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Proto-Germanic folklore

April 27, 2024

Proto-Germanic paganism was the beliefs of the speakers of Proto-Germanic and includes topics such as the Germanic mythology, legendry, and folk beliefs of early Germanic culture. By way of the comparative method, Germanic philologists, a variety of historical linguist, have proposed reconstructions of entities, locations, and concepts with various levels of security in early Germanic folklore (reconstructions are indicated by the presence of an asterisk). The present article includes both reconstructed forms and proposed motifs from the early Germanic period.

Linguistic reconstructions can be obtained via comparison between the various Germanic languages, comparison with related words in other Indo-European languages, especially Celtic and Baltic, comparison with borrowings into neighbouring language families such as Uralic, or via a combination of those methods. This allows linguists to project some terms back to the Proto-Germanic period despite their attestation in only one Germanic language; for instance, *saidaz ('magic') is only attested in Old Norse seiðr, but has parallels in Proto-Celtic *soytos and Lithuanian saitas.

Deities edit

Proto-Germanic reconstruction Romano-Germanic West Germanic North Germanic East Germanic Etymology Notes
? Ala-fader[1]
–
–
 ON Alfǫðr[1]
–
 From Pre-Ger. *Ala-faþēr. Identical to PCelt. *Olo-(p)atīr (cf. Middle Irish Ollathair).[2] An epithet meaning 'all-father', used as a byname of Óðinn in Old Norse. It can be compared with the Middle Irish Eochu Ollathair, commonly used for the Dagda.[1]
*Austrōn[3] (See entry notes) OE Ēostre, OHG *Ôstara, OS *Āsteron[3][4]
–
–
 From the PIE stem *h2(e)wes- ('to shine, glow red'). Cognate with the Lithuanian deity Aušrinė, and further related to the PIE dawn-goddess *h₂éwsōs.[3] A West Germanic spring goddess associated with a festival held in her name during the 'Easter-month', *Austro-mēnōþ, equivalent to modern 'April'.[3] The matronae Austriahenae, if Germanic, derive from the same stem.[4] The Old English and Old High German forms are the origin of the modern holiday names Easter and Ostern, respectively.[5] See Ēostre for further discussion.
*Auza-wanđilaz[6]
–
 OE Ēarendel, OHG Aurendil, Lomb. Auriwandalo[7] ON Aurvandil[7] Goth. auzandil[7] Probably a compound of PGmc *auzom ('shiny, shiny liquid') and a derivate of *wanđuz ('rod, cane').[6][8] The PGmc form would therefore perhaps mean 'Light-Beam'[6][8] Generally seen as a personification of the 'rising light' of the morning, possibly embodying the Morning Star (Venus).[8] See Aurvandill for further discussion.
*Balđraz[9]
–
 OE Bældæg, OHG Balder[9] ON Baldr[9]
–
 From PGmc *balþaz ('brave'), which is identical to Lith. báltas ('white', also the name of a light-god), based on the semantic development from 'white' to 'shining' or 'strong' (man) > 'hero, lord, prince'.[10][11] ON Baldr ('brave, defiant; lord, prince') and OHG Balder are close to OE bealdor ('prince, hero').[10][11] The OE theonym Bældæg likely means 'Shining Day', as suggested by his association with 'day' and by the name of the Lith. light-god Báltas.[12] See Baldr for further discussion.
Divine horse twins or dioscuri (motif)[13] Alcis[14] OE Hengist and Horsa, Low German Hengist and Hors (Holstein, 1875)[15]
–
–
–
 Scholars have proposed a variety of figures in the ancient Germanic record as extensions of this motif. Tacitus (Germania), mentions twin deities, the Alcis (PGmc *alhiz ~ *algiz), who he compares to the Greek Dioscuri. The deities are generally seen as a reflex of the Proto-Indo-European Divine twins. Their name either means 'elk' or 'protector'.[16][17] Some scholars have speculated that it may be related to the z-rune ᛉ (algiz), although evidence is scarse.[17]
*Frawja- ~ *Fraw(j)ōn[18][19][20]
–
 OE frēa; OFris. frā; OS frōho, frāho; MDu. vroon; OHG frō[19] ON Freyr (theonym)[19] Goth. frauja[19] Unclear etymology.[20] An epithet meaning 'Lord'/'Lady'.[20] Occurs as a theonym in Old Norse and, in a Christian context, in Old English. According to Kroonen, "both in form and meaning, fraiwa- ('seed') is reminiscent of Freyr 'fertility deity' < *frauja-. We may therefore consider the possibility that *fraiwa- was metathesized from *frawja-, a collective of some kind."[21] See *Fraujaz for further discussion.
*Frawjōn[19]
–
 OS frūa, OHG frouwa[19] ON Freyja (theonym)[19]
–
*Frijjō[22]
–
 OE Frīg, OFris Frīa, OS Frī, OHG Frīja[22] ON Frigg[22]
–
 From PGmc *frijaz ('free'), itself from PIE *priH-o- ('one's own, beloved').[22][23] In a clan-based societal system, the meaning 'free' arose from the meaning 'related' (cf. PGmc *frijōnan 'to love', *friþuz 'friendship, peace').[23] Goddess, in most sources partner of *Wōđanaz. Source of *Frijjadag ('Frijjō-day; Friday').[24] See Frigg for further discussion.
*Fullōn[25]
–
 OHG Volla[25] ON Fulla[25]
–
 From PGmc *fullaz ('full'), meaning 'fullness, plenitude'[25] A goddess associated with *Frijjō. See Fulla for further discussion.
*Gautaz[26]
–
 OE Gēat, Lang.

Gausus[27]

ON Gautr, Gauti[27] Goth. Gaut (Gapt)[27] Derived from PGmc *geutanan ('to pour'), or an ablaut variant of *gutaz ~ *gutōn ('Goth, Gut')[28] A name for Odin.[27] The early Germanic form may mean 'pourer (of semen)', i.e. 'man'.[29] Rudolf Simek writes that as a mythical ancestor of the Goths (Gapt) and considered an ancestor in so many places he may have been the same as Odin in the Germanic peoples' common homeland in Scandinavia.[30] Also the name of the Geats.[26] See Gaut for further discussion.
? *Haihaz[31]
–
–
 ON Hárr[31] Goth. haihs[31] Cognate with PCelt. *kaiko- ('one-eyed, blind in one eye') and, with a slightly different meaning, with PIt. *kaikos ('blind').[2] Perhaps an epithet meaning 'One-Eyed', attested as a common noun in Gothic. ON Hárr, a byname of Óðinn, has been derived from an earlier Proto-Norse *Haiha-hariz/ʀ ('the One-eyed Hero').[31] According to scholar Adam Hyllested, "the Celtic god Lug closes one eye in his magic ritual, while in Germanic mythology being one-eyed is a key attribute of Óðinn".[2] See Hárr for further information.
*Hludanaz Hludana[32][33]
–
 ON Hlóðyn[32][33]
–
 Uncertain etymology.[32] According to De Vries, probably a chthonic deity.[34][33] The ON Hlóðyn was possibly borrowed from the West Germanic theonym Hludana around the 8th c. AD.[34] See Hludana for further discussion.
? *Huldō[35]
–
 Ger. Holda[36] ON Huld, Hulder[36]
–
 Meaning 'the Hidden One'.[36] Although the relationship between the names is uncertain, all forms point to a common meaning of 'the hidden one'.[36]
*Ingwaz[37]
–
 OE Ing, OS Ing[37] ON Yngvi[37] Goth. Ing, enguz[37][38] Uncertain etymology[37][38] A mythical ancestor, progenitor of the Ingvaeōnes. See also the Latinized Proto-Germanic personal name Inguiomērus. Name of the ŋ-rune ᛝ.[37] See Yngvi for further discussion.
? *Ingwina-frawjaz[39]
–
 OE frēa Ingwina[39] ON lngunarfreyr[39]
–
 Possibly a compound of PGmc *Ingwina- (Ing-friends') and *frawja- ('Lord'). *Ingwina- is derived from the name Ing- (see *Ingwaz) attached to PGmc *winiz ('friend').[39] Together, these forms mean 'Lord of the Ing-friends'.[39] (See Ingaevones) See also ON Ygvifreyr (< *Ingwia-frawjaz).[39]
*Mannaz ~ *Manwaz[40] Mannus[40] OE mann, OFris mann, OS mann, OHG man(n)[40] ON maðr, mannr[40] Goth. manna[40] Meaning 'Man'.[40] Cognate with Sanskrit Mánu and Avestan *Manuš.[41] Cosmogonical figure; son of *Twistō, divine ancestor of the West Germanic peoples (Tacitus). Name of the m-rune ᛗ (cf. man(n), maðr).[40] See Mannus and Indo-European cosmogony for further discussion.
*Mēnōn[42]
–
 OE móna, OFris mōna, OS māno, ODu. māne, OHG māno[42][43] ON Máni[42][43] Goth. mēna, Crim. Goth. mine[42][43] Meaning 'Moon'.[44] From PIE *meh₁n-ōs ('moon; month'). The Germanic n-stem arose secondarily from the nom. *mēnō, which may regularly continue *meh₁n-ōt (cf. PGmc *mēnōþ-z 'month').[42][44] Source of Late PGmc *Mēnandag ('Moon-day; Monday').[45] Personified as a deity, Máni ('Moon'), in Old Norse.
*Nerþuz[46][47] Nerthus[46][47]
–
 ON Njǫrðr[46][47]
–
 The original meaning of the theonym is contested. It may be related to the Irish word nert, meaning 'force' and 'power'. The name Njǫrðr may be related to Njǫrun, an Old Norse goddess name.[48][49] See Nerthus, Njörðr, and Sister-wife of Njörðr for further discussion.
*Sowelō ~ *Sōel[50][51]
–
 OHG Sunne (theonym), OE sigel[52] ON Sól (theonym)[52] Goth. sugil[52] PGmc *Sowel- > *Sōel- (gen. *Sunnōn) derives from the PIE word for 'sun', *séh₂uel, whose genitive form is *sh₂éns, sh₂unós.[53] *Sugelan is a variant of Sowelō that can be morphologically compared to PGmc *sweglaz ('sunlight').[50] Meaning 'Sun'.[53] A goddess and personification of the Sun. The variant *Sugelan may have been the original name of the s-rune ᛊ (cf. sigel, sugil), via taboo avoidance. The genitive form *Sunnōn is at the origin of OHG Sunne and Late PGmc *Sunnandag ('Sun-day'); it is also the predecessor to modern English Sun.[54] See Sól for further discussion.
*Tīwaz[55]
–
 OE Tīw, OHG *Ziu[55] ON Týr[55] Goth. *Teiws[56] From PIE *deywós ('celestial', hence a 'deity'), itself from *dyēus ('daylight sky god').[57] A general epithet meaning 'god, deity' that eventually replaced the name of a specific deity whose original name is now lost. *Tīwaz was associated with the thing and equated with the Roman war god Mars through interpretatio germanica. Name of the t-rune (ᛏ).[58][57][59] Source of Late PGmc *Tīwasdag ('Tīwaz-day; Tuesday').[60] See Týr for further discussion
*Twistō Tuisto
–
–
–
 Etymologically 'Twofold' (i.e. 'Twin', 'Bisexual', or 'Hermaphrodite').[61][62][63] Related to PGmc *twistaz, which is structurally close to Sanskrit dviṣṭa- ('staying in two places, ambiguous').[64] Legendary divine ancestor of the West Germanic peoples according to Tacitus. See Tuisto and Indo-European cosmogony for further discussion.
*Þingsaz[65] Thingsus MDu. Dings*, MLG Dinges*, OHG Dinges*
–
–
 From PGmc *þingaz ('thing, assembly'). An epithet meaning 'of the thing'[65] Attached to Mars (*Tīwaz) in early West Germanic cultures (see interpretatio germanica and interpretatio romana); perhaps originally a god associated with law. Attested in Latin as Thingsus, and probably included in the name for 'Tuesday' in some Germanic languages.[66][65]
*Þun(a)raz[55]
–
 OE Þunor, OS Thunar, OFris Thuner, OHG Donar[55] ON Þórr[55]
–
 From the PIE root *(s)tenh₂- ('thunder'). Cognate with the Celt. thunder-god Taranis (< *Tonaros), and further related to the Latin epithet Tonans.[67] Meaning 'Thunder'[55] According to Peter Jackson, the Celtic–Germanic theonym *Þun(a)raz ~ *Tonaros may have emerged as the result of the fossilization of an original epithet or epiclesis of the PIE thunder-god *Perkwunos.[68] Source of Late PGmc *Þonaresdag ('Þunraz-day; Thursday').[69] See also below *melđunjaz, the name of *Þunraz's weapon. See Thor for further discussion.
*Yum(i)yaz[37][70]
–
–
 ON Ymir[70]
–
 Meaning 'Twin'.[70] Cognate with Skt Yama, Av. Yima, and probably with Lat. Remus (< *Yemos).[71][72] Cosmogonical figure, mythical primeval ancestor. See Ymir and Indo-European cosmogony for further discussion.
*Wōđanaz[73]
–
 OE Wōden, OS Woden, OD Wuodan, OHG Wuotan, Lomb. Godan[73] ON Óðinn[73]
–
 Meaning 'Lord of Frenzy'.[74] From PGmc *wōđaz ('delirious, raging') attached to the suffix -naz ('master of'). The former is identical to PCelt. *wātis ('seer, sooth-sayer') and Lat. vātēs ('prophet, seer').[75] [2] Evidence points to a god strongly associated with ecstatic divination and wisdom. Compare the numerous Germanic cognates connoting 'violent agitation, mad rage, possession' with ON Óðr ('wit, sense, song, poetry'), OE wōð ('sound, voice, song'), and the other Indo-European cognates meaning 'seer, prophet'. Source of Late PGmc *Wōdanesdag ('Wōdanaz-day; Wednesday').[76] See Óðinn for further discussion.
*Wulþuz[77] (o)wlþu-[78]
–
 ON Ullr[78]
–
 From PIE *ul-tu- < *uel- ('to see'). Identical to Lat. vultus ('facial expression, appearance').[77][79] Meaning 'Glory'.[79] Attested as owlþuþewaz ('servant of owlþuz') on the Thorsberg chape (3rd c. AD).[78] Cf. also Goth. wulþus ('glory'). OE wuldor ('glory') stems from PGmc *wuldraz.[79] See Ullr for further discussion.
*Wurđiz[80]
–
 OE wyrd, OS wurd, OHG wurt[80] ON Urðr[80]
–
 Meaning 'Fate'.[81] From PGmc *werþanan ('to come about, happen, become').[80][81] A concept comparable to fate personified as a female entity in Old Norse (a norn, a goddess-like being) and in Old English. See Urðr for further discussion.
Note: OE = Old English; OFris = Old Frisian; OFrank. = Old Frankish; OS = Old Saxon; MLG = Middle Low German; OD = Old Dutch; MDu. = Middle Dutch; OHG = Old High German; ON = Old Norse; Goth. = Gothic; Lomb. = Lombardic; Burg. = Burgundian; PGmc = Proto-Germanic; Pre-Ger. = Pre-Germanic; PIE = Proto-Indo-European; – = Unattested

