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Corvus (constellation)

January 10, 2023

Corvus is a small constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere. Its name means "crow" in Latin. One of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, it depicts a raven, a bird associated with stories about the god Apollo, perched on the back of Hydra the water snake. The four brightest stars, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, and Beta Corvi, form a distinctive quadrilateral in the night sky.

Corvus
Constellation
AbbreviationCrv
GenitiveCorvi
Pronunciation/ˈkɔːrvəs/,
genitive /ˈkɔːrvaɪ/
Symbolismthe Crow/Raven
Right ascension12h
Declination−20°
Area184 sq. deg. (70th)
Main stars4
Bayer/Flamsteed
stars		10
Stars with planets3
Stars brighter than 3.00m3
Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly)1
Brightest starγ Crv (Gienah) (2.59m)
Messier objects0
Meteor showersCorvids
Eta Corvids
Bordering
constellations		Virgo
Crater
Hydra
Visible at latitudes between +60° and −90°.
Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of May.

With an apparent magnitude of 2.59, Gamma Corvi—also known as Gienah—is the brightest star in the constellation. It is an aging blue giant around four times as massive as the Sun. The young star Eta Corvi has been found to have two debris disks. Three star systems have exoplanets, and a fourth planetary system is unconfirmed. TV Corvi is a dwarf nova—a white dwarf and brown dwarf in very close orbit.

History and mythology

 
Corvus, Crater, and other constellations seen around Hydra in Urania's Mirror (1825)

In the Babylonian star catalogues dating from at least 1100 BCE, what later became known as Corvus was called the Raven (MUL.UGA.MUSHEN). As with more familiar Classical astronomy, it was placed sitting on the tail of the Serpent (Greek Hydra). The Babylonian constellation was sacred to Adad, the god of rain and storm; in the second Millennium BCE it would have risen just before the autumnal rainy season. John H. Rogers observed that Hydra signified Ningishzida, the god of the underworld in the Babylonian compendium MUL.APIN. He proposed that Corvus and Crater (along with Hydra) were death symbols and marked the gate to the underworld.[1] These two constellations, along with the eagle Aquila and the fish Piscis Austrinus, were introduced to the Greeks around 500 BCE; they marked the winter and summer solstices respectively. Furthermore, Hydra had been a landmark as it had straddled the celestial equator in antiquity.[2] Corvus and Crater also featured in the iconography of Mithraism, which is thought to have been of middle-eastern origin before spreading into Ancient Greece and Rome.[3]

 
Corvus as depicted on The Manuchihr Globe made in Mashhad 1632-33 AD. Adilnor Collection, Sweden.

Corvus is associated with the myth of Apollo and his lover Coronis the Lapith. Coronis had been unfaithful to Apollo; when he learned this information from a pure white crow (or raven in some versions), he turned its feathers black in a fit of rage.[4] Another legend associated with Corvus is that a crow stopped on his way to fetch water for Apollo, to eat figs. Instead of telling the truth to Apollo, he lied and said that a snake, Hydra, kept him from the water, while holding a snake in his talons as proof. Apollo, realizing this was a lie, flung the crow (Corvus), cup (Crater), and snake (Hydra) into the sky. He further punished the wayward bird by ensuring it would forever be thirsty, both in real life and in the heavens, where the Cup is just out of reach.[4]

In other cultures

In Chinese astronomy, the stars of Corvus are located within the Vermilion Bird of the South (南方朱雀, Nán Fāng Zhū Què).[5] The four main stars depict a chariot, Zhen, which is the 28th and final lunar mansion; Alpha and Eta mark the linchpins for the wheels, and Zeta is Changsha, a coffin.[6] In Indian astronomy, the five main stars of Corvus represent a hand or fist corresponding to the Hasta, the 13th nakshatra or lunar mansion.[7]

Corvus was recognized as a constellation by several Polynesian cultures. In the Marquesas Islands, it was called Mee; in Pukapuka, it was called Te Manu, and in the Society Islands, it was called Metua-ai-papa.[8] To Torres Strait Islanders, Corvus was the right hand (holding kupa fruit) of the huge constellation Tagai, a man fishing.[9]

The Bororo people of Mato Grosso in central Brazil regarded the constellation as a land tortoise Geriguigui,[10] while the Tucano people of the northwestern Amazon region saw it as an egret.[11] To the Tupi people of São Luís Island in Brazil, Corvus might have been seen as a grill or barbecue—seychouioura, on which fish were grilled. The depiction could have also referred to the Great Square of Pegasus.[12]

