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Wikipedia

Computer mouse

January 04, 2023

This article is about the item of computer hardware. For the pointer or cursor it controls, see Pointer (user interface).

A computer mouse (plural mice, sometimes mouses)[nb 1] is a hand-held pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows a smooth control of the graphical user interface of a computer.

A computer mouse with the most common features: two buttons (left and right) and a scroll wheel (which also functions as a button)
A typical wireless computer mouse

The first public demonstration of a mouse controlling a computer system was in 1968. Mice originally used two separate wheels to track movement across a surface: one in the X-dimension and one in the Y. Later, the standard design shifted to utilize a ball rolling on a surface to detect motion. Most modern mice use optical sensors that have no moving parts. Though originally all mice were connected to a computer by a cable, many modern mice are cordless, relying on short-range radio communication with the connected system.

In addition to moving a cursor, computer mice have one or more buttons to allow operations such as the selection of a menu item on a display. Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch surfaces and scroll wheels, which enable additional control and dimensional input.

Etymology

 
A computer mouse is named for its resemblance to the rodent.

The earliest known written use of the term mouse in reference to a computer pointing device is in Bill English's July 1965 publication, "Computer-Aided Display Control", likely originating from its resemblance to the shape and size of a mouse, a rodent, with the cord resembling its tail.[1][2][3] The popularity of wireless mice without cords makes the resemblance less obvious.

According to Roger Bates, a hardware designer under English, the term also came about because the cursor on the screen was for some unknown reason referred to as "CAT" and was seen by the team as if it would be chasing the new desktop device.[4][5]

The plural for the small rodent is always "mice" in modern usage. The plural for a computer mouse is either "mice" or "mouses" according to most dictionaries, with "mice" being more common.[6] The first recorded plural usage is "mice"; the online Oxford Dictionaries cites a 1984 use, and earlier uses include J. C. R. Licklider's "The Computer as a Communication Device" of 1968.[7]

History

Stationary trackballs

The trackball, a related pointing device, was invented in 1946 by Ralph Benjamin as part of a post-World War II-era fire-control radar plotting system called the Comprehensive Display System (CDS). Benjamin was then working for the British Royal Navy Scientific Service. Benjamin's project used analog computers to calculate the future position of target aircraft based on several initial input points provided by a user with a joystick. Benjamin felt that a more elegant input device was needed and invented what they called a "roller ball" for this purpose.[8][9]

The device was patented in 1947,[9] but only a prototype using a metal ball rolling on two rubber-coated wheels was ever built, and the device was kept as a military secret.[8]

Another early trackball was built by Kenyon Taylor, a British electrical engineer working in collaboration with Tom Cranston and Fred Longstaff. Taylor was part of the original Ferranti Canada, working on the Royal Canadian Navy's DATAR (Digital Automated Tracking and Resolving) system in 1952.[10]

DATAR was similar in concept to Benjamin's display. The trackball used four disks to pick up motion, two each for the X and Y directions. Several rollers provided mechanical support. When the ball was rolled, the pickup discs spun and contacts on their outer rim made periodic contact with wires, producing pulses of output with each movement of the ball. By counting the pulses, the physical movement of the ball could be determined. A digital computer calculated the tracks and sent the resulting data to other ships in a task force using pulse-code modulation radio signals. This trackball used a standard Canadian five-pin bowling ball. It was not patented, since it was a secret military project.[11][12]

Engelbart's first "mouse"

 
Inventor Douglas Engelbart holding the first computer mouse,[13] showing the wheels that make contact with the working surface

Douglas Engelbart of the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International) has been credited in published books by Thierry Bardini,[14] Paul Ceruzzi,[15] Howard Rheingold,[16] and several others[17][18][19] as the inventor of the computer mouse. Engelbart was also recognized as such in various obituary titles after his death in July 2013.[20][21][22][23]

By 1963, Engelbart had already established a research lab at SRI, the Augmentation Research Center (ARC), to pursue his objective of developing both hardware and software computer technology to "augment" human intelligence. That November, while attending a conference on computer graphics in Reno, Nevada, Engelbart began to ponder how to adapt the underlying principles of the planimeter to inputting X- and Y-coordinate data.[14] On 14 November 1963, he first recorded his thoughts in his personal notebook about something he initially called a "bug", which in a "3-point" form could have a "drop point and 2 orthogonal wheels".[4][14] He wrote that the "bug" would be "easier" and "more natural" to use, and unlike a stylus, it would stay still when let go, which meant it would be "much better for coordination with the keyboard".[14]

 
The Engelbart mouse

In 1964, Bill English joined ARC, where he helped Engelbart build the first mouse prototype.[2][24] They christened the device the mouse as early models had a cord attached to the rear part of the device which looked like a tail, and in turn resembled the common mouse.[25] According to Roger Bates, a hardware designer under English, another reason for choosing this name was because the cursor on the screen was also referred to as "CAT" at this time.[4][5]

As noted above, this "mouse" was first mentioned in print in a July 1965 report, on which English was the lead author.[1][2][3] On 9 December 1968, Engelbart publicly demonstrated the mouse at what would come to be known as The Mother of All Demos. Engelbart never received any royalties for it, as his employer SRI held the patent, which expired before the mouse became widely used in personal computers.[26] In any event, the invention of the mouse was just a small part of Engelbart's much larger project of augmenting human intellect.[27][28]

 
Early mouse patents. From left to right: Opposing track wheels by Engelbart, November 1970, U.S. Patent 3,541,541. Ball and wheel by Rider, September 1974, U.S. Patent 3,835,464. Ball and two rollers with spring by Opocensky, October 1976, U.S. Patent 3,987,685

Several other experimental pointing-devices developed for Engelbart's oN-Line System (NLS) exploited different body movements – for example, head-mounted devices attached to the chin or nose – but ultimately the mouse won out because of its speed and convenience.[29] The first mouse, a bulky device (pictured) used two potentiometers perpendicular to each other and connected to wheels: the rotation of each wheel translated into motion along one axis.[30] At the time of the "Mother of All Demos", Engelbart's group had been using their second generation, 3-button mouse for about a year.

First rolling-ball mouse

 
The ball-based Telefunken Rollkugelsteuerung RKS 100-86 from 1968

On 2 October 1968, three years after Engelbart's prototype but more than two months before his public demo, a mouse device named Rollkugelsteuerung (German for "rolling ball control") was shown in a sales brochure by the German company AEG-Telefunken as an optional input device for the SIG 100 vector graphics terminal, part of the system around their process computer TR 86 and the TR 440 [de] main frame.[31][32][33][34] Based on an even earlier trackball device, the mouse device had been developed by the company since 1966 in what had been a parallel and independent discovery.[34][35] As the name suggests and unlike Engelbart's mouse, the Telefunken model already had a ball (diameter 40 mm, weight 40 g[36]) and two mechanical 4-bit[36][37] rotational position transducers[36][38][37] with Gray code-like[36][37][nb 2] states, allowing easy movement in any direction.[39] The bits remained stable for at least two successive states to relax debouncing requirements.[36][37] This arrangement was chosen so that the data could also be transmitted to the TR 86 front end process computer and over longer distance telex lines with c. 50 baud.[38] Weighing 465 g, the device with a total height of about 7 cm came in a c. 12 cm diameter hemispherical injection-molded thermoplastic casing featuring one central push button.[36]

 
Bottom side of the Telefunken Rollkugel RKS 100-86 showing the ball

As noted above, the device was based on an earlier trackball-like device (also named Rollkugel) that was embedded into radar flight control desks.[35] This trackball had been originally developed by a team led by Rainer Mallebrein [de] at Telefunken Konstanz for the German Bundesanstalt für Flugsicherung [de] (Federal Air Traffic Control). It was part of the corresponding work station system SAP 300 and the terminal SIG 3001, which had been designed and developed since 1963.[38] Development for the TR 440 main frame began in 1965.[40][38] This led to the development of the TR 86 process computer system with its SIG 100-86[34][32] terminal. Inspired by a discussion with a university customer, Mallebrein came up with the idea of "reversing" the existing Rollkugel trackball into a moveable mouse-like device in 1966,[38] so that customers did not have to be bothered with mounting holes for the earlier trackball device. The device was finished in early 1968,[38] and together with light pens and trackballs, it was commercially offered as an optional input device for their system starting later that year.[31][32][33][41] Not all customers opted to buy the device, which added costs of DM 1,500 per piece to the already up to 20-million DM deal for the main frame, of which only a total of 46 systems were sold or leased.[34][42] They were installed at more than 20 German universities including RWTH Aachen, Technical University Berlin, University of Stuttgart[43][44] and Konstanz.[39] Several Rollkugel mice installed at the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre in Munich in 1972 are well preserved in a museum,[34][45][35] two others survived in a museum at Stuttgart university,[43][36][35] two in Hamburg, the one from Aachen at the Computer History Museum in the US,[46][35] and yet another sample was recently donated to the Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum (HNF) in Paderborn.[47][42] Anecdotal reports claim that Telefunken's attempt to patent the device was rejected by the German Patent Office due to lack of inventiveness.[35][39][42][38] For the air traffic control system, the Mallebrein team had already developed a precursor to touch screens in form of an ultrasonic-curtain-based pointing device in front of the display.[38] In 1970, they developed a device named "Touchinput-Einrichtung" ("touch input facility") based on a conductively coated glass screen.[39][38]

First mice on personal computers and workstations

 
HP-HIL Mouse from 1984

The Xerox Alto was one of the first computers designed for individual use in 1973 and is regarded as the first modern computer to use a mouse.[48] Inspired by PARC's Alto, the Lilith, a computer which had been developed by a team around Niklaus Wirth at ETH Zürich between 1978 and 1980, provided a mouse as well. The third marketed version of an integrated mouse shipped as a part of a computer and intended for personal computer navigation came with the Xerox 8010 Star in 1981.

By 1982, the Xerox 8010 was probably the best-known computer with a mouse. The Sun-1 also came with a mouse, and the forthcoming Apple Lisa was rumored to use one, but the peripheral remained obscure; Jack Hawley of The Mouse House reported that one buyer for a large organization believed at first that his company sold lab mice. Hawley, who manufactured mice for Xerox, stated that "Practically, I have the market all to myself right now"; a Hawley mouse cost $415.[49] In 1982, Logitech introduced the P4 Mouse at the Comdex trade show in Las Vegas, its first hardware mouse.[50] That same year Microsoft made the decision to make the MS-DOS program Microsoft Word mouse-compatible, and developed the first PC-compatible mouse. Microsoft's mouse shipped in 1983, thus beginning the Microsoft Hardware division of the company.[51] However, the mouse remained relatively obscure until the appearance of the Macintosh 128K (which included an updated version of the single-button[52] Lisa Mouse) in 1984,[53] and of the Amiga 1000 and the Atari ST in 1985.

Operation

Further information: Point and click

A mouse typically controls the motion of a pointer in two dimensions in a graphical user interface (GUI). The mouse turns movements of the hand backward and forward, left and right into equivalent electronic signals that in turn are used to move the pointer.

The relative movements of the mouse on the surface are applied to the position of the pointer on the screen, which signals the point where actions of the user take place, so hand movements are replicated by the pointer.[54] Clicking or pointing (stopping movement while the cursor is within the bounds of an area) can select files, programs or actions from a list of names, or (in graphical interfaces) through small images called "icons" and other elements. For example, a text file might be represented by a picture of a paper notebook and clicking while the cursor points at this icon might cause a text editing program to open the file in a window.

Different ways of operating the mouse cause specific things to happen in the GUI:[54]

  • Point: stop the motion of the pointer while it is inside the boundaries of what the user wants to interact with. This act of pointing is what the "pointer" and "pointing device" are named after. In web design lingo, pointing is referred to as "hovering." This usage spread to web programing and Android programming, and is now found in many contexts.
  • Click: pressing and releasing a button.
    • (left) Single-click: clicking the main button.
    • (left) Double-click: clicking the button two times in quick succession counts as a different gesture than two separate single clicks.
    • (left) Triple-click: clicking the button three times in quick succession counts as a different gesture than three separate single clicks. Triple clicks are far less common in traditional navigation.
    • Right-click: clicking the secondary button. In modern applications, this frequently opens a context menu.
    • Middle-click: clicking the tertiary button.
  • Drag: pressing and holding a button, and moving the mouse before releasing the button. This is frequently used to move or copy files or other objects via drag and drop; other uses include selecting text and drawing in graphics applications.
  • Mouse button chording or chord clicking:
    • Clicking with more than one button simultaneously.
    • Clicking while simultaneously typing a letter on the keyboard.
    • Clicking and rolling the mouse wheel simultaneously.
  • Clicking while holding down a modifier key.
  • Moving the pointer a long distance: When a practical limit of mouse movement is reached, one lifts up the mouse, brings it to the opposite edge of the working area while it is held above the surface, and then lowers it back onto the working surface. This is often not necessary, because acceleration software detects fast movement, and moves the pointer significantly faster in proportion than for slow mouse motion.
  • Multi-touch: this method is similar to a multi-touch touchpad on a laptop with support for tap input for multiple fingers, the most famous example being the Apple Magic Mouse.

Gestures

Main article: Pointing device gesture

Users can also employ mice gesturally, meaning that a stylized motion of the mouse cursor itself, called a "gesture", can issue a command or map to a specific action. For example, in a drawing program, moving the mouse in a rapid "x" motion over a shape might delete the shape.

Gestural interfaces occur more rarely than plain pointing-and-clicking, and people often find them more difficult to use because they require finer motor control from the user. However, a few gestural conventions have become widespread, including the drag and drop gesture, in which:

  1. The user presses the mouse button while the mouse cursor points at an interface object
  2. The user moves the cursor to a different location while holding the button down
  3. The user releases the mouse button

For example, a user might drag-and-drop a picture representing a file onto a picture of a trash can, thus instructing the system to delete the file.

