Deaflympics

The Deaflympics, also known as Deaflympiad (previously called World Games for the Deaf, and International Games for the Deaf) are a periodic series of multi-sport events sanctioned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) at which Deaf athletes compete at an elite level. Unlike the athletes in other IOC-sanctioned events (the Olympics, the Paralympics, and the Special Olympics), athletes cannot be guided by sounds (such as starting pistols, bullhorn commands or referee whistles).^[2] The games have been organized by the Comité International des Sports des Sourds (CISS, "The International Committee of Sports for the Deaf") since the first event in 1924.

Deaflympics Games

Comité International des Sports des Sourds
Deaflympics Logo
Motto	PER LUDOS AEQUALITAS (Equality through sport)
First event	1924; 100 years ago (1924) in Paris, France – 1924 Summer Deaflympics^[1]
Occur every	4 years
Last event	2024 in Erzurum, Turkey – 2024 Winter Deaflympics (Winter)
Next event	2025 Summer Deaflympics, Tokyo, Japan
Purpose	Provision of opportunities for deaf persons to participate in elite sports
Website	www.deaflympics.com www.ciss.org

History

The Deaflympics are held every four years, and are the longest running multi-sport event in history after the Olympics.^[3] The first games, held in Paris in 1924, were the first ever international sporting event for athletes with a disability.^[4] The event has been held every four years since, apart from a break for World War II, and an additional event, the Deaflympic Winter Games, was added in 1949.^[5] The games began as a small gathering of 148 athletes from nine European nations competing in the International Silent Games in Paris, France, in 1924; now, they have grown into a global movement.^[2]

Officially, the games were originally called the "International Games for the Deaf" from 1924 to 1965, but were sometimes also referred to as the "International Silent Games". From 1966 to 1999 they were called the "World Games for the Deaf", and occasionally referred to as the "World Silent Games". From 2001, the games have been known by their current name Deaflympics (often mistakenly called the Deaf Olympics).^[5]

To qualify for the games, athletes must have a hearing loss of at least 55 dB in their "better ear". Hearing aids, cochlear implants, and the like are not allowed to be used in competition, to place all athletes on the same level.^[5] Other examples of ways the games vary from hearing competitions are the manner in which they are officiated. To address the issue of Deaflympians not being able to be guided by sounds, certain sports use alternative methods of commencing the game. For example, the football referees wave a flag instead of blowing a whistle; on the track, races are started by using a light, instead of a starter pistol. It is also customary for spectators not to cheer or clap, but rather to wave with both hands, the Deaf form of applause.

After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the International Committee of Sports for the Deaf (ICSD) banned athletes from Russia and Belarus from that year's Deaflympics in Caxias do Sul, Brazil.^[6]

Host nations and cities

To date, the Summer Deaflympic Games have been hosted by 24 cities in 20 countries, but by cities outside Europe on only six occasions (Washington, D.C. 1965, Los Angeles 1985, Christchurch 1989, Melbourne 2005, Taipei 2009 and Caxias do Sul in 2022). The last summer games were held in Caxias do Sul, Brazil and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 2022. The Winter Deaflympic Games have been hosted by 17 cities in 12 countries. The last winter games were held in Erzurum, Turkey in 2019. The next summer games are scheduled to be in Tokyo, Japan between 15 to 26 November, 2025.

The 2011 Winter Games scheduled to be held in Vysoké Tatry, Slovakia were cancelled due to the lack of readiness by the organizing committee to host the games.^[7][8] The International Committee of Deaf Sports filed a criminal complaint against the Slovak Deaflympics Organizing Committee and its president, Mr. Jaromír Ruda.^[9] The criminal complaint demands reimbursement of the funds that were transferred to the Slovak Deaflympics Organizing Committee from national deaf sports federations, to cover hotel accommodations and other Deaflympics-related expenses.^[9] According to the Slovak newspaper, SME, "Jaromír Ruda, head of the Slovak Organising Committee, [is] a champion of promises and someone who is accused of a 1.6 million Euro Deaflympics-related fraud".^[10] In a letter to the United States Deaflympians, International Committee of Sports for the Deaf ICSD President Craig Crowley expressed "his deep apologies for the cancellation of the 17th Winter Deaflympics".^[11] Currently, the Slovak Deaflympic Committee and the Slovakia Association of Deaf Sportsmen Unions have been suspended.^[12] In 2013 the Special Criminal Court in Banská Bystrica sentenced Ruda to a prison term of 14+1⁄2 years for defrauding €1.6 million that should have been used for Winter Deaflympics.^[13]

