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Dendrerpeton

November 30, 2023

Dendrerpeton (from Greek: δένδρον déndron, 'tree' and Greek: ἑρπετόν herpetón, 'creeping thing') is a genus of an extinct group of temnospondyl amphibians.[1] Its fossils have been found primarily in the Joggins Formation of Eastern Canada and in Ireland.[2][3] It lived during the Carboniferous[4][5] and is said to be around 309–316 million years of age, corresponding to more specifically the Westphalian (stage) age.[6] Of terrestrial temnospondyl amphibians evolution, it represents the first stage.[3] Although multiple species have been proposed, the species unanimously recognized is D. acadianum.[2] This species name comes from “Acadia” which is a historical name for the Nova Scotia region as a French colony. It refers to the location of the coal field at which the fossil was found.[7]

Dendrerpeton
Temporal range: Carboniferous
Westphalian
Skull of Dendrerpeton on display at the Redpath Museum, Montreal
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: †Temnospondyli
Family: †Dendrerpetontidae
Genus: †Dendrerpeton
Owen, 1853
Type species
†Dendrerpeton acadianum
Owen, 1853
Species
  • Dendrerpeton acadianum
  • Dendrerpeton annectens
  • Dendrerpeton confusum
  • Dendrerpeton rugosum
Synonyms
  • Erpetocephalus Huxley 1867

History and discovery edit

The majority of Dendrerpeton fossils that had been discovered were disarticulated due to the way in which they had formed.[6] They are often associated with Lycopod, Sigillaria, and Calamite tree stumps which decayed inside and became hollow, and are found in Parrsboro formation and the Joggins formation in Nova Scotia.[8][3] There is also evidence for articulated specimens in Ireland at the Jarrow Colliery. However, they were found to be enveloped by substance that had a very low pH. Although not all specimens were equally affected and some were well preserved, many were not because of this pH.[9] In general, many of the fossils are found in the trunks of these trees or coal swamps.[10]

In 1861 one of the first skeleton of Dendrerpeton acadianum almost in its entirety was discovered by J.W. Dawson at the South of Joggins, Nova Scotia. It was part of the trunk of a tree, and likely this trunk in which the animal had been was about four feet deep. The skeleton however remained because the bark was preserved due to coal that was bituminous.[11] In 1998 came the first skeleton of Dendrerpeton acadianum that was nearly completely articulated, again from the Joggins of Nova Scotia. It was essentially undisturbed, and in this case was not associated with a tree but instead with a boulder found at a beach.[5] This specimen provided the opportunity for a deeper understanding of the skeleton of this taxon because of its three-dimensionality and the detail preserved.

Paleoenvironment and geology edit

 
Restoration

Generally, the distribution of Dendrerpeton is rather concentrated in the region of Nova Scotia, Canada, more specifically many specimen were found in the Joggins formation. However, there are also fossils indicating the animals presence in Ireland.[2] In Ireland the environment consisted heavily of coal swamps ecosystems which are found in the Carboniferous.[9] These coal swamps were also found in Nova Scotia, as well as cliffs along the coast.[3] There often are erosions happening in this region with the many cliffs. Also present are strata that drip downwards of the rocks which have been investigated, and the general climate is predicted to lean more humid, but there are times of shift to drier conditions.[12] It has been predicted that the environment at the time could have undergone fires, which was discovered through the examination of fossil charcoal.[13] This leads to one explanation for the abundance of fossils found within the tree stumps, speaking particularly here about Dendrerpeton. The occurrence of a fire may have caused them to seek shelter and protection by hiding away into the decayed hollow cores of the trees, as explained by Andrew Scott.[12] However, it is also explained that rather than escaping to the trees by choice, they get trapped. This works particularly for terrestrial animals such as Dendrerpeton, however other taxa are also found and there is evidence of their survival within these stumps for some period of time, proven by the presence of coprolitic material preserved in the fossils.[10] Temnospondyls are said to be found from the Carboniferous to the middle-Cretaceous, and Dendrerpeton considered to be of the earliest or base of the temnospondyls indicating its existence primarily during the Carboniferous.