Entities edit

Proto-Germanic reconstruction West Germanic North Germanic East Germanic Etymology Notes
*alƀaz[82] OE ælf, MLG alf, OHG alb[82] ON álfr[82] Burg. *alfs[82][83] From the PIE root for '(matt) white', *h₂elbʰ-. Structurally close to Lat. albus ('(matt) white') and Grk alphoús ('white').[82] See elf for further discussion.
*al(j)a-wihtiz[84] OE æl-wiht[84] ON al-vitr[84]
–
 Compound of *aljaz ('other') and *wihtiz ('thing, creature').[84] See *wehtiz ~ *wihtiz below.
*ansuz ~ *ansiz[85] OE ōs, OS ās, OHG ansi-[86] ON áss[86] Goth. anses[86] Meaning '(a) deity'. From PIE *h₂ems-u- < *h₂ems- ('to give birth'). Identical to Hitt. ḫassu- ('king'), Skt. ásu- ('life, vital strength'), Av. ahu- ('lord'), or Venet. ahsu- ('cult image'). Further related to Skt ásura- and Av. ahura- ('god, lord').[87][88] Potentially connected to PGmc *ansaz 'beam' (see also Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe).[87] Name of the a-rune ᚨ. See Æsir for further discussion.
*đīsō ~ dīsi-[89][90] OE ides, OS idis, OHG itis[89] ON dís[89]
–
 Uncertain etymology.[90] The West Germanic forms present some difficulty to resolve but the North Germanic and West Germanic forms are used explicitly as cognates (e.g. OE ides Scildinga and ON dís Skjǫldunga).[91] A variety of goddess-like supernatural female entity. Variously rendered by translators into modern English as terms like 'goddess', '(noble, divine) lady', or 'fairy'.[92] The PGmc form may occur in the place name Idistaviso (perhaps PGmc *Idisiaviso 'plain of the Idisi') and may be further reflected in ON Iðavöllr if the location name is amended to *Ið[is]avöllr.[93] According to Jan de Vries, although the connection between the West Germanic and Old Norse forms remains controversial, the fact that ON dís goes back to Proto-Germanic is proved by the personal names Frank. Agedisus, Disibod, Aleman. Disi, Lomb. Tiso.[94] See dís and Idis (Germanic) and compare *wala-kuzjōn below.
*draugaz[95]
–
 ON draugr[95]
–
 Identical to PCelt. *drougo- (cf. OIr. airdrech 'sprite, phantom' < *(p)ari-drougo-).[95] A name for a supernatural being akin to a phantom or a ghost.[95] See draugr for further discussion.
*dwas-[96] OE dwœs, MHG ge-twās[96]
–
–
 From Pre-Ger. *dhwos-. Related to PCelt. *dwosyos (cf. Gaul. dusios 'incubus, daemon') and Lith. dvasià ('breath, spirit, soul').[96] A name for a supernatural being akin to a phantom or a ghost.[96]
*đwergaz[97] OE dweorg, OFris. dwirg, OS *dwerg, MDu. dwerch, OHG twerg[97][98] ON dvergr[97]
–
 Unclear etymology. Perhaps from a PGmc verb *dwerganan ('to squeeze, press') possibly attested in MHG zwergen.[99] For further discussion, see Dwarf.
*etunaz[100] OE eōten[100] ON jǫtunn[100]
–
 Probably from PGmc *etanan ('to eat').[100] One of several terms connected to a class of entity. See jötunn for further discussion.
*gaistaz[101] OE gǽst, OFris gāst, OS gēst, ODu. gēst, OHG geist[101][102][103]
–
–
 Meaning 'ghost, spirit, wrath'. From Pre-Ger.*ghoisdoz ('fury, anger'), which is comparable to Sanskrit héḍas ('anger') and Avestan zōižda- ('terrible, ugly').[102][103] Although the word is only attested in the West Germanic languages, it appears to be of pre-Germanic formation.[103] See ghost for further discussion.
*guđ(a)z[104] OE god, OFris. god, ODu. god, OS god, OHG got[104][105] ON guð[104] Goth. guþ[104] Meaning '(a) deity' and predecessor to modern English god. Unclear etymology. Traditionally derived from *ǵʰu-t(ó)- ('libated one') < *ǵʰeu- ('to pour'), although alternative connections with PIE *ǵʰeuH- ('to invoke'), with OCS gověti ('to revere'), or with Greek χυτὴ γαῖα ('burial mound') have also been proposed.[104][106] The source of PGmc *guđ(a)-fuhtaz ('god-fearing'), *guđ(a)-lausaz ('god-less'), aƀa-guđaz ('godless, lit. off-god'), *guđ(a)-waƀjaz ('precious fabric, silk'), or *guđ(a)-hūsan (temple; if not a calque of Lat. domus Dei).[107]
*lenþa-wurmaz[108] MLG linde-worm, OHG lind-wurm[108] ON linn-ormr[108]
–
 Compound of *lenþaz ('snake') and *wurmaz ('worm').[108] A dragon or serpent-like entity. See lindworm and germanic dragon for further discussion.
*marōn[101] OE mære, MD māre, OS māra, OHG mara[101][109] ON mara[101]
–
 From PIE *mor-eh₂, of unclear origin. Cognate with Slav. *morà ('nightly spirit, bad dream') and OIr. mor-rígain ('queen of bad dreams'; a goddess of the battlefield and female malicious entity). See also the Russian kiki-mora, a female house-spirit that spins at night.[110][109] A malevolent female spirit associated with bad dreams (as in the second element of modern English night-mare). The image of a female ghost or malicious entity who tortures people by way of nightmares is apparently common to Slavic, Germanic and, possibly, Celtic.[111] Borrowed from Middle Dutch into Old Picard as mare > cauque-mare (attached to cauquier 'to press'; mod. Fr. cauchemar), which designated a 'witch' haunting bad dreams.[112] See Mare (folklore) for further discussion.
*nikwiz ~ *nikwuz ~ *nikwaza-[113][114] OE nicor, MDu. nicker, MLG necker, OHG nichus, nihhus[113][114] ON nykr[113]
–
 From PIE *nígʷ-ōs < *neigʷ- ('to wash').[113][114] An entity associated with water, which probably also existed under the feminine form *nikwazjōn (cf. OHG nickessa).[114] See Nixie (folklore) for further discussion.
*skrattōn ~ *skradan-[115][116] OE scrætte, OHG scratto[115][116] ON skratti[115][116]
–
 An n-stem originally inflected as *skradō, gen. *skrattaz < *skrodʰōn, *skrodʰnós.[116] A variety of malicious entity.[115][116]
*skōhsla-[95]
–
–
 Goth. skōhsl[95] Identical to PCelt. *skāhslo- (cf. Old Irish scál ‘supernatural or superhuman being, phantom, giant, hero; the god Lug’, Middle Welsh yscaul ‘hero, champion, warrior').[95] A name for an evil spirit or a demon.[95]
*þurisaz[117][118] OE ðyrs, OHG duris[117] ON þurs[117]
–
 No clear etymology. Perhaps related to ON þyrja ('to rush'), ON þora ('to dare'), or Icel. þursi ('quarrel, anger, rage').[117][118] One of a series of semantically related Proto-Germanic terms for a type of entity. Borrowed into early Finnish as Turisas, a war god and a sea monster.[118] See jötunn for further discussion.
*wrisjōn[119] OS wrisi-, OHG riso[119] ON risi[119]
–
 Probably related to Greek ῥίον ('peak, headland').[119] One of the Proto-Germanic terms semantically related to jötunn. Occurs also in OS wrisi-līk ('enormous, wrisi-like').[119] For further discussion, see jötunn.
*wala-kuzjōn[120] OE wælcyrge[120] ON valkyrja[120]
–
 Meaning 'chooser of the slain'. Compound of *walaz ('the slain') and *kuzjōn ('chooser' < PGmc *keusanan 'to trial, select').[120][121] See also OE wæl-cēasega, a name for 'raven' that literally means 'chooser of the slain'.[122] A variety of goddess-like female entity. Compare *đīsō above.[120] See valkyrie for further discussion.
*wira-wulfaz[123] OE were-wulf, OFrank. *wer-wolf, MDu. weer-wolf, MLG wer-wulf, WFris. waer-ûl(e), MHG wer-wolf[123][124] ON varg-úlfr[123]
–
 Meaning 'man-wolf' and predecessor to modern English werewolf. Probably a compound of *wiraz ('man') and *wulfaz ('wolf').[125][126] Alternately derived from *wazi-wulfaz ('wolf-clothed'), bringing the compound semantically in line with the Slavic name for 'werewolf', *vьlko-dlakь, literally 'wolf-haired'.[126] The Norse branch underwent taboo modifications, with ON vargúlfr replacing *wiraz ('man') with vargr ('outlaw; wolf'), probably under the influence of Old French leus warous, which literally means 'wolf-werewolf'.[125][126][127] Old Frankish *werwolf is inferred from ONorm. garwa(l)f ~ garo(u)l.[128][127] The modern Norse forms varulv (Danish, Norwegian) and varulf (Swedish) were probably borrowed from MLG werwulf,[127] or else be derived from an unattested ON *varulfr, posited as the regular descendant form of PGmc *wira-wulfaz.[124] See werewolf for further discussion.
*wehtiz ~ *wihtiz[129] OE wiht, OS wiht, Du. wicht, OHG wiht[129] ON vættr[129] Goth. waihts[129] A 'creature'. Related to Slav. *vektь ('thing').[129] Possibly from PIE *weḱti- ~ *weǵʰ-ti-, or a Germanic–Slavic isogloss.[130] Cf. also Far. -vætti ('miserable creature') < *wehtja-.[130]
Note: OE = Old English; OFris = Old Frisian; OFrank. = Old Frankish; OS = Old Saxon; MLG = Middle Low German; OD = Old Dutch; MDu. = Middle Dutch; OHG = Old High German; ON = Old Norse; Goth. = Gothic; Lomb. = Lombardic; Burg. = Burgundian; PGmc = Proto-Germanic; Pre-Ger. = Pre-Germanic; PIE = Proto-Indo-European; – = Unattested