Characteristics

Covering 184 square degrees and hence 0.446% of the sky, Corvus ranks 70th of the 88 constellations in area.[13] It is bordered by Virgo to the north and east, Hydra to the south, and Crater to the west. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is "Crv".[14] The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte in 1930,[a] are defined by a polygon of six segments (illustrated in infobox). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 11h 56m 22s and 12h 56m 40s, while the declination coordinates are between −11.68° and −25.20°.[16] Its position in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere means that the whole constellation is visible to observers south of 65°N.[13][b]

Features

 
The constellation Corvus as it can be seen by the naked eye

Stars

Main article: List of stars in Corvus

The German cartographer Johann Bayer used the Greek letters Alpha through Eta to label the most prominent stars in the constellation. John Flamsteed gave nine stars Flamsteed designations, while one star he designated in the neighbouring constellation Crater—31 Crateris—lay within Corvus once the constellation boundaries were established in 1930.[17] Within the constellation's borders, there are 29 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5.[c][13]

Four principal stars, Delta, Gamma, Epsilon, and Beta Corvi, form a quadrilateral asterism known as "the "Spica's Spanker"[19] or "the Sail".[20][21] Although none of the stars are particularly bright, they lie in a dim area of the sky, rendering the asterism easy to distinguish in the night sky.[22] Gamma and Delta serve as pointers toward Spica. Also called Gienah, Gamma is the brightest star in Corvus at magnitude 2.59.[23] Its traditional name means "wing",[23] the star marking the left wing in Bayer's Uranometria.[17] 154±1 light-years from Earth,[24] it is a blue-white hued giant star of spectral type B8III that is 4.2+0.4
−0.3 times as massive,[25] and 355 times as luminous as the Sun.[23] Around 160+40
−30 million years old,[25] it has largely exhausted its core hydrogen and begun expanding and cooling as it moves away from the main sequence.[23] A binary star, it has a companion orange or red dwarf star of spectral type K5V to M5V that is about 0.8 times as massive as the Sun.[26] Around 50 astronomical units[d] distant from Gamma Corvi A, it is estimated to complete an orbit in 158 years.[25] Delta Corvi, traditionally called Algorab, is a double star divisible in small amateur telescopes. The primary is a blue-white star of magnitude 2.9, around 87 light-years from Earth.[24] An enigmatic star around 2.7 times as massive as the Sun, it is more luminous (65–70 times that of the Sun) than its should be for its surface temperature of 10,400 K, and hence is either a 3.2 million year-old very young pre-main sequence star that has not settled down to a stable main sequence life stage, or a 260-million-year-old star that has begun to exhaust its core hydrogen and expand, cool and shine more brightly as it moves away from the main sequence. Its spectral type is given as A0IV, corresponding with the latter scenario.[27] Warm circumstellar dust—by definition part of its inner stellar system—has been detected around Delta Corvi A.[28] Delta Corvi B is an orange dwarf star of magnitude 8.51 and spectral class K, also surrounded by circumstellar dust. A post T-tauri star, it is at least 650 AU distant from its brighter companion and takes at least 9400 years to complete an orbit.[29] Delta Corvi's common name means "the raven".[4] It is one of two stars marking the right wing.[17] Located 4.5 degrees northeast of Delta Corvi is Struve 1669, a binary star that is divisible into two stars 5.4" apart by small amateur telescopes,[30] 280 light-years from Earth. The pair, both white stars, is visible to the naked eye at magnitude 5.2; the primary is of magnitude 5.9 and the secondary is of magnitude 6.0.[4]

The raven's breast is marked by Beta Corvi (the proper name is Kraz[31][17]), a star of magnitude 2.7 located 146 ± 1 light-years from Earth.[24] Roughly 206 million years old and 3.7 ± 1 times as massive as the Sun, it has exhausted its core hydrogen and expanded and cooled to a surface temperature of around 5,100 K and is now a yellow bright giant star of spectral type G5II.[32] It likely spent most of its existence as a blue-white main sequence star of spectral type B7V.[33] Bearing the proper name of Minkar and marking the raven's nostril is Epsilon Corvi, located some 318 ± 5 light-years from Earth.[24] It is a red giant of spectral type K2III that is around 54 times the Sun's radius and 930 times its luminosity.[34] Around 4 times as massive as the Sun, it spent much of its life as a main-sequence star of spectral type B5V.[35] Lying to the south of the quadrilateral between Beta and Epsilon Corvi is the orange-hued 6 Corvi,[22] an ageing giant star of spectral type K1III that is around 70 times as luminous as the Sun.[36] It is 331 ± 10 light-years away from Earth.[24]

Named Alchiba, Alpha Corvi is a white-hued star of spectral type F1V and magnitude 4.0, 48.7 ± 0.1 light-years from Earth.[24] It exhibits periodic changes in its spectrum over a three-day period, which suggests it is either a spectroscopic binary or (more likely) a pulsating Gamma Doradus-type variable. If the latter is the case, it is estimated to be 1.39 times as massive as the Sun.[37] According to Bayer's atlas, it lies above the bird's beak.[17]

