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Sigillaria

January 10, 2024

This article is about the extinct plant genus. For the ancient Roman festival and associated gifts, see Sigillaria (ancient Rome). For the plant genus Sigillaria Raf., see Maianthemum.

Sigillaria is a genus of extinct, spore-bearing, arborescent lycophyte, known from the Carboniferous and Permian periods. It is related to the more famous Lepidodendron, and more distantly to modern quillworts.

Sigillaria
Temporal range: Carboniferous-Permian, 323.2–254.0 Ma Possible Devonian record
Sigillaria mamillaris sp. Estonian Museum of Natural History, Tallinn, Estonia.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Lycophytes
Class: Lycopodiopsida
Order: †Lepidodendrales
Family: †Sigillariaceae
Genus: †Sigillaria
Brongniart (1822)

Fossil records edit

This genus is known in the fossil records from as early as the Middle Devonian or the Late Carboniferous period [1] but dwindled to extinction in the Early Permian period (age range: from 383.7 to 254.0 million years ago).[2] Fossils are found in Great Britain, United States, Canada, China, Korea, Tanzania and Zimbabwe.[3]

Description edit

 
Restoration
 
Leaf scars are shown between the vertical sections of a Sigillaria where the leaves used to be attached

Sigillaria was a tree-like plant reaching a height up to 30 m (98 ft),[1] and lycopsids were capable to reach a height of up to 50 m (160 ft).[4] These lycopsids had a tall, single or occasionally forked trunk[2] that lacked wood. Support came from a layer of closely packed leaf bases just below the surface of the trunk, while the center was filled with pith. The long, thin grasslike leaves[5] were attached directly to the stem and grew [1] in a spiral along the trunk.[2] The old leaf bases expanded as the trunk grew in width, and left a diamond-shaped pattern, which is evident in fossils. These leaf scars were arranged in vertical rows.[1] The trunk had photosynthetic tissue on the surface, meaning that it was probably green.

The trunk was topped with a plume of long, grass-like, microphyllous leaves,[5] so that the plant looked somewhat like a tall, forked bottle brush. The plant bore its spores (not seeds) in cone-like structures [5] attached to the stem.[2][6]

The underground structures of arborescent lycophytes including Sigillaria and Lepidodendron are assigned under the form taxon, Stigmaria. The lycopsids had rhizomes or shoot-like rhizomorphic axes, with lateral appendages attached from the circular scars, forming an underground network of branched rootlets. These stigmarian rootlets branched dichotomously from the rhizomorphs similar to Isoetes, and spread throughout the coal swamp forest areas where the lycopods were commonly found. Root hairs from the rootlet scars identified in Stigmaria fossils were attached when the lycopsids were alive.[7]

Sigillaria, like many ancient lycopods, had a relatively short life cycle - growing rapidly and reaching maturity in a few years. Sigillaria was monocarpic, meaning that it died after reproduction, though this is not proven.[5] It was associated with Lepidodendron and other lycopsids from the Carboniferous coal swamps.[1]

Species edit

Species within this genus include:[8]

 
Fossil of Sigillaria trigona, on display at National Museum (Prague)
  • S.alveolaris Brongniart (1828)
  • S.barbata Weiss (1887)
  • S.bicostata Weiss (1887)
  • S.boblayi Brongniart (1828)
  • S.brardii Brongniart (1828)
  • S.cancriformis Weiss (1887)
  • S.cristata Sauveur (1848)
  • S.cumulata Weiss (1887)
  • S.davreuxii Brongniart (1828)
  • S.densifolia Brongniart (1836)
  • S.elegans Sternberg (1825)
  • S.elongata Brongniart (1824)
  • S.fossorum Weiss (1887)
  • S.hexagona Brongniart (1828)
  • S.loricata Weiss (1887)
  • S.mammiliaris Brongniart (1824)
  • S.menardi Brongniart (1828)
  • S.micaudi (Zeller (1886-1888)
  • S.monostigma Lesquereux (1866)
  • S.orbicularis Brongniart (1828)
  • S.ovata Sauveur (1848)
  • S.pachyderma Brongniart (1828)
  • S.principes Weiss (1881)
  • S.reticulata Lesquereux (1860)
  • S.rugosa Brongniart (1828)
  • S.saulii Brongniart (1836)
  • S.schotheimiana Brongniart (1836)
  • S.scutellata Brongniart (1822)
  • S.sillimanni Brongniart (1828)
  • S.tesselata Brongniart (1828)
  • S.transversalis Brongniart (1828)
  • S.trigona Sternberg (1826)
  • S.voltzii Brongniart (1828)

