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Wikipedia

Cinema of Iran

October 29, 2023

The cinema of Iran (Persian: سینمای ایران), or of Persia, refers to the film industry in Iran. Particularly Iranian art films have garnered international recognition.[4] Iranian films are usually written and spoken in the Persian language.[5]

Cinema of Iran
No. of screens596 (2018)[1]
 • Per capita0.7 per 100,000 (2018)
Produced feature films (2017)[2]
Total200
Number of admissions (2018)[3]
Total28,537,410
National films28,514,921
Gross box office (2018)[3]
Total$23.8 million

Iran has been lauded as one of the best exporters of cinema in the 1990s.[6] Some critics now rank Iran as the world's most important national cinema, artistically, with a significance that invites comparison to Italian neorealism and similar movements in past decades.[4] A range of international film festivals have honoured Iranian cinema in the last twenty years. Many film critics from around the world have praised Iranian cinema as one of the world's most important artistic cinemas.[7]

History edit

Visual arts in Iran edit

See also: Persian theatre

The earliest examples of visual representations in Iranian history may be traced back to the bas-reliefs in Persepolis (c. 500 BC). Bas relief is a method of sculpting which entails carving or etching away the surface of a flat piece of stone or metal. Persepolis was the ritual center of the ancient kingdom of Achaemenids and "the figures at Persepolis remain bound by the rules of grammar and syntax of visual language."[8]

Iranian visual arts may be said to have peaked about a thousand years later during the Sassanian reign. A bas-relief from this period in Taq Bostan (western Iran) depicts a complex hunting scene. Similar works from the period have been found to articulate movements and actions in a highly sophisticated manner. It is even possible to see the progenitor of the cinema close-up: a wounded wild pig escaping from the hunting ground,[9] among these works of art.

After the conversion from Zoroastrianism to Islam; Persian art continued its visual practices. Persian miniatures provide great examples of such continued attempts. The deliberate lack of perspective in Persian miniature enabled the artist to have different plots and sub-plots within the same image space. A very popular form of such art was Pardeh Khani. Another type of art in the same category was Naqqali.[9]

Popular dramatic performance arts in Iran, before the advent of cinema, include Marionette, Saye-bazi (shadow plays), Rouhozi (comical acts), and Ta'zieh.[10]

cinema entered into the public realm, but, its cultural and economic capabilities were still unknown. As a consequence, theaters experienced a growing trend at the outset as to reveal economic attractions of cinema. Due to equating him with the Iranian Constitutional Revolutionaries, Mirza Ebrahim Khan Sahhafbashi’s Kinetoscopes corridor didn’t last for even a month and was closed, resulting in his leaving Iran. Then, it was the turn of Rousi Khan’s public theater. It, too, didn’t survive for a long time as the public theater was plundered during conflicts between Mohammad Ali Shah and Constitution Revolutionaries and, moreover, he himself fled abroad. After him, it was‘ Ardeshir Khan Armeni’ who introduced the real meaning of running and using cinema, continuing until long after him.[11]

Early Persian cinema edit

Cinema was only five years old when it came to Persia at the beginning of the 20th century. The first Persian filmmaker was Mirza Ebrahim Khan Akkas Bashi, the official photographer of Muzaffar al-Din Shah, the King of Persia from 1896–1907. After a visit to Paris in July 1900, Akkas Bashi obtained a camera and filmed the Shah's visit to Europe upon the Shah's orders. He is said to have filmed the Shah's private and religious ceremonies, but no copies of such films exist today. A few years after Akkas Bashi started photography, Khan Baba Motazedi, another pioneer in Iranian motion picture photography emerged.[12] He shot a considerable amount of newsreel footage during the reign of Qajar to the Pahlavi dynasty.[13]

The first public screening took place in Tehran in 1904, presented by Mirza Ebrahim Khan Sahaf Bashi. He arranged the screening in the back of his antique shop. In 1905, Sahaf Bashi opened the first movie theater in Cheragh Gaz Avenue in the national capital. In 1909, with fall of the Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar heir of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar and the success of the constitutionalists, Russi Khan lost his support. Consequently, his film theatre and photography studios were destroyed by the public. Soon after, other cinema theatres in Tehran closed down. Movie theatres sprang up again in 1912 with the help of Ardeshir Khan, an Armenian-Iranian.[9] In 1904, Mirza Ebrahim Khan Sahhafbashi opened the first movie theater in Tehran.[12] The cinematographic camera was introduced to Iran in 1929, as yet another tool of modernization. After Mirza Ebrahim Khan, several others like Russi Khan, Ardeshir Khan, and Ali Vakili tried to establish new movie theaters in Tehran. Until the early 1930s, there were little more than 15 theatres in Tehran and 11 in other provinces.[9] In 1925, Ovanes Ohanian, decided to establish the first film school in Iran. Within five years he managed to run the first session of the school under the name "Parvareshgahe Artistiye Cinema".[14]

1930s and 1940s edit

 
Roohangiz Saminejad in Lor Girl (1933)

In 1930 the first Iranian silent film was made by Professor Ovanes Ohanian called Abi and Rabi. In 1933 he made his second film titled Haji Agha. Later that year, Abdolhossein Sepanta made the first Iranian sound film, entitled Lor Girl, which was released in 1933 in two Tehran cinemas, Mayak and Sepah. The story of the film was based on a comparison between the state of security in Iran at the end of the Qajar dynasty and during Reza Shah period. Sepanta would go on to direct movies such as Ferdowsi (the life story of the most celebrated epic poet of Iran), Shirin and Farhad (a classic Iranian love story), and Black Eyes (the story of Nader Shah's invasion of India). In 1937, he directed Laili and Majnoon, an Eastern love story similar to the English story of Romeo and Juliet.

The present day Iranian film industry owes much of its progress to two industrious personalities, Esmail Koushan and Farrokh Ghaffari. By establishing the first National Iranian Film Society in 1949 at the Iran Bastan Museum and organizing the first Film Week during which English films were exhibited, Ghaffari laid the foundation for alternative and non-commercial films in Iran.