Standard semantic gestures include:

Specific uses

Other uses of the mouse's input occur commonly in special application domains. In interactive three-dimensional graphics, the mouse's motion often translates directly into changes in the virtual objects' or camera's orientation. For example, in the first-person shooter genre of games (see below), players usually employ the mouse to control the direction in which the virtual player's "head" faces: moving the mouse up will cause the player to look up, revealing the view above the player's head. A related function makes an image of an object rotate so that all sides can be examined. 3D design and animation software often modally chord many different combinations to allow objects and cameras to be rotated and moved through space with the few axes of movement mice can detect.

When mice have more than one button, the software may assign different functions to each button. Often, the primary (leftmost in a right-handed configuration) button on the mouse will select items, and the secondary (rightmost in a right-handed) button will bring up a menu of alternative actions applicable to that item. For example, on platforms with more than one button, the Mozilla web browser will follow a link in response to a primary button click, will bring up a contextual menu of alternative actions for that link in response to a secondary-button click, and will often open the link in a new tab or window in response to a click with the tertiary (middle) mouse button.

Types

Mechanical mice

 
Operating an opto-mechanical mouse
  1. Moving the mouse turns the ball.
  2. X and Y rollers grip the ball and transfer movement.
  3. Optical encoding disks include light holes.
  4. Infrared LEDs shine through the disks.
  5. Sensors gather light pulses to convert to X and Y vectors.

The German company Telefunken published on their early ball mouse on 2 October 1968.[34] Telefunken's mouse was sold as optional equipment for their computer systems. Bill English, builder of Engelbart's original mouse,[55] created a ball mouse in 1972 while working for Xerox PARC.[56]

The ball mouse replaced the external wheels with a single ball that could rotate in any direction. It came as part of the hardware package of the Xerox Alto computer. Perpendicular chopper wheels housed inside the mouse's body chopped beams of light on the way to light sensors, thus detecting in their turn the motion of the ball. This variant of the mouse resembled an inverted trackball and became the predominant form used with personal computers throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The Xerox PARC group also settled on the modern technique of using both hands to type on a full-size keyboard and grabbing the mouse when required.

 
Mechanical mouse, shown with the top cover removed. The scroll wheel is gray, to the right of the ball.

The ball mouse has two freely rotating rollers. These are located 90 degrees apart. One roller detects the forward-backward motion of the mouse and the other the left-right motion. Opposite the two rollers is a third one (white, in the photo, at 45 degrees) that is spring-loaded to push the ball against the other two rollers. Each roller is on the same shaft as an encoder wheel that has slotted edges; the slots interrupt infrared light beams to generate electrical pulses that represent wheel movement. Each wheel's disc has a pair of light beams, located so that a given beam becomes interrupted or again starts to pass light freely when the other beam of the pair is about halfway between changes.

Simple logic circuits interpret the relative timing to indicate which direction the wheel is rotating. This incremental rotary encoder scheme is sometimes called quadrature encoding of the wheel rotation, as the two optical sensors produce signals that are in approximately quadrature phase. The mouse sends these signals to the computer system via the mouse cable, directly as logic signals in very old mice such as the Xerox mice, and via a data-formatting IC in modern mice. The driver software in the system converts the signals into motion of the mouse cursor along X and Y axes on the computer screen.

 
Hawley Mark II Mice from the Mouse House

The ball is mostly steel, with a precision spherical rubber surface. The weight of the ball, given an appropriate working surface under the mouse, provides a reliable grip so the mouse's movement is transmitted accurately. Ball mice and wheel mice were manufactured for Xerox by Jack Hawley, doing business as The Mouse House in Berkeley, California, starting in 1975.[57][58] Based on another invention by Jack Hawley, proprietor of the Mouse House, Honeywell produced another type of mechanical mouse.[59][60] Instead of a ball, it had two wheels rotating at off axes. Key Tronic later produced a similar product.[61]

Modern computer mice took form at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) under the inspiration of Professor Jean-Daniel Nicoud and at the hands of engineer and watchmaker André Guignard.[62] This new design incorporated a single hard rubber mouseball and three buttons, and remained a common design until the mainstream adoption of the scroll-wheel mouse during the 1990s.[63] In 1985, René Sommer added a microprocessor to Nicoud's and Guignard's design.[64] Through this innovation, Sommer is credited with inventing a significant component of the mouse, which made it more "intelligent";[64] though optical mice from Mouse Systems had incorporated microprocessors by 1984.[65]

Another type of mechanical mouse, the "analog mouse" (now generally regarded as obsolete), uses potentiometers rather than encoder wheels, and is typically designed to be plug compatible with an analog joystick. The "Color Mouse", originally marketed by RadioShack for their Color Computer (but also usable on MS-DOS machines equipped with analog joystick ports, provided the software accepted joystick input) was the best-known example.

Optical and laser mice

 
The underside of an optical mouse
Main article: Optical mouse

Early optical mice relied entirely on one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and an imaging array of photodiodes to detect movement relative to the underlying surface, eschewing the internal moving parts a mechanical mouse uses in addition to its optics. A laser mouse is an optical mouse that uses coherent (laser) light.

The earliest optical mice detected movement on pre-printed mousepad surfaces, whereas the modern LED optical mouse works on most opaque diffuse surfaces; it is usually unable to detect movement on specular surfaces like polished stone. Laser diodes provide good resolution and precision, improving performance on opaque specular surfaces. Later, more surface-independent optical mice use an optoelectronic sensor (essentially, a tiny low-resolution video camera) to take successive images of the surface on which the mouse operates. Battery powered, wireless optical mice flash the LED intermittently to save power, and only glow steadily when movement is detected.

Inertial and gyroscopic mice

Often called "air mice" since they do not require a surface to operate, inertial mice use a tuning fork or other accelerometer (US Patent 4787051[66]) to detect rotary movement for every axis supported. The most common models (manufactured by Logitech and Gyration) work using 2 degrees of rotational freedom and are insensitive to spatial translation. The user requires only small wrist rotations to move the cursor, reducing user fatigue or "gorilla arm".

Usually cordless, they often have a switch to deactivate the movement circuitry between use, allowing the user freedom of movement without affecting the cursor position. A patent for an inertial mouse claims that such mice consume less power than optically based mice, and offer increased sensitivity, reduced weight and increased ease-of-use.[67] In combination with a wireless keyboard an inertial mouse can offer alternative ergonomic arrangements which do not require a flat work surface, potentially alleviating some types of repetitive motion injuries related to workstation posture.

3D mice

"SpaceBall" redirects here. For other uses, see Spaceball (disambiguation).

Also known as bats,[68] flying mice, or wands,[69] these devices generally function through ultrasound and provide at least three degrees of freedom. Probably the best known example would be 3Dconnexion ("Logitech's SpaceMouse") from the early 1990s. In the late 1990s Kantek introduced the 3D RingMouse. This wireless mouse was worn on a ring around a finger, which enabled the thumb to access three buttons. The mouse was tracked in three dimensions by a base station.[70] Despite a certain appeal, it was finally discontinued because it did not provide sufficient resolution.

One example of a 2000s consumer 3D pointing device is the Wii Remote. While primarily a motion-sensing device (that is, it can determine its orientation and direction of movement), Wii Remote can also detect its spatial position by comparing the distance and position of the lights from the IR emitter using its integrated IR camera (since the nunchuk accessory lacks a camera, it can only tell its current heading and orientation). The obvious drawback to this approach is that it can only produce spatial coordinates while its camera can see the sensor bar. More accurate consumer devices have since been released, including the PlayStation Move, the Razer Hydra, and the controllers part of the HTC Vive virtual reality system. All of these devices can accurately detect position and orientation in 3D space regardless of angle relative to the sensor station.[citation needed]

A mouse-related controller called the SpaceBall[71] has a ball placed above the work surface that can easily be gripped. With spring-loaded centering, it sends both translational as well as angular displacements on all six axes, in both directions for each. In November 2010 a German Company called Axsotic introduced a new concept of 3D mouse called 3D Spheric Mouse. This new concept of a true six degree-of-freedom input device uses a ball to rotate in 3 axes and an elastic polymer anchored tetrahedron inspired suspension for translating the ball without any limitations.[72] A contactless sensor design uses a magnetic sensor array for sensing three aches translation and two optical mouse sensors for three aches rotation. The special tetrahedron suspension allows a user to rotate the ball with the fingers while input translations with the hand-wrist motion.[73]

  •  

    Logitech spacemouse 3D. On display at the Bolo Computer Museum, EPFL, Lausanne

  •  

    Silicon Graphics SpaceBall model 1003 (1988), allowing manipulation of objects with six degrees of freedom

  •  

    Logitech 3D Mouse (1990), the first ultrasonic mouse

  •  

    A modern six-degrees-of-freedom (6 DOF) 3D mouse (2007)

  •  

    Mechanism of the modern 6 DOF mouse consisting of infrared LEDs and detectors with occluders that move with the ball

  •  

    The Axsotic 3D-Spheric-Mouse (6D) is the first 3D-Mouse that separates rotation and translation in finger and hand-wrist movements.

Tactile mice

In 2000, Logitech introduced a "tactile mouse" known as the "iFeel Mouse" developed by Immersion Corporation that contained a small actuator to enable the mouse to generate simulated physical sensations.[74][75] Such a mouse can augment user-interfaces with haptic feedback, such as giving feedback when crossing a window boundary. To surf the internet by touch-enabled mouse was first developed in 1996[76] and first implemented commercially by the Wingman Force Feedback Mouse.[77] It requires the user to be able to feel depth or hardness; this ability was realized with the first electrorheological tactile mice[78] but never marketed.

Pucks

Tablet digitizers are sometimes used with accessories called pucks, devices which rely on absolute positioning, but can be configured for sufficiently mouse-like relative tracking that they are sometimes marketed as mice.[79]

Ergonomic mice

 
A vertical mouse

As the name suggests, this type of mouse is intended to provide optimum comfort and avoid injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome, arthritis, and other repetitive strain injuries. It is designed to fit natural hand position and movements, to reduce discomfort.

When holding a typical mouse, the ulna and radius bones on the arm are crossed. Some designs attempt to place the palm more vertically, so the bones take more natural parallel position.[80] Some limit wrist movement, encouraging arm movement instead, that may be less precise but more optimal from the health point of view. A mouse may be angled from the thumb downward to the opposite side – this is known to reduce wrist pronation.[81] However such optimizations make the mouse right or left hand specific, making more problematic to change the tired hand. Time has criticized manufacturers for offering few or no left-handed ergonomic mice: "Oftentimes I felt like I was dealing with someone who'd never actually met a left-handed person before."[82]

 
Keyboard with roller bar mouse

Another solution is a pointing bar device. The so-called roller bar mouse is positioned snugly in front of the keyboard, thus allowing bi-manual accessibility.[83]

Gaming mice

 
A Logitech G402 gaming mouse, with multiple additional buttons

These mice are specifically designed for use in computer games. They typically employ a wider array of controls and buttons and have designs that differ radically from traditional mice. They may also have decorative monochrome or programmable RGB LED lighting. The additional buttons can often be used for changing the sensitivity of the mouse[84] or they can be assigned (programmed) to macros (i.e., for opening a program or for use instead of a key combination).[85] It is also common for game mice, especially those designed for use in real-time strategy games such as StarCraft, or in multiplayer online battle arena games such as League of Legends to have a relatively high sensitivity, measured in dots per inch (DPI),[86] which can be as high as 25,600.[87] Some advanced mice from gaming manufacturers also allow users to adjust the weight of the mouse by adding or subtracting weights to allow for easier control.[88] Ergonomic quality is also an important factor in gaming mouse, as extended gameplay times may render further use of the mouse to be uncomfortable. Some mice have been designed to have adjustable features such as removable and/or elongated palm rests, horizontally adjustable thumb rests and pinky rests. Some mice may include several different rests with their products to ensure comfort for a wider range of target consumers.[89] Gaming mice are held by gamers in three styles of grip:[90][91]

  1. Palm Grip: the hand rests on the mouse, with extended fingers.[92][93]
  2. Claw Grip: palm rests on the mouse, bent fingers.[94][93]
  3. Finger-Tip Grip: bent fingers, palm does not touch the mouse.[95][93]

Connectivity and communication protocols

 
A Microsoft wireless Arc Mouse, marketed as "travel-friendly" and foldable but otherwise operated exactly like other 3-button wheel-based optical mice

To transmit their input, typical cabled mice use a thin electrical cord terminating in a standard connector, such as RS-232C, PS/2, ADB, or USB. Cordless mice instead transmit data via infrared radiation (see IrDA) or radio (including Bluetooth), although many such cordless interfaces are themselves connected through the aforementioned wired serial buses.

While the electrical interface and the format of the data transmitted by commonly available mice is currently standardized on USB, in the past it varied between different manufacturers. A bus mouse used a dedicated interface card for connection to an IBM PC or compatible computer.

Mouse use in DOS applications became more common after the introduction of the Microsoft Mouse, largely because Microsoft provided an open standard for communication between applications and mouse driver software. Thus, any application written to use the Microsoft standard could use a mouse with a driver that implements the same API, even if the mouse hardware itself was incompatible with Microsoft's. This driver provides the state of the buttons and the distance the mouse has moved in units that its documentation calls "mickeys".[96]

Early mice

 
Xerox Alto mouse

In the 1970s, the Xerox Alto mouse, and in the 1980s the Xerox optical mouse, used a quadrature-encoded X and Y interface. This two-bit encoding per dimension had the property that only one bit of the two would change at a time, like a Gray code or Johnson counter, so that the transitions would not be misinterpreted when asynchronously sampled.[97]

The earliest mass-market mice, such as on the original Macintosh, Amiga, and Atari ST mice used a D-subminiature 9-pin connector to send the quadrature-encoded X and Y axis signals directly, plus one pin per mouse button. The mouse was a simple optomechanical device, and the decoding circuitry was all in the main computer.