Gallery edit

  •  
    Sigillaria lycopod fossil, Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada
  •  
    Fossil of Sigillaria trunk attached to a stigmarian root system (lycopsid rhizomes)
  •  
    Sigillaria on display at State Museum of Pennsylvania, from Sharon, Mercer County, Pennsylvania
  •  
    Sigillaria (bark) on display at State Museum of Pennsylvania, from Scranton, Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania
  •  
    Replica of Sigillaria sp. at the University of A Coruña
  •  
    In situ Lycopsid that is probably Sigillaria from the Pennsylvanian Joggins Formation in Nova Scotia
  •  
    A close-up of the leaf scars on a Sigillaria notata
  •  
    Sigillaria mammillaris
  •  
    Sigillaria elegans
  •  
    Sigillaria restorations
  •  
    Sigillaria preserved in the cliffs at Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada
  •  
    Lycopod bark (possibly an early species of Sigillaria) showing leaf scars, from the Middle Devonian of Wisconsin.
  •  
    Restoration

Bibliography edit

  • William A. DiMichele, Richard M. Bateman: The Rhizomorphic Lycopsids: A Case-Study in Paleobotanical Classification. Systematic Botany, 1996, volume 21, pages 535-552.
  • Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, Michael Krings: Paleobotany. The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Second Edition, Academic Press 2009, ISBN 978-0-12-373972-8, pages 303-307
  • J. W. Sir Dawson - On the structure and affinities of Sigillaria, Calamites and Calamodendron - Paperback – August 16, 2011 ISBN 1175560871
  • Silva Pineda, A. (2003). "Flora del Pérmico de la región de Izúcar de Matamoros, Puebla". En Soto, L. A. Agustín Ayala-Castañares: universitario, impulsor de la investigación científica. UNAM. p. 371. ISBN 9789703207893

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Hans' Paleobotany Pages - The clubmoss tree Sigillaria
  2. ^ a b c d Encyclopædia Britannica
  3. ^ Paleobiology Database
  4. ^ V. V. Alekhin (1961). Geografiia rastenii s osnovani botaniki (Geography of plants and basics of botany). Gos. nauchno-pedagog. izd-vo. p. 167. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  5. ^ a b c d Encyclopedia of life
  6. ^ Sebastián González, D. and Celia Gutiérrez, M. (2014). El Bosque Petrificado de Olta: 300 millones de años después ISBN 9781312079465
  7. ^ Hetherington, A.J.; Berry, C.M.; Dolan, Liam (2016). "Networks of highly branched stigmarian rootlets developed on the first giant trees". PNAS. 113 (24): 6695–6700. doi:10.1073/pnas.1514427113. PMC 4914198.
  8. ^ Hans' Paleobotany Pages - Species of Sigillaria

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sigillaria.
  • Fossil Plants Vol.II