Description edit

The length of Dendrerpeton is approximately 35 cm in length according to the measurements done on the nearly fully articulated skeleton, keeping in mind that there was a short portion of the tail posteriorly missing. Additionally, had stated that the maximum length could be up to a meter.[6]

Skull and Skeleton edit

 
Specimen of Dendrerpeton acadianum from the Prehistoric Gallery of the Inner Mongolia Museum in China

The length of the skull can range from 84 mm to 104 mm for midline length.[6] to Through the analysis of the middle ear region of Dendrerpeton acadianum, it could be determined that this taxa has a tympanic ear that is not there as a means of support for the palatoquadrate, but rather the positioning of the stapes indicates that it is used for the movement of sound. This morphology demonstrates Dendrerpeton having a hearing system that mimics that of anurans.[2] This was contrary to what was previously thought, which was that it had a "squamosal embayment" rather than an otic notch.[3] However, an otic notch can now be considered a feature of this taxa.[2] Also present are interpterygoid vacuities, and a pair of palatal tusks within the vomer which lay medially to the internal naris. Palatal tusk pairs can also be found the ectopterygoid and the palatine. As for the lower jaw, if the animal catches prey it is able to get it to the denticulate palate because compression of the mandibles is not lateral along their length. The dentary of the lower jaw was found to be the biggest of all the mandibular parts. There also looked to be approximately 40–50 teeth found on each jaw side (in the upper jaw including both the premaxilla and maxilla), the marginal teeth.[3][6] With these teeth Dendrerpeton can catch larger prey, and was also found to feed on insects which was determined through examination of fossils and presence of insects in the coal forests.[11] The elements of the skull which are on the surface and exposed have denticles all over. On the dorsal side of the skull and positioned more posteriorly there is a foramen.[6]

Post-cranial skeleton edit

Within the vertebral column it is noted that the intercentrum is smaller than the rhomboidal paired pleurocentra and the posterior centrum having a concave shape that will meet with the next intercentrum. The notochord was encompassed by a thickened wall formed by the intercentra. With examination it was also found that a long tail was not likely present in this animal. In regards to the ribs, they are generally short and costal cartilage appears to have once been present because of swelling that is found where the end of the shaft is.[6]

Classification edit

Dendrerpeton is the genus of the family Dendrerpetondtidae which contains both Balanerpeton and Dendrerpeton.[5] It is part of the order Temnospondyli. Although it is most commonly known for the species D. acadianum, there have also been other species names proposed.[2] However, there seems to be discussion on whether any of them are valid enough to distinguish as a separate species of their own. An example of one of these species is Dendrerpeton oweni, which Robert Carroll claimed had no particular distinguishable feature and looked to be simply Dendrerpeton acadianum but smaller because it is of younger age.[10]

References edit

  1. ^ "Fossilworks: Dendrerpeton". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Robinson, J.; Ahlberg, P. E.; Koentges, G. (2005-04-01). "The braincase and middle ear region of Dendrerpeton acadianum (Tetrapoda: Temnospondyli)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 143 (4): 577–597. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00156.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Godfrey, Stephen; Fiorillo, Anthony; Carroll, Robert (2011-02-08). "A newly discovered skull of the temnospondyl amphibian Dendrerpeton acadianum Owen". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 24 (4): 796–805. doi:10.1139/e87-077.
  4. ^ Marsh, O. C. (1863). "Description of the remains of a new enaliosaurian (Eosaurus acadianus), from the coal-formation of Nova Scotia". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 19 (1–2): 52–56. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1863.019.01-02.10. S2CID 140690441. ProQuest 89591459.
  5. ^ a b c Schoch, Rainer R. (2013-07-26). "The evolution of major temnospondyl clades: an inclusive phylogenetic analysis". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (6): 673–705. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.699006. S2CID 83906628.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Holmes, Robert B.; Carroll, Robert L.; Reisz, Robert R. (1998). "The first articulated skeleton of Dendrerpeton acadianum (Temnospondyli, Dendrerpetontidae) from the Lower Pennsylvanian locality of Joggins, Nova Scotia, and a review of its relationships". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (1): 64–79. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011034. ISSN 0272-4634. JSTOR 4523873.
  7. ^ Lyell, Charles; Dawson, J. W. (1853-02-01). "On the remains of a reptile (Dendrerpeton acadianum, Wyman and Owen) and of a land shell discovered in the interior of an erect fossil tree in the coal measures of Nova Scotia". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 9 (1–2): 58–67. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1853.009.01-02.20. ISSN 0370-291X.
  8. ^ Milner, Andrew R. (1982). "A small temnospondyl amphibian from the Lower Pennsylvanian of Nova Scotia". Journal of Paleontology. 56 (5): 1302–1305. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1304592.
  9. ^ a b "The temnospondyl amphibian Dendrerpeton from the Upper Carboniferous of Ireland | The Palaeontological Association". www.palass.org. Retrieved 2020-03-07.
  10. ^ a b c Carroll, Robert L. (1967). "Labyrinthodonts from the Joggins Formation". Journal of Paleontology. 41 (1): 111–142. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1301907.
  11. ^ a b Dawson, J. W. (1862-02-01). "Notice of the discovery of additional remains of land animals in the coal-measures of the South Joggins, Nova Scotia". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 18 (1–2): 5–7. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1862.018.01-02.10. ISSN 0370-291X. S2CID 128483390.
  12. ^ a b Scott, Andrew (2001-01-01). "Roasted alive in the Carboniferous". Geoscientist. 11: 23–25.
  13. ^ Falcon-Lang, H. J. (1999). "Fire ecology of a Late Carboniferous floodplain, Joggins, Nova Scotia". Journal of the Geological Society. 156 (1): 137–148. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.156.1.0137. hdl:1983/912. S2CID 39700422.