Locations edit

Proto-Germanic reconstruction Translation West Germanic North Germanic East Germanic Etymology Notes
*Ferg(w)unjan ~ *Ferg(w)unjō[131][132] 'mountain' OHG Firgunnea[131][132] ON Fjǫrgyn[131][132]
–
 Probably from PIE *per-kwun-ih₂ ('wooded mountains', i.e. the realm of *Perkwunos). Cognate with PCelt. *ferkunyo > (H)ercynia.[132][133] Cognate with or borrowed into Slav. as *per(g)ynja ('wooded hills').[132][133] Cf. also Goth. fairguni and OE firgen ('mountain').[131][132] See Perkwunos for further discussion.
*Haljō[134] 'the concealed' OE hell, OFris helle, ODu. helle, OS hellia, OHG hella[134][135] ON hel[134] Goth. halja[134] From PGmc *helanan ('to conceal, hide').[134][136] Precursor to modern English Hell, attested as an afterlife location throughout Germanic languages and personified as a female entity in Old Norse and Old English. See Hel (being) and Hel (location).
*Halja-wītjan[134] 'hell-knowledge' OE helle-wīte, OS helli-wīti, MHG helle-wītze[134] ON hel-víti[134]
–
 Compound of PGmc *Haljō ('Hell') and *wītjan ('knowledge, reason').[134] A poetic name for an underworld location. See *Haljō above.
*hem(e)naz[137][138] 'heaven' OE heofon, OFris. himel, OS heƀan, ODu. himil, MLG hēven, OHG himil[138][139] ON himinn[137][138] Goth. himins[137][138] From the gen. *h₂ḱmnós of PIE *h₂eḱmon ('heavenly vault of stone'). Possibly cognate with PGmc *hamaraz ('hammer') via a metathesized stem *ḱ(e)h₂-m-r- (cf. Grk kamára 'vault').[137][140] See Perkwunos#Heavenly vault of stone for further discussion.
*(hemena-)wangaz[137][141] '(heaven-)meadow' OS heƀan-wang, OE (neorxna-)wang[137][141] ON himin-vangr, (Fólk)vangr[137][141] Gothic waggs[141] Compound of PGmc *hemenaz ('heaven') and *wangaz ('meadow').[137] The noun *wangaz stems from the PIE root *uongʰ-, denoting a 'field'.[142] A term denoting an afterlife heavenly meadow. PGmc *wangaz occurs as a gloss for 'paradise' in Old Norse, Old English, and Gothic, implying an early Germanic concept of an afterlife field in the heaven.[141] Fólkvangr is an afterlife location associated with the goddess Freyja in Old Norse texts. See Fólkvangr and Neorxnawang.
*Meðjana-garðaz[143] 'middle-enclosure' OE middan-geard, OS middil-gard, OHG mitti-gart[143][144] ON mið-garðr[143] Goth. midjun-gards[143] Compound of PGmc *meðjanaz ('middle') and *garðaz ('enclosure, courtyard').[143] See Midgard for further discussion.
*wira-alđiz[145] 'man-age' OE weorold, OFris. wrald, OS werold, MDu. werelt, OHG weralt[145][146] ON verǫld[145]
–
 Compound of PGmc *wiraz ('man') and *alđiz ('age').[145] The inhabited world, the realm of humankind. Source of modern English world.[146]
Note: OE = Old English; OFris = Old Frisian; OFrank. = Old Frankish; OS = Old Saxon; MLG = Middle Low German; OD = Old Dutch; MDu. = Middle Dutch; OHG = Old High German; ON = Old Norse; Goth. = Gothic; Lomb. = Lombardic; Burg. = Burgundian; PGmc = Proto-Germanic; Pre-Ger. = Pre-Germanic; PIE = Proto-Indo-European; – = Unattested

Other edit

Proto-Germanic reconstruction Translation West Germanic North Germanic East Germanic Etymology Notes
*alh(a)z[147] 'temple' OE ealh, OS alah[147] ON -áll[147] Goth. alhs[147] Identical to Lith. alkas ('holy grove').[147][148]
–
*austro-mēnōþ 'Austrōn-month' OE ēosturmōnaþ, ODu. ostermanoth, OHG ōstarmānōd[149][5]
–
–
 A compound of WGmc *Austrōn (a female deity) and *mēnōþ ('month'). A West Germanic name for the 'month of *Austrōn', associated with a festival held around April and eventually displaced by the Christian Easter.[149] See Ēostre and Ēosturmōnaþ for further discussion.
*ƀlōtanan[150] 'to sacrifice' OE blōtan, OHG bluozan[150] ON blóta[150] Goth. blotan[150] Traditionally compared to Lat. flāmen ('sacrificial priest'), possibly from an earlier *flādsmen < *bʰleh₂dmen-.[150][151][152] Source of PGmc *ƀlostran ('sacrifice') and *ƀlotan ('sacrifice, worship').[153]
*ƀlōta-hūsan[153] 'house of worship, house of sacrifice' OHG bluoz-hūz[153] ON blót-hús[153]
–
 Compound of PGmc *ƀlotan ('sacrifice, worship') and *hūsan ('house').[153] Place of worship, temple.[153]
*elhja-[2] 'evil'
–
 ON illr[2]
–
 From Pre-Ger. *elkyo-, attested in the Finnish loanwords elkiä ('mean, malicious') and ilkeä ('bad, mean, wicked'). Possibly related to Old Irish ol(c)c ('bad, evil').[2]
–
*frijjadag 'Friday' OE Frīgedæg, OFris. Frīadei, MDu. Vriendach, MLG Vrīdach, OHG Frīatag[154] ON Frjádagr[154]
–
 A Late PGmc compound of *Frijjō ('Frigg') and *dag ('day'). Calque of Lat Veneris dies.[154] See *Frijjō above. ON Frjádagr was borrowed from OHG Frīatag.[155] Source of Modern English Friday.
*galđran[156] 'magic song, spell, charm' OE gealdor, OHG galtar[156] ON galdr[156]
–
 From PGmc *galanan ('to shout, sing, chant').[156][157] See galdr for further discussion.
*guđ(j)ōn[104] 'priest' OE *gydda ON goði, gyðja[104][158] Goth. gudja[104][158] From PGmc *guđaz ('god').[104] The Old English form appears as an apparent historical element of Modern English place names such as Gedding and Gidleigh.[159]
*hailagaz[31] 'holy' OE hālig, OFris. hēlich, OS hēlag, OHG heilag[31] ON heilagr[31] Goth. hailags[31] From PGmc *hailaz ('hale, whole, sound').[31] Source of PGmc *hailagōjanan ('to make holy, consecrate').[31]
*hailaga-mēnōþ 'holy-month' OE hāliġ-mōnaþ, ODu. heil-mānōth, OHG heilag-mānōth[160]
–
–
 A compound of PGmc *hailagaz ('holy') and *mēnōþ ('month'). A West Germanic name for the 'holy month', equivalent to modern 'September' or 'December'.[160] See Hāliġmōnaþ for further discussion.
*harƀistu-mēnōþz[161] 'autumn-month, harvest-month' OE hærfest-mōnaþ, ODu. hervist-mānōth, OHG herbist-mānōth[161] ON haust-mánuðr[161]
–
 A compound of PGmc *harƀistaz ('autumn, harvest') and *mēnōþz ('month').[161] Early Germanic name of the 'month of harvest'; roughly equivalent to modern 'August–November'.[161] Cf. also ODu. Aranmānōth ~ OHG Aranmānōd ('harvest month, August'), from another PGmc stem *azani- ('harvest').
*har(u)gaz[162][163] 'holy stone', perhaps 'sacrificial mound'[163] OE hearg, OHG harug[162] ON hǫrgr[162]
–
 From Pre-Ger. *karkú-. Probably borrowed from the same non-Indo-European source as PCelt. *karrikā ('stone').[162][163][95] See hörgr for further information
*halja-rūnō(n)[164] 'witch, sorceress' OE helle-rūne, OHG helli-rūna[164]
–
 Lat.-Goth. pl. (Jordanes) haliurunae[164] Compound of *haljō ('Hel') and *rūnō ('secret, mystery, rune').[164]
–
*hunslan[165] 'sacrifice' OE hūsel[165] ON húsl[165] Goth. hunsl[165] A sla-suffix added to the PIE stem *ḱuent- ('holy, sacred').[165][166]
–
*hugi-rūnō[167] 'secret of the mind, magical rune' OE hyge-rūn[167] ON hug-rúnar[167]
–
 Compound of *hugiz ('understanding, mind') and *rūnō ('secret, mystery, rune').[167]
–
*jehwlan[168] 'Yule' OE geō(hho)l[168] ON jól[168] Goth. *jaihl[169] No credible etymology.[169][168] Name of a Germanic festival organized at the end of each year. Cf. also *Jehwla-đagaz ('Yule-day').[169][168] See Yule for further discussion.
*jehwla-mēnōþz ~ *jehwlaz[169][168] 'Yule-month' OE gēol-mōnaþ, gīuli[168] ON jól-mánuðr, ýlir[168] Goth. jiuleis[168]
*jēra-mēnōþz[170] 'year-month' OHG jār-mānōd[170] ON ár-mánaðr[170]
–
 A compound of PGmc *jēran ('year') and mēnōþz ('month').[170] Early Germanic name of the 'year-month'; equivalent to modern 'January'.
*kunjaz[171] 'omen'
–
 ON kyn[171]
–
 Closely related to Lith. žinià ('knowledge, magic').[171]
–
*lēk(i)jaz[172][96] 'healer, physician' OE lǣce, OS lāki, OFris. letza, OHG lāhhi[172] ON lækir[172] Goth. lekeis[172] From Pre-Ger. *lēgyos. Borrowed from PCelt. lēagis (cf. OIr. lieig 'physician, healer, leech').[172][96] Source of PGmc *lēkinan ('cure, remedy') and *lēkinōjanan ('to heal').[172]
*lubjan[173] 'herbal medicine, magic potion' OE lybb, OS lubbi, MDu. lubbe, OHG lubbi[173][174] ON lýf[173] Goth. lubja-[173] Related to PGmc *lauban ('foliage'; cf. PCelt. *lubi- 'herb').[174][96] Medicinal herb associated with magic (cf. Goth. lubja-leisei 'witchcraft, alchemist', OHG lubbari 'magician').[173][174]
*melđunjaz[175] 'lightning', 'hammer'
–
 ON Mjǫllnir[175]
–
 From a PIE stem meld-n-, which may have originally designated Perkwunos' weapon. Cognate with Latv. milna (Pērkōns' hammer), OPrus. mealde ('lightning'), OCS mъldni ('lightning'), Welsh mellten ('bolt of lightning').[176] Thor's hammer. See Mjǫllnir for further discussion.
*mēnandag 'Monday' OE Mōnandæg, OFris. Mōnandei, MDu. MLG Mānendach, OHG Mānetag[177] ON Mánadagr[177]
–
 A Late PGmc compound of *Menōn ('Moon') and *dag ('day'). Calque of Lat Lunae dies.[177] See *Mēnōn above. Source of Modern English Monday.
*nemeđaz[178] 'sacred grove' OFrank. nimid, OS nimidas[178][179] Swed. Nymden[179]
–
 Related to or borrowed PCelt. *nemetom ('sacred grove, sanctuary').[178][179] See sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology
*rūnō[180] 'secret, mystery; secret counsel; rune' OE rūn, OS rūna, MDu. rūne, OHG rūna[180] ON rún[180] Goth. runa[180] Borrowed from or cognate with PCelt. *rūna ('secret, magic').[180] Source of PGmc *runōn ('counsellor'), *rūnjan ('mystery'), *raunō ('trial, inquiry, experiment').[180] See runes for further discussion.
*rūna-stabaz[180] 'runic letter' OE rūn-stæf, OHG rūn-stab[180] ON rúna-stafr[180]
–
 A compound of PGmc *rūnō ('secret, mystery, counsel') and *stabaz ('staff; letter').[180]
–
*saidaz[181][182] 'spell, charm, magic'
–
 ON seiðr[181][182]
–
 From Pre-Ger. *saiþa-, which is cognate with Lith. saitas ('soothsaying, talisman') and PCelt. *soyto- ('magic').[181][182][96] Probably originally identical to PIE *soito- ('string, rope'), from *seh2i- ('to bind').[96] See also the PGmc verb *sīdanan ('to work charms'; cf. ON síða) and OE -siden 'magic' (< *sidnō-).[181][182]
*saiwalō[183] 'soul' OE sāwel; OFris sēle; OS sēola, sēla; OHG sēola, sēla[183]
–
 Goth. saiwala[183] According to Vladimir Orel, derived from PGmc *saiwiz ~ *saiwaz ('sea, lake'), "probably because of a Germanic belief in souls born out of and returning to sacred lakes".[183]
–
*skaldaz[184] 'poet' OHG skelto[184] ON skáld[184]
–
 Probably from a PGmc verb *skeldanan ~ *skadjanan ('to announce, reproach'; cf. ME scolden, OFri. skelda, ODu. sceldan, OHG sceltan).[184] Perhaps related to PCelt. *sketlo- ('story, tidings'; cf. OIr. scél 'saga, narrative', MWelsh chwedl 'traditional narrative, tidings').[185] OHG skelto, MHG schelte mean 'blamer, criticizer, satirist'.[184] Middle English scāld was borrowed from ON skáld.[186][187] See skald for further discussion.
*sumlan[188] 'banquet, symposium' OE symbel, OS sumbal[188] ON sum(b)l[188]
–
 From PIE *sṃ-lo- ('joint meal').[188] See symbel for further discussion.
*sunnandag 'Sunday' OE Sunnandæg, OFris. Sunnandei, MDu. Sonnendach, MLG Sunnendach, OHG Sunnūntag[189] ON Sunnudagr[189]
–
 A Late PGmc compound of *sunnōn (genitive of *Sowēlo 'Sun') attached to *dag ('day'). Calque of Lat Solis dies.[189] See Sowēlo ~ Sōel above. Source of Modern English Sunday.
*tafnan[190] 'sacrificial meat'
–
 ON tafn[190][191]
–
 From Pre-Ger. dapno- < PIE *dh₂p-no- ('sacrificial meal'). Cognate with Lat. damnum ('harm, damage, loss'), MIr. dúan ('poem, song') and Arm. tawn ('feast').[190][191][192]
–
*taufran[193] 'sorcery, magic' OE tēafor, OFris. tāver, MLG tover, OHG zoubar[193] ON taufr[193]
–
 Possibly derived from PGmc *tawjanan ('to do, make').[193]
–
*tiƀran[194] 'sacrifice, animal offering' OE tiber, tifer, OHG zebar[194]
–
 Goth. aibr[194] Cognate with Greek δεῖπνον ('meal') and Arm. tvar ('male sheep') < PIE *déip-r, gen. dip-n-ós.[194][195] According to some scholars, Goth. aibr should be emended to *tibr.[196][195]
–
*tīwasdag 'Tuesday' OE Tīwesdæg, OFris. Tīesdei, OHG Ziestag[197] ON Týsdagr[197]
–
 A Late PGmc compound of *Tīwaz (Týr) and *dag ('day'). Calque of Lat Martis dies.[197] See *Tīwaz above. Source of Modern English Tuesday.
*þonaresdag 'Thursday' OE Þunresdæg, OFris. Thunresdei, MDu. Donresdach, OHG Donarestag[198] ON Þórsdagr[198]
–
 A Late PGmc compound of *Þun(a)raz (Thor) and *dag ('day'). Calque of Lat Iovis dies.[198] See *Þun(a)raz above. Source of Modern English Thursday.
*wīhaz[199][200] 'holy, divine' OE wīg-, OS wīh-, OHG wīh[199][200]
–
 Goth. weihs[199][200] From PIE *wéik-o-.[200] Identical to Lith. viẽkas ('life force'), and further related to Lat. victima ('sacrificial animal').[199][200] Source of PGmc *wīhēnan ~ *wīhjanan ('to consecrate'), *wīhislōn ('consecration'), and *wīhiþō ('holiness, sanctity').[201][200]
*wīhan[199] 'sanctuary' OE wīh, OS wīh, OHG wīh[199] ON vé[199]
–
 From PGmc *wīhaz ('holy, divine').[199][202] See Vé (shrine) for further discussion.
*wīhōn[199] 'priest'
–
 ON Véi[199] Goth. weiha[199] From PGmc *wīhaz ('holy, divine').[199] See Vili and Vé for further discussion.
*wikkōnan[202] 'to practice sorcery' OE wiccian, WFris. wikje, MDu. wicken, MHG wicken[202]
–
–
 From PGmc *wīhaz ('holy, divine').[202] This verb served as the derivational base for OE wicca ('witch') and MHG MDu. wicker ('soothsayer').[202] Source of Modern English witch.
*wītagōn[203] 'wizard, prophet' OE wítega, OHG wīzago[203] ON vitki[203]
–
 From PGmc *witanan ('to know').[203] Source of the PGmc verb *wītagōjanan ('to prophesy').[203]
*wōdanesdag 'Wednesday' OE Wōdnesdæg, OFris. Wērnisdei, MDu. Woensdach, MLG Wōdensdach, OHG Wōdanstag[204] ON Óðinsdagr[204]
–
 A Late PGmc compound of *Wōdanaz (Odin) and *dag ('day'). Calque of Lat Mercurii dies.[204] See *Wōdanaz above. Source of Modern English Wednesday.
Note: OE = Old English; OFris = Old Frisian; OFrank. = Old Frankish; OS = Old Saxon; MLG = Middle Low German; OD = Old Dutch; MDu. = Middle Dutch; OHG = Old High German; ON = Old Norse; Goth. = Gothic; Lomb. = Lombardic; Burg. = Burgundian; PGmc = Proto-Germanic; Pre-Ger. = Pre-Germanic; PIE = Proto-Indo-European; – = Unattested

