fbpx
Wikipedia

Computer-aided design

January 01, 1970

"CAD" and "CADD" redirect here. For the currency, see Canadian dollar. For other uses, see Cad (disambiguation) and CADD (disambiguation).

Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computers (or workstations) to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design.[1]: 3  This software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing.[1]: 4  Designs made through CAD software help protect products and inventions when used in patent applications. CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing operations. The terms computer-aided drafting (CAD) and computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) are also used.[2]

A 2D CAD drawing
A 3D CAD model

Its use in designing electronic systems is known as electronic design automation (EDA). In mechanical design it is known as mechanical design automation (MDA), which includes the process of creating a technical drawing with the use of computer software.[3]

CAD software for mechanical design uses either vector-based graphics to depict the objects of traditional drafting, or may also produce raster graphics showing the overall appearance of designed objects. However, it involves more than just shapes. As in the manual drafting of technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey information, such as materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to application-specific conventions.

CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or curves, surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional (3D) space.[4][5]: 71, 106 

CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design (building information modeling), prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals, often called DCC digital content creation. The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques unheard of by engineers of the 1960s. Because of its enormous economic importance, CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational geometry, computer graphics (both hardware and software), and discrete differential geometry.[6]

The design of geometric models for object shapes, in particular, is occasionally called computer-aided geometric design (CAGD).[7]

Overview

Computer-aided design is one of the many tools used by engineers and designers and is used in many ways depending on the profession of the user and the type of software in question.

CAD is one part of the whole digital product development (DPD) activity within the product lifecycle management (PLM) processes, and as such is used together with other tools, which are either integrated modules or stand-alone products, such as:

CAD is also used for the accurate creation of photo simulations that are often required in the preparation of environmental impact reports, in which computer-aided designs of intended buildings are superimposed into photographs of existing environments to represent what that locale will be like, where the proposed facilities are allowed to be built. Potential blockage of view corridors and shadow studies are also frequently analyzed through the use of CAD.[8]

Types

See also: Comparison of computer-aided design software
 
A simple procedure of recreating a solid model out of 2D sketches

There are several different types of CAD,[9] each requiring the operator to think differently about how to use them and design their virtual components in a different manner. Virtually all of CAD tools rely on constraint concepts that are used to define geometric or non-geometric elements of a model.

2D CAD

There are many producers of the lower-end 2D sketching systems, including a number of free and open-source programs. These provide an approach to the drawing process where scale and placement on the drawing sheet can easily be adjusted in the final draft as required, unlike in hand drafting.

3D CAD

3D wireframe is an extension of 2D drafting into a three-dimensional space. Each line has to be manually inserted into the drawing. The final product has no mass properties associated with it and cannot have features directly add to it, such as holes. The operator approaches these in a similar fashion to the 2D systems, although many 3D systems allow using the wireframe model to make the final engineering drawing views.

3D "dumb" solids are created in a way analogous to manipulations of real-world objects. Basic three-dimensional geometric forms (e.g., prisms, cylinders, spheres, or rectangles) have solid volumes added or subtracted from them as if assembling or cutting real-world objects. Two-dimensional projected views can easily be generated from the models. Basic 3D solids do not usually include tools to easily allow the motion of the components, set their limits to their motion, or identify interference between components.

There are several types of 3D solid modeling

  • Parametric modeling allows the operator to use what is referred to as "design intent". The objects and features are created modifiable. Any future modifications can be made by changing on how the original part was created. If a feature was intended to be located from the center of the part, the operator should locate it from the center of the model. The feature could be located using any geometric object already available in the part, but this random placement would defeat the design intent. If the operator designs the part as it functions, the parametric modeler is able to make changes to the part while maintaining geometric and functional relationships.
  • Direct or explicit modeling provide the ability to edit geometry without a history tree. With direct modeling, once a sketch is used to create geometry it is incorporated into the new geometry, and the designer only has to modify the geometry afterward without needing the original sketch. As with parametric modeling, direct modeling has the ability to include the relationships between selected geometry (e.g., tangency, concentricity).
  • Assembly modelling is a process which incorporates results of the previous single-part modelling into a final product containing several parts. Assemblies can be hierarchical, depending on the specific CAD software vendor, and highly complex models can be achieved (e.g. in building engineering by using computer-aided architectural design software)[10]: 539 

Freeform CAD

Further information: Surface-to-surface intersection problem

Top-end CAD systems offer the capability to incorporate more organic, aesthetic and ergonomic features into the designs. Freeform surface modeling is often combined with solids to allow the designer to create products that fit the human form and visual requirements as well as they interface with the machine.