Early Persian directors like Abdolhossein Sepanta and Esmail Koushan took advantage of the richness of Persian literature and ancient Persian mythology. In their work, they emphasized ethics and humanity.[15]

Pre-revolutionary cinema, 1950s–1970s edit

Main article: Pre-revolutionary Iranian cinema

Post-revolutionary cinema edit

In the early 1970s, a New Iranian Cinema emerged (cinema motefävet). However, following the Revolution in 1979, a few filmmakers and actors went into exile per new governmental regulations. Between 1979 and 1985, about 100 features were released.[16] While Khomeini's censorship remained, the small number of features produced focused on sexual display and European influence.[16]

In 1982, the annual Fajr Film Festival financed films. The Farabi Cinema Foundation then stepped in to try and reassemble the disorganized cinema. The following year, the government began to provide financial aid. This change in regime encouraged a whole new generation of filmmakers, which included female directors as well. With this, the focus shifted to children overcoming obstacles: true stories, lyrical, mystical drama, real-life problems, documentary footage, etc.

Post-revolutionary Iranian cinema has been celebrated in many international forums and festivals for its distinct style, themes, authors, idea of nationhood, and cultural references. Starting With Viva... by Khosrow Sinai and followed by many excellent Iranian directors who emerged in the last few decades, such as Abbas Kiarostami and Jafar Panahi. Kiarostami, who some critics regard as one of the few great directors in the history of cinema,[17] planted Iran firmly on the map of world cinema when he won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival for Taste of Cherry in 1997.

The continuous presence of Iranian films in prestigious international festivals such as the Cannes Film Festival, the Venice Film Festival, and the Berlin Film Festival attracted world attention to Iranian masterpieces .[permanent dead link]. In 2006, six Iranian films, of six different styles, represented Iranian cinema at the Berlin Film Festival. Critics considered this a remarkable event in the history of Iranian cinema.[18][19]

An important step was taken in 1998 when the Iranian government began to fund ethnic cinema. Since then Iranian Kurdistan has seen the rise of numerous filmmakers. In particular, the film industry got momentum in Iranian Kurdistan and the region has seen the emergence of filmmakers such as Bahman Ghobadi, actually the entire Ghobadi family, Ali-Reza Rezai, Khosret Ressoul and many other younger filmmakers.[20]

There is also movie-documentary production, often critical of the society in the name of the Islamic revolution ideal, like the films directed by Mohammedreza Eslamloo.

By the year 2001 the number of features produced in Iran rose to 87 (from 28, which is the number of films that were produced in 1980, after the fall of the Shah). The most popular genres were melodramas and historical pageants which seldom went to festivals. In 1997, the newly elected president, Mohammed Khatemi, would eventually come to play a role in helping filmmakers achieve a certain degree of artistic freedom.[21]

Important figures edit

Directors edit

Actors edit

 
Shahab Hosseini is the first and only Iranian actor to win the Best Actor award at the Cannes Film Festival.
 
Reza Naji is the first Iranian actor to win the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the Berlin International Film Festival.
 
Rouhollah Zamani is the first Iranian actor to win the Marcello Mastroianni Award at the Venice International Film Festival.
 
 
Navid Mohammadzadeh and Mohsen Tanabandeh are the only Iranian actors to win the Orizzonti Award for Best Actor at the Venice International Film Festival.

Actresses edit

 
Shohreh Aghdashloo is the first and only Iranian actress to be nominated for an Oscar award.
 
Zar Amir Ebrahimi is the first and only Iranian actress to win the Best Actress award at the Cannes Film Festival.
 
Leila Hatami is the first Iranian actress to win the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin International Film Festival (jointly with Sareh Bayat, Sarina Farhadi, Kimia Hosseini).
 
Golshifteh Farahani is the first and only Iranian actress to be nominated for a César award.
 
Taraneh Alidoosti is the first and only Iranian actress to win the Leopard for Best Actress at the Locarno International Film Festival.

Contemporary Iranian cinema edit

Today, the Iranian box office is dominated by commercial Iranian films. Western films are occasionally shown in movie theaters. and contemporary Hollywood productions are shown on state television. Iranian art films are often not screened officially, and are viewable via unlicensed DVDs which are available. Some of these acclaimed films were screened in Iran and had box office success. Examples include Rassul Sadr Ameli's "I’m Taraneh, 15", Rakhshan Bani-Etemad's "Under the skin of the City", Bahman Ghobadi's "Marooned in Iraq" and Manijeh Hekmat's "Women's Prison".[22]

Commercial cinema in Iran edit

The internationally award-winning cinema of Iran is quite different from the domestically oriented films. The latter caters to an entirely different audience, which is largely under the age of 25. This commercial Iranian cinema genre is largely unknown in the West, as the films are targeted at local audiences. There are Three categories of this type of film:

 
Mohammad Ali Fardin
  • Films before the revolution.

Lor Girl, A Party in Hell, Qeysar, Dar Emtedade Shab, Amir Arsalan, and Ganj-e Qarun.

  • Films about the victory of the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and the ensuing Iran–Iraq war and Action filled with strong religious and national motifs.

Eagles, Barzakhiha, The Viper, Dadshah, Boycott, Duel, Taraj, Ekhrajiha, The Glass Agency, Kani Manga, Ofogh, Bashu, the Little Stranger, Leily Ba Man Ast, M as in Mother and The Night Bus.

For many years, the most visible face of Iranian commercial cinema was Mohammad Ali Fardin, who starred in a number of popular successful films. In the more conservative social climate of Iran after the Iranian Revolution of 1979, however, he came to be considered an embarrassment to Iranian national identity and his films — which depicted romance, alcohol, vulgarity, objectification of women, scantily-dressed men and women, nightclubs, and a vulgar lifestyle now condemned by the Islamic government — were banned. Although this would effectively prevent Fardin from making films for the remainder of his life, the ban did little to diminish his broad popularity with Iranian moviegoers: His funeral in Tehran was attended by 20,000 mourners.[27] Before Fardin, one could argue, Iran simply did not have a commercial cinema.[28]

During the war years, crime thrillers such as Senator, The Eagles, Boycott, The Tenants, and Kani Manga occupied the first position on the sales charts.[29]

Officially, the Iranian government disdains American cinema: in 2007 President Ahmadinejad's media adviser told the Fars news agency, "We believe that the American cinema system is devoid of all culture and art and is only used as a device."[30] However, numerous Western commercial films such as Jaws, The Illusionist, Passion of the Christ, House of Sand and Fog, Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow, Sherlock Holmes, Alpha and Omega, Scarface, Casino Royale, The Mechanic, and The Aviator have been screened in Iranian cinemas and Iranian film festivals since the revolution. Despite great pride in the country's more than 100-year film history, Western cinema is enormously popular among Iran's young people, and practically every recent Hollywood film is available on CD, DVD, or video.[22][31][32][33] State television has also broadcast more Western movies—partly because millions of Iranians have been switching to the use of banned satellite television equipment.[33]

Iranian New Wave films edit

Main article: Iranian New Wave
 
Nasser Taghvaee
 
Bahram Bayzai, voted the best Persian filmmaker of all time in 2002

Iranian New Wave refers to a new movement in Iranian cinema. According to film critic Eric Henderson, the acclaimed documentary The House Is Black (خانه سیاه است) directed by Forough Farrokhzad (famous Iranian poet and director) paved the way for the Iranian New Wave.[34] The movement started in 1964 with Hajir Darioush's second film Serpent's Skin, which was based on D.H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover featuring Fakhri Khorvash and Jamshid Mashayekhi. Darioush's two important early social documentaries But Problems Arose in 1965, dealing with the cultural alienation of the Iranian youth, and Face 75, a critical look at the westernization of the rural culture, which was a prizewinner at the 1965 Berlin Film Festival, were also contributing significantly to the establishment of the New Wave.