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c Koch 2020, p. 139.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Koch 2020, p. 140.
  3. ^ a b c d Kroonen 2013, p. 43.
  4. ^ a b Sermon 2008, p. 338-339.
  5. ^ a b West 2007, pp. 217–218.
  6. ^ a b c de Vries 1962, p. 20.
  7. ^ a b c Falluomini 2017.
  8. ^ a b c Simek 1984, pp. 31–32.
  9. ^ a b c Orel 2003, p. 33.
  10. ^ a b de Vries 1962, p. 24.
  11. ^ a b Orel 2003, pp. 33–34.
  12. ^ Simek 1996, p. 26.
  13. ^ Simek 1993, p. 59-60, 7, 139.
  14. ^ Simek 1993, p. 7.
  15. ^ Simek 1993, p. 139.
  16. ^ Simek 1984, p. 11.
  17. ^ a b Rosenfeld & Hauck 1984.
  18. ^ de Vries 1962, p. 142.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Orel 2003, p. 112.
  20. ^ a b c Kroonen 2013, p. 153.
  21. ^ Kroonen 2013, pp. 152–153.
  22. ^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 114.
  23. ^ a b Kroonen 2013, p. 155.
  24. ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. Friday, n. and adv.
  25. ^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 118.
  26. ^ a b Orel 2003, p. 129.
  27. ^ a b c d de Vries 1962, p. 159.
  28. ^ Orel 2003, pp. 129, 147.
  29. ^ Rübekeil 2002, p. 603.
  30. ^ Simek 1993, pp. 100–101.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Orel 2003, p. 151.
  32. ^ a b c de Vries 1962, p. 239.
  33. ^ a b c Simek 1984, p. 185.
  34. ^ a b de Vries 1957, pp. 321–322.
  35. ^ Orel 2003, p. 191.
  36. ^ a b c d Simek 1984, pp. 185, 198.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g de Vries 1962, p. 678.
  38. ^ a b Lehmann 1986, p. 100.
  39. ^ a b c d e f de Vries 1962, pp. 286, 679.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g Lehmann 1986, p. 244.
  41. ^ Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 367.
  42. ^ a b c d e Orel 2003, p. 270.
  43. ^ a b c Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. moon, n.1
  44. ^ a b Kroonen 2013, p. 365.
  45. ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. Monday, n. and adv.
  46. ^ a b c Puhvel 1987, p. 205.
  47. ^ a b c Simek & 2007 [1993], p. 230.
  48. ^ Magnússon 1989, p. 671.
  49. ^ Hopkins 2012, p. 39.
  50. ^ a b Orel 2003, p. 385.
  51. ^ Magnússon 1989, pp. 463–464.
  52. ^ a b c Orel 2003, pp. 361, 385, 387.
  53. ^ a b Kroonen 2013, pp. 463–464.
  54. ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. Sunday, n. and adv.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g Orel 2003, p. 408.
  56. ^ Lehmann 1986, p. 352.
  57. ^ a b Kroonen 2013, p. 519.
  58. ^ Simek 1984, pp. 413, 420.
  59. ^ West 2007, p. 167 n. 8.
  60. ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. Tuesday, n. and adv.
  61. ^ de Vries 1957, pp. 363–364.
  62. ^ Simek 1984, p. 418.
  63. ^ Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 129.
  64. ^ de Vries 1962, p. 602.
  65. ^ a b c Simek 1984, p. 251.
  66. ^ de Vries 1957, pp. 11–14.
  67. ^ Delamarre 2003, p. 290; Matasović 2009, p. 384.
  68. ^ Jackson 2002, p. 61-102.
  69. ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. Thursday, n. and adv.
  70. ^ a b c Kroonen 2013, p. 274.
  71. ^ Puhvel 1987, p. 63.
  72. ^ Mallory & Adams 1997, pp. 129–130.
  73. ^ a b c Orel 2003, p. 469.
  74. ^ West 2007, p. 137.
  75. ^ Kroonen 2013, p. 592.
  76. ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. Wednesday, n. and adv.
  77. ^ a b Orel 2003, p. 474.
  78. ^ a b c de Vries 1962, p. 633.
  79. ^ a b c Kroonen 2013, p. 599.
  80. ^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 475.
  81. ^ a b Kroonen 2013, p. 600.
  82. ^ a b c d e Orel 2003, p. 13.
  83. ^ Burgundian's status as an East Germanic language remains unclear.
  84. ^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 15.
  85. ^ Orel 2003, p. 21.
  86. ^ a b c de Vries 1962, p. 16; Simek 1984, p. 25; Orel 2003, p. 21; Kroonen 2013, p. 30
  87. ^ a b Orel 2003, p. 20–21.
  88. ^ Kroonen 2013, p. 30.
  89. ^ a b c Orel 2003, p. 72.
  90. ^ a b Kroonen 2013, p. 96.
  91. ^ Kroonen 2013, pp. 114–115.
  92. ^ Kroonen 2013, pp. 96, 114.
  93. ^ Simek 1993, p. 171.
  94. ^ de Vries 1962, p. 77.
  95. ^ a b c d e f g h i Koch 2020, p. 142.
  96. ^ a b c d e f g h i Koch 2020, p. 144.
  97. ^ a b c Orel 2003, p. 81.
  98. ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. dwarf, n. and adj.
  99. ^ Kroonen 2013, p. 112.
  100. ^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 86.
  101. ^ a b c d e Orel 2003, p. 262.
  102. ^ a b Kroonen 2013, p. 163.
  103. ^ a b c Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. ghost, n.
  104. ^ a b c d e f g h i Orel 2003, p. 145.
  105. ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. god, n. and int.
  106. ^ Kroonen 2013, pp. 193–194.
  107. ^ Orel 2003, pp. 144–145.
  108. ^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 241.
  109. ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary 2021 s.v. mare, n.2.
  110. ^ Derksen 2007, p. 324.
  111. ^ Derksen 2007, pp. 302, 324.
  112. ^ TLFi, s.v. cauchemar.
  113. ^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 287.
  114. ^ a b c d Kroonen 2013, p. 390.
  115. ^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 343.
  116. ^ a b c d e Kroonen 2013, p. 447.
  117. ^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 429.
  118. ^ a b c Kroonen 2013, p. 552.
  119. ^ a b c d e Orel 2003, p. 472.
  120. ^ a b c d e Orel 2003, p. 442.
  121. ^ Kroonen 2013, p. 569.
  122. ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. † walkyrie, n.
  123. ^ a b c Orel 2003, p. 463.
  124. ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. werewolf, n.
  125. ^ a b de Vries 1962, p. 646.
  126. ^ a b c Orel 2003, p. 463, 450.
  127. ^ a b c DEAF G:334–338.
  128. ^ FEW 17:569.
  129. ^ a b c d e Orel 2003, pp. 15, 452; Kroonen 2013, p. 578
  130. ^ a b Kroonen 2013, p. 578.
  131. ^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 99.
  132. ^ a b c d e f Kroonen 2013, p. 136.
  133. ^ a b West 2007, p. 241.
  134. ^ a b c d e f g h i Orel 2003, p. 156.
  135. ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. hell, n. and int.
  136. ^ Kroonen 2013, p. 204.
  137. ^ a b c d e f g h Orel 2003, p. 169.
  138. ^ a b c d Kroonen 2013, p. 220.
  139. ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. heaven, n.
  140. ^ Kroonen 2013, pp. 206, 220.
  141. ^ a b c d e Hopkins & Haukur 2011, p. 14-17.
  142. ^ Kroonen 2013, p. 573.
  143. ^ a b c d e Orel 2003, p. 264.
  144. ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. † middenerd, n.
  145. ^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 462.
  146. ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. world, n.
  147. ^ a b c d e Orel 2003, p. 14.
  148. ^ Kroonen 2013, p. 22.
  149. ^ a b Simek 1996, p. 255.
  150. ^ a b c d e Orel 2003, p. 51.
  151. ^ de Vries 1962, p. 45.
  152. ^ Kroonen 2013, p. 70.
  153. ^ a b c d e f Orel 2003, p. 50.
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  158. ^ a b Kroonen 2013, p. 194.
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References edit