Technology

 
A CAD model of a computer mouse

Originally software for CAD systems was developed with computer languages such as Fortran, ALGOL but with the advancement of object-oriented programming methods this has radically changed. Typical modern parametric feature-based modeler and freeform surface systems are built around a number of key C modules with their own APIs. A CAD system can be seen as built up from the interaction of a graphical user interface (GUI) with NURBS geometry or boundary representation (B-rep) data via a geometric modeling kernel. A geometry constraint engine may also be employed to manage the associative relationships between geometry, such as wireframe geometry in a sketch or components in an assembly.

Unexpected capabilities of these associative relationships have led to a new form of prototyping called digital prototyping. In contrast to physical prototypes, which entail manufacturing time in the design. That said, CAD models can be generated by a computer after the physical prototype has been scanned using an industrial CT scanning machine. Depending on the nature of the business, digital or physical prototypes can be initially chosen according to specific needs.

Today, CAD systems exist for all the major platforms (Windows, Linux, UNIX and Mac OS X); some packages support multiple platforms.[11]

Currently, no special hardware is required for most CAD software. However, some CAD systems can do graphically and computationally intensive tasks, so a modern graphics card, high speed (and possibly multiple) CPUs and large amounts of RAM may be recommended.

The human-machine interface is generally via a computer mouse but can also be via a pen and digitizing graphics tablet. Manipulation of the view of the model on the screen is also sometimes done with the use of a Spacemouse/SpaceBall. Some systems also support stereoscopic glasses for viewing the 3D model. Technologies that in the past were limited to larger installations or specialist applications have become available to a wide group of users. These include the CAVE or HMDs and interactive devices like motion-sensing technology

Software

See also: History of CAD software

Starting with the IBM Drafting System in the mid-1960s, computer-aided design systems began to provide more capabilitties than just an ability to reproduce manual drafting with electronic drafting, and the cost-benefit for companies to switch to CAD became apparent. The software automated many tasks that are taken for granted from computer systems today, such as automated generation of bills of materials, auto layout in integrated circuits, interference checking, and many others. Eventually, CAD provided the designer with the ability to perform engineering calculations.[5] During this transition, calculations were still performed either by hand or by those individuals who could run computer programs. CAD was a revolutionary change in the engineering industry, where draftsman, designer, and engineer roles that had previously been separate began to merge. CAD is an example of the pervasive effect computers were beginning to have on the industry. Current computer-aided design software packages range from 2D vector-based drafting systems to 3D solid and surface modelers. Modern CAD packages can also frequently allow rotations in three dimensions, allowing viewing of a designed object from any desired angle, even from the inside looking out.[5] Some CAD software is capable of dynamic mathematical modeling.[5]

CAD technology is used in the design of tools and machinery and in the drafting and design of all types of buildings, from small residential types (houses) to the largest commercial and industrial structures (hospitals and factories).[12]

CAD is mainly used for detailed design of 3D models or 2D drawings of physical components, but it is also used throughout the engineering process from conceptual design and layout of products, through strength and dynamic analysis of assemblies to definition of manufacturing methods of components. It can also be used to design objects such as jewelry, furniture, appliances, etc. Furthermore, many CAD applications now offer advanced rendering and animation capabilities so engineers can better visualize their product designs. 4D BIM is a type of virtual construction engineering simulation incorporating time or schedule-related information for project management.

CAD has become an especially important technology within the scope of computer-aided technologies, with benefits such as lower product development costs and a greatly shortened design cycle. CAD enables designers to layout and develop work on screen, print it out and save it for future editing, saving time on their drawings.