In 1968, after the release of Shohare Ahoo Khanoom directed by Davoud Mollapour, and the 1969 release of The Cow directed by Darius Mehrjui followed by Masoud Kimiai's Qeysar, and Nasser Taqvai's Tranquility in the Presence of Others, the New Wave became well established as a prominent cultural, dynamic and intellectual trend. The Iranian viewer became discriminating, encouraging the new trend to prosper and develop.[35] In the 1960s, there were 'New Wave' movements in the cinema of numerous countries. The pioneers of the Iranian New Wave were directors like Forough Farrokhzad, Sohrab Shahid Saless, Bahram Beizai, and Parviz Kimiavi. They made innovative art films with highly political and philosophical tones and poetic language. Subsequent films of this type have become known as the New Iranian cinema to distinguish them from their earlier roots. The most notable figures of the Iranian New Wave are Abbas Kiarostami, Jafar Panahi, Majid Majidi, Bahram Beizai, Darius Mehrjui, Mohsen Makhmalbaf, Khosrow Sinai, Sohrab Shahid-Saless, Parviz Kimiavi, Samira Makhmalbaf, Amir Naderi, and Abolfazl Jalili.

The factors leading to the rise of the New Wave in Iran were, in part, due to the intellectual and political movements of the time. A romantic climate was developing after the 19 August 1953 coup in the sphere of arts. Alongside this, a socially committed literature took shape in the 1950s and reached a peak in the 1960s, which may consider as the golden era of contemporary Persian literature.[36]

Features of New Wave Iranian film, in particular the works of legendary Abbas Kiarostami, can be classified as postmodern.[37]

Iranian New Wave films shared some characteristics with the European art films of the period, in particular Italian Neorealism. However, in her article 'Real Fictions', Rose Issa argues that Iranian films have a distinctively Iranian cinematic language

"that champions the poetry in everyday life and the ordinary person by blurring the boundaries between fiction and reality, feature film with documentary." She also argues that this unique approach has inspired European cinema directors to emulate this style, citing Michael Winterbottom's award winning In This World (2002) as an homage to contemporary Iranian cinema. Issa claims that "This new, humanistic aesthetic language, determined by the film-makers’ individual and national identity, rather than the forces of globalism, has a strong creative dialogue not only on home ground but with audiences around the world."[38]

In his book Close Up: Iranian Cinema, Past, Present, Future (2001) Hamid Dabashi describes modern Iranian cinema and the phenomenon of [Iranian] national cinema as a form of cultural modernity. According to Dabashi, "the visual possibility of seeing the historical person (as opposed to the eternal Qur'anic man) on screen is arguably the single most important event allowing Iranians access to modernity."

While Beyzai and Taghvai represent the first generation and Karim-Masihi and Kiarostami represent the second generation of New wave filmmakers, the third generation is represented by Rafi Pitts, Bahman Ghobadi, Maziar Miri, Asghar Farhadi, Mani Haghighi, and Babak Payami,[39][40] along with newly emerged filmmakers such as Saman Salur and Abdolreza Kahani.

Iranian popular art films edit

Parallel to the Iranian New Wave, with its neorealist and minimalist art cinema, there exists a so-called "popular art cinema" in Iran. Filmmakers who belong to this circle make films with a broader range of audience than the narrow spectrum of highly educated people who admire the New Wave, but believe that their movies are also artistically sound. Filmmakers such as Nasser Taghvaee and Ali Hatami are the best examples of this cinematic movement (some of these filmmakers also make new wave films e.g. Mum's Guest by Darius Mehrjui).[36] The Demon and the Bald Hassan, Adam and Eve, The Fisherman's Story, City of Oranges, and Talisman are some of Hatami's works.

Iranian women's cinema edit

Following the rise of the Iranian New Wave, there are now record numbers of film school graduates in Iran and each year more than 20 new directors make their debut films, many of them women. In the last two decades, there have been a higher percentage of women directors in Iran than in most countries in the West.[38] Samira Makhmalbaf directed her first film, The Apple, when she was only 17 years old and won the Cannes Jury Prize in 2000 for her following film The Blackboard.

The success and hard work of the pioneering Rakhshan Bani-Etemad is an example that many women directors in Iran were following much before Samira Makhmalbaf made the headlines and the current Tahmineh Milani, Niki Karimi.[41] Internationally recognized figures in Iranian women's cinema are:

Besides women involved in screenwriting and filmmaking, numerous award-winning Iranian actresses with uniques styles and talents attract critic. The first Iranian actress who won an award for acting in a major film festival was Mary Apick. The most notable Iranian actresses are:

 
Shohreh Aghdashloo is the only Iranian to be nominated for an academy award in acting

Furthermore, women's resistance against the symbolic order in the society has been demonstrated in different movies such as The Little Rusty Brains by Houman Seyedi

Iranian war films edit

See also: Sacred Defense cinema
 
Ebrahim Hatamikia

War cinema in Iran was born simultaneously with the beginning of Iran–Iraq War. However, it took many years until it found its way and identity by defining characteristics of Iranian war cinema. In the Alleys of Love (1990), by Khosrow Sinai, shows the most poematic view on the Iran Iraq war and still after years, is one of the leading films about this historical event from a humanistic aspect, although unlike other Iranian war cinema which are fully supported by the Iranian government this film was made with numerous difficulties. In the past decades, the Iranian film industry has produced many war films. In the Iranian war film genre, war has often been portrayed as glorious and "holy", bringing out the good in the protagonist and pandering to nationalist sentiments with propagandistic messaging. Tears of Cold and Duel were two films that have gone beyond the traditional view of war.[42] Many renowned directors were involved in developing Iranian war cinema:[43]