The DE-9 connectors were designed to be electrically compatible with the joysticks popular on numerous 8-bit systems, such as the Commodore 64 and the Atari 2600. Although the ports could be used for both purposes, the signals must be interpreted differently. As a result, plugging a mouse into a joystick port causes the "joystick" to continuously move in some direction, even if the mouse stays still, whereas plugging a joystick into a mouse port causes the "mouse" to only be able to move a single pixel in each direction.

Serial interface and protocol

 
Signals XA and XB in quadrature convey X-direction motion, while YA and YB convey Y-dimension motion; here the pointer (cursor) is shown drawing a small curve.

Because the IBM PC did not have a quadrature decoder built in, early PC mice used the RS-232C serial port to communicate encoded mouse movements, as well as provide power to the mouse's circuits. The Mouse Systems Corporation version used a five-byte protocol and supported three buttons. The Microsoft version used a three-byte protocol and supported two buttons. Due to the incompatibility between the two protocols, some manufacturers sold serial mice with a mode switch: "PC" for MSC mode, "MS" for Microsoft mode.[98]

Apple Desktop Bus

 
Apple Macintosh Plus mice: beige mouse (left), platinum mouse (right), 1986

In 1986 Apple first implemented the Apple Desktop Bus allowing the daisy chaining of up to 16 devices, including mice and other devices on the same bus with no configuration whatsoever. Featuring only a single data pin, the bus used a purely polled approach to device communications and survived as the standard on mainstream models (including a number of non-Apple workstations) until 1998 when Apple's iMac line of computers joined the industry-wide switch to using USB. Beginning with the Bronze Keyboard PowerBook G3 in May 1999, Apple dropped the external ADB port in favor of USB, but retained an internal ADB connection in the PowerBook G4 for communication with its built-in keyboard and trackpad until early 2005.

PS/2 interface and protocol

Further information: PS/2 connector
 
Color-coded PS/2 connection ports; purple for keyboard and green for mouse

With the arrival of the IBM PS/2 personal-computer series in 1987, IBM introduced the eponymous PS/2 port for mice and keyboards, which other manufacturers rapidly adopted. The most visible change was the use of a round 6-pin mini-DIN, in lieu of the former 5-pin MIDI style full sized DIN 41524 connector. In default mode (called stream mode) a PS/2 mouse communicates motion, and the state of each button, by means of 3-byte packets.[99] For any motion, button press or button release event, a PS/2 mouse sends, over a bi-directional serial port, a sequence of three bytes, with the following format:

Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0
Byte 1 YV XV YS XS 1 MB RB LB
Byte 2 X movement
Byte 3 Y movement

Here, XS and YS represent the sign bits of the movement vectors, XV and YV indicate an overflow in the respective vector component, and LB, MB and RB indicate the status of the left, middle and right mouse buttons (1 = pressed). PS/2 mice also understand several commands for reset and self-test, switching between different operating modes, and changing the resolution of the reported motion vectors.

A Microsoft IntelliMouse relies on an extension of the PS/2 protocol: the ImPS/2 or IMPS/2 protocol (the abbreviation combines the concepts of "IntelliMouse" and "PS/2"). It initially operates in standard PS/2 format, for backward compatibility. After the host sends a special command sequence, it switches to an extended format in which a fourth byte carries information about wheel movements. The IntelliMouse Explorer works analogously, with the difference that its 4-byte packets also allow for two additional buttons (for a total of five).[100]

Mouse vendors also use other extended formats, often without providing public documentation. The Typhoon mouse uses 6-byte packets which can appear as a sequence of two standard 3-byte packets, such that an ordinary PS/2 driver can handle them.[101] For 3-D (or 6-degree-of-freedom) input, vendors have made many extensions both to the hardware and to software. In the late 1990s, Logitech created ultrasound based tracking which gave 3D input to a few millimeters accuracy, which worked well as an input device but failed as a profitable product. In 2008, Motion4U introduced its "OptiBurst" system using IR tracking for use as a Maya (graphics software) plugin.[relevant?]

 
A USB connector soon superseded the PS/2 keyboard and computer mouse connectors shown above.

USB

The industry-standard USB (Universal Serial Bus) protocol and its connector have become widely used for mice; it is among the most popular types.[102]

Cordless or wireless

Cordless or wireless mice transmit data via radio.[103] Some mice connect to the computer through Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, while others use a receiver that plugs into the computer, for example through a USB port.

Many mice that use a USB receiver have a storage compartment for it inside the mouse. Some "nano receivers" are designed to be small enough to remain plugged into a laptop during transport, while still being large enough to easily remove.[104]

  •  

    The Logitech Metaphor, the first wireless mouse (1984). On display at the Musée Bolo, EPFL

  •  

    An older Microsoft wireless mouse made for notebook computers

  •  

    Microsoft Bluetooth Mobile Mouse 3600

  •  

    A wireless Apple mouse

Operating system support

MS-DOS and Windows 1.0 support connecting a mouse such as a Microsoft Mouse via multiple interfaces: BallPoint, Bus (InPort), Serial port or PS/2.[105]

Windows 98 added built-in support for USB Human Interface Device class (USB HID),[106] with native vertical scrolling support.[107] Windows 2000 and Windows Me expanded this built-in support to 5-button mice.[108]

Windows XP Service Pack 2 introduced a Bluetooth stack, allowing Bluetooth mice to be used without any USB receivers.[109] Windows Vista added native support for horizontal scrolling and standardized wheel movement granularity for finer scrolling.[107]

Windows 8 introduced BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) mouse/HID support.[110]

Multiple-mouse systems

Some systems allow two or more mice to be used at once as input devices. Late-1980s era home computers such as the Amiga used this to allow computer games with two players interacting on the same computer (Lemmings and The Settlers for example). The same idea is sometimes used in collaborative software, e.g. to simulate a whiteboard that multiple users can draw on without passing a single mouse around.

Microsoft Windows, since Windows 98, has supported multiple simultaneous pointing devices. Because Windows only provides a single screen cursor, using more than one device at the same time requires cooperation of users or applications designed for multiple input devices.

Multiple mice are often used in multi-user gaming in addition to specially designed devices that provide several input interfaces.

Windows also has full support for multiple input/mouse configurations for multi-user environments.

Starting with Windows XP, Microsoft introduced an SDK for developing applications that allow multiple input devices to be used at the same time with independent cursors and independent input points. However, it no longer appears to be available.[111]

The introduction of Windows Vista and Microsoft Surface (now known as Microsoft PixelSense) introduced a new set of input APIs that were adopted into Windows 7, allowing for 50 points/cursors, all controlled by independent users. The new input points provide traditional mouse input; however, they were designed with other input technologies like touch and image in mind. They inherently offer 3D coordinates along with pressure, size, tilt, angle, mask, and even an image bitmap to see and recognize the input point/object on the screen.

As of 2009, Linux distributions and other operating systems that use X.Org, such as OpenSolaris and FreeBSD, support 255 cursors/input points through Multi-Pointer X. However, currently no window managers support Multi-Pointer X leaving it relegated to custom software usage.

There have also been propositions of having a single operator use two mice simultaneously as a more sophisticated means of controlling various graphics and multimedia applications.[112]

Buttons

Main article: Mouse button
 
Razer Mouse with additional buttons

Mouse buttons are microswitches which can be pressed to select or interact with an element of a graphical user interface, producing a distinctive clicking sound.

Since around the late 1990s, the three-button scrollmouse has become the de facto standard. Users most commonly employ the second button to invoke a contextual menu in the computer's software user interface, which contains options specifically tailored to the interface element over which the mouse cursor currently sits. By default, the primary mouse button sits located on the left-hand side of the mouse, for the benefit of right-handed users; left-handed users can usually reverse this configuration via software.

Scrolling

Main article: Scroll wheel

Nearly all mice now have an integrated input primarily intended for scrolling on top, usually a single-axis digital wheel or rocker switch which can also be depressed to act as a third button. Though less common, many mice instead have two-axis inputs such as a tiltable wheel, trackball, or touchpad. Those with a trackball may be designed to stay stationary, using the trackball instead of moving the mouse.[113]

Speed

Mickeys per second is a unit of measurement for the speed and movement direction of a computer mouse,[96] where direction is often expressed as "horizontal" versus "vertical" mickey count. However, speed can also refer to the ratio between how many pixels the cursor moves on the screen and how far the mouse moves on the mouse pad, which may be expressed as pixels per mickey, pixels per inch, or pixels per centimeter.

The computer industry often measures mouse sensitivity in terms of counts per inch (CPI), commonly expressed as dots per inch (DPI) – the number of steps the mouse will report when it moves one inch. In early mice, this specification was called pulses per inch (ppi).[57] The mickey originally referred to one of these counts, or one resolvable step of motion. If the default mouse-tracking condition involves moving the cursor by one screen-pixel or dot on-screen per reported step, then the CPI does equate to DPI: dots of cursor motion per inch of mouse motion. The CPI or DPI as reported by manufacturers depends on how they make the mouse; the higher the CPI, the faster the cursor moves with mouse movement. However, software can adjust the mouse sensitivity, making the cursor move faster or slower than its CPI. As of 2007, software can change the speed of the cursor dynamically, taking into account the mouse's absolute speed and the movement from the last stop-point. In most software, an example being the Windows platforms, this setting is named "speed", referring to "cursor precision". However, some operating systems name this setting "acceleration", the typical Apple OS designation. This term is incorrect. Mouse acceleration in most mouse software refers to the change in speed of the cursor over time while the mouse movement is constant.[clarification needed][citation needed]

For simple software, when the mouse starts to move, the software will count the number of "counts" or "mickeys" received from the mouse and will move the cursor across the screen by that number of pixels (or multiplied by a rate factor, typically less than 1). The cursor will move slowly on the screen, with good precision. When the movement of the mouse passes the value set for some threshold, the software will start to move the cursor faster, with a greater rate factor. Usually, the user can set the value of the second rate factor by changing the "acceleration" setting.

Operating systems sometimes apply acceleration, referred to as "ballistics", to the motion reported by the mouse. For example, versions of Windows prior to Windows XP doubled reported values above a configurable threshold, and then optionally doubled them again above a second configurable threshold. These doublings applied separately in the X and Y directions, resulting in very nonlinear response.[114]

Mousepads

Main article: Mousepad

Engelbart's original mouse did not require a mousepad;[115] the mouse had two large wheels which could roll on virtually any surface. However, most subsequent mechanical mice starting with the steel roller ball mouse have required a mousepad for optimal performance.

The mousepad, the most common mouse accessory, appears most commonly in conjunction with mechanical mice, because to roll smoothly the ball requires more friction than common desk surfaces usually provide. So-called "hard mousepads" for gamers or optical/laser mice also exist.

Most optical and laser mice do not require a pad, the notable exception being early optical mice which relied on a grid on the pad to detect movement (e.g. Mouse Systems). Whether to use a hard or soft mousepad with an optical mouse is largely a matter of personal preference. One exception occurs when the desk surface creates problems for the optical or laser tracking, for example, a transparent or reflective surface, such as glass.

Some mice also come with small "pads" attached to the bottom surface, also called mouse feet or mouse skates, that help the user slide the mouse smoothly across surfaces.[116]

In the marketplace

 
Computer mice built between 1986 and 2007

Around 1981, Xerox included mice with its Xerox Star, based on the mouse used in the 1970s on the Alto computer at Xerox PARC. Sun Microsystems, Symbolics, Lisp Machines Inc., and Tektronix also shipped workstations with mice, starting in about 1981. Later, inspired by the Star, Apple Computer released the Apple Lisa, which also used a mouse. However, none of these products achieved large-scale success. Only with the release of the Apple Macintosh in 1984 did the mouse see widespread use.[117]

The Macintosh design,[118] commercially successful and technically influential, led many other vendors to begin producing mice or including them with their other computer products (by 1986, Atari ST, Amiga, Windows 1.0, GEOS for the Commodore 64, and the Apple IIGS).[119]

The widespread adoption of graphical user interfaces in the software of the 1980s and 1990s made mice all but indispensable for controlling computers. In November 2008, Logitech built their billionth mouse.[120]

Use in games

 
Logitech G5 laser mouse designed for games, with adjustable weights (on left)

The device often functions as an interface for PC-based computer games and sometimes for video game consoles. The Classic Mac OS Desk Accessory Puzzle in 1984 was the first game designed specifically for a mouse.[121]

First-person shooters

FPSs naturally lend themselves to separate and simultaneous control of the player's movement and aim, and on computers this has traditionally been achieved with a combination of keyboard and mouse. Players use the X-axis of the mouse for looking (or turning) left and right, and the Y-axis for looking up and down; the keyboard is used for movement and supplemental inputs.

Many shooting genre players prefer a mouse over a gamepad analog stick because the wide range of motion offered by a mouse allows for faster and more varied control. Although an analog stick allows the player more granular control, it is poor for certain movements, as the player's input is relayed based on a vector of both the stick's direction and magnitude. Thus, a small but fast movement (known as "flick-shotting") using a gamepad requires the player to quickly move the stick from its rest position to the edge and back again in quick succession, a difficult maneuver. In addition the stick also has a finite magnitude; if the player is currently using the stick to move at a non-zero velocity their ability to increase the rate of movement of the camera is further limited based on the position their displaced stick was already at before executing the maneuver. The effect of this is that a mouse is well suited not only to small, precise movements but also to large, quick movements and immediate, responsive movements; all of which are important in shooter gaming.[122] This advantage also extends in varying degrees to similar game styles such as third-person shooters.

Some incorrectly ported games or game engines have acceleration and interpolation curves which unintentionally produce excessive, irregular, or even negative acceleration when used with a mouse instead of their native platform's non-mouse default input device. Depending on how deeply hardcoded this misbehavior is, internal user patches or external 3rd-party software may be able to fix it.[123] Individual game engines will also have their own sensitivities.[124] This often restricts one from taking a game's existing sensitivity, transferring it to another, and acquiring the same 360 rotational measurements. A sensitivity converter is required in order to translate rotational movements properly.[125]

Due to their similarity to the WIMP desktop metaphor interface for which mice were originally designed, and to their own tabletop game origins, computer strategy games are most commonly played with mice. In particular, real-time strategy and MOBA games usually require the use of a mouse.