License management software

In the 2000s, some CAD system software vendors shipped their distributions with a dedicated license manager software that controlled how often or how many users can utilize the CAD system.[5]: 166  It could run either on a local machine (by loading from a local storage device) or a local network fileserver and was usually tied to a specific IP address in latter case.[5]: 166 

List of software packages

CAD software enables engineers and architects to design, inspect and manage engineering projects within an integrated graphical user interface (GUI) on a personal computer system. Most applications support solid modeling with boundary representation (B-Rep) and NURBS geometry, and enable the same to be published in a variety of formats.[citation needed]

Based on market statistics, commercial software from Autodesk, Dassault Systems, Siemens PLM Software, and PTC dominate the CAD industry.[13][14] The following is a list of major CAD applications, grouped by usage statistics.[15]

Commercial software

Open-source software

Freeware

CAD kernels

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Narayan, K. Lalit (2008). Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India. ISBN 978-8120333420.
  2. ^ Duggal, Vijay (2000). Cadd Primer: A General Guide to Computer Aided Design and Drafting-Cadd, CAD. Mailmax Pub. ISBN 978-0962916595.
  3. ^ Madsen, David A. (2012). Engineering Drawing & Design. Clifton Park, New York: Delmar. p. 10. ISBN 978-1111309572.
  4. ^ Farin, Gerald; Hoschek, Josef; Kim, Myung-Soo (2002). Handbook of computer aided geometric design [electronic resource]. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-51104-1.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Schoonmaker, Stephen J. (2003). The CAD guidebook : a basic manual for understanding and improving computer-aided design. New York: Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-8247-0871-7. OCLC 50868192.
  6. ^ Pottmann, H.; Brell-Cokcan, S. and Wallner, J. (2007) "Discrete surfaces for architectural design" 2009-08-12 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 213–234 in Curve and Surface Design, Patrick Chenin, Tom Lyche and Larry L. Schumaker (eds.), Nashboro Press, ISBN 978-0-9728482-7-5.
  7. ^ Farin, Gerald (2002) Curves and Surfaces for CAGD: A Practical Guide, Morgan-Kaufmann, ISBN 1-55860-737-4.
  8. ^ "Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)". Inc.com. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  9. ^ . EngineersHandbook.com. Archived from the original on 2012-11-18. Retrieved 2012-03-01.
  10. ^ Stroud, Ian; Nagy, Hildegarde (2011). Solid modelling and CAD systems: how to survive a CAD system. London New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-85729-259-9.
  11. ^ "What is a CAD Workstation? Definition, Uses and More". Computer Tech Reviews. 2019-11-21. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  12. ^ Jennifer Herron (2010). "3D Model-Based Design: Setting the Definitions Straight". MCADCafe.
  13. ^ The Big 6 in CAD/CAE/PLM software industry (2011), CAEWatch, September 12, 2011
  14. ^ van Kooten, Michel (2011-08-23). "GLOBAL SOFTWARE TOP 100 – EDITION 2011". Software Top 100.
  15. ^ List of mechanical CAD softwares 2020-07-28 at the Wayback Machine, BeyondMech

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Computer-aided design.
 
Look up computer-aided design in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • MIT 1982 CAD lab
  •   Learning materials related to Computer-aided design at Wikiversity
  •   Learning materials related to Computer-aided Geometric Design at Wikiversity