April 27, 2024
proto, germanic, folklore, proto, germanic, paganism, beliefs, speakers, proto, germanic, includes, topics, such, germanic, mythology, legendry, folk, beliefs, early, germanic, culture, comparative, method, germanic, philologists, variety, historical, linguist. Proto Germanic paganism was the beliefs of the speakers of Proto Germanic and includes topics such as the Germanic mythology legendry and folk beliefs of early Germanic culture By way of the comparative method Germanic philologists a variety of historical linguist have proposed reconstructions of entities locations and concepts with various levels of security in early Germanic folklore reconstructions are indicated by the presence of an asterisk The present article includes both reconstructed forms and proposed motifs from the early Germanic period Linguistic reconstructions can be obtained via comparison between the various Germanic languages comparison with related words in other Indo European languages especially Celtic and Baltic comparison with borrowings into neighbouring language families such as Uralic or via a combination of those methods This allows linguists to project some terms back to the Proto Germanic period despite their attestation in only one Germanic language for instance saidaz magic is only attested in Old Norse seidr but has parallels in Proto Celtic soytos and Lithuanian saitas Contents 1 Deities 2 Entities 3 Locations 4 Other 5 See also 6 Notes 7 ReferencesDeities editProto Germanic reconstruction Romano Germanic West Germanic North Germanic East Germanic Etymology Notes Ala fader 1 ON Alfǫdr 1 From Pre Ger Ala father Identical to PCelt Olo p atir cf Middle Irish Ollathair 2 An epithet meaning all father used as a byname of odinn in Old Norse It can be compared with the Middle Irish Eochu Ollathair commonly used for the Dagda 1 Austrōn 3 See entry notes OE Eostre OHG Ostara OS Asteron 3 4 From the PIE stem h2 e wes to shine glow red Cognate with the Lithuanian deity Ausrine and further related to the PIE dawn goddess h ewsōs 3 A West Germanic spring goddess associated with a festival held in her name during the Easter month Austro menōth equivalent to modern April 3 The matronae Austriahenae if Germanic derive from the same stem 4 The Old English and Old High German forms are the origin of the modern holiday names Easter and Ostern respectively 5 See Eostre for further discussion Auza wanđilaz 6 OE Earendel OHG Aurendil Lomb Auriwandalo 7 ON Aurvandil 7 Goth auzandil 7 Probably a compound of PGmc auzom shiny shiny liquid and a derivate of wanđuz rod cane 6 8 The PGmc form would therefore perhaps mean Light Beam 6 8 Generally seen as a personification of the rising light of the morning possibly embodying the Morning Star Venus 8 See Aurvandill for further discussion Balđraz 9 OE Baeldaeg OHG Balder 9 ON Baldr 9 From PGmc balthaz brave which is identical to Lith baltas white also the name of a light god based on the semantic development from white to shining or strong man gt hero lord prince 10 11 ON Baldr brave defiant lord prince and OHG Balder are close to OE bealdor prince hero 10 11 The OE theonym Baeldaeg likely means Shining Day as suggested by his association with day and by the name of the Lith light god Baltas 12 See Baldr for further discussion Divine horse twins or dioscuri motif 13 Alcis 14 OE Hengist and Horsa Low German Hengist and Hors Holstein 1875 15 Scholars have proposed a variety of figures in the ancient Germanic record as extensions of this motif Tacitus Germania mentions twin deities the Alcis PGmc alhiz algiz who he compares to the Greek Dioscuri The deities are generally seen as a reflex of the Proto Indo European Divine twins Their name either means elk or protector 16 17 Some scholars have speculated that it may be related to the z rune ᛉ algiz although evidence is scarse 17 Frawja Fraw j ōn 18 19 20 OE frea OFris fra OS frōho fraho MDu vroon OHG frō 19 ON Freyr theonym 19 Goth frauja 19 Unclear etymology 20 An epithet meaning Lord Lady 20 Occurs as a theonym in Old Norse and in a Christian context in Old English According to Kroonen both in form and meaning fraiwa seed is reminiscent of Freyr fertility deity lt frauja We may therefore consider the possibility that fraiwa was metathesized from frawja a collective of some kind 21 See Fraujaz for further discussion Frawjōn 19 OS frua OHG frouwa 19 ON Freyja theonym 19 Frijjō 22 OE Frig OFris Fria OS Fri OHG Frija 22 ON Frigg 22 From PGmc frijaz free itself from PIE priH o one s own beloved 22 23 In a clan based societal system the meaning free arose from the meaning related cf PGmc frijōnan to love frithuz friendship peace 23 Goddess in most sources partner of Wōđanaz Source of Frijjadag Frijjō day Friday 24 See Frigg for further discussion Fullōn 25 OHG Volla 25 ON Fulla 25 From PGmc fullaz full meaning fullness plenitude 25 A goddess associated with Frijjō See Fulla for further discussion Gautaz 26 OE Geat Lang Gausus 27 ON Gautr Gauti 27 Goth Gaut Gapt 27 Derived from PGmc geutanan to pour or an ablaut variant of gutaz gutōn Goth Gut 28 A name for Odin 27 The early Germanic form may mean pourer of semen i e man 29 Rudolf Simek writes that as a mythical ancestor of the Goths Gapt and considered an ancestor in so many places he may have been the same as Odin in the Germanic peoples common homeland in Scandinavia 30 Also the name of the Geats 26 See Gaut for further discussion Haihaz 31 ON Harr 31 Goth haihs 31 Cognate with PCelt kaiko one eyed blind in one eye and with a slightly different meaning with PIt kaikos blind 2 Perhaps an epithet meaning One Eyed attested as a common noun in Gothic ON Harr a byname of odinn has been derived from an earlier Proto Norse Haiha hariz ʀ the One eyed Hero 31 According to scholar Adam Hyllested the Celtic god Lug closes one eye in his magic ritual while in Germanic mythology being one eyed is a key attribute of odinn 2 See Harr for further information Hludanaz Hludana 32 33 ON Hlodyn 32 33 Uncertain etymology 32 According to De Vries probably a chthonic deity 34 33 The ON Hlodyn was possibly borrowed from the West Germanic theonym Hludana around the 8th c AD 34 See Hludana for further discussion Huldō 35 Ger Holda 36 ON Huld Hulder 36 Meaning the Hidden One 36 Although the relationship between the names is uncertain all forms point to a common meaning of the hidden one 36 Ingwaz 37 OE Ing OS Ing 37 ON Yngvi 37 Goth Ing enguz 37 38 Uncertain etymology 37 38 A mythical ancestor progenitor of the Ingvaeōnes See also the Latinized Proto Germanic personal name Inguiomerus Name of the ŋ rune ᛝ 37 See Yngvi for further discussion Ingwina frawjaz 39 OE frea Ingwina 39 ON lngunarfreyr 39 Possibly a compound of PGmc Ingwina Ing friends and frawja Lord Ingwina is derived from the name Ing see Ingwaz attached to PGmc winiz friend 39 Together these forms mean Lord of the Ing friends 39 See Ingaevones See also ON Ygvifreyr lt Ingwia frawjaz 39 Mannaz Manwaz 40 Mannus 40 OE mann OFris mann OS mann OHG man n 40 ON madr mannr 40 Goth manna 40 Meaning Man 40 Cognate with Sanskrit Manu and Avestan Manus 41 Cosmogonical figure son of Twistō divine ancestor of the West Germanic peoples Tacitus Name of the m rune ᛗ cf man n madr 40 See Mannus and Indo European cosmogony for further discussion Menōn 42 OE mona OFris mōna OS mano ODu mane OHG mano 42 43 ON Mani 42 43 Goth mena Crim Goth mine 42 43 Meaning Moon 44 From PIE meh n ōs moon month The Germanic n stem arose secondarily from the nom menō which may regularly continue meh n ōt cf PGmc menōth z month 42 44 Source of Late PGmc Menandag Moon day Monday 45 Personified as a deity Mani Moon in Old Norse Nerthuz 46 47 Nerthus 46 47 ON Njǫrdr 46 47 The original meaning of the theonym is contested It may be related to the Irish word nert meaning force and power The name Njǫrdr may be related to Njǫrun an Old Norse goddess name 48 49 See Nerthus Njordr and Sister wife of Njordr for further discussion Sowelō Sōel 50 51 OHG Sunne theonym OE sigel 52 ON Sol theonym 52 Goth sugil 52 PGmc Sowel gt Sōel gen Sunnōn derives from the PIE word for sun seh uel whose genitive form is sh ens sh unos 53 Sugelan is a variant of Sowelō that can be morphologically compared to PGmc sweglaz sunlight 50 Meaning Sun 53 A goddess and personification of the Sun The variant Sugelan may have been the original name of the s rune ᛊ cf sigel sugil via taboo avoidance The genitive form Sunnōn is at the origin of OHG Sunne and Late PGmc Sunnandag Sun day it is also the predecessor to modern English Sun 54 See Sol for further discussion Tiwaz 55 OE Tiw OHG Ziu 55 ON Tyr 55 Goth Teiws 56 From PIE deywos celestial hence a deity itself from dyeus daylight sky god 57 A general epithet meaning god deity that eventually replaced the name of a specific deity whose original name is now lost Tiwaz was associated with the thing and equated with the Roman war god Mars through interpretatio germanica Name of the t rune ᛏ 58 57 59 Source of Late PGmc Tiwasdag Tiwaz day Tuesday 60 See Tyr for further discussion Twistō Tuisto Etymologically Twofold i e Twin Bisexual or Hermaphrodite 61 62 63 Related to PGmc twistaz which is structurally close to Sanskrit dviṣṭa staying in two places ambiguous 64 Legendary divine ancestor of the West Germanic peoples according to Tacitus See Tuisto and Indo European cosmogony for further discussion THingsaz 65 Thingsus MDu Dings MLG Dinges OHG Dinges From PGmc thingaz thing assembly An epithet meaning of the thing 65 Attached to Mars Tiwaz in early West Germanic cultures see interpretatio germanica and interpretatio romana perhaps originally a god associated with law Attested in Latin as Thingsus and probably included in the name for Tuesday in some Germanic languages 66 65 THun a raz 55 OE THunor OS Thunar OFris Thuner OHG Donar 55 ON THorr 55 From the PIE root s tenh thunder Cognate with the Celt thunder god Taranis lt Tonaros and further related to the Latin epithet Tonans 67 Meaning Thunder 55 According to Peter Jackson the Celtic Germanic theonym THun a raz Tonaros may have emerged as the result of the fossilization of an original epithet or epiclesis of the PIE thunder god Perkwunos 68 Source of Late PGmc THonaresdag THunraz day Thursday 69 See