The left button usually controls primary fire. If the game supports multiple fire modes, the right button often provides secondary fire from the selected weapon. Games with only a single fire mode will generally map secondary fire to aim down the weapon sights. In some games, the right button may also invoke accessories for a particular weapon, such as allowing access to the scope of a sniper rifle or allowing the mounting of a bayonet or silencer.

Players can use a scroll wheel for changing weapons (or for controlling scope-zoom magnification, in older games). On most first person shooter games, programming may also assign more functions to additional buttons on mice with more than three controls. A keyboard usually controls movement (for example, WASD for moving forward, left, backward, and right, respectively) and other functions such as changing posture. Since the mouse serves for aiming, a mouse that tracks movement accurately and with less lag (latency) will give a player an advantage over players with less accurate or slower mice. In some cases the right mouse button may be used to move the player forward, either in lieu of, or in conjunction with the typical WASD configuration.

Many games provide players with the option of mapping their own choice of a key or button to a certain control. An early technique of players, circle strafing, saw a player continuously strafing while aiming and shooting at an opponent by walking in circle around the opponent with the opponent at the center of the circle. Players could achieve this by holding down a key for strafing while continuously aiming the mouse toward the opponent.

Games using mice for input are so popular that many manufacturers make mice specifically for gaming. Such mice may feature adjustable weights, high-resolution optical or laser components, additional buttons, ergonomic shape, and other features such as adjustable CPI. Mouse Bungees are typically used with gaming mice because it eliminates the annoyance of the cable.

Many games, such as first- or third-person shooters, have a setting named "invert mouse" or similar (not to be confused with "button inversion", sometimes performed by left-handed users) which allows the user to look downward by moving the mouse forward and upward by moving the mouse backward (the opposite of non-inverted movement). This control system resembles that of aircraft control sticks, where pulling back causes pitch up and pushing forward causes pitch down; computer joysticks also typically emulate this control-configuration.

After id Software's commercial hit of Doom, which did not support vertical aiming, competitor Bungie's Marathon became the first first-person shooter to support using the mouse to aim up and down.[126] Games using the Build engine had an option to invert the Y-axis. The "invert" feature actually made the mouse behave in a manner that users now regard as non-inverted (by default, moving mouse forward resulted in looking down). Soon after, id Software released Quake, which introduced the invert feature as users now know it.

Home consoles

In 1988, the VTech Socrates educational video game console featured a wireless mouse with an attached mouse pad as an optional controller used for some games. In the early 1990s, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System video game system featured a mouse in addition to its controllers. A mouse was also released for the Nintendo 64, although it was only released in Japan. The 1992 game Mario Paint in particular used the mouse's capabilities,[127] as did its Japanese-only successor Mario Artist on the N64 for its 64DD disk drive peripheral in 1999. Sega released official mice for their Genesis/Mega Drive, Saturn and Dreamcast consoles. NEC sold official mice for its PC Engine and PC-FX consoles. Sony released an official mouse product for the PlayStation console, included one along with the Linux for PlayStation 2 kit, as well as allowing owners to use virtually any USB mouse with the PS2, PS3, and PS4. Nintendo's Wii also had this feature implemented in a later software update, and this support was retained on its successor, the Wii U. Microsoft's Xbox line of game consoles (which used operaring systems based on modified versions of Windows NT) also had universal-wide mouse support using USB.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ General dictionaries usually mention mouses as a possible alternative plural, but technical dictionaries usually omit this rare form, e.g. Webopedia, FOLDOC, Netlingo.
  2. ^ The 4-bit[A][B] rotary encoders (MCB CC27E08[A][B]) used in the Telefunken Rollkugel RKS 100-86 provide 14 states repeated either 4[A] or 5[B] times per revolution for an effectively resulting resolution of c. 35.6 dpi[A] or c. 43.5 dpi[B], respectively. Mallebrein erroneously remembers them even as 5-bit encoders.[C] The 14-cyclic unit-distance codes described in the first two sources are identical to a 4-bit Gray code with the two outmost states (0, 15) eliminated. At first glance the documented codes seem to differ between the two sources; in fact they are identical, but use inverted definitions of the 0/1 states and the direction of rotation:
    4-bit 14-cyclic unit-distance Rollkugel code
    Bit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
    4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
    2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
    1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

References

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Further reading

  • Roch, Axel. "Fire-Control and Human-Computer Interaction: Towards a History of the Computer Mouse (1940–1965)" (PDF). Mindell, David. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Science, Technology, and Society. (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2021-08-24. (11 pages) (NB. This is based on an earlier German article published in 1996 in Lab. Jahrbuch 1995/1996 für Künste und Apparate (350 pages) by Kunsthochschule für Medien Köln mit dem Verein der Freunde der Kunsthochschule für Medien Köln; Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König [de] in Cologne, Germany. ISBN 3-88375-245-2.)
  • Pang, Alex Soojung-Kim (March–April 2002). Candland, Kevin (ed.). "Mighty Mouse – In 1980, Apple Computer asked a group of guys fresh from Stanford's product design program to take a $400 device and make it mass-producible, reliable and cheap. Their work transformed personal computing". Stanford Magazine. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford Alumni Association, Stanford University. from the original on 2021-08-24. Retrieved 2021-08-23.

External links

 
Wikiversity has learning resources about Mouse (computing)
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Computer mice.