Other films famous and popular Iran Iraq War: Goodbye Life directed by Ensieh Shah-Hosseini, Heeva, Mazrae-ye pedari and Safar be Chazabeh directed by Rasoul Mollagholipour, Kirkuk Operation, Hoor on Fire and Kani Manga directed by Seifollah Dad. Che, Az Karkheh ta Rhein, Mohajer and The Red Ribbon directed by Ebrahim Hatamikia. Big Drum Under Left Foot directed by Kazem Masoumi. Gilaneh directed by Rakhshan Bani-E'temad. The Day Third directed by Mohammad Hossein Latifi. The Reward of Silence directed by Maziar Miri. Sizdah 59 directed by Saman Salur. The Queen directed by Mohammad Ali Bashe Ahangar. Mardi shabih-e baran directed by Saeed Soheili. Bashu, the Little Stranger directed by Bahram Beyzai. Snake Fang directed by Masoud Kimiai and Hoor dar Atash directed by Azizollah Hamidnezhad.

Iranian animations edit

See also: History of Iranian animation

There are some evidences suggesting that Ancient Iranians made animations. An animated piece on an earthen goblet made 5000 years ago was found in Burnt City in Sistan-Baluchistan province, southeastern Iran. The artist has portrayed a goat that jumps toward a tree and eats its leaves.[44]

The first Tehran International Animation Festival was held in the year 1999, four decades after the time the production of first animation films in Iran. The Second Tehran International Animation Festival was held in February 2001. Apart from Iranian films, animations from 35 foreign countries participated in the festival.[45]

The following are among the notable filmmakers of Iranian animated films  :

Children and youth films edit

Although early attempts also existed, the Iranian children and youth cinema came of age with acclaimed director Mohammad Ali Talebi (b. 1958). He started his career in the 1980s and achieved success beyond Iran with Bag of Rice (1997) and Willow and Wind (2000), whose script was written by Abbas Kiarostami.[46]

Talebi believed that producing movies for children and teenagers was a service to “the most fragile and vulnerable of the Iranian society.” In the 2010s, he became somewhat skeptical about the future of children and youth cinema in Iran, and in 2018 moved to Slovakia.[47]

Timeline of Iranian films edit

Main article: List of Iranian films

Influence of Iranians on others' New Wave films edit

Amongst the pioneers of French New Wave were François Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Chabrol and Eric Rohmer or Barbet Schroeder (born in Tehran, Iran in 1941 where his German geologist Father was on assignment).

During the first half of the 20th century, France was the major destination for Iranian students who wished to study abroad. Iranian Ambassador to the United Nations Fereydoun Hoveyda was one of them. Fereydoun Hoveyda played a major role in French cultural scene and especially in the field of Cinema, for he was the protégé of François Truffaut whom he befriended and with whom he helped create the well-known film magazine Les Cahiers du Cinéma that spearheaded the French Nouvelle Vague or New Wave Cinema. He also worked closely with Italian film director Roberto Rossellini on several film scripts during that period. Fereydoun Hoveyda was not the only Iranian of his generation to play an active role in promoting the French Cinéma d'Auteur. Youssef Ishaghpour is another example.[48]

Another Iranian figure in French New Wave was Shusha Guppy a singer, writer and filmmaker who was Jacques Prévert's girlfriend. However, the most important contribution to the French New Wave cinema is that of Serge Rezvani an Iranian poet born in Tehran in 1928. He played a major role as music composer of both François Truffaut Jules et Jim and Jean-Luc Godard Pierrot le Fou, considered as landmarks of French New Wave Cinema. Farah Diba studied at the Beaux Arts and became the focus of attention and the French press was to see her as the new Persian Cinderella. Farah Diba was one of the rare foreign dignitaries to become a permanent member of the French Académie des Beaux-Arts.

Iranian Robert Hossein (son of legendary musician Aminollah Hossein) started his acting career with his French Armenian friend Chahnour Varinag Aznavourian (known as the famed crooner Charles Aznavour) in the mid fifties essentially type cast as "Mr. Tough Guy". However he got international acclaim in the early Sixties particularly in Europe, Russia and Asia as the mysterious "Jeoffrey, Comte de Peyrac" lover of the lovely Michèle Mercier in the soft erotic-adventure film series of Angélique Marquise des Anges. In the seventies and eighties he was to play opposite Jean-Paul Belmondo in police thrillers like The Professional. Hossein became known for being a talented theater director and his taste for popular historical vehicles involving large sets and numerous actors.[48]

After the resignation of French President Charles de Gaulle, Iranian Anicée Shahmanesh became known under the screen name Anicée Alvina, playing a French girl in a British film hit called Friends, the music score of which propelled British pop star Elton John. She was also to take on a courageous lesbian role in the screen adaptation of Françoise Mallet-Joris' novel Le Rempart des Béguines.

Two major documentaries were produced in these years by respectively Agnès Varda and the duo Claude Lelouch and Claude Pinoteau:

  • Agnès Varda, first to be discovered to young actor Gérard Depardieu in her 1970 film Nausicaa, directed a love story set in Isfahan (1976) between a French woman (Valérie Mairesse) visiting Iran as a tourist and her guide an Iranian Man (Ali Raffi). The film was entitled Plaisir D'Amour en Iran. The romantic film was shot on location in The Masjed Shah.
  • Claude Pinoteau and Claude Lelouch on the other hand shot their documentary just after the Persepolis Celebrations in 1971. They decided to address the urban transformations and cultural emancipation that the country was subject to by the early seventies.