Marking the raven's right wing is Eta Corvi,[17] a yellow-white main-sequence star of type F2V that is 1.52 times as massive and 4.87 times as luminous as the Sun. It is 59 light-years distant from our Solar System.[38] Two debris disks have been detected orbiting this star, one warm within 3.5 astronomical units and another out at ~150 astronomical units distant.[39][40] Zeta Corvi marks the raven's neck.[17] It is of apparent magnitude 5.21, separated by 7 arcseconds from the star HR 4691.[41] Located 420 ± 10 light-years distant,[24] it is a blue-white Be star of spectral type B8V, the presence of hydrogen emission lines in its spectrum indicating it has a circumstellar disc. These stars may be an optical double or a true multiple star system, with a separation of at least 50,000 astronomical units and the stars taking 3.5 million years to orbit each other. HR 4691 is itself double, composed of an ageing yellow-orange giant whose spectral type has been calculated at K0 or G3, and an F-type main-sequence star.[41]

31 Crateris (which was originally placed in Crater by Flamsteed) is a 5.26 magnitude star which was once mistaken for a moon of Mercury. On 27 March 1974, the Mariner 10 mission detected emissions in the far ultraviolet from the planet (suggesting a satellite), but they were found to emanate from the star.[42][43] It is in reality a remote binary star system with a hot blue-white star of spectral type B1.5V and a companion about which little is known. The two stars orbit each other every 2.9631 days. The primary is possibly a blue straggler of the Hyades group.[44] The primary is around 15.5 times as massive as the Sun and 52262 times as luminous.[45]

VV Corvi is a close spectroscopic binary, its two component stars orbiting each other with a period of 1.46 days.[46] Both are yellow-white main-sequence stars of spectral type F5V, though the primary has begun expanding and cooling as it nears the end of its time on the main sequence.[47] The mass ratio of the two stars is 0.775 ± 0.024.[48] A tertiary companion was discovered during the Two Micron All-Sky Survey.[49] W Corvi is an eclipsing binary that varies in brightness from apparent magnitude 11.16 to 12.5 over 9 hours.[50] Its period has increased by 1/4 second over a century. It is an unusual system in that its two stars are very close to each other yet have different surface temperatures, and hence thermal transfer is not taking place as expected.[51] SX Corvi is an eclipsing binary that is also a contact binary known as a W Ursae Majoris variable. The two component stars orbit closely enough to each other for mass to have been transferred between them—in this case the secondary having transferred a large amount of mass to the primary.[52] RV Corvi is another eclipsing binary. Its brightness varies from apparent magnitude 8.6 to 9.16 over 18 hours.[53] The system is composed of stars of spectral types F0 and G0, which orbit each other every 0.7473 days.[54]

Close to Gamma Corvi and visible in the same binocular field is R Corvi, a long period (Mira) variable star.[55] It ranges in brightness from a magnitude of 6.7 to 14.4 with a period of approximately 317 days.[56] TT Corvi is a semiregular variable red giant of spectral type M3III and apparent magnitude 6.48 around 923 light years distant.[57] It is around 993 times as luminous as the Sun.[36] TU Corvi is a Delta Scuti variable—a class of short period (six hours at most) pulsating stars that have been used as standard candles and as subjects to study astroseismology.[58] It varies by 0.025 of a magnitude around apparent magnitude 6.53 over 59 minutes.[59]

Three star systems have confirmed planets. HD 103774 is a young yellow-white main-sequence star of apparent magnitude 7.12 that is 181 ± 5 light-years distant from Earth. It is 1.335 ± 0.03 times as massive and 3.5 ± 0.3 as luminous as the Sun. Variations in its radial velocity showed it was being orbited by a Neptune-sized planet every 5.9 days in 2013.[60] HD 104067 is an orange dwarf of spectral type K2V of apparent magnitude 7.93 that is 69 ± 1 light-years distant from Earth. Around 80% as massive as the Sun, it is orbited by a planet 3.6 times the mass of Neptune every 55.8 days.[61] WASP-83 has a planet around as massive as Saturn that orbits it every 5 days. It was discovered by its transit across the star in 2015.[62] A fourth star system has an unconfirmed planet. HD 111031 is a sunlike star of spectral type G5V located 101 ± 2 light-years distant from Earth.[24]