also below melđunjaz the name of THunraz s weapon See Thor for further discussion Yum i yaz 37 70 ON Ymir 70 Meaning Twin 70 Cognate with Skt Yama Av Yima and probably with Lat Remus lt Yemos 71 72 Cosmogonical figure mythical primeval ancestor See Ymir and Indo European cosmogony for further discussion Wōđanaz 73 OE Wōden OS Woden OD Wuodan OHG Wuotan Lomb Godan 73 ON odinn 73 Meaning Lord of Frenzy 74 From PGmc wōđaz delirious raging attached to the suffix naz master of The former is identical to PCelt watis seer sooth sayer and Lat vates prophet seer 75 2 Evidence points to a god strongly associated with ecstatic divination and wisdom Compare the numerous Germanic cognates connoting violent agitation mad rage possession with ON odr wit sense song poetry OE wōd sound voice song and the other Indo European cognates meaning seer prophet Source of Late PGmc Wōdanesdag Wōdanaz day Wednesday 76 See odinn for further discussion Wulthuz 77 o wlthu 78 ON Ullr 78 From PIE ul tu lt uel to see Identical to Lat vultus facial expression appearance 77 79 Meaning Glory 79 Attested as owlthuthewaz servant of owlthuz on the Thorsberg chape 3rd c AD 78 Cf also Goth wulthus glory OE wuldor glory stems from PGmc wuldraz 79 See Ullr for further discussion Wurđiz 80 OE wyrd OS wurd OHG wurt 80 ON Urdr 80 Meaning Fate 81 From PGmc werthanan to come about happen become 80 81 A concept comparable to fate personified as a female entity in Old Norse a norn a goddess like being and in Old English See Urdr for further discussion Note OE Old English OFris Old Frisian OFrank Old Frankish OS Old Saxon MLG Middle Low German OD Old Dutch MDu Middle Dutch OHG Old High German ON Old Norse Goth Gothic Lomb Lombardic Burg Burgundian PGmc Proto Germanic Pre Ger Pre Germanic PIE Proto Indo European UnattestedEntities editProto Germanic reconstruction West Germanic North Germanic East Germanic Etymology Notes alƀaz 82 OE aelf MLG alf OHG alb 82 ON alfr 82 Burg alfs 82 83 From the PIE root for matt white h elbʰ Structurally close to Lat albus matt white and Grk alphous white 82 See elf for further discussion al j a wihtiz 84 OE ael wiht 84 ON al vitr 84 Compound of aljaz other and wihtiz thing creature 84 See wehtiz wihtiz below ansuz ansiz 85 OE ōs OS as OHG ansi 86 ON ass 86 Goth anses 86 Meaning a deity From PIE h ems u lt h ems to give birth Identical to Hitt ḫassu king Skt asu life vital strength Av ahu lord or Venet ahsu cult image Further related to Skt asura and Av ahura god lord 87 88 Potentially connected to PGmc ansaz beam see also Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe 87 Name of the a rune ᚨ See AEsir for further discussion đisō disi 89 90 OE ides OS idis OHG itis 89 ON dis 89 Uncertain etymology 90 The West Germanic forms present some difficulty to resolve but the North Germanic and West Germanic forms are used explicitly as cognates e g OE ides Scildinga and ON dis Skjǫldunga 91 A variety of goddess like supernatural female entity Variously rendered by translators into modern English as terms like goddess noble divine lady or fairy 92 The PGmc form may occur in the place name Idistaviso perhaps PGmc Idisiaviso plain of the Idisi and may be further reflected in ON Idavollr if the location name is amended to Id is avollr 93 According to Jan de Vries although the connection between the West Germanic and Old Norse forms remains controversial the fact that ON dis goes back to Proto Germanic is proved by the personal names Frank Agedisus Disibod Aleman Disi Lomb Tiso 94 See dis and Idis Germanic and compare wala kuzjōn below draugaz 95 ON draugr 95 Identical to PCelt drougo cf OIr airdrech sprite phantom lt p ari drougo 95 A name for a supernatural being akin to a phantom or a ghost 95 See draugr for further discussion dwas 96 OE dwœs MHG ge twas 96 From Pre Ger dhwos Related to PCelt dwosyos cf Gaul dusios incubus daemon and Lith dvasia breath spirit soul 96 A name for a supernatural being akin to a phantom or a ghost 96 đwergaz 97 OE dweorg OFris dwirg OS dwerg MDu dwerch OHG twerg 97 98 ON dvergr 97 Unclear etymology Perhaps from a PGmc verb dwerganan to squeeze press possibly attested in MHG zwergen 99 For further discussion see Dwarf etunaz 100 OE eōten 100 ON jǫtunn 100 Probably from PGmc etanan to eat 100 One of several terms connected to a class of entity See jotunn for further discussion gaistaz 101 OE gǽst OFris gast OS gest ODu gest OHG geist 101 102 103 Meaning ghost spirit wrath From Pre Ger ghoisdoz fury anger which is comparable to Sanskrit heḍas anger and Avestan zōizda terrible ugly 102 103 Although the word is only attested in the West Germanic languages it appears to be of pre Germanic formation 103 See ghost for further discussion guđ a z 104 OE god OFris god ODu god OS god OHG got 104 105 ON gud 104 Goth guth 104 Meaning a deity and predecessor to modern English god Unclear etymology Traditionally derived from ǵʰu t o libated one lt ǵʰeu to pour although alternative connections with PIE ǵʰeuH to invoke with OCS goveti to revere or with Greek xytὴ gaῖa burial mound have also been proposed 104 106 The source of PGmc guđ a fuhtaz god fearing guđ a lausaz god less aƀa guđaz godless lit off god guđ a waƀjaz precious fabric silk or guđ a husan temple if not a calque of Lat domus Dei 107 lentha wurmaz 108 MLG linde worm OHG lind wurm 108 ON linn ormr 108 Compound of lenthaz snake and wurmaz worm 108 A dragon or serpent like entity See lindworm and germanic dragon for further discussion marōn 101 OE maere MD mare OS mara OHG mara 101 109 ON mara 101 From PIE mor eh of unclear origin Cognate with Slav mora nightly spirit bad dream and OIr mor rigain queen of bad dreams a goddess of the battlefield and female malicious entity See also the Russian kiki mora a female house spirit that spins at night 110 109 A malevolent female spirit associated with bad dreams as in the second element of modern English night mare The image of a female ghost or malicious entity who tortures people by way of nightmares is apparently common to Slavic Germanic and possibly Celtic 111 Borrowed from Middle Dutch into Old Picard as mare gt cauque mare attached to cauquier to press mod Fr cauchemar which designated a witch haunting bad dreams 112 See Mare folklore for further discussion nikwiz nikwuz nikwaza 113 114 OE nicor MDu nicker MLG necker OHG nichus nihhus 113 114 ON nykr 113 From PIE nigʷ ōs lt neigʷ to wash 113 114 An entity associated with water which probably also existed under the feminine form nikwazjōn cf OHG nickessa 114 See Nixie folklore for further discussion skrattōn skradan 115 116 OE scraette OHG scratto 115 116 ON skratti 115 116 An n stem originally inflected as skradō gen skrattaz lt skrodʰōn skrodʰnos 116 A variety of malicious entity 115 116 skōhsla 95 Goth skōhsl 95 Identical to PCelt skahslo cf Old Irish scal supernatural or superhuman being phantom giant hero the god Lug Middle Welsh yscaul hero champion warrior 95 A name for an evil spirit or a demon 95 thurisaz 117 118 OE dyrs OHG duris 117 ON thurs 117 No clear etymology Perhaps related to ON thyrja to rush ON thora to dare or Icel thursi quarrel anger rage 117 118 One of a series of semantically related Proto Germanic terms for a type of entity Borrowed into early Finnish as Turisas a war god and a sea monster 118 See jotunn for further discussion wrisjōn 119 OS wrisi OHG riso 119 ON risi 119 Probably related to Greek ῥion peak headland 119 One of the Proto Germanic terms semantically related to jotunn Occurs also in OS wrisi lik enormous wrisi like 119 For further discussion see jotunn wala kuzjōn 120 OE waelcyrge 120 ON valkyrja 120 Meaning chooser of the slain Compound of walaz the slain and kuzjōn chooser lt PGmc keusanan to trial select 120 121 See also OE wael ceasega a name for raven that literally means chooser of the slain 122 A variety of goddess like female entity Compare đisō above 120 See valkyrie for further discussion wira wulfaz 123 OE were wulf OFrank wer wolf MDu weer wolf MLG wer wulf WFris waer ul e MHG wer wolf 123 124 ON varg ulfr 123 Meaning man wolf and predecessor to modern English werewolf Probably a compound of wiraz man and wulfaz wolf 125 126 Alternately derived from wazi wulfaz wolf clothed bringing the compound semantically in line with the Slavic name for werewolf vlko dlak literally wolf haired 126 The Norse branch underwent taboo modifications with ON vargulfr replacing wiraz man with vargr outlaw wolf probably under the influence of Old French leus warous which literally means wolf werewolf 125 126 127 Old Frankish werwolf is inferred from ONorm garwa l f garo u l 128 127 The modern Norse forms varulv Danish Norwegian and varulf Swedish were probably borrowed from MLG werwulf 127 or else be derived from an unattested ON varulfr posited as the regular descendant form of PGmc wira wulfaz 124 See werewolf for further discussion wehtiz wihtiz 129 OE wiht OS wiht Du wicht OHG wiht 129 ON vaettr 129 Goth waihts 129 A creature Related to Slav vekt thing 129 Possibly from PIE weḱti weǵʰ ti or a Germanic Slavic isogloss 130 Cf also Far vaetti miserable creature lt wehtja 130 Note OE Old English OFris Old Frisian OFrank Old Frankish OS Old Saxon MLG Middle Low German OD Old Dutch MDu Middle Dutch OHG Old High German ON Old Norse Goth Gothic Lomb Lombardic Burg Burgundian PGmc Proto Germanic Pre Ger Pre Germanic PIE Proto Indo European UnattestedLocations editProto Germanic reconstruction Translation West Germanic North Germanic East Germanic Etymology Notes Ferg w unjan Ferg w unjō 131 132 mountain OHG Firgunnea 131 132 ON Fjǫrgyn 131 132 Probably from PIE per kwun ih wooded mountains i e the realm of Perkwunos Cognate with PCelt ferkunyo gt H ercynia 132 133 Cognate with or borrowed into Slav as per g ynja wooded hills 132 133 Cf also Goth fairguni and OE firgen mountain 131 132 See Perkwunos for further discussion Haljō 134 the concealed OE hell OFris helle ODu helle OS hellia OHG hella 134 135 ON hel 134 Goth halja 134 From PGmc helanan to conceal hide 134 136 Precursor to modern English Hell attested as an afterlife location throughout Germanic languages and personified as a female entity in Old Norse and Old English See Hel being and Hel location Halja witjan 134 hell knowledge OE