January 01, 1970
computer, aided, design, cadd, redirect, here, currency, canadian, dollar, other, uses, disambiguation, cadd, disambiguation, computers, workstations, creation, modification, analysis, optimization, design, this, software, used, increase, productivity, designe. CAD and CADD redirect here For the currency see Canadian dollar For other uses see Cad disambiguation and CADD disambiguation Computer aided design CAD is the use of computers or workstations to aid in the creation modification analysis or optimization of a design 1 3 This software is used to increase the productivity of the designer improve the quality of design improve communications through documentation and to create a database for manufacturing 1 4 Designs made through CAD software help protect products and inventions when used in patent applications CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print machining or other manufacturing operations The terms computer aided drafting CAD and computer aided design and drafting CADD are also used 2 A 2D CAD drawing A 3D CAD model Its use in designing electronic systems is known as electronic design automation EDA In mechanical design it is known as mechanical design automation MDA which includes the process of creating a technical drawing with the use of computer software 3 CAD software for mechanical design uses either vector based graphics to depict the objects of traditional drafting or may also produce raster graphics showing the overall appearance of designed objects However it involves more than just shapes As in the manual drafting of technical and engineering drawings the output of CAD must convey information such as materials processes dimensions and tolerances according to application specific conventions CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two dimensional 2D space or curves surfaces and solids in three dimensional 3D space 4 5 71 106 CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications including automotive shipbuilding and aerospace industries industrial and architectural design building information modeling prosthetics and many more CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for special effects in movies advertising and technical manuals often called DCC digital content creation The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques unheard of by engineers of the 1960s Because of its enormous economic importance CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational geometry computer graphics both hardware and software and discrete differential geometry 6 The design of geometric models for object shapes in particular is occasionally called computer aided geometric design CAGD 7 Contents 1 Overview 2 Types 2 1 2D CAD 2 2 3D CAD 2 2 1 Freeform CAD 3 Technology 4 Software 4 1 License management software 5 List of software packages 5 1 Commercial software 5 2 Open source software 5 3 Freeware 5 4 CAD kernels 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksOverviewComputer aided design is one of the many tools used by engineers and designers and is used in many ways depending on the profession of the user and the type of software in question CAD is one part of the whole digital product development DPD activity within the product lifecycle management PLM processes and as such is used together with other tools which are either integrated modules or stand alone products such as Computer aided engineering CAE and finite element analysis FEA FEM Computer aided manufacturing CAM including instructions to computer numerical control CNC machines Photorealistic rendering and motion simulation Document management and revision control using product data management PDM CAD is also used for the accurate creation of photo simulations that are often required in the preparation of environmental impact reports in which computer aided designs of intended buildings are superimposed into photographs of existing environments to represent what that locale will be like where the proposed facilities are allowed to be built Potential blockage of view corridors and shadow studies are also frequently analyzed through the use of CAD 8 TypesSee also Comparison of computer aided design software nbsp A simple procedure of recreating a solid model out of 2D sketches There are several different types of CAD 9 each requiring the operator to think differently about how to use them and design their virtual components in a different manner Virtually all of CAD tools rely on constraint concepts that are used to define geometric or non geometric elements of a model 2D CAD There are many producers of the lower end 2D sketching systems including a number of free and open source programs These provide an approach to the drawing process where scale and placement on the drawing sheet can easily be adjusted in the final draft as required unlike in hand drafting 3D CAD 3D wireframe is an extension of 2D drafting into a three dimensional space Each line has to be manually inserted into the drawing The final product has no mass properties associated with it and cannot have features directly add to it such as holes The operator approaches these in a similar fashion to the 2D systems although many 3D systems allow using the wireframe model to make the final engineering drawing views 3D dumb solids are created in a way analogous to manipulations of real world objects Basic three dimensional geometric forms e g prisms cylinders spheres or rectangles have solid volumes added or subtracted from them as if assembling or cutting real world objects Two dimensional projected views can easily be generated from the models Basic 3D solids do not usually include tools to easily allow the motion of the components set their limits to their motion or identify interference between components There are several types of 3D solid modeling Parametric modeling allows the operator to use what is referred to as design intent The objects and features are created modifiable Any future modifications can be made by changing on how the original part was created If a feature was intended to be located from the center of the part the operator should locate it from the center of the model