Ross 695 is a red dwarf star located a mere 28.9 ± 0.6 light-years distant from Earth.[24] At apparent magnitude 11.27, it is much too faint to be seen with the unaided eye. A small star, it has around 23% the mass and radius of the Sun, but only 0.7% its luminosity.[63] VHS J1256–1257 is a triple system of young brown dwarfs located 72.4+3.6
−3.9 light-years distant from Earth.[64] The system consists of a central, equal-mass binary system of late-M spectral type dwarfs and an outer, planetary-mass brown dwarf companion that is widely separated at 102 ± 9 AU.[65] DENIS-P J1228.2-1547 is a system composed of two brown dwarfs orbiting each other located 73 ± 3 light-years away from Earth.[66] TV Corvi is a dwarf nova composed of a white dwarf and brown dwarf that orbit each other every 90 minutes.[67][68] The system has a baseline magnitude of 17 that brightens periodically to magnitude 12, discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1931 and David Levy in 1990 and 2005.[69]

Deep-sky objects

 
NGC 4038 (left) and NGC 4039 (right)

Corvus contains no Messier objects. It has several galaxies and a planetary nebula observable with amateur telescopes.[70] The center of Corvus is home to a planetary nebula, NGC 4361.[70] The nebula itself resembles a small elliptical galaxy and has a magnitude of 10.3, but the magnitude 13 star at its centre gives away its true nature.[55]

The NGC 4038 Group is a group of galaxies across Corvus and Crater. The group may contain between 13 and 27 galaxies. The best-known member is the Antennae peculiar galaxy, located 0.25 north of 31 Crateris.[71] It consists of two interacting galaxies—NGC 4038 and 4039—that appear to have a heart shape as seen from Earth. The name originates from the huge tidal tails that come off the ends of the two galaxies, formed because of the spiral galaxies' original rotation. Both original galaxies were spiral galaxies and are now experiencing extensive star formation due to the interaction of gas clouds. The galaxies are 45 million light-years from Earth and each has multiple ultraluminous X-ray sources, the source of which is unknown. Astronomers theorize that they may be a rare type of x-ray emitting binary stars or intermediate-mass black holes.[72] The Antennae Galaxies appear in a telescope at the 10th magnitude.[4] SN 2004gt was a type Ic supernova that erupted on December 12, 2004. The progenitor was not identified from older images of the galaxy, and is either a type WC Wolf–Rayet star with a mass over 40 times that of the Sun, or a star 20 to 40 times as massive as the Sun in a binary star system.[73] SN 2007sr was a Type Ia supernova event that peaked in brightness on December 14, 2007.[74] The galaxy has been identified as a good place to take detailed images in case of further supernovae.[73]

NGC 4027 is another member of the NGC 4038 group, notable for its extended spiral arm. Known as the Ringtail Galaxy, it lies close to 31 Crateris.[71] A barred spiral galaxy, its distorted shape is probably due to a past collision, possibly with the nearby NGC 4027A. NGC 4782 and NGC 4783 are a pair of merging elliptical galaxies in the northeastern part of the constellation, around 200 million light-years distant.[69]

Meteor showers

Two established meteor showers originate from within Corvus' boundaries. German astronomer Cuno Hoffmeister discovered and named the Corvids in 1937, after observing them between June 25 and July 2. They have not been seen since, nor was there evidence of a shower when previous records were examined. Hoffmeister noted the trajectory of the shower was similar to that of the comet 11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR, though this was not confirmed by Zhukov and colleagues in 2011. The shower has been tentatively linked with 4015 Wilson–Harrington.[75] In January 2013, the MO Video Meteor Network published the discovery of the Eta Corvids, assigning some 300 meteors seen between January 20 and 26.[76] Their existence was confirmed by data analysis later that year.[77]

Popular culture

In 1624, German astronomer Jakob Bartsch equated the constellation Argo Navis with Noah's Ark, linking Corvus and Columba to the crow and dove that feature in the story in Genesis.[78]

In Action Comics #14 (January 2013), which was published 7 November 2012, astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson appears in the story, in which he determines that Superman's home planet, Krypton, orbited the red dwarf LHS 2520 in the constellation Corvus, 27.1 light-years from Earth. Tyson assisted DC Comics in selecting a real-life star that would be an appropriate parent star to Krypton, and picked the star in Corvus,[79][80] and which is the mascot of Superman's high school, the Smallville Crows.[81]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Delporte had proposed standardizing the constellation boundaries to the International Astronomical Union, who had agreed and gave him the lead role.[15]
  2. ^ While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between the 65°N and 78°N, stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable.[13]
  3. ^ Objects of magnitude 6.5 are among the faintest visible to the unaided eye in suburban-rural transition night skies.[18]
  4. ^ The distance between the Earth and the Sun is one astronomical unit.