January 10, 2024
sigillaria, this, article, about, extinct, plant, genus, ancient, roman, festival, associated, gifts, ancient, rome, plant, genus, maianthemum, genus, extinct, spore, bearing, arborescent, lycophyte, known, from, carboniferous, permian, periods, related, more,. This article is about the extinct plant genus For the ancient Roman festival and associated gifts see Sigillaria ancient Rome For the plant genus Sigillaria Raf see Maianthemum Sigillaria is a genus of extinct spore bearing arborescent lycophyte known from the Carboniferous and Permian periods It is related to the more famous Lepidodendron and more distantly to modern quillworts SigillariaTemporal range Carboniferous Permian 323 2 254 0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible Devonian recordSigillaria mamillaris sp Estonian Museum of Natural History Tallinn Estonia Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade LycophytesClass LycopodiopsidaOrder LepidodendralesFamily SigillariaceaeGenus SigillariaBrongniart 1822 Contents 1 Fossil records 2 Description 3 Species 4 Gallery 5 Bibliography 6 References 7 External linksFossil records editThis genus is known in the fossil records from as early as the Middle Devonian or the Late Carboniferous period 1 but dwindled to extinction in the Early Permian period age range from 383 7 to 254 0 million years ago 2 Fossils are found in Great Britain United States Canada China Korea Tanzania and Zimbabwe 3 Description edit nbsp Restoration nbsp Leaf scars are shown between the vertical sections of a Sigillaria where the leaves used to be attached Sigillaria was a tree like plant reaching a height up to 30 m 98 ft 1 and lycopsids were capable to reach a height of up to 50 m 160 ft 4 These lycopsids had a tall single or occasionally forked trunk 2 that lacked wood Support came from a layer of closely packed leaf bases just below the surface of the trunk while the center was filled with pith The long thin grasslike leaves 5 were attached directly to the stem and grew 1 in a spiral along the trunk 2 The old leaf bases expanded as the trunk grew in width and left a diamond shaped pattern which is evident in fossils These leaf scars were arranged in vertical rows 1 The trunk had photosynthetic tissue on the surface meaning that it was probably green The trunk was topped with a plume of long grass like microphyllous leaves 5 so that the plant looked somewhat like a tall forked bottle brush The plant bore its spores not seeds in cone like structures 5 attached to the stem 2 6 The underground structures of arborescent lycophytes including Sigillaria and Lepidodendron are assigned under the form taxon Stigmaria The lycopsids had rhizomes or shoot like rhizomorphic axes with lateral appendages attached from the circular scars forming an underground network of branched rootlets These stigmarian rootlets branched dichotomously from the rhizomorphs similar to Isoetes and spread throughout the coal swamp forest areas where the lycopods were commonly found Root hairs from the rootlet scars identified in Stigmaria fossils were attached when the lycopsids were alive 7 Sigillaria like many ancient lycopods had a relatively short life cycle growing rapidly and reaching maturity in a few years Sigillaria was monocarpic meaning that it died after reproduction though this is not proven 5 It was associated with Lepidodendron and other lycopsids from the Carboniferous coal swamps 1 Species editSpecies within this genus include 8 nbsp Fossil of Sigillaria trigona on display at National Museum Prague S alveolaris Brongniart 1828 S barbata Weiss 1887 S bicostata Weiss 1887 S boblayi Brongniart 1828 S brardii Brongniart 1828 S cancriformis Weiss 1887 S cristata Sauveur 1848 S cumulata Weiss 1887 S davreuxii Brongniart 1828 S densifolia Brongniart 1836 S elegans Sternberg 1825 S elongata Brongniart 1824 S fossorum Weiss 1887 S hexagona Brongniart 1828 S loricata Weiss 1887 S mammiliaris Brongniart 1824 S menardi Brongniart 1828 S micaudi Zeller 1886 1888 S monostigma Lesquereux 1866 S orbicularis Brongniart 1828 S ovata Sauveur 1848 S pachyderma Brongniart 1828 S principes Weiss 1881 S reticulata Lesquereux 1860 S rugosa Brongniart 1828 S saulii Brongniart 1836 S schotheimiana Brongniart 1836 S scutellata Brongniart 1822 S sillimanni Brongniart 1828 S tesselata Brongniart 1828 S transversalis Brongniart 1828 S trigona Sternberg 1826 S voltzii Brongniart 1828 Gallery edit nbsp Sigillaria lycopod fossil Joggins Nova Scotia Canada nbsp Fossil of Sigillaria trunk attached to a stigmarian root system lycopsid rhizomes nbsp Sigillaria on display at State Museum of Pennsylvania from Sharon Mercer County Pennsylvania nbsp Sigillaria bark on display at State Museum of Pennsylvania from Scranton Lackawanna County Pennsylvania nbsp Replica of Sigillaria sp at the University of A Coruna nbsp In situ Lycopsid that is probably Sigillaria from the Pennsylvanian Joggins Formation in Nova Scotia nbsp A close up of the leaf scars on a Sigillaria notata nbsp Sigillaria mammillaris nbsp Sigillaria elegans nbsp Sigillaria restorations nbsp Sigillaria preserved in the cliffs at Joggins Nova Scotia Canada nbsp Lycopod bark possibly an early species of Sigillaria showing leaf scars from the Middle Devonian of Wisconsin nbsp RestorationBibliography editWilliam A DiMichele Richard M Bateman The Rhizomorphic Lycopsids A Case Study in Paleobotanical Classification Systematic Botany 1996 volume 21 pages 535 552 Thomas N Taylor Edith L Taylor Michael Krings Paleobotany The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants Second Edition Academic Press 2009 ISBN 978 0 12 373972 8 pages 303 307 J W Sir Dawson On the structure and affinities of Sigillaria Calamites and Calamodendron Paperback August 16 2011 ISBN 1175560871 Silva Pineda A 2003 Flora del Permico de la region de Izucar de Matamoros Puebla En Soto L A Agustin Ayala Castanares universitario impulsor de la investigacion cientifica UNAM p 371 ISBN 9789703207893References edit a b c d e Hans Paleobotany Pages The clubmoss tree Sigillaria a b c d Encyclopaedia Britannica Paleobiology Database V V Alekhin 1961 Geografiia rastenii s osnovani botaniki Geography of plants and basics of botany Gos nauchno pedagog izd vo p 167 Retrieved 2020 10 05 a b c d Encyclopedia of life Sebastian Gonzalez D and Celia Gutierrez M 2014 El Bosque Petrificado de Olta 300 millones de anos despues ISBN 9781312079465 Hetherington A J Berry C M Dolan Liam 2016 Networks of highly branched stigmarian rootlets developed on the first giant trees PNAS 113 24 6695 6700 doi 10 1073 pnas 1514427113 PMC 4914198 Hans Paleobotany Pages Species of SigillariaExternal links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sigillaria Fossil Plants Vol II The Columbia Encyclopedia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sigillaria amp oldid 1194779705, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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