January 04, 2023
computer, mouse, this, article, about, item, computer, hardware, pointer, cursor, controls, pointer, user, interface, computer, mouse, plural, mice, sometimes, mouses, hand, held, pointing, device, that, detects, dimensional, motion, relative, surface, this, m. This article is about the item of computer hardware For the pointer or cursor it controls see Pointer user interface A computer mouse plural mice sometimes mouses nb 1 is a hand held pointing device that detects two dimensional motion relative to a surface This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display which allows a smooth control of the graphical user interface of a computer A computer mouse with the most common features two buttons left and right and a scroll wheel which also functions as a button A typical wireless computer mouse The first public demonstration of a mouse controlling a computer system was in 1968 Mice originally used two separate wheels to track movement across a surface one in the X dimension and one in the Y Later the standard design shifted to utilize a ball rolling on a surface to detect motion Most modern mice use optical sensors that have no moving parts Though originally all mice were connected to a computer by a cable many modern mice are cordless relying on short range radio communication with the connected system In addition to moving a cursor computer mice have one or more buttons to allow operations such as the selection of a menu item on a display Mice often also feature other elements such as touch surfaces and scroll wheels which enable additional control and dimensional input Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Stationary trackballs 2 2 Engelbart s first mouse 2 3 First rolling ball mouse 2 4 First mice on personal computers and workstations 3 Operation 3 1 Gestures 3 2 Specific uses 4 Types 4 1 Mechanical mice 4 2 Optical and laser mice 4 3 Inertial and gyroscopic mice 4 4 3D mice 4 5 Tactile mice 4 6 Pucks 4 7 Ergonomic mice 4 8 Gaming mice 5 Connectivity and communication protocols 5 1 Early mice 5 2 Serial interface and protocol 5 3 Apple Desktop Bus 5 4 PS 2 interface and protocol 5 5 USB 5 6 Cordless or wireless 6 Operating system support 7 Multiple mouse systems 8 Buttons 9 Scrolling 10 Speed 11 Mousepads 12 In the marketplace 13 Use in games 13 1 First person shooters 13 2 Home consoles 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External linksEtymology Edit A computer mouse is named for its resemblance to the rodent The earliest known written use of the term mouse in reference to a computer pointing device is in Bill English s July 1965 publication Computer Aided Display Control likely originating from its resemblance to the shape and size of a mouse a rodent with the cord resembling its tail 1 2 3 The popularity of wireless mice without cords makes the resemblance less obvious According to Roger Bates a hardware designer under English the term also came about because the cursor on the screen was for some unknown reason referred to as CAT and was seen by the team as if it would be chasing the new desktop device 4 5 The plural for the small rodent is always mice in modern usage The plural for a computer mouse is either mice or mouses according to most dictionaries with mice being more common 6 The first recorded plural usage is mice the online Oxford Dictionaries cites a 1984 use and earlier uses include J C R Licklider s The Computer as a Communication Device of 1968 7 History EditStationary trackballs Edit The trackball a related pointing device was invented in 1946 by Ralph Benjamin as part of a post World War II era fire control radar plotting system called the Comprehensive Display System CDS Benjamin was then working for the British Royal Navy Scientific Service Benjamin s project used analog computers to calculate the future position of target aircraft based on several initial input points provided by a user with a joystick Benjamin felt that a more elegant input device was needed and invented what they called a roller ball for this purpose 8 9 The device was patented in 1947 9 but only a prototype using a metal ball rolling on two rubber coated wheels was ever built and the device was kept as a military secret 8 Another early trackball was built by Kenyon Taylor a British electrical engineer working in collaboration with Tom Cranston and Fred Longstaff Taylor was part of the original Ferranti Canada working on the Royal Canadian Navy s DATAR Digital Automated Tracking and Resolving system in 1952 10 DATAR was similar in concept to Benjamin s display The trackball used four disks to pick up motion two each for the X and Y directions Several rollers provided mechanical support When the ball was rolled the pickup discs spun and contacts on their outer rim made periodic contact with wires producing pulses of output with each movement of the ball By counting the pulses the physical movement of the ball could be determined A digital computer calculated the tracks and sent the resulting data to other ships in a task force using pulse code modulation radio signals This trackball used a standard Canadian five pin bowling ball It was not patented since it was a secret military project 11 12 Engelbart s first mouse Edit Inventor Douglas Engelbart holding the first computer mouse 13 showing the wheels that make contact with the working surface Douglas Engelbart of the Stanford Research Institute now SRI International has been credited in published books by Thierry Bardini 14 Paul Ceruzzi 15 Howard Rheingold 16 and several others 17 18 19 as the inventor of the computer mouse Engelbart was also recognized as such in various obituary titles after his death in July 2013 20 21 22 23 By 1963 Engelbart had already established a research lab at SRI the Augmentation Research Center ARC to pursue his objective of developing both hardware and software computer technology to augment human intelligence That November while attending a conference on computer graphics in Reno Nevada Engelbart began to ponder how to adapt the underlying principles of the planimeter to inputting X and Y coordinate data 14 On 14 November 1963 he first recorded his thoughts in his personal notebook about something he initially called a bug which in a 3 point form could have a drop point and 2 orthogonal wheels 4 14 He wrote that the bug would be easier and more natural to use and unlike a stylus it would stay still when let go which meant it would be much better for coordination with the keyboard 14 The Engelbart mouse In 1964 Bill English joined ARC where he helped Engelbart build the first mouse prototype 2 24 They christened the device the mouse as early models had a cord attached to the rear part of the device which looked like a tail and in turn resembled the common mouse 25 According to Roger Bates a hardware designer under English another reason for choosing this name was because the cursor on the screen was also referred to as CAT at this time 4 5 As noted above this mouse was first mentioned in print in a July 1965 report on which English was the lead author 1 2 3 On 9 December 1968 Engelbart publicly demonstrated the mouse at what would come to be known as The Mother of All Demos Engelbart never received any royalties for it as his employer SRI held the patent which expired before the mouse became widely used in personal computers 26 In any event the invention of the mouse was just a small part of Engelbart s much larger project of augmenting human intellect 27 28 Early mouse patents From left to right Opposing track wheels by Engelbart November 1970 U S Patent 3 541 541 Ball and wheel by Rider September 1974 U S Patent 3 835 464 Ball and two rollers with spring by Opocensky October 1976 U S Patent 3 987 685 Several other experimental pointing devices developed for Engelbart s oN Line System NLS exploited different body movements for example head mounted devices attached to the chin or nose but ultimately the mouse won out because of its speed and convenience 29 The first mouse a bulky device pictured used two potentiometers perpendicular to each other and connected to wheels the rotation of each wheel translated into motion along one axis 30 At the time of the Mother of All Demos Engelbart s group had been using their second generation 3 button mouse for about a year First rolling ball mouse Edit The ball based Telefunken Rollkugelsteuerung RKS 100 86 from 1968 On 2 October 1968 three years after Engelbart s prototype but more than two months before his public demo a mouse device named Rollkugelsteuerung German for rolling ball control was shown in a sales brochure by the German company AEG Telefunken as an optional input device for the SIG 100 vector graphics terminal part of the system around their process computer TR 86 and the TR 440 de main frame 31 32 33 34 Based on an even earlier trackball device the mouse device had been developed by the company since 1966 in what had been a parallel and independent discovery 34 35 As the name suggests and unlike Engelbart s mouse the Telefunken model already had a ball diameter 40 mm weight 40 g 36 and two mechanical 4 bit 36 37 rotational position transducers 36 38 37 with Gray code like 36 37 nb 2 states allowing easy movement in any direction 39 The bits remained stable for at least two successive states to relax debouncing requirements 36 37 This arrangement was chosen so that the data could also be transmitted to the TR 86 front end process computer and over longer distance telex lines with c 50 baud 38 Weighing 465 g the device with a total height of about 7 cm came in a c 12 cm diameter hemispherical injection molded thermoplastic casing featuring one central push button 36 Bottom side of the Telefunken Rollkugel RKS 100 86 showing the ball As noted above the device was based on an earlier trackball like device also named Rollkugel that was embedded into radar flight control desks 35 This trackball had been originally developed by a team led by Rainer Mallebrein de at Telefunken Konstanz for the German Bundesanstalt fur Flugsicherung de Federal Air Traffic Control It was part of the corresponding work station system SAP 300 and the terminal SIG 3001 which had been designed and developed since 1963 38 Development for the TR 440 main frame began in 1965 40 38 This led to the development of the TR 86 process computer system with its SIG 100 86 34 32 terminal Inspired by a discussion with a university customer Mallebrein came up with the idea of reversing the existing Rollkugel trackball into a moveable mouse like device in 1966 38 so that customers did not have to be bothered with mounting holes for the earlier trackball device The device was finished in early 1968 38 and together with light pens and trackballs it was commercially offered as an optional input device for their system starting later that year 31 32 33 41 Not all customers opted to buy the device which added costs of DM 1 500 per piece to the already up to 20 million DM deal for the main frame of which only a total of 46 systems were sold or leased 34 42 They were installed at more than 20 German universities including RWTH Aachen Technical University Berlin University of Stuttgart 43 44 and Konstanz 39 Several Rollkugel mice installed at the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre in Munich in 1972 are well preserved in a museum 34 45 35 two others survived in a museum at Stuttgart university 43 36 35 two in Hamburg the one from Aachen at the Computer History Museum in the US 46 35 and yet another sample was recently donated to the Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum HNF in Paderborn 47 42 Anecdotal reports claim that Telefunken s attempt to patent the device was rejected by the German Patent Office due to lack of inventiveness 35 39 42 38 For the air traffic control system the Mallebrein team had already developed a precursor to touch screens in form of an ultrasonic curtain based pointing device in front of the display 38 In 1970 they developed a device named Touchinput Einrichtung touch input facility based on a conductively coated glass screen 39 38 First mice on personal computers and workstations Edit HP HIL Mouse from 1984 The Xerox Alto was one of the first computers designed for individual use in 1973 and is regarded as the first modern computer to use a mouse 48 Inspired by PARC s Alto the Lilith a computer which had been developed by a team around Niklaus Wirth at ETH Zurich between 1978 and 1980 provided a mouse as well The third marketed version of an integrated mouse shipped as a part of a computer and intended for personal computer navigation came with the Xerox 8010 Star in 1981 By 1982 the Xerox 8010 was probably the best known computer with a mouse The Sun 1 also came with a mouse and the forthcoming Apple Lisa was rumored to use one but the peripheral remained obscure Jack Hawley of The Mouse House reported that one buyer for a large organization believed at first that his company sold lab mice Hawley who manufactured mice for Xerox stated that Practically I have the market all to myself right now a Hawley mouse cost 415 49 In 1982 Logitech introduced the P4 Mouse at the Comdex trade show in Las Vegas its first hardware mouse 50 That same year Microsoft made the decision to make the MS DOS program Microsoft Word mouse compatible and developed the first PC compatible mouse Microsoft s mouse shipped in 1983 thus beginning the Microsoft Hardware division of the company 51 However the mouse remained relatively obscure until the appearance of the Macintosh 128K which included an updated version of the single button 52 Lisa Mouse in 1984 53 and of the Amiga 1000 and the Atari ST in 1985 Operation EditFurther information Point and click A mouse typically controls the motion of a pointer in two dimensions in a graphical user interface GUI The mouse turns movements of the hand backward and forward left and right into equivalent electronic signals that in turn are used to move the pointer The relative movements of the mouse on the surface are applied to the position of the pointer on the screen which signals the point where actions of the user take place so hand movements are replicated by the pointer 54 Clicking or pointing stopping movement while the cursor is within the bounds of an area can select files programs or actions from a list of names or in graphical interfaces through small images called icons and other elements For example a text file might be represented by a picture of a paper notebook and clicking while the cursor points at this icon might cause a text editing program to open the file in a window Different ways of operating the mouse cause specific things to happen in the GUI 54 Point stop the motion of the pointer while it is inside the boundaries of what the user wants to interact with This act of pointing is what the pointer and pointing device are named after In web design lingo pointing is referred to as hovering This usage spread to web programing and Android programming and is now found in many contexts Click pressing and releasing a button left Single click clicking the main button left Double click clicking the button two times in quick succession counts as a different gesture than two separate single clicks left Triple click clicking the button three times in quick succession counts as a different gesture than three separate single clicks Triple clicks are far less common in traditional navigation Right click clicking the secondary button In modern applications this frequently opens a context menu Middle click clicking the tertiary button Drag pressing and holding a button and moving the mouse before releasing the button This is frequently used to move or copy files or other objects via drag and drop other uses include selecting text and drawing in graphics applications Mouse button chording or chord clicking Clicking with more than one button simultaneously Clicking while simultaneously typing a letter on the keyboard Clicking and rolling the mouse wheel simultaneously Clicking while holding down a modifier key Moving the pointer a long distance When a practical limit of mouse movement is reached one lifts up the mouse brings it to the opposite edge of the working area while it is held above the surface and then lowers it back onto the working surface This is often not necessary because acceleration software detects fast movement and moves the pointer significantly faster in proportion than for slow mouse motion Multi touch this method is similar to a multi touch touchpad on a laptop with support for tap input for multiple fingers the most famous example being the Apple Magic Mouse Gestures Edit Main article Pointing device gesture Users can also employ mice gesturally meaning that a stylized motion of the mouse cursor itself called a gesture can issue a command or map to a specific action For example in a drawing program moving the mouse in a rapid x motion over a shape might delete the shape Gestural interfaces occur more rarely than plain pointing and clicking and people often find them more difficult to use because they require finer motor control from the user However a few gestural conventions have become widespread including the drag and drop gesture in which The user presses the mouse button while the mouse cursor points at an interface object The user moves the cursor to a different location while holding the button down The user releases the mouse buttonFor example a user might drag and drop a picture representing a file onto a picture of a trash can thus instructing the system to delete the file Standard semantic gestures include Crossing based goal Drag and drop Menu traversal Pointing Mouseover pointing or hovering SelectionSpecific uses Edit Other uses of the mouse s input occur commonly in special application domains In interactive three dimensional graphics the mouse s motion often translates directly into changes in the virtual objects or camera s orientation For example in the first person shooter genre of games see below players usually employ the mouse to control the direction in which the virtual player s head faces moving the mouse up will cause the player to look up revealing the view above the player s head A related function makes an image of an object rotate so that all sides can be examined 3D design and animation software often modally chord many different combinations to allow objects and cameras to be rotated and moved through space with the few axes of movement mice can detect When mice have more than one button the software may assign different functions to each button Often the primary leftmost in a right handed configuration button on the mouse will select items and the secondary rightmost in a right handed button will bring up a menu of alternative actions applicable to that item For example on platforms with more than one button the Mozilla web browser will follow a link in response to a primary button click will bring up a contextual menu of alternative actions for that link in response to a secondary button click and will often open the link in a