The feature could be located using any geometric object already available in the part but this random placement would defeat the design intent If the operator designs the part as it functions the parametric modeler is able to make changes to the part while maintaining geometric and functional relationships Direct or explicit modeling provide the ability to edit geometry without a history tree With direct modeling once a sketch is used to create geometry it is incorporated into the new geometry and the designer only has to modify the geometry afterward without needing the original sketch As with parametric modeling direct modeling has the ability to include the relationships between selected geometry e g tangency concentricity Assembly modelling is a process which incorporates results of the previous single part modelling into a final product containing several parts Assemblies can be hierarchical depending on the specific CAD software vendor and highly complex models can be achieved e g in building engineering by using computer aided architectural design software 10 539 Freeform CAD Further information Surface to surface intersection problem Top end CAD systems offer the capability to incorporate more organic aesthetic and ergonomic features into the designs Freeform surface modeling is often combined with solids to allow the designer to create products that fit the human form and visual requirements as well as they interface with the machine TechnologyThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2020 Learn how and when to remove this message nbsp A CAD model of a computer mouse Originally software for CAD systems was developed with computer languages such as Fortran ALGOL but with the advancement of object oriented programming methods this has radically changed Typical modern parametric feature based modeler and freeform surface systems are built around a number of key C modules with their own APIs A CAD system can be seen as built up from the interaction of a graphical user interface GUI with NURBS geometry or boundary representation B rep data via a geometric modeling kernel A geometry constraint engine may also be employed to manage the associative relationships between geometry such as wireframe geometry in a sketch or components in an assembly Unexpected capabilities of these associative relationships have led to a new form of prototyping called digital prototyping In contrast to physical prototypes which entail manufacturing time in the design That said CAD models can be generated by a computer after the physical prototype has been scanned using an industrial CT scanning machine Depending on the nature of the business digital or physical prototypes can be initially chosen according to specific needs Today CAD systems exist for all the major platforms Windows Linux UNIX and Mac OS X some packages support multiple platforms 11 Currently no special hardware is required for most CAD software However some CAD systems can do graphically and computationally intensive tasks so a modern graphics card high speed and possibly multiple CPUs and large amounts of RAM may be recommended The human machine interface is generally via a computer mouse but can also be via a pen and digitizing graphics tablet Manipulation of the view of the model on the screen is also sometimes done with the use of a Spacemouse SpaceBall Some systems also support stereoscopic glasses for viewing the 3D model Technologies that in the past were limited to larger installations or specialist applications have become available to a wide group of users These include the CAVE or HMDs and interactive devices like motion sensing technologySoftwareSee also History of CAD software Starting with the IBM Drafting System in the mid 1960s computer aided design systems began to provide more capabilitties than just an ability to reproduce manual drafting with electronic drafting and the cost benefit for companies to switch to CAD became apparent The software automated many tasks that are taken for granted from computer systems today such as automated generation of bills of materials auto layout in integrated circuits interference checking and many others Eventually CAD provided the designer with the ability to perform engineering calculations 5 During this transition calculations were still performed either by hand or by those individuals who could run computer programs CAD was a revolutionary change in the engineering industry where draftsman designer and engineer roles that had previously been separate began to merge CAD is an example of the pervasive effect computers were beginning to have on the industry Current computer aided design software packages range from 2D vector based drafting systems to 3D solid and surface modelers Modern CAD packages can also frequently allow rotations in three dimensions allowing viewing of a designed object from any desired angle even from the inside looking out 5 Some CAD software is capable of dynamic mathematical modeling 5 CAD technology is used in the design of tools and machinery and in the drafting and design of all types of buildings from small residential types houses to the largest commercial and industrial structures hospitals and factories 12 CAD is mainly used for detailed design of 3D models or 2D drawings of physical components but it is also used throughout the engineering process from conceptual design and layout of products through strength and dynamic analysis of assemblies to definition of manufacturing methods of components It can also be used to design objects such as jewelry furniture appliances etc Furthermore many CAD applications now offer advanced rendering and animation capabilities so engineers can better visualize their product designs 4D BIM is a type of virtual construction engineering simulation incorporating time or schedule related information for project management CAD has become an especially important technology within the scope of computer aided technologies with benefits such as lower product development costs and a greatly shortened design cycle CAD enables designers to layout and develop work on screen print it out and save it for future editing saving time on their