Several Iranian expats such as Philippe Khorsand or Persian play writer/actor Yasmina Reza have also gained notice in recent years. The latter is particularly known for her highly intellectual introspection in such plays like Art (for which Sean Connery bought the film rights, advised by his French wife).[48]

Music in Iranian cinema edit

Although Iranian composers usually have their own special style and music structure, they all share one thing: melodic, lively rhythms. That might be because they often begin with folkloric songs and shift to film music. In the past few decades, a few composers have emerged in the Iranian cinema with highly appraised works. Composers like Hormoz Farhat, Morteza Hannaneh, Fariborz Lachini, Ahmad Pejman, Majid Entezami, Babak Bayat, Karen Homayounfar, Naser Cheshmazar and Hossein Alizadeh were some of the most successful score composers for Iranian films in the past decades.[49]

Iranian international film festivals edit

Film festivals have a rather long history in Iran that goes back to the 1950s. The first Tehran International Film Festival opened in April 1973. Although the festival never reached the level of Cannes and Venice, however, it managed to become well known as a class A festival. It was a highly reputable festival and many well-known filmmakers took part in it with their films. Great filmmakers such as Francesco Rosi, Michelangelo Antonioni Grigori Kozintsev, Elizabeth Taylor, Pietro Germi, Nikita Mikhalkov, Krzysztof Zanussi, Martin Ritt won the festival's awards.[50]

Fajr Film Festival edit

Main article: Fajr International Film Festival

The Fajr International Film Festival has taken place since 1983. It was intended to be as magnificent and spectacular as possible from its very onset. It had a background as powerful as that of the Tehran International Film Festival and wanted to remain on the same track. Although the Fajr Film Festival is not yet classed among the top film festivals, it has been successful in making policies and setting examples for the future of Iranian cinema.[50] In its early years it had a competition section for professional as well as amateur film (8 mm, 16 mm). Since 1990, there has been an international along with the national competition. The festival also features a competition for advertisement items like posters, stills and trailers. In 2005, the festival added competitions for Asian as well as spiritual films. The top prize is called Crystal Simorgh.[51]

NAM Filmmakers' Meeting edit

Iran is the current President of the Non-Aligned Movement and hosted the 16th NAM summit between 26 and 31 August 2012, after which the presidency was handed to Ahmadinejad on 1 September. The latest move by the NAM Chairman has been to organise a NAM filmmakers' meeting in order to discuss the establishment of a NAM filmmakers' union. The meeting is to be held in February 2013, concurrently with the 31st Fajr International Film Festival in Tehran.[52]

International Film Festival for Children and Youth edit

The International Film Festival for Children and Youth has taken place since 1985. In its first three years, it was part of the Fajr Film Festival. From 1988 to 1989, it was located in Tehran, and since then in Isfahan, except for 1996 when it was held in Kerman. The festival features international and national film and video competitions. The top prize is called Golden Butterfly.[53]

House of Cinema Ceremony edit

On September 12, the national day of Iranian cinema, a celebration is held annually by the House of Cinema. In the 2006 event, Akira Kurosawa was honored.

Noor Iranian Film Festival edit

Founded in 2007, the Noor Iranian Film Festival is held annually in Los Angeles, California.

Iranian Film Festival - San Francisco edit

Iranian Film Festival - San Francisco (IFF), the first independent Iranian film festival outside of Iran, launched in 2008, is an annual event showcasing independent feature and short films made by or about Iranians from around the world. Website.

London Iranian Film Festival edit

Main article: London Iranian Film Festival

is an annual, independent film festival held in London, United Kingdom. It is now entering its fourth year. It is the only festival in the UK that is dedicated to Iranian independent cinema, with this year's event taking place from the 1st to the 9th of November.

Roshd International Film Festival edit

Main article: Roshd International Film Festival

Roshd International Film Festival was first staged in 1963 by the Bureau of Audio-visual Activities of the Ministry of Education of Iran. It is centered on the films with educational and pedagogical themes and is staged every year by the Supplying Educational Media Center, a sub-branch of the Ministry of Education of the I.R.Iran. The Festival seeks the main objectives of identifying and selecting the best educational and pedagogical films in order to introduce them to the educational systems.

Persian International Film Festival edit

Persian International Film Festival is an independent cultural film event, that brings together screen stories of diverse global Persian communities. Founded in 2012 by Dr Amin Palangi, it is Located in Sydney, Australia. www.persianfilmfestival.com

Iranian Film Festival Zurich edit

Iranian Film Festival of Zürich (IFFZ), is being organized to fulfill the cultural gap between Iranians and Swiss along with the foreigners living in Switzerland. The festival also wishes to contribute to the host country by bringing every year the best feature, documentary and short films from all generation of the Iranian filmmakers to Zürich. The IFFZ wishes that this becomes a platform for presenting the Iranian culture and tradition and build a bridge in such an exceptional city of Zürich among many nations present by the universal language of art and specifically the 7th art, cinema. iranianfilmfestival.ch

Festival of Iranian Films in Prague edit

The main goal of the festival is to provide a vivid image of Iranian cinema for a wide range of international audiences in the Prague, Czech Republic.

Iranian Film Festival Cologne edit

Iranian film Festival is programmed to be held in the city of Cologne in Germany to represent the country Cinema industry. House of Cinema in collaboration with Cologne Municipality paved the way for holding the festival.

The Festival Cinema of Iran edit

Iranian film festival (Cinéma D'Iran) is scheduled to kick off on June 26 and will run until July 2, 2013 in Paris.

Houston Iranian Film Festival edit

The Houston Iranian Film Festival showcases the best in new cinema from Iran. Iranian film varied by jury is, In Houston, America will be held.

Tehran International Animation Festival edit

International Animation Festival in Iran Held in Tehran.

Other Festivals edit

Other valid festivals like: Iran International Documentary Film Festival, Moqavemat International Film Festival, International Film Festival 100, International Urban Film Festival, International Parvin Etesami Film Festival, Jasmine International Film Festival (TJIFF), Celebration of Iran Cinematic Critics and Writers, Rouyesh Religious Short Film Festival, Iranian Youth Cinema Society, Edinburgh Iranian Festival, Iranian Film Festival (IFF), Iranian Film Festival Chandigarh, Film Festival, Varesh Short Film Festival, Tehran International Video Film Festival, International Festival of Independent Filmmakers, and Canada's Iranian Film Festival.

International recognition of Iranian cinema edit

Here is a list of Grand prizes awarded to Iranian cinema by the most prestigious film festivals:[54][55] Iranian serials are very popular in the region

Cannes edit

 
Abbas Kiarostami, the only Iranian director who has won Palme d'Or at Cannes Film Festival

First presence of Iranian cinema in Cannes dates back to 1991 when in the alleys of love by Khosrow Sinai and then 1992 when Life and nothing more by Abbas Kiarostami represented Iran in the festival.

Academy Awards (Oscars) edit

Golden Globe Awards edit

Venice edit

 
Jafar Panahi is the only Iranian director who has won Golden Lion at Venice Film Festival

[62]

Berlin edit

Locarno edit

The first film from Iranian cinema that won a prize in Locarno festival was Where Is the Friend's Home? directed by Abbas Kiarostami (1989).