new tab or window in response to a click with the tertiary middle mouse button Types EditMechanical mice Edit Operating an opto mechanical mouse Moving the mouse turns the ball X and Y rollers grip the ball and transfer movement Optical encoding disks include light holes Infrared LEDs shine through the disks Sensors gather light pulses to convert to X and Y vectors The German company Telefunken published on their early ball mouse on 2 October 1968 34 Telefunken s mouse was sold as optional equipment for their computer systems Bill English builder of Engelbart s original mouse 55 created a ball mouse in 1972 while working for Xerox PARC 56 The ball mouse replaced the external wheels with a single ball that could rotate in any direction It came as part of the hardware package of the Xerox Alto computer Perpendicular chopper wheels housed inside the mouse s body chopped beams of light on the way to light sensors thus detecting in their turn the motion of the ball This variant of the mouse resembled an inverted trackball and became the predominant form used with personal computers throughout the 1980s and 1990s The Xerox PARC group also settled on the modern technique of using both hands to type on a full size keyboard and grabbing the mouse when required Mechanical mouse shown with the top cover removed The scroll wheel is gray to the right of the ball The ball mouse has two freely rotating rollers These are located 90 degrees apart One roller detects the forward backward motion of the mouse and the other the left right motion Opposite the two rollers is a third one white in the photo at 45 degrees that is spring loaded to push the ball against the other two rollers Each roller is on the same shaft as an encoder wheel that has slotted edges the slots interrupt infrared light beams to generate electrical pulses that represent wheel movement Each wheel s disc has a pair of light beams located so that a given beam becomes interrupted or again starts to pass light freely when the other beam of the pair is about halfway between changes Simple logic circuits interpret the relative timing to indicate which direction the wheel is rotating This incremental rotary encoder scheme is sometimes called quadrature encoding of the wheel rotation as the two optical sensors produce signals that are in approximately quadrature phase The mouse sends these signals to the computer system via the mouse cable directly as logic signals in very old mice such as the Xerox mice and via a data formatting IC in modern mice The driver software in the system converts the signals into motion of the mouse cursor along X and Y axes on the computer screen Hawley Mark II Mice from the Mouse House The ball is mostly steel with a precision spherical rubber surface The weight of the ball given an appropriate working surface under the mouse provides a reliable grip so the mouse s movement is transmitted accurately Ball mice and wheel mice were manufactured for Xerox by Jack Hawley doing business as The Mouse House in Berkeley California starting in 1975 57 58 Based on another invention by Jack Hawley proprietor of the Mouse House Honeywell produced another type of mechanical mouse 59 60 Instead of a ball it had two wheels rotating at off axes Key Tronic later produced a similar product 61 Modern computer mice took form at the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne EPFL under the inspiration of Professor Jean Daniel Nicoud and at the hands of engineer and watchmaker Andre Guignard 62 This new design incorporated a single hard rubber mouseball and three buttons and remained a common design until the mainstream adoption of the scroll wheel mouse during the 1990s 63 In 1985 Rene Sommer added a microprocessor to Nicoud s and Guignard s design 64 Through this innovation Sommer is credited with inventing a significant component of the mouse which made it more intelligent 64 though optical mice from Mouse Systems had incorporated microprocessors by 1984 65 Another type of mechanical mouse the analog mouse now generally regarded as obsolete uses potentiometers rather than encoder wheels and is typically designed to be plug compatible with an analog joystick The Color Mouse originally marketed by RadioShack for their Color Computer but also usable on MS DOS machines equipped with analog joystick ports provided the software accepted joystick input was the best known example Optical and laser mice Edit The underside of an optical mouse Main article Optical mouse Early optical mice relied entirely on one or more light emitting diodes LEDs and an imaging array of photodiodes to detect movement relative to the underlying surface eschewing the internal moving parts a mechanical mouse uses in addition to its optics A laser mouse is an optical mouse that uses coherent laser light The earliest optical mice detected movement on pre printed mousepad surfaces whereas the modern LED optical mouse works on most opaque diffuse surfaces it is usually unable to detect movement on specular surfaces like polished stone Laser diodes provide good resolution and precision improving performance on opaque specular surfaces Later more surface independent optical mice use an optoelectronic sensor essentially a tiny low resolution video camera to take successive images of the surface on which the mouse operates Battery powered wireless optical mice flash the LED intermittently to save power and only glow steadily when movement is detected Inertial and gyroscopic mice Edit Often called air mice since they do not require a surface to operate inertial mice use a tuning fork or other accelerometer US Patent 4787051 66 to detect rotary movement for every axis supported The most common models manufactured by Logitech and Gyration work using 2 degrees of rotational freedom and are insensitive to spatial translation The user requires only small wrist rotations to move the cursor reducing user fatigue or gorilla arm Usually cordless they often have a switch to deactivate the movement circuitry between use allowing the user freedom of movement without affecting the cursor position A patent for an inertial mouse claims that such mice consume less power than optically based mice and offer increased sensitivity reduced weight and increased ease of use 67 In combination with a wireless keyboard an inertial mouse can offer alternative ergonomic arrangements which do not require a flat work surface potentially alleviating some types of repetitive motion injuries related to workstation posture 3D mice Edit SpaceBall redirects here For other uses see Spaceball disambiguation This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is conflation of devices that you wave around above the desk with devices that remain on the desk while you apply forces and torques to them Please help improve this section if you can April 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Also known as bats 68 flying mice or wands 69 these devices generally function through ultrasound and provide at least three degrees of freedom Probably the best known example would be 3Dconnexion Logitech s SpaceMouse from the early 1990s In the late 1990s Kantek introduced the 3D RingMouse This wireless mouse was worn on a ring around a finger which enabled the thumb to access three buttons The mouse was tracked in three dimensions by a base station 70 Despite a certain appeal it was finally discontinued because it did not provide sufficient resolution One example of a 2000s consumer 3D pointing device is the Wii Remote While primarily a motion sensing device that is it can determine its orientation and direction of movement Wii Remote can also detect its spatial position by comparing the distance and position of the lights from the IR emitter using its integrated IR camera since the nunchuk accessory lacks a camera it can only tell its current heading and orientation The obvious drawback to this approach is that it can only produce spatial coordinates while its camera can see the sensor bar More accurate consumer devices have since been released including the PlayStation Move the Razer Hydra and the controllers part of the HTC Vive virtual reality system All of these devices can accurately detect position and orientation in 3D space regardless of angle relative to the sensor station citation needed A mouse related controller called the SpaceBall 71 has a ball placed above the work surface that can easily be gripped With spring loaded centering it sends both translational as well as angular displacements on all six axes in both directions for each In November 2010 a German Company called Axsotic introduced a new concept of 3D mouse called 3D Spheric Mouse This new concept of a true six degree of freedom input device uses a ball to rotate in 3 axes and an elastic polymer anchored tetrahedron inspired suspension for translating the ball without any limitations 72 A contactless sensor design uses a magnetic sensor array for sensing three aches translation and two optical mouse sensors for three aches rotation The special tetrahedron suspension allows a user to rotate the ball with the fingers while input translations with the hand wrist motion 73 Logitech spacemouse 3D On display at the Bolo Computer Museum EPFL Lausanne Silicon Graphics SpaceBall model 1003 1988 allowing manipulation of objects with six degrees of freedom Logitech 3D Mouse 1990 the first ultrasonic mouse A modern six degrees of freedom 6 DOF 3D mouse 2007 Mechanism of the modern 6 DOF mouse consisting of infrared LEDs and detectors with occluders that move with the ball The Axsotic 3D Spheric Mouse 6D is the first 3D Mouse that separates rotation and translation in finger and hand wrist movements Tactile mice Edit In 2000 Logitech introduced a tactile mouse known as the iFeel Mouse developed by Immersion Corporation that contained a small actuator to enable the mouse to generate simulated physical sensations 74 75 Such a mouse can augment user interfaces with haptic feedback such as giving feedback when crossing a window boundary To surf the internet by touch enabled mouse was first developed in 1996 76 and first implemented commercially by the Wingman Force Feedback Mouse 77 It requires the user to be able to feel depth or hardness this ability was realized with the first electrorheological tactile mice 78 but never marketed Pucks Edit Tablet digitizers are sometimes used with accessories called pucks devices which rely on absolute positioning but can be configured for sufficiently mouse like relative tracking that they are sometimes marketed as mice 79 Ergonomic mice Edit A vertical mouse As the name suggests this type of mouse is intended to provide optimum comfort and avoid injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome arthritis and other repetitive strain injuries It is designed to fit natural hand position and movements to reduce discomfort When holding a typical mouse the ulna and radius bones on the arm are crossed Some designs attempt to place the palm more vertically so the bones take more natural parallel position 80 Some limit wrist movement encouraging arm movement instead that may be less precise but more optimal from the health point of view A mouse may be angled from the thumb downward to the opposite side this is known to reduce wrist pronation 81 However such optimizations make the mouse right or left hand specific making more problematic to change the tired hand Time has criticized manufacturers for offering few or no left handed ergonomic mice Oftentimes I felt like I was dealing with someone who d never actually met a left handed person before 82 Keyboard with roller bar mouse Another solution is a pointing bar device The so called roller bar mouse is positioned snugly in front of the keyboard thus allowing bi manual accessibility 83 Gaming mice Edit A Logitech G402 gaming mouse with multiple additional buttons These mice are specifically designed for use in computer games They typically employ a wider array of controls and buttons and have designs that differ radically from traditional mice They may also have decorative monochrome or programmable RGB LED lighting The additional buttons can often be used for changing the sensitivity of the mouse 84 or they can be assigned programmed to macros i e for opening a program or for use instead of a key combination 85 It is also common for game mice especially those designed for use in real time strategy games such as StarCraft or in multiplayer online battle arena games such as League of Legends to have a relatively high sensitivity measured in dots per inch DPI 86 which can be as high as 25 600 87 Some advanced mice from gaming manufacturers also allow users to adjust the weight of the mouse by adding or subtracting weights to allow for easier control 88 Ergonomic quality is also an important factor in gaming mouse as extended gameplay times may render further use of the mouse to be uncomfortable Some mice have been designed to have adjustable features such as removable and or elongated palm rests horizontally adjustable thumb rests and pinky rests Some mice may include several different rests with their products to ensure comfort for a wider range of target consumers 89 Gaming mice are held by gamers in three styles of grip 90 91 Palm Grip the hand rests on the mouse with extended fingers 92 93 Claw Grip palm rests on the mouse bent fingers 94 93 Finger Tip Grip bent fingers palm does not touch the mouse 95 93 Connectivity and communication protocols Edit A Microsoft wireless Arc Mouse marketed as travel friendly and foldable but otherwise operated exactly like other 3 button wheel based optical mice To transmit their input typical cabled mice use a thin electrical cord terminating in a standard connector such as RS 232C PS 2 ADB or USB Cordless mice instead transmit data via infrared radiation see IrDA or radio including Bluetooth although many such cordless interfaces are themselves connected through the aforementioned wired serial buses While the electrical interface and the format of the data transmitted by commonly available mice is currently standardized on USB in the past it varied between different manufacturers A bus mouse used a dedicated interface card for connection to an IBM PC or compatible computer Mouse use in DOS applications became more common after the introduction of the Microsoft Mouse largely because Microsoft provided an open standard for communication between applications and mouse driver software Thus any application written to use the Microsoft standard could use a mouse with a driver that implements the same API even if the mouse hardware itself was incompatible with Microsoft s This driver provides the state of the buttons and the distance the mouse has moved in units that its documentation calls mickeys 96 Early mice Edit Xerox Alto mouse In the 1970s the Xerox Alto mouse and in the 1980s the Xerox optical mouse used a quadrature encoded X and Y interface This two bit encoding per dimension had the property that only one bit of the two would change at a time like a Gray code or Johnson counter so that the transitions would not be misinterpreted when asynchronously sampled 97 The earliest mass market mice such as on the original Macintosh Amiga and Atari ST mice used a D subminiature 9 pin connector to send the quadrature encoded X and Y axis signals directly plus one pin per mouse button The mouse was a simple optomechanical device and the decoding circuitry was all in the main computer The DE 9 connectors were designed to be electrically compatible with the joysticks popular on numerous 8 bit systems such as the Commodore 64 and the Atari 2600 Although the ports could be used for both purposes the signals must be interpreted differently As a result plugging a mouse into a joystick port causes the joystick to continuously move in some direction even if the mouse stays still whereas plugging a joystick into a mouse port causes the mouse to only be able to move a single pixel in each direction Serial interface and protocol Edit Signals XA and XB in quadrature convey X direction motion while YA and YB convey Y dimension motion here the pointer cursor is shown drawing a small curve Because the IBM PC did not have a quadrature decoder built in early PC mice used the RS 232C serial port to communicate encoded mouse movements as well as provide power to the mouse s circuits The Mouse Systems Corporation version used a five byte protocol and supported three buttons The Microsoft version used a three byte protocol and supported two buttons Due to the incompatibility between the two protocols some manufacturers sold serial mice with a mode switch PC for MSC mode MS for Microsoft mode 98 Apple Desktop Bus Edit Apple Macintosh Plus mice beige mouse left platinum mouse right 1986 In 1986 Apple first implemented the Apple Desktop Bus allowing the daisy chaining of up to 16 devices including mice and other devices on the same bus with no configuration whatsoever Featuring only a single data pin the bus used a purely polled approach to device communications and survived as the standard on mainstream models including a number of non Apple workstations until 1998 when Apple s iMac line of computers joined the industry wide switch to using USB Beginning with the Bronze Keyboard PowerBook G3 in May 1999 Apple dropped the external ADB port in favor of USB but retained an internal ADB connection in the PowerBook G4 for communication with its built in keyboard and trackpad until early 2005 PS 2 interface and protocol Edit Further information PS 2 connector Color coded PS 2 connection ports purple for keyboard and green for mouse With the arrival of the IBM PS 2 personal computer series in 1987 IBM introduced the eponymous PS 2 port for mice and keyboards which other manufacturers rapidly adopted The most visible change was the use of a round 6 pin mini DIN in lieu of the former 5 pin MIDI style full sized DIN 41524 connector In default mode called stream mode a PS 2 mouse communicates motion and the state of each button by means of 3 byte packets 99 For any motion button press or button release event a PS 2 mouse sends over a bi directional serial port a sequence of three bytes with the following format Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0Byte 1 YV XV YS XS 1 MB RB LBByte 2 X movementByte 3 Y movementHere XS and YS represent the sign bits of the movement vectors XV and YV indicate an overflow in the respective vector component and LB MB and RB indicate the status of the left middle and right mouse buttons 1 pressed PS 2 mice also understand several commands for reset and self test switching between different operating modes and changing the resolution of the reported motion vectors A Microsoft IntelliMouse relies on an extension of the PS 2 protocol the ImPS 2 or IMPS 2 protocol the abbreviation combines the concepts of IntelliMouse and PS 2 It initially operates in standard PS 2 format for backward compatibility After the host sends a special command sequence it switches to an extended format in which a fourth byte carries information about wheel