helle wite OS helli witi MHG helle witze 134 ON hel viti 134 Compound of PGmc Haljō Hell and witjan knowledge reason 134 A poetic name for an underworld location See Haljō above hem e naz 137 138 heaven OE heofon OFris himel OS heƀan ODu himil MLG heven OHG himil 138 139 ON himinn 137 138 Goth himins 137 138 From the gen h ḱmnos of PIE h eḱmon heavenly vault of stone Possibly cognate with PGmc hamaraz hammer via a metathesized stem ḱ e h m r cf Grk kamara vault 137 140 See Perkwunos Heavenly vault of stone for further discussion hemena wangaz 137 141 heaven meadow OS heƀan wang OE neorxna wang 137 141 ON himin vangr Folk vangr 137 141 Gothic waggs 141 Compound of PGmc hemenaz heaven and wangaz meadow 137 The noun wangaz stems from the PIE root uongʰ denoting a field 142 A term denoting an afterlife heavenly meadow PGmc wangaz occurs as a gloss for paradise in Old Norse Old English and Gothic implying an early Germanic concept of an afterlife field in the heaven 141 Folkvangr is an afterlife location associated with the goddess Freyja in Old Norse texts See Folkvangr and Neorxnawang Medjana gardaz 143 middle enclosure OE middan geard OS middil gard OHG mitti gart 143 144 ON mid gardr 143 Goth midjun gards 143 Compound of PGmc medjanaz middle and gardaz enclosure courtyard 143 See Midgard for further discussion wira alđiz 145 man age OE weorold OFris wrald OS werold MDu werelt OHG weralt 145 146 ON verǫld 145 Compound of PGmc wiraz man and alđiz age 145 The inhabited world the realm of humankind Source of modern English world 146 Note OE Old English OFris Old Frisian OFrank Old Frankish OS Old Saxon MLG Middle Low German OD Old Dutch MDu Middle Dutch OHG Old High German ON Old Norse Goth Gothic Lomb Lombardic Burg Burgundian PGmc Proto Germanic Pre Ger Pre Germanic PIE Proto Indo European UnattestedOther editProto Germanic reconstruction Translation West Germanic North Germanic East Germanic Etymology Notes alh a z 147 temple OE ealh OS alah 147 ON all 147 Goth alhs 147 Identical to Lith alkas holy grove 147 148 austro menōth Austrōn month OE eosturmōnath ODu ostermanoth OHG ōstarmanōd 149 5 A compound of WGmc Austrōn a female deity and menōth month A West Germanic name for the month of Austrōn associated with a festival held around April and eventually displaced by the Christian Easter 149 See Eostre and Eosturmōnath for further discussion ƀlōtanan 150 to sacrifice OE blōtan OHG bluozan 150 ON blota 150 Goth blotan 150 Traditionally compared to Lat flamen sacrificial priest possibly from an earlier fladsmen lt bʰleh dmen 150 151 152 Source of PGmc ƀlostran sacrifice and ƀlotan sacrifice worship 153 ƀlōta husan 153 house of worship house of sacrifice OHG bluoz huz 153 ON blot hus 153 Compound of PGmc ƀlotan sacrifice worship and husan house 153 Place of worship temple 153 elhja 2 evil ON illr 2 From Pre Ger elkyo attested in the Finnish loanwords elkia mean malicious and ilkea bad mean wicked Possibly related to Old Irish ol c c bad evil 2 frijjadag Friday OE Frigedaeg OFris Friadei MDu Vriendach MLG Vridach OHG Friatag 154 ON Frjadagr 154 A Late PGmc compound of Frijjō Frigg and dag day Calque of Lat Veneris dies 154 See Frijjō above ON Frjadagr was borrowed from OHG Friatag 155 Source of Modern English Friday galđran 156 magic song spell charm OE gealdor OHG galtar 156 ON galdr 156 From PGmc galanan to shout sing chant 156 157 See galdr for further discussion guđ j ōn 104 priest OE gydda ON godi gydja 104 158 Goth gudja 104 158 From PGmc guđaz god 104 The Old English form appears as an apparent historical element of Modern English place names such as Gedding and Gidleigh 159 hailagaz 31 holy OE halig OFris helich OS helag OHG heilag 31 ON heilagr 31 Goth hailags 31 From PGmc hailaz hale whole sound 31 Source of PGmc hailagōjanan to make holy consecrate 31 hailaga menōth holy month OE haliġ mōnath ODu heil manōth OHG heilag manōth 160 A compound of PGmc hailagaz holy and menōth month A West Germanic name for the holy month equivalent to modern September or December 160 See Haliġmōnath for further discussion harƀistu menōthz 161 autumn month harvest month OE haerfest mōnath ODu hervist manōth OHG herbist manōth 161 ON haust manudr 161 A compound of PGmc harƀistaz autumn harvest and menōthz month 161 Early Germanic name of the month of harvest roughly equivalent to modern August November 161 Cf also ODu Aranmanōth OHG Aranmanōd harvest month August from another PGmc stem azani harvest har u gaz 162 163 holy stone perhaps sacrificial mound 163 OE hearg OHG harug 162 ON hǫrgr 162 From Pre Ger karku Probably borrowed from the same non Indo European source as PCelt karrika stone 162 163 95 See horgr for further information halja runō n 164 witch sorceress OE helle rune OHG helli runa 164 Lat Goth pl Jordanes haliurunae 164 Compound of haljō Hel and runō secret mystery rune 164 hunslan 165 sacrifice OE husel 165 ON husl 165 Goth hunsl 165 A sla suffix added to the PIE stem ḱuent holy sacred 165 166 hugi runō 167 secret of the mind magical rune OE hyge run 167 ON hug runar 167 Compound of hugiz understanding mind and runō secret mystery rune 167 jehwlan 168 Yule OE geō hho l 168 ON jol 168 Goth jaihl 169 No credible etymology 169 168 Name of a Germanic festival organized at the end of each year Cf also Jehwla đagaz Yule day 169 168 See Yule for further discussion jehwla menōthz jehwlaz 169 168 Yule month OE geol mōnath giuli 168 ON jol manudr ylir 168 Goth jiuleis 168 jera menōthz 170 year month OHG jar manōd 170 ON ar manadr 170 A compound of PGmc jeran year and menōthz month 170 Early Germanic name of the year month equivalent to modern January kunjaz 171 omen ON kyn 171 Closely related to Lith zinia knowledge magic 171 lek i jaz 172 96 healer physician OE lǣce OS laki OFris letza OHG lahhi 172 ON laekir 172 Goth lekeis 172 From Pre Ger legyos Borrowed from PCelt leagis cf OIr lieig physician healer leech 172 96 Source of PGmc lekinan cure remedy and lekinōjanan to heal 172 lubjan 173 herbal medicine magic potion OE lybb OS lubbi MDu lubbe OHG lubbi 173 174 ON lyf 173 Goth lubja 173 Related to PGmc lauban foliage cf PCelt lubi herb 174 96 Medicinal herb associated with magic cf Goth lubja leisei witchcraft alchemist OHG lubbari magician 173 174 melđunjaz 175 lightning hammer ON Mjǫllnir 175 From a PIE stem meld n which may have originally designated Perkwunos weapon Cognate with Latv milna Perkōns hammer OPrus mealde lightning OCS mldni lightning Welsh mellten bolt of lightning 176 Thor s hammer See Mjǫllnir for further discussion menandag Monday OE Mōnandaeg OFris Mōnandei MDu MLG Manendach OHG Manetag 177 ON Manadagr 177 A Late PGmc compound of Menōn Moon and dag day Calque of Lat Lunae dies 177 See Menōn above Source of Modern English Monday nemeđaz 178 sacred grove OFrank nimid OS nimidas 178 179 Swed Nymden 179 Related to or borrowed PCelt nemetom sacred grove sanctuary 178 179 See sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology runō 180 secret mystery secret counsel rune OE run OS runa MDu rune OHG runa 180 ON run 180 Goth runa 180 Borrowed from or cognate with PCelt runa secret magic 180 Source of PGmc runōn counsellor runjan mystery raunō trial inquiry experiment 180 See runes for further discussion runa stabaz 180 runic letter OE run staef OHG run stab 180 ON runa stafr 180 A compound of PGmc runō secret mystery counsel and stabaz staff letter 180 saidaz 181 182 spell charm magic ON seidr 181 182 From Pre Ger saitha which is cognate with Lith saitas soothsaying talisman and PCelt soyto magic 181 182 96 Probably originally identical to PIE soito string rope from seh2i to bind 96 See also the PGmc verb sidanan to work charms cf ON sida and OE siden magic lt sidnō 181 182 saiwalō 183 soul OE sawel OFris sele OS seola sela OHG seola sela 183 Goth saiwala 183 According to Vladimir Orel derived from PGmc saiwiz saiwaz sea lake probably because of a Germanic belief in souls born out of and returning to sacred lakes 183 skaldaz 184 poet OHG skelto 184 ON skald 184 Probably from a PGmc verb skeldanan skadjanan to announce reproach cf ME scolden OFri skelda ODu sceldan OHG sceltan 184 Perhaps related to PCelt sketlo story tidings cf OIr scel saga narrative MWelsh chwedl traditional narrative tidings 185 OHG skelto MHG schelte mean blamer criticizer satirist 184 Middle English scald was borrowed from ON skald 186 187 See skald for further discussion sumlan 188 banquet symposium OE symbel OS sumbal 188 ON sum b l 188 From PIE sṃ lo joint meal 188 See symbel for further discussion sunnandag Sunday OE Sunnandaeg OFris Sunnandei MDu Sonnendach MLG Sunnendach OHG Sunnuntag 189 ON Sunnudagr 189 A Late PGmc compound of sunnōn genitive of Sowelo Sun attached to dag day Calque of Lat Solis dies 189 See Sowelo Sōel above Source of Modern English Sunday tafnan 190 sacrificial meat ON tafn 190 191 From Pre Ger dapno lt PIE dh p no sacrificial meal Cognate with Lat damnum harm damage loss MIr duan poem song and Arm tawn feast 190 191 192 taufran 193 sorcery magic OE teafor OFris taver MLG tover OHG zoubar 193 ON taufr 193 Possibly derived from PGmc tawjanan to do make 193 tiƀran 194 sacrifice animal offering OE tiber tifer OHG zebar 194 Goth aibr 194 Cognate with Greek deῖpnon meal and Arm tvar male sheep lt PIE deip r gen dip n os 194 195 According to some scholars Goth aibr should be emended to tibr 196 195 tiwasdag Tuesday OE Tiwesdaeg OFris Tiesdei OHG Ziestag 197 ON Tysdagr 197 A Late PGmc compound of Tiwaz Tyr and dag day Calque of Lat Martis dies 197 See Tiwaz above Source of Modern English Tuesday thonaresdag Thursday OE THunresdaeg OFris Thunresdei MDu Donresdach OHG Donarestag 198 ON THorsdagr 198 A Late PGmc compound of THun a raz Thor and dag day Calque of Lat Iovis dies 198 See THun a raz above Source of Modern English Thursday wihaz 199 200 holy divine OE wig OS wih OHG wih 199 200 Goth weihs 199 200 From PIE weik o 200 Identical to Lith viẽkas life force and further related to Lat victima sacrificial animal 199 200 Source of PGmc wihenan wihjanan to consecrate wihislōn consecration and wihithō holiness sanctity 201 200 wihan 199 sanctuary OE wih OS wih OHG wih 199 ON ve 199 From PGmc wihaz holy divine 199 202 See Ve shrine for further discussion wihōn 199 priest ON