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Sources

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Corvus (constellation) (category)
  • The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Corvus
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January 10, 2023
corvus, constellation, corvus, small, constellation, southern, celestial, hemisphere, name, means, crow, latin, constellations, listed, century, astronomer, ptolemy, depicts, raven, bird, associated, with, stories, about, apollo, perched, back, hydra, water, s. Corvus is a small constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere Its name means crow in Latin One of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy it depicts a raven a bird associated with stories about the god Apollo perched on the back of Hydra the water snake The four brightest stars Gamma Delta Epsilon and Beta Corvi form a distinctive quadrilateral in the night sky CorvusConstellationList of stars in CorvusAbbreviationCrvGenitiveCorviPronunciation ˈ k ɔːr v e s genitive ˈ k ɔːr v aɪ Symbolismthe Crow RavenRight ascension12hDeclination 20 Area184 sq deg 70th Main stars4Bayer Flamsteedstars10Stars with planets3Stars brighter than 3 00m3Stars within 10 00 pc 32 62 ly 1Brightest starg Crv Gienah 2 59m Messier objects0Meteor showersCorvidsEta CorvidsBorderingconstellationsVirgoCraterHydraVisible at latitudes between 60 and 90 Best visible at 21 00 9 p m during the month of May With an apparent magnitude of 2 59 Gamma Corvi also known as Gienah is the brightest star in the constellation It is an aging blue giant around four times as massive as the Sun The young star Eta Corvi has been found to have two debris disks Three star systems have exoplanets and a fourth planetary system is unconfirmed TV Corvi is a dwarf nova a white dwarf and brown dwarf in very close orbit Contents 1 History and mythology 1 1 In other cultures 2 Characteristics 3 Features 3 1 Stars 3 2 Deep sky objects 3 3 Meteor showers 4 Popular culture 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Sources 9 External linksHistory and mythology Edit Corvus Crater and other constellations seen around Hydra in Urania s Mirror 1825 In the Babylonian star catalogues dating from at least 1100 BCE what later became known as Corvus was called the Raven MUL UGA MUSHEN As with more familiar Classical astronomy it was placed sitting on the tail of the Serpent Greek Hydra The Babylonian constellation was sacred to Adad the god of rain and storm in the second Millennium BCE it would have risen just before the autumnal rainy season John H Rogers observed that Hydra signified Ningishzida the god of the underworld in the Babylonian compendium MUL APIN He proposed that Corvus and Crater along with Hydra were death symbols and marked the gate to the underworld 1 These two constellations along with the eagle Aquila and the fish Piscis Austrinus were introduced to the Greeks around 500 BCE they marked the winter and summer solstices respectively Furthermore Hydra had been a landmark as it had straddled the celestial equator in antiquity 2 Corvus and Crater also featured in the iconography of Mithraism which is thought to have been of middle eastern origin before spreading into Ancient Greece and Rome 3 Corvus as depicted on The Manuchihr Globe made in Mashhad 1632 33 AD Adilnor Collection Sweden Corvus is associated with the myth of Apollo and his lover Coronis the Lapith Coronis had been unfaithful to Apollo when he learned this information from a pure white crow or raven in some versions he turned its feathers black in a fit of rage 4 Another legend associated with Corvus is that a crow stopped on his way to fetch water for Apollo to eat figs Instead of telling the truth to Apollo he lied and said that a snake Hydra kept him from the water while holding a snake in his talons as proof Apollo realizing this was a lie flung the crow Corvus cup Crater and snake Hydra into the sky He further punished the wayward bird by ensuring it would forever be thirsty both in real life and in the heavens where the Cup is just out of reach 4 In other cultures Edit In Chinese astronomy the stars of Corvus are located within the Vermilion Bird of the South 南方朱雀 Nan Fang Zhu Que 5 The four main stars depict a chariot Zhen which is the 28th and final lunar mansion Alpha and Eta mark the linchpins for the wheels and Zeta is Changsha a coffin 6 In Indian astronomy the five main stars of Corvus represent a hand or fist corresponding to the Hasta the 13th nakshatra or lunar mansion 7 Corvus was recognized as a constellation by several Polynesian cultures In the Marquesas Islands it was called Mee in Pukapuka it was called Te Manu and in the Society Islands it was called Metua ai papa 8 To Torres Strait Islanders Corvus was the right hand holding kupa fruit of the huge constellation Tagai a man fishing 9 The Bororo people of Mato Grosso in central Brazil regarded the constellation as a land tortoise Geriguigui 10 while the Tucano people of the northwestern Amazon region saw it as an egret 11 To the Tupi people of Sao Luis Island in Brazil Corvus might have been seen as a grill or barbecue seychouioura on which fish were grilled The depiction could have also referred to the Great Square of Pegasus 12 Characteristics EditCovering 184 square degrees and hence 0 446 of the sky Corvus ranks 70th of the 88 constellations in area 13 It is bordered by Virgo to the north and east Hydra