movements The IntelliMouse Explorer works analogously with the difference that its 4 byte packets also allow for two additional buttons for a total of five 100 Mouse vendors also use other extended formats often without providing public documentation The Typhoon mouse uses 6 byte packets which can appear as a sequence of two standard 3 byte packets such that an ordinary PS 2 driver can handle them 101 For 3 D or 6 degree of freedom input vendors have made many extensions both to the hardware and to software In the late 1990s Logitech created ultrasound based tracking which gave 3D input to a few millimeters accuracy which worked well as an input device but failed as a profitable product In 2008 Motion4U introduced its OptiBurst system using IR tracking for use as a Maya graphics software plugin relevant A USB connector soon superseded the PS 2 keyboard and computer mouse connectors shown above USB Edit This section needs expansion with information on how USB is used by mice such as details of the USB protocol You can help by adding to it April 2020 The industry standard USB Universal Serial Bus protocol and its connector have become widely used for mice it is among the most popular types 102 Cordless or wireless Edit Cordless or wireless mice transmit data via radio 103 Some mice connect to the computer through Bluetooth or Wi Fi while others use a receiver that plugs into the computer for example through a USB port Many mice that use a USB receiver have a storage compartment for it inside the mouse Some nano receivers are designed to be small enough to remain plugged into a laptop during transport while still being large enough to easily remove 104 The Logitech Metaphor the first wireless mouse 1984 On display at the Musee Bolo EPFL An older Microsoft wireless mouse made for notebook computers Microsoft Bluetooth Mobile Mouse 3600 A wireless Apple mouseOperating system support EditMS DOS and Windows 1 0 support connecting a mouse such as a Microsoft Mouse via multiple interfaces BallPoint Bus InPort Serial port or PS 2 105 Windows 98 added built in support for USB Human Interface Device class USB HID 106 with native vertical scrolling support 107 Windows 2000 and Windows Me expanded this built in support to 5 button mice 108 Windows XP Service Pack 2 introduced a Bluetooth stack allowing Bluetooth mice to be used without any USB receivers 109 Windows Vista added native support for horizontal scrolling and standardized wheel movement granularity for finer scrolling 107 Windows 8 introduced BLE Bluetooth Low Energy mouse HID support 110 Multiple mouse systems EditSome systems allow two or more mice to be used at once as input devices Late 1980s era home computers such as the Amiga used this to allow computer games with two players interacting on the same computer Lemmings and The Settlers for example The same idea is sometimes used in collaborative software e g to simulate a whiteboard that multiple users can draw on without passing a single mouse around Microsoft Windows since Windows 98 has supported multiple simultaneous pointing devices Because Windows only provides a single screen cursor using more than one device at the same time requires cooperation of users or applications designed for multiple input devices Multiple mice are often used in multi user gaming in addition to specially designed devices that provide several input interfaces Windows also has full support for multiple input mouse configurations for multi user environments Starting with Windows XP Microsoft introduced an SDK for developing applications that allow multiple input devices to be used at the same time with independent cursors and independent input points However it no longer appears to be available 111 The introduction of Windows Vista and Microsoft Surface now known as Microsoft PixelSense introduced a new set of input APIs that were adopted into Windows 7 allowing for 50 points cursors all controlled by independent users The new input points provide traditional mouse input however they were designed with other input technologies like touch and image in mind They inherently offer 3D coordinates along with pressure size tilt angle mask and even an image bitmap to see and recognize the input point object on the screen As of 2009 Linux distributions and other operating systems that use X Org such as OpenSolaris and FreeBSD support 255 cursors input points through Multi Pointer X However currently no window managers support Multi Pointer X leaving it relegated to custom software usage There have also been propositions of having a single operator use two mice simultaneously as a more sophisticated means of controlling various graphics and multimedia applications 112 Buttons EditMain article Mouse button Razer Mouse with additional buttons Mouse buttons are microswitches which can be pressed to select or interact with an element of a graphical user interface producing a distinctive clicking sound Since around the late 1990s the three button scrollmouse has become the de facto standard Users most commonly employ the second button to invoke a contextual menu in the computer s software user interface which contains options specifically tailored to the interface element over which the mouse cursor currently sits By default the primary mouse button sits located on the left hand side of the mouse for the benefit of right handed users left handed users can usually reverse this configuration via software Scrolling EditMain article Scroll wheel Nearly all mice now have an integrated input primarily intended for scrolling on top usually a single axis digital wheel or rocker switch which can also be depressed to act as a third button Though less common many mice instead have two axis inputs such as a tiltable wheel trackball or touchpad Those with a trackball may be designed to stay stationary using the trackball instead of moving the mouse 113 Speed EditMickeys per second is a unit of measurement for the speed and movement direction of a computer mouse 96 where direction is often expressed as horizontal versus vertical mickey count However speed can also refer to the ratio between how many pixels the cursor moves on the screen and how far the mouse moves on the mouse pad which may be expressed as pixels per mickey pixels per inch or pixels per centimeter The computer industry often measures mouse sensitivity in terms of counts per inch CPI commonly expressed as dots per inch DPI the number of steps the mouse will report when it moves one inch In early mice this specification was called pulses per inch ppi 57 The mickey originally referred to one of these counts or one resolvable step of motion If the default mouse tracking condition involves moving the cursor by one screen pixel or dot on screen per reported step then the CPI does equate to DPI dots of cursor motion per inch of mouse motion The CPI or DPI as reported by manufacturers depends on how they make the mouse the higher the CPI the faster the cursor moves with mouse movement However software can adjust the mouse sensitivity making the cursor move faster or slower than its CPI As of 2007 update software can change the speed of the cursor dynamically taking into account the mouse s absolute speed and the movement from the last stop point In most software an example being the Windows platforms this setting is named speed referring to cursor precision However some operating systems name this setting acceleration the typical Apple OS designation This term is incorrect Mouse acceleration in most mouse software refers to the change in speed of the cursor over time while the mouse movement is constant clarification needed citation needed For simple software when the mouse starts to move the software will count the number of counts or mickeys received from the mouse and will move the cursor across the screen by that number of pixels or multiplied by a rate factor typically less than 1 The cursor will move slowly on the screen with good precision When the movement of the mouse passes the value set for some threshold the software will start to move the cursor faster with a greater rate factor Usually the user can set the value of the second rate factor by changing the acceleration setting Operating systems sometimes apply acceleration referred to as ballistics to the motion reported by the mouse For example versions of Windows prior to Windows XP doubled reported values above a configurable threshold and then optionally doubled them again above a second configurable threshold These doublings applied separately in the X and Y directions resulting in very nonlinear response 114 Mousepads EditMain article Mousepad Engelbart s original mouse did not require a mousepad 115 the mouse had two large wheels which could roll on virtually any surface However most subsequent mechanical mice starting with the steel roller ball mouse have required a mousepad for optimal performance The mousepad the most common mouse accessory appears most commonly in conjunction with mechanical mice because to roll smoothly the ball requires more friction than common desk surfaces usually provide So called hard mousepads for gamers or optical laser mice also exist Most optical and laser mice do not require a pad the notable exception being early optical mice which relied on a grid on the pad to detect movement e g Mouse Systems Whether to use a hard or soft mousepad with an optical mouse is largely a matter of personal preference One exception occurs when the desk surface creates problems for the optical or laser tracking for example a transparent or reflective surface such as glass Some mice also come with small pads attached to the bottom surface also called mouse feet or mouse skates that help the user slide the mouse smoothly across surfaces 116 In the marketplace Edit Computer mice built between 1986 and 2007 Around 1981 Xerox included mice with its Xerox Star based on the mouse used in the 1970s on the Alto computer at Xerox PARC Sun Microsystems Symbolics Lisp Machines Inc and Tektronix also shipped workstations with mice starting in about 1981 Later inspired by the Star Apple Computer released the Apple Lisa which also used a mouse However none of these products achieved large scale success Only with the release of the Apple Macintosh in 1984 did the mouse see widespread use 117 The Macintosh design 118 commercially successful and technically influential led many other vendors to begin producing mice or including them with their other computer products by 1986 Atari ST Amiga Windows 1 0 GEOS for the Commodore 64 and the Apple IIGS 119 The widespread adoption of graphical user interfaces in the software of the 1980s and 1990s made mice all but indispensable for controlling computers In November 2008 Logitech built their billionth mouse 120 Use in games Edit Logitech G5 laser mouse designed for games with adjustable weights on left The device often functions as an interface for PC based computer games and sometimes for video game consoles The Classic Mac OS Desk Accessory Puzzle in 1984 was the first game designed specifically for a mouse 121 First person shooters Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed August 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message FPSs naturally lend themselves to separate and simultaneous control of the player s movement and aim and on computers this has traditionally been achieved with a combination of keyboard and mouse Players use the X axis of the mouse for looking or turning left and right and the Y axis for looking up and down the keyboard is used for movement and supplemental inputs Many shooting genre players prefer a mouse over a gamepad analog stick because the wide range of motion offered by a mouse allows for faster and more varied control Although an analog stick allows the player more granular control it is poor for certain movements as the player s input is relayed based on a vector of both the stick s direction and magnitude Thus a small but fast movement known as flick shotting using a gamepad requires the player to quickly move the stick from its rest position to the edge and back again in quick succession a difficult maneuver In addition the stick also has a finite magnitude if the player is currently using the stick to move at a non zero velocity their ability to increase the rate of movement of the camera is further limited based on the position their displaced stick was already at before executing the maneuver The effect of this is that a mouse is well suited not only to small precise movements but also to large quick movements and immediate responsive movements all of which are important in shooter gaming 122 This advantage also extends in varying degrees to similar game styles such as third person shooters Some incorrectly ported games or game engines have acceleration and interpolation curves which unintentionally produce excessive irregular or even negative acceleration when used with a mouse instead of their native platform s non mouse default input device Depending on how deeply hardcoded this misbehavior is internal user patches or external 3rd party software may be able to fix it 123 Individual game engines will also have their own sensitivities 124 This often restricts one from taking a game s existing sensitivity transferring it to another and acquiring the same 360 rotational measurements A sensitivity converter is required in order to translate rotational movements properly 125 Due to their similarity to the WIMP desktop metaphor interface for which mice were originally designed and to their own tabletop game origins computer strategy games are most commonly played with mice In particular real time strategy and MOBA games usually require the use of a mouse The left button usually controls primary fire If the game supports multiple fire modes the right button often provides secondary fire from the selected weapon Games with only a single fire mode will generally map secondary fire to aim down the weapon sights In some games the right button may also invoke accessories for a particular weapon such as allowing access to the scope of a sniper rifle or allowing the mounting of a bayonet or silencer Players can use a scroll wheel for changing weapons or for controlling scope zoom magnification in older games On most first person shooter games programming may also assign more functions to additional buttons on mice with more than three controls A keyboard usually controls movement for example WASD for moving forward left backward and right respectively and other functions such as changing posture Since the mouse serves for aiming a mouse that tracks movement accurately and with less lag latency will give a player an advantage over players with less accurate or slower mice In some cases the right mouse button may be used to move the player forward either in lieu of or in conjunction with the typical WASD configuration Many games provide players with the option of mapping their own choice of a key or button to a certain control An early technique of players circle strafing saw a player continuously strafing while aiming and shooting at an opponent by walking in circle around the opponent with the opponent at the center of the circle Players could achieve this by holding down a key for strafing while continuously aiming the mouse toward the opponent Games using mice for input are so popular that many manufacturers make mice specifically for gaming Such mice may feature adjustable weights high resolution optical or laser components additional buttons ergonomic shape and other features such as adjustable CPI Mouse Bungees are typically used with gaming mice because it eliminates the annoyance of the cable Many games such as first or third person shooters have a setting named invert mouse or similar not to be confused with button inversion sometimes performed by left handed users which allows the user to look downward by moving the mouse forward and upward by moving the mouse backward the opposite of non inverted movement This control system resembles that of aircraft control sticks where pulling back causes pitch up and pushing forward causes pitch down computer joysticks also typically emulate this control configuration After id Software s commercial hit of Doom which did not support vertical aiming competitor Bungie s Marathon became the first first person shooter to support using the mouse to aim up and down 126 Games using the Build engine had an option to invert the Y axis The invert feature actually made the mouse behave in a manner that users now update regard as non inverted by default moving mouse forward resulted in looking down Soon after id Software released Quake which introduced the invert feature as users now update know it Home consoles Edit Sega Dreamcast mouse In 1988 the VTech Socrates educational video game console featured a wireless mouse with an attached mouse pad as an optional controller used for some games In the early 1990s the Super Nintendo Entertainment System video game system featured a mouse in addition to its controllers A mouse was also released for the Nintendo 64 although it was only released in Japan The 1992 game Mario Paint in particular used the mouse s capabilities 127 as did its Japanese only successor Mario Artist on the N64 for its 64DD disk drive peripheral in 1999 Sega released official mice for their Genesis Mega Drive Saturn and Dreamcast consoles NEC sold official mice for its PC Engine and PC FX consoles Sony released an official mouse product for the PlayStation console included one along with the Linux for PlayStation 2 kit as well as allowing owners to use virtually any USB mouse with the PS2 PS3 and PS4 Nintendo s Wii also had this feature implemented in a later software update and this support was retained on its successor the Wii U Microsoft s Xbox line of game consoles which used operaring systems based on modified versions of Windows NT also had universal wide mouse support using USB See also Edit Electronics portalComputer accessibility Footmouse Graphics tablet Gesture recognition Human computer interaction HCI Mouse keys Mouse tracking Optical trackpad Pointing stick Rotational mouseNotes Edit General dictionaries usually mention mouses as a possible alternative plural but technical dictionaries usually omit this rare form e g Webopedia FOLDOC Netlingo The 4 bit A B rotary encoders MCB CC27E08 A B used in the Telefunken Rollkugel RKS 100 86 provide 14 states repeated either 4 A or 5 B times per revolution for an effectively resulting resolution of c 35 6 dpi A or c 43 5 dpi B respectively Mallebrein erroneously remembers them even as 5 bit encoders C The 14 cyclic unit distance codes described in the first two sources are identical to a 4 bit Gray code with the two outmost states 0 15 eliminated At first glance the documented codes seem to differ between the two sources in fact they are identical but use inverted definitions of the 0 1 states and the direction of rotation 4 bit 14 cyclic unit distance Rollkugel code Bit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 