclusive 1910 1911 Drought Resistance of the Olive in the Southwestern States Bulletins of the Bureau of Plant Industry Nos 192 to 197 Inclusive 1910 1911 Vol XXV Washington Government Printing Office p 24 Bentham George Hooker Joseph Dalton 1865 Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita Volume I Part II London Lovell Reeve amp Co p 614 Folia minuta spathulata e gemmis subglobosis quasi fasciculata Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1874 10 70 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help The Flora of British India 2 5 317 1878 ITIS Report Stuart John David Sawyer John O 2001 Trees and Shrubs of California University of California Press p 305 ISBN 978 0 520 22109 3 Sauer Jonathan Deininger 1988 Plant Migration the dynamics of geographic patterning in seed plant species University of California Press p 168 ISBN 978 0 520 06871 1 Anderson R Scott Betancourt Julio L Mead Jim I Hevly Richard H Adam David P 2000 Middle and late Wisconsin paleobotanic and paleoclimatic records from the southern Colorado Plateau USA Palaeo 155 1 2 45 Bibcode 2000PPP 155 31A doi 10 1016 s0031 0182 99 00093 0 The article is available as a pdf file at 1 a b Sullivan Steven K 2018 Prunus fasciculata Wildflower Search Retrieved 2018 07 06 Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map SEINet Southwestern Biodiversity Arizona chapter photos distribution map Calflora taxon report University of California Prunus fasciculata Torrey A Gray 1874 Desert almond Moerman Daniel E 1998 Native American Ethnobotany Portland Cambridge Timber Press p 442 ISBN 978 0 88192 453 4 Bond Elaine Miller Summer 2000 Reading between the rocks Exploring the connection between land and humans in the Granite Mountains PDF Transect 18 1 23 Archived from the original PDF on 2007 06 09 Retrieved 2007 08 31 External links edit nbsp Media related to Prunus fasciculata at Wikimedia Commons Prunus fasciculata U C CalPhoto Gallery Prunus fasciculata Plants for a Future Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Prunus fasciculata amp oldid 1191781758, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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