London edit

 
Bahman Ghobadi has won two Golden Shell awards at San Sebastian Film Festival

San Sebastian edit

 
Majid Majidi has won three Grand Prix awards at Montreal World Film Festival

Montreal edit

Karlovy Vary edit

Mar del Plata edit

Thessaloniki edit

 
Reza Mirkarimi has won two Golden George awards at Moscow Film Festival

Moscow edit

Chicago edit

Shanghai edit

  • Golden Goblet for the Best Film: Reza Mirkarimi (2019)
  • Golden Goblet for the Best Director: Reza Mirkarimi (2019)
  • Golden Goblet for the Best Actor: Hamed Behdad (2019)
  • Golden Goblet for the Best Film: Khosro Masumi (2004 & 2012)
  • Grand Jury Prize: Mostafa Taghizadeh (2017)[77]
  • Golden Goblet for the Best Actress: Sareh Bayat (2017)

Warsaw edit

 
Shahab Hosseini has won two major acting awards at 69th Cannes Film Festival & 61st Berlin International Film Festival (as a member of the actors ensemble)
 
Parviz Parastui

Goa edit

Festroia edit

Rotterdam edit

Busan edit

Sydney edit

Nantes edit

Sitges edit

Istanbul edit

  • Golden Tulip: Saeed Ebrahimifar (1990), Jafar Panahi (1998)
  • FIPRESCI Prize: Bahman Farmanara (2001)[86]

Cairo edit

Lifelong achievement Awards edit

 
Asghar Farhadi

Bodil Awards edit

Satellite Award edit

César Award edit

David di Donatello Award edit

National Board of Review edit

Censorship edit

Main article: Censorship in Iran

Although the Iranian film industry is flourishing, its filmmakers have operated under censorship rules, both before and after the revolution. Some Iranian films that have been internationally acclaimed are banned in Iran itself. Conversely, some Iranian filmmakers have faced hostility in other countries.

Censorship within Iran edit

Dariush Mehrjui's seminal film Gaav (The Cow, 1969) is now considered a pioneering work of the Iranian New Wave. The film was sponsored by the state, but they promptly banned it upon completion because its vision of rural life clashed with the progressive image of Iran that the Shah wished to project, while its prominence at international film festivals annoyed the regime.[91]

After the Iranian revolution, filmmakers experienced more restrictions. Since the mid-1980s, Iran's policy on film censorship has been changed in order to promote domestic film production: the strict censorship eased after December 1987. Old directors resurfaced and new ones emerged.[91] However, the application of the rules is often inconsistent. Several films have been refused release inside Iran, but have been given export permits to enter international film festivals. Even here, the censorship is inconsistent: May Lady by Rakhshan Bani-Etemad (1998) got through but her contribution to Stories of Kish (1999) did not.[92]

All of Jafar Panahi's films[93] have been banned from public theaters in Iran.[94] Offside was relegated to "a guest slot" at the International Fajr Film Festival. "It was not shown as an important film", says Panahi. "They didn't give any value to it."[94] Several of Mohsen Makhmalbaf's films are also banned in Iran. For example, Time of Love and The night of Zaiandeh-rood were banned for dealing with physical love and for raising doubts about the revolution.[95]

 
Tahmineh Milani

In 2001, feminist filmmaker Tahmineh Milani who made The Hidden Half was jailed because her movie was presumed anti-revolution (against the 1979 Islamic revolution). Many Iranian and international artists and filmmakers demanded her release. After 8 days of Imprisonment, Eventually President Khatami and the Minister of Culture were able to secure her release. In Nargess, Rakhshan Bani-Etemad who is a pioneer among female Iranian film directors, pushes censorship codes to the limits, questioning the morals of society, showing desperate people overwhelmed by social conditions and a couple living together without being married.[96]

Abbas Kiarostami was significantly acclaimed in Europe but the Islamic government has refused screening of his films in his own country. Kiarostami's films have been banned in his country for more than 10 years.[97] They are only accessible there through unauthorized DVDs and private screenings. Kiarostami is uncertain what the government dislikes about his films, saying "I think they don't understand my films and so they prevent them being shown just in case there is a message they don't want to get out."[1]. Despite this, Kiarostami has displayed an extraordinarily benign perspective, at least in recorded interviews: "The government is not in my way, but it is not assisting me either. We lead our separate lives."[98] Despite the censorship, Kiarostami insists on working in Iran, saying "I think I really produce my best work in Iran."[98] He believes that throughout the ages and all over the world censorship has existed in one form or another and artists have managed to live with this, saying "Today, the most important thing is that, although there is censorship, Iranian filmmakers are doing their job and they surpass the difficulties of censorship showing and discussing many things. So why ask me about what's not in the films? It has happened many times that a filmmaker hides a weakness under the excuse of censorship but difficulties have always existed in our lifestyle and our role is to surpass them."[99] The director Mohammed Rasoulof, was convicted of charges relating to state security and anti-government propaganda.[100] In 2009 and 2013 the number of political films and drama like Khers, Guidance Patrol, The Wooden Bridge, I am a Mother and Private Life (Zendegi Khosoosi) were Sanctioned.

House of Cinema temporary closure edit

In September 2011, House of Cinema issued a statement in support of several filmmakers detained for contact with the BBC. They questioned the legal basis for the arrests, pointing out that the government itself has contact with international news organizations.[101] As a result, they received an official rebuke.[102][103]

In December 2011, Iran's Council of Public Culture declared its ‘House of Cinema’, the country's largest professional organisation for film makers, illegal.[104] Authorities state the organization was shut down because of secret amendments to its charter.[105] House of Cinema came under pressure when it challenged the detention of filmmakers accused of selling films to the BBC.[106]

In September 2013, House of Cinema has been reopened by the new government.[107]

Hostility outside Iran edit

Given the tense relationship between Iran and the United States, Iranian filmmakers have faced hostility there, even if they have also been banned in their own country. Abbas Kiarostami was refused a visa to attend the New York Film Festival, Ohio University and Harvard University in 2002, in the wake of the September 11 attacks.[108][109][110] Festival director Richard Pena, who had invited him, said: "It's a terrible sign of what's happening in my country today that no one seems to realize or care about the kind of negative signal this sends out to the entire Muslim world".[111] Finnish film director Aki Kaurismäki boycotted the festival in protest.[112] Similarly, Bahman Ghobadi, winner of the Golden Plaque at the Chicago International Film Festival, refused to accept the prize in protest of the U.S. government's refusal to issue him a visa.[113] In 2007, Ahmed Issawi, the abashed Arab director of the New York South Asian Film Festival admitted that a conscious decision was made not to invite any Iranian filmmakers, saying "That's a territory I no longer want to tread [...] It's over. Given the whole thing with Iran—I refuse to approach it."[114]