Vei 199 Goth weiha 199 From PGmc wihaz holy divine 199 See Vili and Ve for further discussion wikkōnan 202 to practice sorcery OE wiccian WFris wikje MDu wicken MHG wicken 202 From PGmc wihaz holy divine 202 This verb served as the derivational base for OE wicca witch and MHG MDu wicker soothsayer 202 Source of Modern English witch witagōn 203 wizard prophet OE witega OHG wizago 203 ON vitki 203 From PGmc witanan to know 203 Source of the PGmc verb witagōjanan to prophesy 203 wōdanesdag Wednesday OE Wōdnesdaeg OFris Wernisdei MDu Woensdach MLG Wōdensdach OHG Wōdanstag 204 ON odinsdagr 204 A Late PGmc compound of Wōdanaz Odin and dag day Calque of Lat Mercurii dies 204 See Wōdanaz above Source of Modern English Wednesday Note OE Old English OFris Old Frisian OFrank Old Frankish OS Old Saxon MLG Middle Low German OD Old Dutch MDu Middle Dutch OHG Old High German ON Old Norse Goth Gothic Lomb Lombardic Burg Burgundian PGmc Proto Germanic Pre Ger Pre Germanic PIE Proto Indo European UnattestedSee also editAnthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology Proto Celtic paganism Proto Indo Iranian paganismNotes edit a b c Koch 2020 p 139 a b c d e f g Koch 2020 p 140 a b c d Kroonen 2013 p 43 a b Sermon 2008 p 338 339 a b West 2007 pp 217 218 a b c de Vries 1962 p 20 a b c Falluomini 2017 a b c Simek 1984 pp 31 32 a b c Orel 2003 p 33 a b de Vries 1962 p 24 a b Orel 2003 pp 33 34 Simek 1996 p 26 sfn error no target CITEREFSimek1996 help Simek 1993 p 59 60 7 139 Simek 1993 p 7 Simek 1993 p 139 Simek 1984 p 11 a b Rosenfeld amp Hauck 1984 de Vries 1962 p 142 a b c d e f g Orel 2003 p 112 a b c Kroonen 2013 p 153 Kroonen 2013 pp 152 153 a b c d Orel 2003 p 114 a b Kroonen 2013 p 155 Oxford English Dictionary 2021 s v Friday n and adv a b c d Orel 2003 p 118 a b Orel 2003 p 129 a b c d de Vries 1962 p 159 Orel 2003 pp 129 147 Rubekeil 2002 p 603 Simek 1993 pp 100 101 a b c d e f g h i j Orel 2003 p 151 a b c de Vries 1962 p 239 a b c Simek 1984 p 185 a b de Vries 1957 pp 321 322 Orel 2003 p 191 a b c d Simek 1984 pp 185 198 a b c d e f g de Vries 1962 p 678 a b Lehmann 1986 p 100 a b c d e f de Vries 1962 pp 286 679 a b c d e f g Lehmann 1986 p 244 Mallory amp Adams 1997 p 367 a b c d e Orel 2003 p 270 a b c Oxford English Dictionary 2021 s v moon n 1 a b Kroonen 2013 p 365 Oxford English Dictionary 2021 s v Monday n and adv a b c Puhvel 1987 p 205 a b c Simek amp 2007 1993 p 230 sfn error no target CITEREFSimek2007 1993 help Magnusson 1989 p 671 sfn error no target CITEREFMagnusson1989 help Hopkins 2012 p 39 a b Orel 2003 p 385 Magnusson 1989 pp 463 464 sfn error no target CITEREFMagnusson1989 help a b c Orel 2003 pp 361 385 387 a b Kroonen 2013 pp 463 464 Oxford English Dictionary 2021 s v Sunday n and adv a b c d e f g Orel 2003 p 408 Lehmann 1986 p 352 a b Kroonen 2013 p 519 Simek 1984 pp 413 420 West 2007 p 167 n 8 Oxford English Dictionary 2021 s v Tuesday n and adv de Vries 1957 pp 363 364 Simek 1984 p 418 Mallory amp Adams 1997 p 129 de Vries 1962 p 602 a b c Simek 1984 p 251 de Vries 1957 pp 11 14 Delamarre 2003 p 290 Matasovic 2009 p 384 Jackson 2002 p 61 102 Oxford English Dictionary 2021 s v Thursday n and adv a b c Kroonen 2013 p 274 Puhvel 1987 p 63 Mallory amp Adams 1997 pp 129 130 a b c Orel 2003 p 469 West 2007 p 137 Kroonen 2013 p 592 Oxford English Dictionary 2021 s v Wednesday n and adv a b Orel 2003 p 474 a b c de Vries 1962 p 633 a b c Kroonen 2013 p 599 a b c d Orel 2003 p 475 a b Kroonen 2013 p 600 a b c d e Orel 2003 p 13 Burgundian s status as an East Germanic language remains unclear a b c d Orel 2003 p 15 Orel 2003 p 21 a b c de Vries 1962 p 16 Simek 1984 p 25 Orel 2003 p 21 Kroonen 2013 p 30 a b Orel 2003 p 20 21 Kroonen 2013 p 30 a b c Orel 2003 p 72 a b Kroonen 2013 p 96 Kroonen 2013 pp 114 115 Kroonen 2013 pp 96 114 Simek 1993 p 171 de Vries 1962 p 77 a b c d e f g h i Koch 2020 p 142 a b c d e f g h i Koch 2020 p 144 a b c Orel 2003 p 81 Oxford English Dictionary 2021 s v dwarf n and adj Kroonen 2013 p 112 a b c d Orel 2003 p 86 a b c d e Orel 2003 p 262 a b Kroonen 2013 p 163 a b c Oxford English Dictionary 2021 s v ghost n a b c d e f g h i Orel 2003 p 145 Oxford English Dictionary 2021 s v god n and int Kroonen 2013 pp 193 194 Orel 2003 pp 144 145 a b c d Orel 2003 p 241 a b Oxford English Dictionary 2021 s v mare n 2 Derksen 2007 p 324 Derksen 2007 pp 302 324 TLFi s v cauchemar a b c d Orel 2003 p 287 a b c d Kroonen 2013 p 390 a b c d Orel 2003 p 343 a b c d e Kroonen 2013 p 447 a b c d Orel 2003 p 429 a b c Kroonen 2013 p 552 a b c d e Orel 2003 p 472 a b c d e Orel 2003 p 442 Kroonen 2013 p 569 Oxford English Dictionary 2021 s v walkyrie n a b c Orel 2003 p 463 a b Oxford English Dictionary 2021 s v werewolf n a b de Vries 1962 p 646 a b c Orel 2003 p 463 450 a b c DEAF G 334 338 FEW 17 569 a b c d e Orel 2003 pp 15 452 Kroonen 2013 p 578 a b Kroonen 2013 p 578 a b c d Orel 2003 p 99 a b c d e f Kroonen 2013 p 136 a b West 2007 p 241 a b c d e f g h i Orel 2003 p 156 Oxford English Dictionary 2021 s v hell n and int Kroonen 2013 p 204 a b c d e f g h Orel 2003 p 169 a b c d Kroonen 2013 p 220 Oxford English Dictionary 2021 s v heaven n Kroonen 2013 pp 206 220 a b c d e Hopkins amp Haukur 2011 p 14 17 sfn error no target CITEREFHopkins amp Haukur2011 help Kroonen 2013 p 573 a b c d e Orel 2003 p 264 Oxford English Dictionary 2021 s v middenerd n a b c d Orel 2003 p 462 a b Oxford English Dictionary 2021 s v world n a b c d e Orel 2003 p 14 Kroonen 2013 p 22 a b Simek 1996 p 255 sfn error no target CITEREFSimek1996 help a b c d e Orel 2003 p 51 de Vries 1962 p 45 Kroonen 2013 p 70 a b c d e f Orel 2003 p 50 a b c de Vries 1962 p 143 Simek 2007 pp 93 94 sfn error no target CITEREFSimek2007 help a b c d Orel 2003 p 124 Kroonen 2013 p 164 a b Kroonen 2013 p 194 Mills A D 1992 A Dictionary of English Place Names 2nd ed Oxford p 142 ISBN 0 19 869156 4 a b Poirier 2007 p 299 207 a b c d e Orel 2003 p 161 a b c d Orel 2003 p 164 a b c Kroonen 2013 p 211 a b c d Orel 2003 p 155 a b c d e Orel 2003 p 194 Kroonen 2013 p 256 a b c d Orel 2003 p 190 a b c d e f g h i Orel 2003 p 205 a b c d Lehmann 1986 p 211 a b c d Orel 2003 pp 205 206 a b c Kroonen 2013 p 311 a b c d e f Orel 2003 p 244 a b c d e Orel 2003 p 249 a b c Kroonen 2013 p 341 a b Orel 2003 p 266 Watkins 1995 p 429 a b c de Vries 1962 p 379 a b c Orel 2003 p 283 a b c Koch 2020 p 141 a b c d e f g h i j Orel 2003 p 310 a b c d Orel 2003 p 313 a b c d Kroonen 2013 p 421 a b c d Orel 2003 p 314 a b c d e Kroonen 2013 p 439 Koch 2020 p 137 de Vries 1962 p 481 Oxford English Dictionary 2021 s v scold n a b c d Orel 2003 p 386 a b c de Vries 1962 p 562 a b c Orel 2003 p 398 a b Kroonen 2013 p 504 Koch 2020 p 119 a b c d Orel 2003 p 402 a b c d Orel 2003 p 406 a b Kroonen 2013 p 516 Lehmann 1986 p 13 a b c de Vries 1962 p 603 a b c de Vries 1962 p 618 a b c d e f g h i j k l Orel 2003 p 465 a b c d e f Kroonen 2013 p 585 Orel 2003 pp 465 466 a b c d e Kroonen 2013 p 586 a b c d e Orel 2003 p 468 a b c de Vries 1962 p 416 References editAsgeir Blondal Magnusson 1989 Islensk ordsifjabok Ordabok Haskolans Derksen Rick 2007 Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon Brill ISBN 978 90 04 15504 6 de Vries Jan 1956 Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte Vol 1 1970 ed Walter De Gruyter de Vries Jan 1957 Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte Vol 2 1970 ed Walter De Gruyter de Vries Jan 1962 Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch 1977 ed Brill ISBN 978 90 04 05436 3 Falluomini Carla 2017 Zum gotischen Fragment aus Bologna II Berichtigungen und neue Lesungen Zeitschrift fur deutsches Altertum und Literatur 146 3 284 294 doi 10 3813 zfda 2017 0012 S2CID 217253695 Hopkins Joseph THorgeirsson Haukur 2011 The Ship in the Field RMN Newsletter 3 14 18 Hopkins Joseph 2012 Goddesses Unknown I Njǫrun and the Sister Wife of Njǫrdr RMN Newsletter 5 39 44 Jackson Peter 2002 Light from Distant Asterisks Towards a Description of the Indo European Religious Heritage Numen 49 1 61 102 doi 10 1163 15685270252772777 ISSN 0029 5973 JSTOR 3270472 Koch John T 2020 Celto Germanic Later Prehistory and Post Proto Indo European vocabulary in the North and West University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies ISBN 9781907029325 Kroonen Guus 2013 Etymological Dictionary of Proto Germanic Brill ISBN 9789004183407 Lecouteux Claude 2016 Encyclopedia of Norse and Germanic Folklore Mythology and Magic Simon and Schuster ISBN 978 1 62055 481 4 Lehmann Winfred P 1986 A Gothic Etymological Dictionary Brill ISBN 978 90 04 08176 5 Mallory James P Adams Douglas Q 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture Fitzroy Dearborn ISBN 978 1 884964 98 5 Orel Vladimir 2003 A Handbook of Germanic Etymology Brill ISBN 978 90 04 12875 0 Poirier Joseph 2007 The Names of the Months in Europe Agricultural and Meteorological influences European Review 15 2 199 207 doi 10 1017 S106279870700021X S2CID 143383253 Oxford English Dictionary Online Oxford University Press 2021 Puhvel Jaan 1987 Comparative Mythology The Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 0 8018 3938 6 Rosenfeld Hellmut Hauck Karl 1984 Dioskuren Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde Vol 5 2 ed De Gruyter ISBN 978 3110096354 Rubekeil Ludwig 2002 Scandinavia In The Light of Ancient Tradition In Bandle Oskar in German ed The Nordic Languages Vol 1 Walter de Gruyter pp 593 604 ISBN 9783110148763 Sermon Richard 2008 From Easter to Ostara the Reinvention of a Pagan Goddess Time and Mind 3 1 331 344 doi 10 2752 175169708X329372 S2CID 161574008 Simek Rudolf 1984 Lexikon der germanischen Mythologie A Kroner ISBN 3 520 36801 3 Simek Rudolf 1993 Dictionary of Northern Mythology Boydell amp Brewer Ltd ISBN 0 85991 513 1 Watkins Calvert 1995 How to Kill a Dragon Aspects of Indo European Poetics Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0198024712 West Martin L 2007 Indo European Poetry and Myth Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 928075 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Proto Germanic folklore amp oldid 1189801846 Deities, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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