In many of these plants, only the male flowers form catkins, and the female flowers are single (hazel, oak), a cone (alder), or other types (mulberry). Such as Corylus jacquemontii has male catkins and also female spikes.[1] In other plants (such as poplar), both male and female flowers are borne in catkins. Such as Populus alba has male catkins which are grey and the female catkins are greyish-green.[2]
While the blooming months for catkins may vary due to factors such as climate change, the following are some general timeframes: Hazel catkins bloom from January to March, alder catkins from February to March, silver birch catkins from March to May, oak catkins from April to May, and white willow catkins from April to May.[3]
In Britain, catkins can be seen in January or February, when many trees are bare for winter. They can even occur in December.[4]
Evolutionedit
For some time, catkins were believed to be a key synapomorphy among the proposed Hamamelididae, also known as Amentiferae (i.e., literally plants bearing aments). Based on molecular phylogeny work, it is now believed that Hamamelididae is a polyphyletic group.[5][6] This suggests that the catkin flower arrangement has arisen at least twice independently by convergent evolution, in Fagales and in Salicaceae.[7] Such a convergent evolution raises questions about what the ancestral inflorescence characters might be and how catkins did evolve in these two lineages.
Etymologyedit
Etymology illustrated by pussy willow catkins from a children's book
The word catkin is a loanword from the Middle Dutchkatteken, meaning "kitten" (compare also GermanKätzchen). This name is due either to the resemblance of the lengthy sorts of catkins to a kitten's tail, or to the fine fur found on some catkins.[8][9]Ament is from the Latinamentum, meaning "thong" or "strap".[10]
^"Jacquemont's Hazel". flowersofindia.net. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
^Flora of NW Europe: Populus alba 2010-08-27 at the Wayback Machine
^Trust, Woodland. "Which trees have catkins and how to ID them". Woodland Trust. Retrieved 2023-02-23.
^Rose Sanderson (2015-01-30). . BBC Earth. Archived from the original on 2019-01-06. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
^Savolainen, V., M. W. Chase, S. B. Hoot, C. M. Morton, D. E. Soltis, C. Bayer, M. F. Fay, A. Y. De Bruijn, S. Sullivan, and Y.-L. Qiu. 2000. Phylogenetics of flowering plants based on combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL gene sequences. Systematic Biology 49:306-362.
^Soltis, D. E. et alii. (28 authors). 2011. "Angiosperm phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa". American Journal of Botany98(4):704-730. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000404
^Cronk Q. C. B., Needham I., and Rudall P. J. 2015. Evolution of catkins: inflorescence morphology of selected Salicaceae in an evolutionary and developmental context. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2015; 6: 1030. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.01030
^"Catkin", Oxford English Dictionary (Second ed.), 1989, retrieved 30 November 2009
^"Ament", Oxford English Dictionary (Second ed.), 1989, retrieved 30 November 2009
February 16, 2024
catkin, catkin, ament, slim, cylindrical, flower, cluster, spike, with, inconspicuous, petals, usually, wind, pollinated, anemophilous, sometimes, insect, pollinated, salix, they, contain, many, usually, unisexual, flowers, arranged, closely, along, central, s. A catkin or ament is a slim cylindrical flower cluster a spike with inconspicuous or no petals usually wind pollinated anemophilous but sometimes insect pollinated as in Salix They contain many usually unisexual flowers arranged closely along a central stem that is often drooping They are found in many plant families including Betulaceae Fagaceae Moraceae and Salicaceae Detail of a male flowering catkin on a willow Salix sp Contents 1 Occurrence 2 Evolution 3 Etymology 4 Gallery 5 ReferencesOccurrence editCatkin bearing plants include many trees or shrubs such as birch willow aspen hickory sweet chestnut and sweetfern Comptonia citation needed In many of these plants only the male flowers form catkins and the female flowers are single hazel oak a cone alder or other types mulberry Such as Corylus jacquemontii has male catkins and also female spikes 1 In other plants such as poplar both male and female flowers are borne in catkins Such as Populus alba has male catkins which are grey and the female catkins are greyish green 2 While the blooming months for catkins may vary due to factors such as climate change the following are some general timeframes Hazel catkins bloom from January to March alder catkins from February to March silver birch catkins from March to May oak catkins from April to May and white willow catkins from April to May 3 In Britain catkins can be seen in January or February when many trees are bare for winter They can even occur in December 4 Evolution editFor some time catkins were believed to be a key synapomorphy among the proposed Hamamelididae also known as Amentiferae i e literally plants bearing aments Based on molecular phylogeny work it is now believed that Hamamelididae is a polyphyletic group 5 6 This suggests that the catkin flower arrangement has arisen at least twice independently by convergent evolution in Fagales and in Salicaceae 7 Such a convergent evolution raises questions about what the ancestral inflorescence characters might be and how catkins did evolve in these two lineages Etymology edit nbsp Etymology illustrated by pussy willow catkins from a children s bookThe word catkin is a loanword from the Middle Dutch katteken meaning kitten compare also German Katzchen This name is due either to the resemblance of the lengthy sorts of catkins to a kitten s tail or to the fine fur found on some catkins 8 9 Ament is from the Latin amentum meaning thong or strap 10 Gallery editCatkins in Fagales nbsp Male catkins of hop hornbeam Ostrya carpinifolia nbsp Young male catkins of hazel Corylus avellana nbsp Mature male catkins of hazel Corylus avellana nbsp Alder female catkins Alnus sp Catkins in Salicaceae nbsp Young male catkin of a willow Salix sp nbsp Three male catkins on a willow Salix sp nbsp Female flowering catkin on a willow Salix sp References edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Catkins Jacquemont s Hazel flowersofindia net Retrieved 7 July 2020 Flora of NW Europe Populus alba Archived 2010 08 27 at the Wayback Machine Trust Woodland Which trees have catkins and how to ID them Woodland Trust Retrieved 2023 02 23 Rose Sanderson 2015 01 30 An early catkin year BBC Earth Archived from the original on 2019 01 06 Retrieved 2022 11 25 Savolainen V M W Chase S B Hoot C M Morton D E Soltis C Bayer M F Fay A Y De Bruijn S Sullivan and Y L Qiu 2000 Phylogenetics of flowering plants based on combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL gene sequences Systematic Biology 49 306 362 Soltis D E et alii 28 authors 2011 Angiosperm phylogeny 17 genes 640 taxa American Journal of Botany 98 4 704 730 doi 10 3732 ajb 1000404 Cronk Q C B Needham I and Rudall P J 2015 Evolution of catkins inflorescence morphology of selected Salicaceae in an evolutionary and developmental context Frontiers in Plant Science 2015 6 1030 doi 10 3389 fpls 2015 01030 Catkin Oxford English Dictionary Second ed 1989 retrieved 30 November 2009 Zoekresultaten www etymologiebank nl Ament Oxford English Dictionary Second ed 1989 retrieved 30 November 2009 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Catkin amp oldid 1179836385, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