Further reading edit

  • Holmes, R. B., Carroll, R. L. & Reisz, R. R. 1998. The first articulated skeleton of Dendrerpeton acadianum (Temnospondyli, Dendrerpetontidae) from the lower Pennsylvanian locality of Joggins, Nova Scotia, and a review of its relationships. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18, 64–79.
  • Milner A. R. (1980) . Palaeontology 23 125–141
  • Robinson, J., Ahlberg, P. E. & Koentges, G. 2005. The braincase and middle ear region of Dendrerpeton acadianum (Tetrapoda: Temnospondyli). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143, 577–597.

November 30, 2023
dendrerpeton, from, greek, δένδρον, déndron, tree, greek, ἑρπετόν, herpetón, creeping, thing, genus, extinct, group, temnospondyl, amphibians, fossils, have, been, found, primarily, joggins, formation, eastern, canada, ireland, lived, during, carboniferous, sa. Dendrerpeton from Greek dendron dendron tree and Greek ἑrpeton herpeton creeping thing is a genus of an extinct group of temnospondyl amphibians 1 Its fossils have been found primarily in the Joggins Formation of Eastern Canada and in Ireland 2 3 It lived during the Carboniferous 4 5 and is said to be around 309 316 million years of age corresponding to more specifically the Westphalian stage age 6 Of terrestrial temnospondyl amphibians evolution it represents the first stage 3 Although multiple species have been proposed the species unanimously recognized is D acadianum 2 This species name comes from Acadia which is a historical name for the Nova Scotia region as a French colony It refers to the location of the coal field at which the fossil was found 7 DendrerpetonTemporal range CarboniferousWestphalian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NSkull of Dendrerpeton on display at the Redpath Museum MontrealScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AmphibiaOrder TemnospondyliFamily DendrerpetontidaeGenus DendrerpetonOwen 1853Type species Dendrerpeton acadianumOwen 1853SpeciesDendrerpeton acadianumDendrerpeton annectensDendrerpeton confusumDendrerpeton rugosumSynonymsErpetocephalus Huxley 1867 Contents 1 History and discovery 2 Paleoenvironment and geology 3 Description 3 1 Skull and Skeleton 3 2 Post cranial skeleton 4 Classification 5 References 6 Further readingHistory and discovery editThe majority of Dendrerpeton fossils that had been discovered were disarticulated due to the way in which they had formed 6 They are often associated with Lycopod Sigillaria and Calamite tree stumps which decayed inside and became hollow and are found in Parrsboro formation and the Joggins formation in Nova Scotia 8 3 There is also evidence for articulated specimens in Ireland at the Jarrow Colliery However they were found to be enveloped by substance that had a very low pH Although not all specimens were equally affected and some were well preserved many were not because of this pH 9 In general many of the fossils are found in the trunks of these trees or coal swamps 10 In 1861 one of the first skeleton of Dendrerpeton acadianum almost in its entirety was discovered by J W Dawson at the South of Joggins Nova Scotia It was part of the trunk of a tree and likely this trunk in which the animal had been was about four feet deep The skeleton however remained because the bark was preserved due to coal that was bituminous 11 In 1998 came the first skeleton of Dendrerpeton acadianum that was nearly completely articulated again from the Joggins of Nova Scotia It was essentially undisturbed and in this case was not associated with a tree but instead with a boulder found at a beach 5 This specimen provided the opportunity for a deeper understanding of the skeleton of this taxon because of its three dimensionality and the detail preserved Paleoenvironment and geology edit nbsp RestorationGenerally the distribution of Dendrerpeton is rather concentrated in the region of Nova Scotia Canada more specifically many specimen were found in the Joggins formation However there are also fossils indicating the animals presence in Ireland 2 In Ireland the environment consisted heavily of coal swamps ecosystems which are found