Several other Iranian filmmakers have experienced hostilities from other countries. In November 2001 in Afghanistan, Taliban officials, who banned movies and most filmmaking, arrested three of Majid Majidi's crew members who were helping him secretly shoot Barefoot to Herat, a documentary on the country's internal refugees.[115] Samira Makhmalbaf also survived a kidnapping in Afghanistan. {West, Dennis and Makhmalbaf, Mohsen. "I Make Cinema in Order to Breathe: An Interview with Mohsen Makhmalbaf". Cinéaste. 34.4, Fall 2009: 10–15. JSTOR Web. 24 Apr. 2014}

In March 2007, a bomb explosion severely injuring several actors and crew members halted production in Afghanistan of Two Legged Horse, the film by Iranian helmer Samira Makhmalbaf. Mohsen Makhmalbaf was the target of two unsuccessful murder attempts when he shot Kandahar in Iran near the Afghan border in 2000, and his daughter Hana was twice the victim of a failed abduction attempt during the shooting of Samira's last film At Five in the Afternoon in the Afghan capital Kabul in 2002.[116]

Arresting filmmakers edit

On 1 March 2010, Jafar Panahi was arrested. He was taken from his home along with his wife Tahereh Saidi, daughter Solmaz Panahi, and 15 of his friends by plain-clothes officers to Evin Prison. Most were released 48 hours later, Mohammad Rasoulof and Mehdi Pourmoussa on 17 March 2010, but Panahi remained in section 209 inside Evin Prison. Panahi's arrest was confirmed by the government, but the charges were not specified. On April 14, 2010, Iran's Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance said that Panahi was arrested because he "tried to make a documentary about the unrest that followed the disputed 2009 re-election of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad."On 18 May, Panahi sent a message to Abbas Baktiari, director of the Pouya Cultural Center, an Iranian-French cultural organization in Paris, stating that he was being mistreated in prison and his family threatened and as a result had begun a hunger strike. On 25 May, he was released on $200,000 bail while awaiting trial. On 20 December 2010, Panahi, after being convicted for "assembly and colluding with the intention to commit crimes against the country’s national security and propaganda against the Islamic Republic," the Islamic Revolutionary Court sentenced Panahi to six years imprisonment and a 20-year ban on making or directing any movies, writing screenplays, giving any form of interview with Iranian or foreign media as well as leaving the country except for Hajj holy pilgrimage to Mecca or medical treatment. Panahi's colleague, Mohammad Rasoulof also received six years imprisonment but was later reduced to one year on appeal. On October 15, 2011, a court in Tehran upheld Panahi's sentence and ban. Following the courts decision, Panahi was placed under house arrest. He has since been allowed to move more freely but he cannot travel outside Iran.[117][118]

Hossein Rajabian, an Iranian independent filmmaker, After finishing his first feature film, was arrested by Iranian security forces on 5 October 2013 outside his office [in Sari] alongside two musicians, and was transferred to Ward 2-A of Evin Prison where all three of them were held in solitary confinement for more than two months and were threatened with televised confessions. He was released on bail (around $66,000) in mid-December, pending trial. Two years later, his case was heard at Branch 28 of Tehran Revolutionary Court which was presided over by Judge Moghisseh (Summer 2015). He was sentenced to six years in prison and fines for pursuing illegal cinematic activities, launching propaganda against the establishment and hurling insults at sanctities. On appeal, his sentence was changed to three years imprisonment and three years of suspended jail and fines. Hossein Rajabian was sent to the ward 7 of Evin Prison in Tehran. After spending one third of his total period of imprisonment (that is 11 months), he went on hunger strike to protest against unjust trial, lack of medical facilities, and transfer of his brother to another ward called section 8 of the same prison. During the first hunger strike period, which lasted 14 days, he was transferred to hospital because of pulmonary infection and he could not continue his hunger strike because of the interference of the representative of the prosecutor who was sent as an intermediary. After some time, he sent an open letter to the judicial authorities of Iran and went again on strike which brought him the supports of international artists. After 36 days of hunger strike, he could convince the judicial authorities of Iran to review his case and grant him medical leave for the treatment of his left kidney suffered from infections and blood arising out of hunger strike. He, after a contentious struggle with the judicial officer of the prison was sent to the ward 8 for punishment.[119][120][121][122][123]

Cinemapeople in the Iranian diaspora edit

Cinemapeople in the Iranian diaspora, such as Shohreh Aghdashloo, Zuleikha Robinson, Nadia Bjorlin, Shirin Neshat, Adrian Pasdar, Amir Mokri, Bahar Soomekh, Amir Talai, Catherine Bell, Nazanin Boniadi, Samira Makhmalbaf, Freema Agyeman, Sarah Shahi, Hughes brothers, Nasim Pedrad, Daryush Shokof, Bijan Daneshmand and Farhad Safinia are also popular.

Film institutes in Iran edit

Several institutes, both government run and private, provide formal education in various aspects of filmmaking. Some of the prominent ones include: Farabi Cinema Foundation, Hedayat Film Co, Sourehcinema, Documentary & Experimental Film Center, Filmiran, Kanoon Iran Novin, Boshra Film, Bamdad Film, TDH Film, Hilaj Film, Tgpco, Karname, Rasaneha, Nama Film company, AvinyFilm, 7spfs and Honar Aval.

Iranian film critics edit

Most famous of them like: Houshang Golmakani, Fereydoun Jeyrani, Parviz Davaei, Massoud Farasati, Abbas Baharloo, Hamid Reza Sadr, Cyrus Ghani, Javad Toosi, Negar Mottahedeh, Ahmad Talebinejad, Mohammad Tahami Nezhad, Ali Moallem and Parviz Nouri, behrouz sebt rasoul

See also edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cinema of Iran.

