The Cornales are an order of flowering plants, early diverging among the asterids, containing about 600 species. Plants within the Cornales usually have four-parted flowers, drupaceous fruits, and inferior to half-inferior gynoecia topped with disc-shaped nectaries.
In the classification system of Dahlgren the Cornales were in the superorder Corniflorae (also called Cornanae). Under the APG IV system, the Cornales order includes these families:[2]
The oldest fossils assigned with confidence to the order are Hironoia fusiformis, described from Coniacian age Japanese coalified fruits, and Suciacarpa starrii described from American permineralized fruits of Campanian age.[3]
Phylogenyedit
The Cornales order is sister to the remainder of the large and diverse asteridclade. The Cornales are highly geographically disjunct and morphologically diverse, which has led to considerable confusion regarding the proper circumscription of the groups within the order and the relationships between them.[4] Under the Cronquist system, the order comprised the families Cornaceae, Nyssaceae, Garryaceae, and Alangiaceae, and was placed among the Rosidae, but this interpretation is no longer followed. Many families and genera previously associated with the Cornales have been removed, including Garryaceae, Griselinia, Corokia, and Kaliphora, among others.[4]
Molecular data suggest four clades are within the Cornales: Cornus-Alangium, nyssoids-mastixioids, Hydrangeaceae-Loasaceae, and Grubbia-Curtisia, with the Hydrostachyaceae in an uncertain position, possibly basal.[6] However, the relationship between these clades is unclear, and as a result of many historical taxonomic interpretations and differing opinions regarding the significance of morphological variations, rankings of taxa within the order are inconsistent.[4][6][7] These difficulties in interpreting the systematics of Cornales may represent an early and rapid diversification of the groups within the order.[6]
Referencesedit
^Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083.
^Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. ISSN 0024-4074.
^Atkinson, B. (2016). "Early diverging asterids of the Late Cretaceous: Suciacarpa starrii gen. et sp. nov. and the initial radiation of Cornales". Botany. 94 (9): 759–771. doi:10.1139/cjb-2016-0035.
^ abcXiang, Q. Y., Soltis, D. E., Morgan, D. R., and Soltis, P. S. (1993). Phylogenetic relationships of Cornus L sensu lato and putative relatives inferred from rbcL sequence data. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden80, 723-734.
^Based on Figure 11.10 in Soltis, Douglas; Soltis, Pamela; Endress, Peter; Chase, Mark W.; Manchester, Steven; Judd, Walter; Majure, Lucas; Mavrodiev, Evgeny (2018). Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms. University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226441757.001.0001. ISBN978-0-226-38361-3.
^ abcFan, C. Z., and Xiang, Q. Y. (2003). Phylogenetic analyses of Cornales based on 26S rRNA and combined 26S rDNA-matK-rbcL sequence data. American Journal of Botany90, 1357-1372.
^Eyde, R. H. (1988). Comprehending Cornus - puzzles and progress in the systematics of the dogwoods. Botanical Review54, 233-351.
cornales, order, flowering, plants, early, diverging, among, asterids, containing, about, species, plants, within, usually, have, four, parted, flowers, drupaceous, fruits, inferior, half, inferior, gynoecia, topped, with, disc, shaped, nectaries, temporal, ra. The Cornales are an order of flowering plants early diverging among the asterids containing about 600 species Plants within the Cornales usually have four parted flowers drupaceous fruits and inferior to half inferior gynoecia topped with disc shaped nectaries CornalesTemporal range Coniacian Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Dove tree in flower a species in Nyssaceae Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Asterids Order CornalesLink 1 Families Cornaceae Curtisiaceae Grubbiaceae Hydrangeaceae Hydrostachyaceae Loasaceae Nyssaceae Contents 1 Taxonomy 1 1 Phylogeny 2 References 3 External linksTaxonomy editIn the classification system of Dahlgren the Cornales were in the superorder Corniflorae also called Cornanae Under the APG IV system the Cornales order includes these families 2 Cornaceae the dogwood family Curtisiaceae cape lancewood Grubbiaceae the sillyberry family Hydrangeaceae the hydrangea family Hydrostachyaceae Loasaceae the stickleaf family Nyssaceae the tupelos The oldest fossils assigned with confidence to the order are Hironoia fusiformis described from Coniacian age Japanese coalified fruits and Suciacarpa starrii described from American permineralized fruits of Campanian age 3 Phylogeny edit The Cornales order is sister to the remainder of the large and diverse asterid clade The Cornales are highly geographically disjunct and morphologically diverse which has led to considerable confusion regarding the proper circumscription of the groups within the order and the relationships between them 4 Under the Cronquist system the order comprised the families Cornaceae Nyssaceae Garryaceae and Alangiaceae and was placed among the Rosidae but this interpretation is no longer followed Many families and genera previously associated with the Cornales have been removed including Garryaceae Griselinia Corokia and Kaliphora among others 4 Likely cladogram for Cornales 5 Cornales Hydrangeaceae Loasaceae Hydrostachyaceae Nyssaceae Grubbiaceae Curtisiaceae Cornaceae Molecular data suggest four clades are within the Cornales Cornus Alangium nyssoids mastixioids Hydrangeaceae Loasaceae and Grubbia Curtisia with the Hydrostachyaceae in an uncertain position possibly basal 6 However the relationship between these clades is unclear and as a result of many historical taxonomic interpretations and differing opinions regarding the significance of morphological variations rankings of taxa within the order are inconsistent 4 6 7 These difficulties in interpreting the systematics of Cornales may represent an early and rapid diversification of the groups within the order 6 References edit Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG III Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 2 105 121 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00996 x hdl 10654 18083 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2016 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG IV Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 1 1 20 doi 10 1111 boj 12385 ISSN 0024 4074 Atkinson B 2016 Early diverging asterids of the Late Cretaceous Suciacarpa starrii gen et sp nov and the initial radiation of Cornales Botany 94 9 759 771 doi 10 1139 cjb 2016 0035 a b c Xiang Q Y Soltis D E Morgan D R and Soltis P S 1993 Phylogenetic relationships of Cornus L sensu lato and putative relatives inferred from rbcL sequence data Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80 723 734 Based on Figure 11 10 in Soltis Douglas Soltis Pamela Endress Peter Chase Mark W Manchester Steven Judd Walter Majure Lucas Mavrodiev Evgeny 2018 Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms University of Chicago Press doi 10 7208 chicago 9780226441757 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 226 38361 3 a b c Fan C Z and Xiang Q Y 2003 Phylogenetic analyses of Cornales based on 26S rRNA and combined 26S rDNA matK rbcL sequence data American Journal of Botany 90 1357 1372 Eyde R H 1988 Comprehending Cornus puzzles and progress in the systematics of the dogwoods Botanical Review 54 233 351 External links edithttp www britannica com EBchecked topic 137865 Cornales Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cornales amp oldid 1220377619, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