in the Carboniferous 9 These coal swamps were also found in Nova Scotia as well as cliffs along the coast 3 There often are erosions happening in this region with the many cliffs Also present are strata that drip downwards of the rocks which have been investigated and the general climate is predicted to lean more humid but there are times of shift to drier conditions 12 It has been predicted that the environment at the time could have undergone fires which was discovered through the examination of fossil charcoal 13 This leads to one explanation for the abundance of fossils found within the tree stumps speaking particularly here about Dendrerpeton The occurrence of a fire may have caused them to seek shelter and protection by hiding away into the decayed hollow cores of the trees as explained by Andrew Scott 12 However it is also explained that rather than escaping to the trees by choice they get trapped This works particularly for terrestrial animals such as Dendrerpeton however other taxa are also found and there is evidence of their survival within these stumps for some period of time proven by the presence of coprolitic material preserved in the fossils 10 Temnospondyls are said to be found from the Carboniferous to the middle Cretaceous and Dendrerpeton considered to be of the earliest or base of the temnospondyls indicating its existence primarily during the Carboniferous Description editThe length of Dendrerpeton is approximately 35 cm in length according to the measurements done on the nearly fully articulated skeleton keeping in mind that there was a short portion of the tail posteriorly missing Additionally had stated that the maximum length could be up to a meter 6 Skull and Skeleton edit nbsp Specimen of Dendrerpeton acadianum from the Prehistoric Gallery of the Inner Mongolia Museum in ChinaThe length of the skull can range from 84 mm to 104 mm for midline length 6 to Through the analysis of the middle ear region of Dendrerpeton acadianum it could be determined that this taxa has a tympanic ear that is not there as a means of support for the palatoquadrate but rather the positioning of the stapes indicates that it is used for the movement of sound This morphology demonstrates Dendrerpeton having a hearing system that mimics that of anurans 2 This was contrary to what was previously thought which was that it had a squamosal embayment rather than an otic notch 3 However an otic notch can now be considered a feature of this taxa 2 Also present are interpterygoid vacuities and a pair of palatal tusks within the vomer which lay medially to the internal naris Palatal tusk pairs can also be found the ectopterygoid and the palatine As for the lower jaw if the animal catches prey it is able to get it to the denticulate palate because compression of the mandibles is not lateral along their length The dentary of the lower jaw was found to be the biggest of all the mandibular parts There also looked to be approximately 40 50 teeth found on each jaw side in the upper jaw including both the premaxilla and maxilla the marginal teeth 3 6 With these teeth Dendrerpeton can catch larger prey and was also found to feed on insects which was determined through examination of fossils and presence of insects in the coal forests 11 The elements of the skull which are on the surface and exposed have denticles all over On the dorsal side of the skull and positioned more posteriorly there is a foramen 6 Post cranial skeleton edit Within the vertebral column it is noted that the intercentrum is smaller than the rhomboidal paired pleurocentra and the posterior centrum having a concave shape that will meet with the next intercentrum The notochord was encompassed by a thickened wall formed by the intercentra With examination it was also found that a long tail was not likely present in this animal In regards to the ribs they are generally short and costal cartilage appears to have once been present because of swelling that is found where the end of the shaft is 6 Classification editDendrerpeton is the genus of the family Dendrerpetondtidae which contains both Balanerpeton and Dendrerpeton 