The host cities and National Deaf Sports Associations for all past and scheduled games are as follows:^[4][14]

List of Summer Deaflympics hosts

 

 

1924

 

1928

 

1931

 

1935

 

1939

 

1949,1997

 

1953

 

1957

 

1961

 

1965

 

1969

 

1973

 

1977

 

1981

 

1985

 

1989

 

1993,2013

 

2001

 

2005

 

2009

 

2017

 

2022

 

2025

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Host cities of the Summer Deaflympics

Games	Year	Host	Opened by	Dates	Nations	Competitors			Sports	Events	Top Nation
						Total	Men	Women
1	1924	Paris, France	Gaston Doumergue	10–17 August	9	148	147	1	6	31	France
2	1928	Amsterdam, Netherlands	Wilhelmina of the Netherlands	18–26 August	10	212	198	14	5	38	Great Britain
3	1931	Nuremberg, Weimar Republic	Paul von Hindenburg	19–23 August	14	316	288	28	6	43	Germany
4	1935	London, Great Britain	George V	17–24 August	12	221	178	43	5	41	Great Britain
5	1939	Stockholm, Sweden	Gustaf V	24–27 August	13	250	208	42	6	43	Great Britain
6	1949	Copenhagen, Denmark	Frederik IX of Denmark	12–16 August	14	391	342	49	7	51	Great Britain
7	1953	Brussels, Belgium	Baudouin of Belgium	15–19 August	16	473	432	41	7	57	Germany
8	1957	Milan, Italy	Giovanni Gronchi	25–30 August	25	635	565	70	9	69	Soviet Union
9	1961	Helsinki, Finland	Urho Kekkonen	6–10 August	24	613	503	110	10	94	Soviet Union
10	1965	Washington, D.C., United States	Lyndon B. Johnson	27 June – 3 July	27	687	575	112	9	85	Soviet Union
11	1969	Belgrade, Yugoslavia	Josip Broz Tito	9–16 August	33	1189	964	225	12	105	Soviet Union
12	1973	Malmö, Sweden	Gustaf VI Adolf	21–28 August	31	1116	893	223	11	97	United States
13	1977	Bucharest, Romania	Nicolae Ceauşescu	17–27 July	32	1150	913	237	11	106	United States
14	1981	Cologne, West Germany	Helmut Schmidt	23 July – 1 August	32	1198	893	305	11	110	United States
15	1985	Los Angeles, United States	Ronald Reagan	10–20 August	29	995	745	250	11	96	United States
16	1989	Christchurch, New Zealand	David Lange	7–17 January	30	955	726	229	12	120	United States
17	1993	Sofia, Bulgaria	Zhelyu Zhelev	24 July – 2 August	52	1679	1295	384	12	126	United States
18	1997	Copenhagen, Denmark	John M. Lovett	13–26 July	65	2028	1496	534	14	140	United States
19	2001	Rome, Italy	Carlo Azeglio Ciampi	22 July – 1 August	67	2208	1562	646	14	143	United States
20	2005	Melbourne, Australia	Marigold Southey	5–16 January	63	2038	1402	636	14	147	Ukraine
21	2009	Taipei, Chinese Taipei ^1	Ma Ying-jeou	5–15 September	80	2670	1714	779	17	177	Russia
22	2013	Sofia, Bulgaria^2	Rosen Plevneliev	26 July – 4 August^2	83	2711	1792	919	16	203^2	Russia
23	2017	Samsun, Turkey	Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	18–30 July	97	2856	1897	959	18	219	Russia
24	2022	Caxias do Sul, Brazil	First Lady Michelle Bolsonaro	1–15 May 2022^3	71	1489	1022	467	18^3	219^3	Ukraine
25	2025	Tokyo, Japan		15–26 November

¹  The Republic of China (Taiwan) is recognised as Chinese Taipei by CISS and the majority of international organisations it participates in due to political considerations and Cross-Strait relations with the People's Republic of China.