154 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 02 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 01 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0References Edit a b Oxford English Dictionary mouse sense 13 a b c Bardini Thierry 2000 Bootstrapping Douglas Engelbart Coevolution and the Origins of Personal Computing Stanford Stanford University Press p 98 ISBN 978 0 8047 3871 2 a b English William Kirk Engelbart Douglas C Huddart Bonnie July 1965 Computer Aided Display Control Final Report Menlo Park Stanford Research Institute p 6 Retrieved 2017 01 03 a b c Markoff John Gregory 2005 2004 06 11 2 Augmentation What the Dormouse Said How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry Penguin Books Penguin Random House LLC pp 123 124 ISBN 978 1 101 20108 4 Retrieved 2021 08 26 pp 123 124 Although it is commonly believed that the story of how the mouse got its name has been lost in history Roger Bates who was a young hardware designer working for Bill English has a clear recollection of how the name was chosen He remembers that what today is called the cursor on the screen was at the time called a CAT Bates has forgotten what CAT stood for and no one else seems to remember either but in hindseight it seems obvious that a CAT would chase the tailed mouse on the desktop 336 pages a b Markoff John Gregory 2013 07 03 Douglas C Engelbart 1925 2013 Computer Visionary Who Invented the Mouse The New York Times Archived from the original on 2021 06 15 Retrieved 2021 08 26 When and under what circumstances the term the mouse arose is hard to pin down but one hardware designer Roger Bates has contended that it happened under Mr English s watch Mr Bates was a college sophomore and Mr English was his mentor at the time Mr Bates said the name was a logical extension of the term then used for the cursor on a screen CAT Mr Bates did not remember what CAT stood for but it seemed to all that the cursor was chasing their tailed desktop device Definition for Mouse 2011 Archived from the original on 2019 12 07 Retrieved 2011 07 06 Licklider J C R April 1968 The Computer as a Communication Device PDF Science and Technology Archived PDF from the original on 2000 08 15 a b Copping Jasper 2013 07 11 Briton I invented the computer mouse 20 years before the Americans The Telegraph Retrieved 2013 07 18 a b Hill Peter C J ed 2005 09 16 RALPH BENJAMIN An Interview Conducted by Peter C J Hill Interview Interview 465 IEEE History Center The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc Retrieved 2013 07 18 Vardalas J 1994 From DATAR to the FP 6000 Technological change in a Canadian industrial context IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 16 2 20 30 doi 10 1109 85 279228 S2CID 15277748 Ball Norman R Vardalas John N 1993 Ferranti Packard Pioneers in Canadian Electrical Manufacturing McGill Queen s Press ISBN 978 0 7735 0983 2 FP 6000 From DATAR To The FP 6000 ieee ca Archived from the original on 2019 04 04 Retrieved 2021 06 28 First mouse CERN Courier cerncourier com Retrieved 2015 06 24 a b c d Bardini Thierry 2000 Bootstrapping Douglas Engelbart Coevolution and the Origins of Personal Computing Stanford Stanford University Press p 95 ISBN 978 0 8047 3871 2 Ceruzzi Paul E 2012 Computing A Concise History Cambridge MA MIT Press p 121 ISBN 978 0 262 31039 0 Rheingold Howard 2000 The Virtual Community Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier Cambridge MA MIT Press p 64 ISBN 978 0 262 26110 4 Lyon Matthew Hafner Katie 1998 Where Wizards Stay Up Late The Origins Of The Internet New York Simon amp Schuster p 78 ISBN 978 0 684 87216 2 Hey Tony Papay Gyuri 2015 The Computing Universe A Journey through a Revolution New York Cambridge University Press p 162 ISBN 978 1 316 12322 5 Atkinson Paul 2010 Computer London Reaktion Books p 63 ISBN 978 1 86189 737 4 Khazan Olga 2013 07 03 Douglas Engelbart computer visionary and inventor of the mouse dies at 88 The Washington Post WP Company Retrieved 2017 01 18 Markoff John 2013 07 03 Computer Visionary Who Invented the Mouse The New York Times New York Retrieved 2017 01 18 Arnold Laurence 2013 07 03 Douglas Engelbart Computer Mouse Creator Visionary Dies at 88 Bloomberg Bloomberg L P Retrieved 2017 01 18 Chappell Bill Inventor Of Computer Mouse Dies Doug Engelbart Was 88 The Two Way Breaking News from NPR Washington D C NPR Retrieved 2017 01 18 Edwards Benj 2008 12 09 The computer mouse turns 40 Macworld Retrieved 2009 04 16 Mouses vs mice The Ultimate Learn And Resource Center Retrieved 2017 07 09 Maggie Shiels 2008 07 17 Say goodbye to the computer mouse BBC News Retrieved 2008 07 17 Engelbart Douglas C Landau Clegg Evolving Collective Intelligence The Demo That Changed the World Smithsonian Magazine Archived from the original on 2012 12 28 Retrieved 2013 01 03 Engelbart Douglas C March 1967 Display Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics pp 5 15 retrieved 2013 03 26 Engelbart Christina Display Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation 1967 AUGMENT 133184 Doug Engelbart Institute dougengelbart org Retrieved 2016 03 15 a b Neubauer Gunter 1968 10 02 Sichtgerate in elektronischen Datenverarbeitungsanlagen PDF Technische Mitteilungen Beiheft Datenverarbeitung in German Vol 1 no 2 Berlin Germany AEG Telefunken pp 15 18 DK 621 385 832 681 325 Archived PDF from the original on 2021 01 21 Retrieved 2021 08 23 1 4 pages a b c SIG 100 video terminal and mouse Mountain View California USA Computer History Museum 2011 1968 AEG 969 68 Archived from the original on 2021 08 21 Retrieved 2021 08 24 a b Datenverarbeitung Informationsblatt TR 440 Arbeitsplatz Sichtgerat SIG 100 Tastatur Fernschreiber FSR 105 Fernschreibmultiplexer FMP 301 PDF in German 0671 ed Konstanz Germany AEG Telefunken Fachbereich Informationstechnik June 1971 pp 1 4 MPN N31 A2 10 Retrieved 2021 08 24 p 2 Sichtgerat SIG 100 Als Zusatzeinrichtung des Datensichtgerates kann eine Rollkugelsteuerung geliefert werden Fur deren Inbetriebnahme ist jedoch der Besitz einer Tastatur Sendeelektronik Voraussetzung Die Rollkugelsteuerung erlaubt es eine elektronisch eingeblendete Marke von Hand an jede beliebige Stelle des Bildschirms zu schieben Mit ihrer Hilfe ist es moglich an der gekennzeichneten Stelle eine neue Rechnerinformation sichtbar zu machen oder aber eine bereits vorhandene Information zu andern zu loschen oder zu erweitern 4 pages a b c d e f Bulow Ralf 2009 04 28 Auf den Spuren der deutschen Computermaus In the footsteps of the German computer mouse Heise online in German Heise Verlag Archived from the original on 2021 08 23 Retrieved 2013 01 07 a b c d e f Wenn die Maus zweimal klingelt HNF Blog Neues von gestern aus der Computergeschichte in German Paderborn Germany Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum 2016 10 04 Archived from the original on 2021 02 25 Retrieved 2021 08 23 a b c d e f g Yacoub Mousa Turfa Majd Maurer Fabian 2016 08 19 2 1 Measurements and Properties Reverse Engineering of the Computer Mouse RKS 100 PDF pp 2 3 5 Archived from the original PDF on 2017 11 15 Retrieved 2017 11 15 p 2 The Encoders made by MCB transmit rotation through a 4 bit Gray code alternating between 14 possible configurations while only changing one bit each The commitment to a Gray code with only 14 possible configurations instead of one with 16 configurations may be caused by limitations on the part of the encoders Within a full rotation the encoders cycle through the Gray code for four times resulting in 56 signals per turn To rotate the encoders by 90 14 signals the RKS needs to be moved by around 10 mm While modern encoders use a 2 bit i e 4 configurations Gray code the advantage of this 4 bit encoder lies in the detection of missed bit changes If up to 6 bit changes would pass undetected it would still be possible to find out the direction the encoder rotated in and then interpolate the movement of the mouse cursor The Encoders work completely passive and simply connect or disconnect the four data cables from an input cable that can be connected to either ground or a power supply The button of the RKS works in a similar way using one cable for input and one for output and connecting those while pressed In total 12 cables are used to connect the RKS to the TR 440 de four data cables for each encoder one input cable for both encoders one ground for the upper metal plate one input for the button and one output for the button NB Contains some historical photos See also Encoder remarks a b c d Muller Jurgen 2021 2018 The first rolling ball mouse e basteln Solving yesterday s problems today Hamburg Germany Archived from the original on 2021 08 23 Retrieved 2021 08 23 The encoders are made by MCB in France codeur a contacts type CC27E08 The encoders produce a 4 bit Gray code only a single bit will change between adjacent states with 14 states Also each individual output maintains its value for at least two successive states that allows for a somewhat slower time constant on de bouncing the contacts This sequence is repeated 5 times for a full revolution of the encoder Since the rubber O ring on the encoder wheel has a diameter of 13 mm that makes for a resolution of 5 14 counts p 13 mm 1 7 counts mm 43 5 counts inch 1 NB See also Encoder remarks a b c d e f g h i Mallebrein Rainer 2018 02 18 Oral History of Rainer Mallebrein PDF Interview in German and English Interviewed by Steinbach Gunter Singen am Hohentwiel Germany Mountain View California USA Computer History Museum CHM Ref X8517 2018 Archived PDF from the original on 2021 01 27 Retrieved 2021 08 23 18 pages NB See also Encoder remarks a b c d Ebner Susanne 2018 01 24 Entwickler aus Singen uber die Anfange der Computermaus Wir waren der Zeit voraus Singen based developer about the advent of the computer mouse We were ahead of time Leben und Wissen Sudkurier in German Konstanz Germany Sudkurier GmbH OCLC 1184800329 ZDB ID 1411183 4 DNB IDN 019058799 Archived from the original on 2021 03 02 Retrieved 2021 08 22 Technische Angaben Telefunken TR440 PDF in German Ulm Germany Telefunken Aktiengesellschaft Fachbereich Anlagen Informationstechnik May 1966 pp 19 20 20 AH 5 2 WB 160 1 Archived PDF from the original on 2021 09 28 Retrieved 2021 08 24 p 20 Peripheriegerate Bildschirmarbeitsplatz Steuermoglichkeiten Eingabetastatur Funktionstastatur Rollkugelsteuerung 22 pages Benutzerstation Sichtgerate SIG 100 SIG 50 Fernschreiber FSR 105 Datenstation DAS 3200 PDF System TR 440 in German 0372 ed Konstanz Germany Telefunken Computer GmbH March 1972 pp 1 2 MPN N31 A2 10 Retrieved 2020 07 13 Sichtgerat SIG 100 Beim Sichtgerat lassen sich die Daten leicht uber die Tastatur und Positionen uber die Rollkugel eingeben Rollkugel Als Zusatzeinrichtung des SIG 100 kann eine Rollkugelsteuerung geliefert werden die es erlaubt eine elektronisch eingeblendete Marke von Hand an jede beliebige Stelle des Bildschirms zu schieben 6 pages a b c Holland Martin 2019 05 14 Rollkugel Erfinder gibt allererste PC Maus nach Paderborn Weltweit gibt es nur noch vier Exemplare Der Erfinder der allerersten Computermaus hat eines der seltenen Gerate nach Nordrhein Westfalen verschenkt Heise online in German Heise Verlag Archived from the original on 2020 11 08 Retrieved 2021 08 23 Mallebrein hatte die Maus fur Telefunken entwickelt das Unternehmen verkaufte sie ab 1968 zusammen mit seinem damaligen Spitzencomputer TR 440 de Allerdings nur 46 Mal vor allem an Universitaten der Rechner war mit bis zu 20 Millionen Mark praktisch unerschwinglich teuer sagt Mallebrein Seine Maus fur 1500 Mark zu haben geriet in Vergessenheit Ein Patent gab es auch nicht Wegen zu geringer Erfindungshohe stand damals im Schreiben des Patentamts erinnert sich der Senior Uber Anwendungsmoglichkeiten war damals gar nicht gesprochen worden namlich dass die Maus Mensch Maschine Interaktion fahren kann 2 a b 50 Jahre Computer mit der Maus Offentliche Veranstaltung am 5 Dezember auf dem Campus Vaihingen Invitation to a plenum discussion in German Stuttgart Germany Informatik Forum Stuttgart infos e V GI ACM Regionalgruppe Stuttgart Boblingen Institut fur Visualisierung und Interaktive Systeme der Universitat Stuttgart and SFB TRR 161 2016 11 28 Archived from the original on 2017 11 15 Retrieved 2017 11 15 Borchers Detlef Henning 2016 12 10 50 Jahre Mensch Maschine Interaktion Finger oder Kugel Heise online in German Heise Verlag Archived from the original on 2017 11 15 Retrieved 2017 11 15 Telefunken s Rollkugel Missoula Montana USA oldmouse com 2009 Archived from the original on 2021 08 22 Retrieved 2021 08 23 RKS 100 86 mouse Rollkugel Mountain View California USA Computer History Museum 2011 1968 Item ID 102667911 Archived from the original on 2021 08 23 Retrieved 2021 08 24 Von Rollkugeln und Mausen Prasentation zur Computermaus im HNF Press announcement in German Paderborn Germany Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum 2019 05 14 Archived from the original on 2021 08 23 Retrieved 2021 08 24 Gold Virginia ACM Turing Award Goes to Creator of First Modern Personal Computer PDF Association for Computing Machinery Archived from the original on 2010 03 11 Retrieved 2011 01 11 Markoff John 1982 05 10 Computer mice are scurrying out of R amp D labs InfoWorld pp 10 11 Retrieved 2015 08 26 Logitech History March 2007 PDF Logitech Archived PDF from the original on 2008 12 21 Retrieved 2019 04 24 30 Years Of Microsoft Hardware Microsoft Retrieved 2012 07 15 Tekla S Perry 2005 08 01 Of Modes and Men IEEE Spectrum Technology Engineering and Science News IEEE Dvorak John C 1984 02 19 The Mac Meets the Press The San Francisco Examiner ISBN 978 1 59327 010 0 a b How to Use Your Computer Mouse For Dummies Retrieved 2013 12 11 Doug Engelbart Father of the Mouse interview Retrieved 2007 09 08 Wadlow Thomas A September 1981 The Xerox Alto Computer BYTE 6 9 58 68 a b The Xerox Mouse Commercialized Making the Macintosh Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley Archived from the original on 2010 07 21 Hawley Mark II X063X Mouses oldmouse com Honeywell mechanical mouse Archived from the original on 2007 04 28 Retrieved 2007 01 31 Honeywell mouse patent Retrieved 2007 09 11 Keytronic 2HW73 1ES Mouse Archived from the original on 2007 09 27 Retrieved 2007 01 31 Of Mice and Men and PCs News softpedia com 1970 11 17 Retrieved 2017 11 27 Inventions computer mouse the CNN site CNN Archived from the original on 2005 04 24 Retrieved 2006 12 31 a b Computer mouse inventor dies in Vaud World Radio Switzerland 2009 10 14 Archived from the original on 2011 07 07 Retrieved 2009 10 28 Caruso Denise 1984 05 14 People InfoWorld InfoWorld Media Group Inc 6 20 16 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Johnston Lisa What Is a Nano Wireless Receiver Retrieved 2010 09 03 Features and Benefits of Version 8 0 Series Mouse Drivers Human Interface Devices Design Guide microsoft com Microsoft Archived from the original on 2010 12 22 Retrieved 2010 12 26 a b Enhanced Wheel Support in Windows Windows and the 5 Button Wheel Mouse Microsoft Developer Network Microsoft 2001 12 04 Archived from the original on 2013 03 14 Retrieved 2019 04 17 Connect a Bluetooth device that does not have or require a transceiver Bluetooth Low Energy Overview Multipoint Mouse SDK Microsoft Developer Microsoft Archived from the original on 2015 02 16 Retrieved 2012 08 05 Nakamura S Tsukamoto M Nishio S 26 28 August 2001 Design and implementation of the double mouse system for a Window environment 2001 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications Computers and Signal Processing IEEE Cat No 01CH37233 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications Computers and Signal Processing Vol 1 IEEE pp 204 207 doi 10 1109 PACRIM 2001 953558 hdl 11094 14053 ISBN 0 7803 7080 5 Logitech M570 Wireless Trackball Mouse Review Unconventional Features Pointer ballistics for Windows XP Windows Hardware Developer Center Archive Microsoft 2002 Archived from the original on 2010 12 22 Retrieved 2010 04 29 Guy Eric Unit24 Corepad Victory amp Deskpad XXXL Archived from the original on 2006 04 06 Retrieved 2007 10 03 Sam Raymond 2019 07 06 Mouse Feet Replacement Guide Are Hyperglides worth it thegamingsetup Retrieved 2020 09 29 Chan Andrew November 2004 The Macintosh Phenomenon Celebrating Twenty Years of the World s Most Adored Desktop Computers HWM 74 77 Gladwell Malcolm 2011 05 16 Creation Myth Xerox PARC Apple and the truth about innovation The New Yorker Retrieved 2011 08 31 The mouse was conceived by the computer scientist Douglas Engelbart developed by Xerox PARC and made marketable by Apple Booth Stephen A January 1987 Colorful New Apple Popular Mechanics 164 1 16 ISSN 0032 4558 Shiels Maggie 2008 12 03 Logitech s billionth mouse BBC News Retrieved 2010 05 29 Mace Scott 1984 05 07 In Praise of Classics InfoWorld p 56 Retrieved 2015 02 06 Chris Klochek and I Scott MacKenzie 2006 Performance measures of game controllers in a three dimensional environment Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006 pp 73 79 Canadian Information Processing Society ISBN 1 56881 308 2 Glossary Mouse acceleration PCGamingWiki PCGW bugs fixes crashes mods guides and improvements for every PC game PCGamingWiki Retrieved 2015 07 26 Why does every game use a different sensitivity 2020 11 23 Mouse Sensitivity Converter amp Calculator GamingSmart 2020 11 23 First Use of Freelook in a FPS Guinness World Records Retrieved 2015 10 17 Phillips Casey 2011 08 19 Super Nostalgia Local Gamers Fondly Remember Super Nintendo on Its 20th Anniversary Times Free Press Retrieved 2015 10 18 Further reading EditRoch Axel Fire Control and Human Computer Interaction Towards a History of the Computer Mouse 1940 1965 PDF Mindell David Massachusetts Institute of Technology Program in Science Technology and Society Archived PDF from the original on 2021 06 28 Retrieved 2021 08 24 11 pages NB This is based on an earlier German article published in 1996 in Lab Jahrbuch 1995 1996 fur Kunste und Apparate 350 pages by Kunsthochschule fur Medien Koln mit dem Verein der Freunde der Kunsthochschule fur Medien Koln Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther Konig de in Cologne Germany ISBN 3 88375 245 2 Pang Alex Soojung Kim March April 2002 Candland Kevin ed Mighty Mouse In 1980 Apple Computer asked a group of guys fresh from Stanford s product design program to take a 400 device and make it mass producible reliable and cheap Their work transformed personal computing Stanford Magazine Stanford California USA Stanford Alumni Association Stanford University Archived from the original on 2021 08 24 Retrieved 2021 08 23 External links Edit Wikiversity has learning resources about Mouse computing Wikimedia Commons has media related to Computer mice Doug Engelbart Institute mouse resources page includes stories and links The video segment of The Mother of All Demos with Doug Engelbart showing the device from 1968 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Computer mouse amp oldid 1131347081, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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