to the south and Crater to the west The three letter abbreviation for the constellation as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922 is Crv 14 The official constellation boundaries as set by Belgian astronomer Eugene Delporte in 1930 a are defined by a polygon of six segments illustrated in infobox In the equatorial coordinate system the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 11h 56m 22s and 12h 56m 40s while the declination coordinates are between 11 68 and 25 20 16 Its position in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere means that the whole constellation is visible to observers south of 65 N 13 b Features Edit The constellation Corvus as it can be seen by the naked eye Stars Edit Main article List of stars in Corvus The German cartographer Johann Bayer used the Greek letters Alpha through Eta to label the most prominent stars in the constellation John Flamsteed gave nine stars Flamsteed designations while one star he designated in the neighbouring constellation Crater 31 Crateris lay within Corvus once the constellation boundaries were established in 1930 17 Within the constellation s borders there are 29 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6 5 c 13 Four principal stars Delta Gamma Epsilon and Beta Corvi form a quadrilateral asterism known as the Spica s Spanker 19 or the Sail 20 21 Although none of the stars are particularly bright they lie in a dim area of the sky rendering the asterism easy to distinguish in the night sky 22 Gamma and Delta serve as pointers toward Spica Also called Gienah Gamma is the brightest star in Corvus at magnitude 2 59 23 Its traditional name means wing 23 the star marking the left wing in Bayer s Uranometria 17 154 1 light years from Earth 24 it is a blue white hued giant star of spectral type B8III that is 4 2 0 4 0 3 times as massive 25 and 355 times as luminous as the Sun 23 Around 160 40 30 million years old 25 it has largely exhausted its core hydrogen and begun expanding and cooling as it moves away from the main sequence 23 A binary star it has a companion orange or red dwarf star of spectral type K5V to M5V that is about 0 8 times as massive as the Sun 26 Around 50 astronomical units d distant from Gamma Corvi A it is estimated to complete an orbit in 158 years 25 Delta Corvi traditionally called Algorab is a double star divisible in small amateur telescopes The primary is a blue white star of magnitude 2 9 around 87 light years from Earth 24 An enigmatic star around 2 7 times as massive as the Sun it is more luminous 65 70 times that of the Sun than its should be for its surface temperature of 10 400 K and hence is either a 3 2 million year old very young pre main sequence star that has not settled down to a stable main sequence life stage or a 260 million year old star that has begun to exhaust its core hydrogen and expand cool and shine more brightly as it moves away from the main sequence Its spectral type is given as A0IV corresponding with the latter scenario 27 Warm circumstellar dust by definition part of its inner stellar system has been detected around Delta Corvi A 28 Delta Corvi B is an orange dwarf star of magnitude 8 51 and spectral class K also surrounded by circumstellar dust A post T tauri star it is at least 650 AU distant from its brighter companion and takes at least 9400 years to complete an orbit 29 Delta Corvi s common name means the raven 4 It is one of two stars marking the right wing 17 Located 4 5 degrees northeast of Delta Corvi is Struve 1669 a binary star that is divisible into two stars 5 4 apart by small amateur telescopes 30 280 light years from Earth The pair both white stars is visible to the naked eye at magnitude 5 2 the primary is of magnitude 5 9 and the secondary is of magnitude 6 0 4 The raven s breast is marked by Beta Corvi the proper name is Kraz 31 17 a star of magnitude 2 7 located 146 1 light years from Earth 24 Roughly 206 million years old and 3 7 1 times as massive as the Sun it has exhausted its core hydrogen and expanded and cooled to a surface temperature of around 5 100 K and is now a yellow bright giant star of spectral type G5II 32 It likely spent most of its existence as a blue white main sequence star of spectral type B7V 33 Bearing the proper name of Minkar and marking the raven s nostril is Epsilon Corvi located some 318 5 light years from Earth 24 It is a red giant of spectral type K2III that is around 54 times the Sun s radius and 930 times its luminosity 34 Around 4 times as massive as the Sun it spent much of its life as a main sequence star of spectral type B5V 35 Lying to the south of the quadrilateral between Beta and Epsilon Corvi is the orange hued 6 Corvi 22 an ageing giant star of spectral type K1III that is around 70 times as luminous as the Sun 36 It is 331 10 light years away from Earth 24 Named Alchiba Alpha Corvi is a white hued star of spectral type F1V and magnitude 4 0 48 7 0 1 light years from Earth 24 It exhibits periodic changes in its spectrum over a three day period which suggests it is either a spectroscopic binary or more likely a pulsating Gamma Doradus type variable If the latter is the case it is estimated to be 1 39 times as massive as the Sun 37 According to Bayer s atlas it lies above the bird s beak 17 Marking the raven s right wing is Eta Corvi 17 a yellow white main sequence star of type F2V that is 1 52 times as massive and 4 87 times as luminous as the Sun It is 