² The marathon had been held 4 days before the opening ceremonies in Füssen, Germany on 21 July 2013.^[15]

³ Due to the COVID-19 Global Pandemic, the Summer Deaflympics that were to be held in December 2021 have been postponed until May 2022 and due the small number of venues near Caxias do Sul and Brazil and a low number of participants, the bowling events were transferred to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and were held between 20 and 30 October 2022.^[16]

List of Winter Deaflympics hosts

 

 

1949

 

1953,1987

 

1955

 

1959

 

1963

 

1963

 

1971

 

1975

 

1979

 

1983

 

1991

 

1995

 

1999

 

2003

 

2007

 

2011

 

2015

 

2015

 

2019

 

2023

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Host cities of the Winter Deaflympics

Games	Year	Host	Opened by	Dates	Nations	Competitors			Sports	Events	Top Nation
						Total	Men	Women
1	1949	Seefeld, Austria		26–30 February	5	33	33	0	2	5	Switzerland
2	1953	Oslo, Norway		20–24 February	6	44	42	2	4	9	Norway
3	1955	Oberammergau, West Germany		10–13 February	8	59	54	5	4	11	Norway
4	1959	Montana-Vermala, Switzerland		27–31 January	10	42			3	14	Norway
5	1963	Åre, Sweden		12–16 March	9	60			2	13	Austria
6	1967	Berchtesgaden, West Germany		20–25 February	12	89			2	11	Norway
7	1971	Adelboden, Switzerland		25–30 February	13	145			2	11	Switzerland
8	1975	Lake Placid, United States		2–8 February	13	136			4	12	Canada
9	1979	Méribel, France		21–27 January	14	180			3	12	Soviet Union
10	1983	Madonna di Campiglio, Italy		13–23 January	15	147			3	17	Soviet Union
11	1987	Oslo, Norway		7–14 February	15	169			3	18	Norway
12	1991	Banff, Canada		2–9 March	16	175			5	18	Soviet Union
13	1995	Ylläs, Finland		14–19 March	18	260			4	15	Russia
14	1999	Davos, Switzerland		6–14 March	18	273			5	17	Russia
15	2003	Sundsvall, Sweden		26 February – 9 March	21	259			4	23	Russia
16	2007	Salt Lake City, United States		1–10 February	23	302			5	26	Russia
17	2011	Vysoké Tatry, Slovakia		16–28 February	Cancelled
18	2015	Khanty-Mansiysk and Magnitogorsk, Russia		28 March – 5 April	27	344			5	31	Russia
19	2019	Sondrio Province, Italy		12–21 December	34	461			6	36	Russia
20	2023	Erzurum, Turkey		2–12 March 2024	36	598			6	36	Ukraine
21	2027	TBA		TBA