drawings License management software In the 2000s some CAD system software vendors shipped their distributions with a dedicated license manager software that controlled how often or how many users can utilize the CAD system 5 166 It could run either on a local machine by loading from a local storage device or a local network fileserver and was usually tied to a specific IP address in latter case 5 166 List of software packagesCAD software enables engineers and architects to design inspect and manage engineering projects within an integrated graphical user interface GUI on a personal computer system Most applications support solid modeling with boundary representation B Rep and NURBS geometry and enable the same to be published in a variety of formats citation needed Based on market statistics commercial software from Autodesk Dassault Systems Siemens PLM Software and PTC dominate the CAD industry 13 14 The following is a list of major CAD applications grouped by usage statistics 15 Commercial software AC3D Alibre Design ArchiCAD Graphisoft AutoCAD Autodesk Autodesk Inventor AxSTREAM BricsCAD CATIA Dassault Systemes Cobalt CorelCAD Fusion 360 Autodesk IntelliCAD IRONCAD KeyCreator Kubotek Landscape Express MEDUSA MicroStation Bentley Systems Modelur AgiliCity Onshape PTC Creo successor to Pro ENGINEER PunchCAD Remo 3D Revit Autodesk Rhinoceros 3D Siemens NX SketchUp Solid Edge Siemens SolidWorks Dassault Systemes SpaceClaim T FLEX CAD TranslateCAD TurboCAD Vectorworks Nemetschek Open source software BRL CAD FreeCAD LibreCAD LeoCAD OpenSCAD QCAD Salome software SolveSpace Freeware BricsCAD Shape TiffinCAD Tinkercad successor to Autodesk 123D CAD kernels ACIS by Spatial C3D Toolkit by C3D Labs Open CASCADE Open Source Parasolid by Siemens ShapeManager by AutodeskSee also3D computer graphics Graphics that use a three dimensional representation of geometric data 3D printing Additive process used to make a three dimensional object Additive Manufacturing File Format Open standard for describing objects for additive manufacturing processes such as 3D printingPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Algorithmic art Art genre CAD standards type of technical standardPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback CAD library cloud based repository of 3D models or parts Coarse space numerical analysis reduced representation of a numerical problemPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Comparison of 3D computer graphics software Comparison of CAD CAM and CAE file viewers Comparison of computer aided design software Comparison of EDA software electronic design automation Computer aided industrial design Subset of computer aided design Digital architecture Architecture using digital technology Digital twin Digital replica of a living or non living physical entity Electronic design automation Software for designing electronic systems Engineering optimization Techniques for optimization Finite element method Numerical method for solving physical or engineering problems ISO 128 International standard about the graphical representation of objects on technical drawings ISO 10303 ISO standard STEP List of computer aided engineering software Model based definition Annotating computer aided design models Molecular design software CAD software for molecular level engineering modelling and analysisPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Open source hardware Hardware from the open design movement Rapid prototyping Group of techniques to quickly construct physical objects Responsive computer aided design Approach to computer aided design Space mapping Design optimization methodology Surrogate model Engineering model System integration Bringing together component sub systems into one system Virtual prototyping Computer simulated prototype development Virtual reality Computer simulated experienceReferences a b Narayan K Lalit 2008 Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing New Delhi Prentice Hall of India ISBN 978 8120333420 Duggal Vijay 2000 Cadd Primer A General Guide to Computer Aided Design and Drafting Cadd CAD Mailmax Pub ISBN 978 0962916595 Madsen David A 2012 Engineering Drawing amp Design Clifton Park New York Delmar p 10 ISBN 978 1111309572 Farin Gerald Hoschek Josef Kim Myung Soo 2002 Handbook of computer aided geometric design electronic resource Elsevier ISBN 978 0 444 51104 1 a b c d e f Schoonmaker Stephen J 2003 The CAD guidebook a basic manual for understanding and improving computer aided design New York Marcel Dekker ISBN 0 8247 0871 7 OCLC 50868192 Pottmann H Brell Cokcan S and Wallner J 2007 Discrete surfaces for architectural design Archived 2009 08 12 at the Wayback Machine pp 213 234 in Curve and Surface Design Patrick Chenin Tom Lyche and Larry L Schumaker eds Nashboro Press ISBN 978 0 9728482 7 5 Farin Gerald 2002 Curves and Surfaces for CAGD A Practical Guide Morgan Kaufmann ISBN 1 55860 737 4 Computer Aided Design CAD and Computer Aided Manufacturing CAM Inc com Retrieved 2020 04 30 3D Feature based Parametric Solid Modeling EngineersHandbook com Archived from the original on 2012 11 18 Retrieved 2012 03 01 Stroud Ian Nagy Hildegarde 2011 Solid modelling and CAD systems how to survive a CAD system London New York Springer ISBN 978 0 85729 259 9 What is a CAD Workstation Definition Uses and More Computer Tech Reviews 2019 11 21 Retrieved 2020 04 30 Jennifer Herron 2010 3D Model Based Design Setting the Definitions Straight MCADCafe The Big 6 in CAD CAE PLM software industry 2011 CAEWatch September 12 2011 van Kooten Michel 2011 08 23 GLOBAL SOFTWARE TOP 100 EDITION 2011 Software Top 100 List of mechanical CAD softwares Archived 2020 07 28 at the Wayback Machine BeyondMechExternal links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Computer aided design nbsp Look up computer aided design in Wiktionary the free dictionary MIT 1982 CAD lab nbsp Learning materials related to Computer aided design at Wikiversity nbsp Learning materials related to Computer aided Geometric Design at Wikiversity Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Computer aided design amp oldid 1217024779, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.