59 light years distant from our Solar System 38 Two debris disks have been detected orbiting this star one warm within 3 5 astronomical units and another out at 150 astronomical units distant 39 40 Zeta Corvi marks the raven s neck 17 It is of apparent magnitude 5 21 separated by 7 arcseconds from the star HR 4691 41 Located 420 10 light years distant 24 it is a blue white Be star of spectral type B8V the presence of hydrogen emission lines in its spectrum indicating it has a circumstellar disc These stars may be an optical double or a true multiple star system with a separation of at least 50 000 astronomical units and the stars taking 3 5 million years to orbit each other HR 4691 is itself double composed of an ageing yellow orange giant whose spectral type has been calculated at K0 or G3 and an F type main sequence star 41 31 Crateris which was originally placed in Crater by Flamsteed is a 5 26 magnitude star which was once mistaken for a moon of Mercury On 27 March 1974 the Mariner 10 mission detected emissions in the far ultraviolet from the planet suggesting a satellite but they were found to emanate from the star 42 43 It is in reality a remote binary star system with a hot blue white star of spectral type B1 5V and a companion about which little is known The two stars orbit each other every 2 9631 days The primary is possibly a blue straggler of the Hyades group 44 The primary is around 15 5 times as massive as the Sun and 52262 times as luminous 45 VV Corvi is a close spectroscopic binary its two component stars orbiting each other with a period of 1 46 days 46 Both are yellow white main sequence stars of spectral type F5V though the primary has begun expanding and cooling as it nears the end of its time on the main sequence 47 The mass ratio of the two stars is 0 775 0 024 48 A tertiary companion was discovered during the Two Micron All Sky Survey 49 W Corvi is an eclipsing binary that varies in brightness from apparent magnitude 11 16 to 12 5 over 9 hours 50 Its period has increased by 1 4 second over a century It is an unusual system in that its two stars are very close to each other yet have different surface temperatures and hence thermal transfer is not taking place as expected 51 SX Corvi is an eclipsing binary that is also a contact binary known as a W Ursae Majoris variable The two component stars orbit closely enough to each other for mass to have been transferred between them in this case the secondary having transferred a large amount of mass to the primary 52 RV Corvi is another eclipsing binary Its brightness varies from apparent magnitude 8 6 to 9 16 over 18 hours 53 The system is composed of stars of spectral types F0 and G0 which orbit each other every 0 7473 days 54 Close to Gamma Corvi and visible in the same binocular field is R Corvi a long period Mira variable star 55 It ranges in brightness from a magnitude of 6 7 to 14 4 with a period of approximately 317 days 56 TT Corvi is a semiregular variable red giant of spectral type M3III and apparent magnitude 6 48 around 923 light years distant 57 It is around 993 times as luminous as the Sun 36 TU Corvi is a Delta Scuti variable a class of short period six hours at most pulsating stars that have been used as standard candles and as subjects to study astroseismology 58 It varies by 0 025 of a magnitude around apparent magnitude 6 53 over 59 minutes 59 Three star systems have confirmed planets HD 103774 is a young yellow white main sequence star of apparent magnitude 7 12 that is 181 5 light years distant from Earth It is 1 335 0 03 times as massive and 3 5 0 3 as luminous as the Sun Variations in its radial velocity showed it was being orbited by a Neptune sized planet every 5 9 days in 2013 60 HD 104067 is an orange dwarf of spectral type K2V of apparent magnitude 7 93 that is 69 1 light years distant from Earth Around 80 as massive as the Sun it is orbited by a planet 3 6 times the mass of Neptune every 55 8 days 61 WASP 83 has a planet around as massive as Saturn that orbits it every 5 days It was discovered by its transit across the star in 2015 62 A fourth star system has an unconfirmed planet HD 111031 is a sunlike star of spectral type G5V located 101 2 light years distant from Earth 24 Ross 695 is a red dwarf star located a mere 28 9 0 6 light years distant from Earth 24 At apparent magnitude 11 27 it is much too faint to be seen with the unaided eye A small star it has around 23 the mass and radius of the Sun but only 0 7 its luminosity 63 VHS J1256 1257 is a triple system of young brown dwarfs located 72 4 3 6 3 9 light years distant from Earth 64 The system consists of a central equal mass binary system of late M spectral type dwarfs and an outer planetary mass brown dwarf companion that is widely separated at 102 9 AU 65 DENIS P J1228 2 1547 is a system composed of two brown dwarfs orbiting each other located 73 3 light years away from Earth 66 TV Corvi is a dwarf nova composed of a white dwarf and brown dwarf that orbit each other every 90 minutes 67 68 The system has a baseline magnitude of 17 that brightens periodically to magnitude 12 discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1931 and David Levy in 1990 and 2005 69 Deep sky objects Edit NGC 4038 left and NGC 4039 right Corvus contains no Messier objects It has several galaxies and a planetary nebula observable with amateur telescopes 70 The center of Corvus is home to a planetary nebula NGC 4361 70 The