5 It is part of the order Temnospondyli Although it is most commonly known for the species D acadianum there have also been other species names proposed 2 However there seems to be discussion on whether any of them are valid enough to distinguish as a separate species of their own An example of one of these species is Dendrerpeton oweni which Robert Carroll claimed had no particular distinguishable feature and looked to be simply Dendrerpeton acadianum but smaller because it is of younger age 10 References edit nbsp Paleontology portal Fossilworks Dendrerpeton fossilworks org Retrieved 17 December 2021 a b c d e f Robinson J Ahlberg P E Koentges G 2005 04 01 The braincase and middle ear region of Dendrerpeton acadianum Tetrapoda Temnospondyli Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 4 577 597 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 2005 00156 x ISSN 0024 4082 a b c d e f Godfrey Stephen Fiorillo Anthony Carroll Robert 2011 02 08 A newly discovered skull of the temnospondyl amphibian Dendrerpeton acadianum Owen Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24 4 796 805 doi 10 1139 e87 077 Marsh O C 1863 Description of the remains of a new enaliosaurian Eosaurus acadianus from the coal formation of Nova Scotia Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 19 1 2 52 56 doi 10 1144 GSL JGS 1863 019 01 02 10 S2CID 140690441 ProQuest 89591459 a b c Schoch Rainer R 2013 07 26 The evolution of major temnospondyl clades an inclusive phylogenetic analysis Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11 6 673 705 doi 10 1080 14772019 2012 699006 S2CID 83906628 a b c d e f g Holmes Robert B Carroll Robert L Reisz Robert R 1998 The first articulated skeleton of Dendrerpeton acadianum Temnospondyli Dendrerpetontidae from the Lower Pennsylvanian locality of Joggins Nova Scotia and a review of its relationships Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 1 64 79 doi 10 1080 02724634 1998 10011034 ISSN 0272 4634 JSTOR 4523873 Lyell Charles Dawson J W 1853 02 01 On the remains of a reptile Dendrerpeton acadianum Wyman and Owen and of a land shell discovered in the interior of an erect fossil tree in the coal measures of Nova Scotia Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 9 1 2 58 67 doi 10 1144 GSL JGS 1853 009 01 02 20 ISSN 0370 291X Milner Andrew R 1982 A small temnospondyl amphibian from the Lower Pennsylvanian of Nova Scotia Journal of Paleontology 56 5 1302 1305 ISSN 0022 3360 JSTOR 1304592 a b The temnospondyl amphibian Dendrerpeton from the Upper Carboniferous of Ireland The Palaeontological Association www palass org Retrieved 2020 03 07 a b c Carroll Robert L 1967 Labyrinthodonts from the Joggins Formation Journal of Paleontology 41 1 111 142 ISSN 0022 3360 JSTOR 1301907 a b Dawson J W 1862 02 01 Notice of the discovery of additional remains of land animals in the coal measures of the South Joggins Nova Scotia Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 18 1 2 5 7 doi 10 1144 GSL JGS 1862 018 01 02 10 ISSN 0370 291X S2CID 128483390 a b Scott Andrew 2001 01 01 Roasted alive in the Carboniferous Geoscientist 11 23 25 Falcon Lang H J 1999 Fire ecology of a Late Carboniferous floodplain Joggins Nova Scotia Journal of the Geological Society 156 1 137 148 doi 10 1144 gsjgs 156 1 0137 hdl 1983 912 S2CID 39700422 Further reading editHolmes R B Carroll R L amp Reisz R R 1998 The first articulated skeleton of Dendrerpeton acadianum Temnospondyli Dendrerpetontidae from the lower Pennsylvanian locality of Joggins Nova Scotia and a review of its relationships Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 64 79 Milner A R 1980 The temnospondyl amphibian Dendrerpeton from the Upper Carboniferous of Ireland Palaeontology 23 125 141 Robinson J Ahlberg P E amp Koentges G 2005 The braincase and middle ear region of Dendrerpeton acadianum Tetrapoda Temnospondyli Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 577 597 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dendrerpeton amp oldid 1183935329, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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