All-time medal table

Summer Deaflympics An all-time Summer Deaflympics from 1924 Summer Deaflympics to 2021 Summer Deaflympics, is tabulated below. The table is simply the consequence of the sum of the medal tables of the various editions of the Summer Deaflympics.^[17] Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total 1   United States 375 321 363 1059 2   Russia 237 206 223 666 3   Soviet Union 173 124 108 405 4   Ukraine 166 175 170 511 5   West Germany 121 121 120 362 6   Iran 105 81 92 278 7   Italy 92 95 119 306 8   South Korea 79 73 62 214 9   Japan 79 73 60 212 10   France 74 93 97 264 11   Great Britain 68 85 95 248 12   Sweden 64 80 61 205 13   Germany 52 94 93 239 14   Hungary 51 48 42 141 15   Finland 49 51 47 147 16   Denmark 47 40 54 141 17   China 46 34 44 124 18   Australia 45 28 31 104 19   Poland 44 76 84 204 20   Turkey 42 51 80 173 21   Belarus 37 48 24 109 22   South Africa 35 17 10 62 23   Netherlands 33 35 29 97 24   Norway 32 28 25 85 25   Chinese Taipei 31 48 50 129 26   Canada 31 41 37 109 27   India 26 9 21 56 28   Yugoslavia 24 13 21 58 29   Kenya 21 20 25 66 30   Czech Republic 20 12 15 47 31   Ireland 16 15 11 42 32   Bulgaria 15 43 51 109 33   Belgium 15 29 41 85 34   Lithuania 15 22 30 67 35   Venezuela 14 13 27 54 36   Cuba 14 6 12 32 37   Estonia 12 8 15 35 38   Switzerland 9 16 16 41 39   Greece 7 11 13 31 40   Kazakhstan 7 8 26 41 41   East Germany 7 8 8 23 42   Croatia 7 6 3 16 43   Portugal 7 4 6 17 44   Romania 6 9 14 29 45   Latvia 5 7 4 16 46   New Zealand 5 6 7 18 47   Slovakia 5 5 5 15 48   Malaysia 3 11 4 18 49   Czechoslovakia 3 7 9 19 50   Mexico 3 3 3 9 51   Puerto Rico 3 0 1 4 52   Mongolia 2 6 14 22 53   Austria 2 6 8 16 54   Slovenia 2 2 3 7 55   Singapore 2 1 1 4 56   Spain 1 5 7 13 57   Argentina 1 4 5 10 58   Colombia 1 2 2 5 59   Brazil 1 1 13 15 60   Algeria 1 1 3 5 61   Dominican Republic 1 1 0 2   Ecuador 1 1 0 2 63   Macau 1 0 1 2   Thailand 1 0 1 2   United Arab Emirates 1 0 1 2 66   Chile 1 0 0 1 67   Kyrgyzstan 0 2 9 11 68   Georgia 0 2 1 3   Nigeria 0 2 1 3 70   Armenia 0 1 10 11 71   Indonesia 0 1 3 4   Serbia 0 1 3 4 73   Moldova 0 1 1 2 74   Iceland 0 1 0 1 75   Uzbekistan 0 0 4 4 76   Israel 0 0 3 3   Saudi Arabia 0 0 3 3 78   Cyprus 0 0 1 1   Egypt 0 0 1 1   Hong Kong 0 0 1 1   Turkmenistan 0 0 1 1 Totals (81 entries) 2496 2498 2709 7703

Winter Deaflympics An all-time Winter Deaflympics from 1949 Winter Deaflympics to 2024 Winter Deaflympics, is tabulated below. The table is simply the consequence of the sum of the medal tables of the various editions of the Winter Deaflympics. Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total 1   Russia 53 40 42 135 2   Norway 48 36 40 124 3   Soviet Union 24 26 21 71 4   Austria 23 26 27 76 5   Italy 22 14 16 52 6   United States 21 29 34 84 7   Finland 21 21 20 62 8   Switzerland 20 29 24 73 9   Czech Republic 18 9 6 33 10   Canada 18 8 8 34 11   Ukraine 14 19 13 46 12   Germany 13 19 30 62 13   France 11 17 15 43 14   China 10 8 11 29 15   Japan 8 6 6 20 16   Australia 6 4 1 11 17   Poland 5 5 1 11 18   Sweden 2 15 10 27 19   Slovakia 2 5 0 7 20   Slovenia 2 2 3 7 21   Great Britain 2 2 2 6 22   Croatia 1 1 4 6 23   Kazakhstan 1 0 1 2 24   Iran 1 0 0 1   Israel 1 0 0 1   Latvia 1 0 0 1   Spain 1 0 0 1 28   South Korea 0 2 3 5 29   Hungary 0 1 2 3 30   Brazil 0 1 1 2   Yugoslavia 0 1 1 2 32   Lithuania 0 1 0 1 33   Serbia 0 0 1 1   Turkey 0 0 1 1 Totals (34 entries) 349 347 344 1040

Combined

Sports

Summer Deaflympics

The following sports have been contested in a Summer Deaflympic Games programme:

Sport (Discipline)	Body	24	28	31	35	39	49	53	57	61	65	69	73	77	81	85	89	93	97	01	05	09	13	17	21
Current summer sports
Aquatics – Swimming		7	10	11	10	11	14	18	14	14	15	17	17	26	26	34	31	34	32	38	38	38	38	40	45
Athletics		17	20	23	23	23	24	26	32	32	33	34	34	35	30	32	36	40	40	43	42	43	44	43	45
Badminton																5	5	6	6	6	6	6	5	6	6
Basketball	DIBF						1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
Bowling																			10	10	10	10	8	12	7
Cycling – Mountain																							2	2	2
Cycling – Road		3	3	1	1	1	1	1	3	3	3	3	3	3	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	7	8	8
Football		1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	2	2	2	2
Golf																								2	2
Handball												2	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	2
Judo																						10	17	17	16
Karate																						5	15	18	16
Orienteering																				6	6	5	8	9	10
Shooting		1		1		2	3	3	4	3	3	3	4	4	4	4	8	7	7	6	6	10	11	12	13
Table Tennis										5	5	7	7	5	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7
Taekwondo																						8	13	13	11
Tennis		2	2	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5
Volleyball – Beach																					2	2	2	2	2
Volleyball – Indoor												2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
Wrestling – Freestyle										8	8	8	10	10	10	10	10	10	8	8	7	7	7	8	8
Wrestling – Greco-Roman										8	8	8	10	10	10	10	10	10	8	8	7	7	7	8	8
Discontinued summer sports
Aquatics – Diving		1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1		1	1
Aquatics – Water Polo							1		1	1				1	1	1		1	1	1	1	1
Gymnastics – Artistic			2						2	13	12	12
Demonstration summer sports
Gymnastics – Artistic		•
Gymnastics – Rhythmic		•
Total		31	38	43	45	47	51	57	69	94	85	105	97	106	110	96	120	126	140	143	147	177	203	219	216

Winter Deaflympics

The following sports have been contested in a Winter Deaflympic Games programme:

Sport (Discipline)	Body	49	53	55	59	63	67	71	75	79	83	87	91	95	99	03	07	15	19	24
Current winter sports
Chess																			4	4
Curling																	2	2	2	2
Futsal																				2
Ice hockey													1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Skiing – Alpine		3	4	6	10	8	6	6	6	6	8	8	6	8	8	8	10	10	10	10
Skiing – Snowboarding																6	5	10	10	10
Skiing – Nordic – Cross-country		2	3	3	3	5	5	5	6	6	6	6	6	6	8	8	9	8	9	9
Discontinued winter sports
Skiing – Nordic – Nordic combined			1	1
Skiing – Nordic – Ski jumping			1	1	1
Speed skating											3	4	5
Demonstration winter sports
Curling																	•
Ice hockey									•
Skiing – Snowboarding															•
Speed skating									•
Total		5	9	11	14	13	11	11	12	12	17	18	18	15	17	23	27	31	36	38

See also

• Disabled sports

References

1. "Constitution". 25 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. International Committee of Sports for the Deaf. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
2. International Committee of Sports for the Deaf – News 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Deaflympics.com. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
3. What are the Deaflympics?. Disabled World. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
4. Future Directions of the Deaflympics 13 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
5. Historical overview of the Paralympics, Special Olympics, and Deaflympics 13 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
6. "Russia excluded from Deaflympics after plea from Ukraine". www.insidethegames.biz. 12 March 2022.
7. Winter Olympics: 2011 Winter Deaflympics Cancelled Archived 25 January 2013 at archive.today. Healthyhearing.com (17 February 2011). Retrieved 17 October 2011.
8. International Committee of Sports for the Deaf – PressRelease 15 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Deaflympics.com (13 February 2011). Retrieved 17 October 2011.
9. ICSD Pursuing Legal Action Following Failure of 17th Winter Deaflympics 24 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Deaf Sports Mag. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
10. Slovakia: Deaflympics 2011 Controversy · Global Voices. Globalvoices.org. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
11. 2011 US Deaflympics – Article | Letter from ICSD to USA athletes 9 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Usdeaflympics.org (17 February 2011). Retrieved 17 October 2011.
12. International Committee of Sports for the Deaf – PressRelease 18 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Deaflympics.com (14 February 2011). Retrieved 17 October 2011.
13. Deaflympics Committee Head Sentenced to Thirteen Years – English News. Webnoviny.sk. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
14. International Committee of Sports for the Deaf – Games. Deaflympics.com. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
15. . CISS. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
16. "Deaflympics 2021 in Bowling". CISS. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
17. "Deaflympics". deaflympics.com. Retrieved 25 March 2017.

External links

• Official website  
• Comité International des Sports des Sourds official website