nebula itself resembles a small elliptical galaxy and has a magnitude of 10 3 but the magnitude 13 star at its centre gives away its true nature 55 The NGC 4038 Group is a group of galaxies across Corvus and Crater The group may contain between 13 and 27 galaxies The best known member is the Antennae peculiar galaxy located 0 25 north of 31 Crateris 71 It consists of two interacting galaxies NGC 4038 and 4039 that appear to have a heart shape as seen from Earth The name originates from the huge tidal tails that come off the ends of the two galaxies formed because of the spiral galaxies original rotation Both original galaxies were spiral galaxies and are now experiencing extensive star formation due to the interaction of gas clouds The galaxies are 45 million light years from Earth and each has multiple ultraluminous X ray sources the source of which is unknown Astronomers theorize that they may be a rare type of x ray emitting binary stars or intermediate mass black holes 72 The Antennae Galaxies appear in a telescope at the 10th magnitude 4 SN 2004gt was a type Ic supernova that erupted on December 12 2004 The progenitor was not identified from older images of the galaxy and is either a type WC Wolf Rayet star with a mass over 40 times that of the Sun or a star 20 to 40 times as massive as the Sun in a binary star system 73 SN 2007sr was a Type Ia supernova event that peaked in brightness on December 14 2007 74 The galaxy has been identified as a good place to take detailed images in case of further supernovae 73 NGC 4027 is another member of the NGC 4038 group notable for its extended spiral arm Known as the Ringtail Galaxy it lies close to 31 Crateris 71 A barred spiral galaxy its distorted shape is probably due to a past collision possibly with the nearby NGC 4027A NGC 4782 and NGC 4783 are a pair of merging elliptical galaxies in the northeastern part of the constellation around 200 million light years distant 69 Meteor showers Edit Two established meteor showers originate from within Corvus boundaries German astronomer Cuno Hoffmeister discovered and named the Corvids in 1937 after observing them between June 25 and July 2 They have not been seen since nor was there evidence of a shower when previous records were examined Hoffmeister noted the trajectory of the shower was similar to that of the comet 11P Tempel Swift LINEAR though this was not confirmed by Zhukov and colleagues in 2011 The shower has been tentatively linked with 4015 Wilson Harrington 75 In January 2013 the MO Video Meteor Network published the discovery of the Eta Corvids assigning some 300 meteors seen between January 20 and 26 76 Their existence was confirmed by data analysis later that year 77 Popular culture EditIn 1624 German astronomer Jakob Bartsch equated the constellation Argo Navis with Noah s Ark linking Corvus and Columba to the crow and dove that feature in the story in Genesis 78 In Action Comics 14 January 2013 which was published 7 November 2012 astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson appears in the story in which he determines that Superman s home planet Krypton orbited the red dwarf LHS 2520 in the constellation Corvus 27 1 light years from Earth Tyson assisted DC Comics in selecting a real life star that would be an appropriate parent star to Krypton and picked the star in Corvus 79 80 and which is the mascot of Superman s high school the Smallville Crows 81 See also EditCorvus Chinese astronomy Notes Edit Delporte had proposed standardizing the constellation boundaries to the International Astronomical Union who had agreed and gave him the lead role 15 While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between the 65 N and 78 N stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable 13 Objects of magnitude 6 5 are among the faintest visible to the unaided eye in suburban rural transition night skies 18 The distance between the Earth and the Sun is one astronomical unit References Edit Rogers John H 1998 Origins of the Ancient Constellations I The Mesopotamian Traditions Journal of the British Astronomical Association 108 9 28 Bibcode 1998JBAA 108 9R Frank Roslyn M 2015 10 Origins 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meteor showers in EDMOND database The Meteoroids 2013 Proceedings of the Astronomical Conference Held at A M University Poznan Poland Aug 26 30 2013 A M University Press 225 233 arXiv 1405 1783 Bibcode 2014me13 conf 225K Barentine John C 2016 The Lost Constellations Switzerland Springer International Publishing p 67 ISBN 978 3 319 22794 8 Wall Mike 7 November 2012 Superman s Home Planet Krypton Found Scientific American Retrieved 15 February 2017 Potter Ned 5 November 2012 Superman Home Planet Krypton Found in Sky ABC News website Retrieved 31 October 2014 Gregorian Dareh 5 November 2012 NYER is super smart New York Post Retrieved 31 October 2014 Sources EditRidpath Ian Tirion Wil 2001 Stars and Planets Guide Princeton University Press ISBN 0 691 08913 2 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corvus constellation category The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations Corvus The clickable Corvus Warburg Institute Iconographic Database medieval and early modern images of Corvus Portals Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Corvus constellation amp oldid 1130707650, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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