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Further reading edit

  • Carlo Celli. “The Iranian Divide” National Identity in Global Cinema: How Movies Explain the World. Palgrave MacMillan 2013, 71-82.
  • Umid, Jamal, Tarikh-i sinima-yi Iran : 1279-1357 / Jamal Umid = [The history of Iranian cinema] : [1900-1978] / [Jamal Omid] 1175 pages. Illustrated. Press:Teheran Rawzanah. Year:1374[1995]. Language:Persian.
  • Displaced Allegories: Post-Revolutionary Iranian Cinema (Duke University Press, 2008). ISBN 978-0-8223-4275-5
  • Hamid Dabashi, Close Up: Iranian Cinema, Past, Present, and Future, 320 p. (Verso, London, 2001). ISBN 1-85984-332-8
  • Hamid Dabashi, Masters & Masterpieces of Iranian Cinema, 451 p. (Mage Publishers, Washington, D.C., 2007) ISBN 0-934211-85-X
  • Gönül Dönmez-Colin, Cinemas of the Other, Intellect (April, 2006) ISBN 978-1-84150-143-7
  • Hamid Reza Sadr, Iranian Cinema: A Political History, I.B.Tauris (2006). ISBN 978-1-84511-146-5
  • Najmeh Khalili Mahani, Women of Iranian Popular Cinema: Projection of Progress, Offscreen, Vol. 10, Issue 7, July 31, 2006, [2].
  • Hester, Elizabeth J. "Cinema in Iran: A Selective Annotated Bibliography of Dissertations and Theses" ISBN 978-1493505494.
  • K. Talattof & A.A. Seyed-Gohrab (eds.), Conflict and Development in Iranian Film (Leiden: Leiden University Press, 2013). ISBN 978-908-72-8169-4
  • Hamid Naficy (2011). A Social History of Iranian Cinema: Volume 1: The Artisanal Era. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822347750.
  • Hamid Naficy (2011). A Social History of Iranian Cinema: Volume 2: The Industrializing Years, 1941–1978. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822347743.
  • Hamid Naficy (2012). A Social History of Iranian Cinema: Volume 3: The Islamicate Period, 1978–1984. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822348771.
  • Hamid Naficy (2012). A Social History of Iranian Cinema: Volume 4: The Globalizing Era, 1984–2010. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822348788.

External links edit

  • IFILM TV - Iranian TV Channel on Cinema
  • IRIB MEDIA TRADE 2016-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
  • Lovecinema - news cinema iran
  • Soureh Pictures 2016-10-10 at the Wayback Machine
  • 50 Essential Iranian Films 2015-04-07 at the Wayback Machine
  • mooweex : Iranian Online Cinema
  • Iranian film industry thriving, Hollywood learns - CNN
  • Encyclopedia of Iranian cinema (in Persian)
  • Iranian Cinema: Before the Revolution
  • Iranian Cinema in Western eye
  • The history of Iranian cinema: Time for intellectuals
  • Iranian cinema & performance arts
  • Iran Film
  • Iranian OSCAR: Annual Celebration of Iranian Cinema 2015-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
  • Women of Iranian Popular Cinema
  • History of Cinema in Tajikistan: The Iranian influence (in Persian)
  • Review on Starting of Iranian Documentary Films
  • Reza Talachian, 1984, A Brief Critical History of Iranian Feature Film (1896–1975), Iran Chamber Society.
  • Film International, Iranian Film Quarterly
  • Tehran International Short Film Festival
  • Persian Movies (2019 Persian Movies)

October 29, 2023
cinema, iran, cinema, iran, persian, سینمای, ایران, persia, refers, film, industry, iran, particularly, iranian, films, have, garnered, international, recognition, iranian, films, usually, written, spoken, persian, language, screens596, 2018, capita0, 2018, pr. The cinema of Iran Persian سینمای ایران or of Persia refers to the film industry in Iran Particularly Iranian art films have garnered international recognition 4 Iranian films are usually written and spoken in the Persian language 5 Cinema of IranNo of screens596 2018 1 Per capita0 7 per 100 000 2018 Produced feature films 2017 2 Total200Number of admissions 2018 3 Total28 537 410National films28 514 921Gross box office 2018 3 Total 23 8 millionIran has been lauded as one of the best exporters of cinema in the 1990s 6 Some critics now rank Iran as the world s most important national cinema artistically with a significance that invites comparison to Italian neorealism and similar movements in past decades 4 A range of international film festivals have honoured Iranian cinema in the last twenty years Many film critics from around the world have praised Iranian cinema as one of the world s most important artistic cinemas 7 Contents 1 History 1 1 Visual arts in Iran 1 2 Early Persian cinema 1 3 1930s and 1940s 1 4 Pre revolutionary cinema 1950s 1970s 1 5 Post revolutionary cinema 2 Important figures 2 1 Directors 2 2 Actors 2 3 Actresses 3 Contemporary Iranian cinema 3 1 Commercial cinema in Iran 3 2 Iranian New Wave films 3 3 Iranian popular art films 3 4 Iranian women s cinema 3 5 Iranian war films 3 6 Iranian animations 3 7 Children and youth films 3 8 Timeline of Iranian films 4 Influence of Iranians on others New Wave films 5 Music in Iranian cinema 6 Iranian international film festivals 6 1 Fajr Film Festival 6 2 NAM Filmmakers Meeting 6 3 International Film Festival for Children and Youth 6 4 House of Cinema Ceremony 6 5 Noor Iranian Film Festival 6 6 Iranian Film Festival San Francisco 6 7 London Iranian Film Festival 6 8 Roshd International Film Festival 6 9 Persian International Film Festival 6 10 Iranian Film Festival Zurich 6 11 Festival of Iranian Films in Prague 6 12 Iranian Film Festival Cologne 6 13 The Festival Cinema of Iran 6 14 Houston Iranian Film Festival 6 15 Tehran International Animation Festival 6 16 Other Festivals 7 International recognition of Iranian cinema 7 1 Cannes 7 2 Academy Awards Oscars 7 3 Golden Globe Awards 7 4 Venice 7 5 Berlin 7 6 Locarno 7 7 London 7 8 San Sebastian 7 9 Montreal 7 10 Karlovy Vary 7 11 Mar del Plata 7 12 Thessaloniki 7 13 Moscow 7 14 Chicago 7 15 Shanghai 7 16 Warsaw 7 17 Goa 7 18 Festroia 7 19 Rotterdam 7 20 Busan 7 21 Sydney 7 22 Nantes 7 23 Sitges 7 24 Istanbul 7 25 Cairo 7 26 Lifelong achievement Awards 7 27 Bodil Awards 7 28 Satellite Award 7 29 Cesar Award 7 30 David di Donatello Award 7 31 National Board of Review 8 Censorship 8 1 Censorship within Iran 8 2 House of Cinema temporary closure 8 3 Hostility outside Iran 8 4 Arresting filmmakers 9 Cinemapeople in the Iranian diaspora 10 Film institutes in Iran 11 Iranian film critics 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External linksHistory editVisual arts in Iran edit See also Persian theatre The earliest examples of visual representations in Iranian history may be traced back to the bas reliefs in Persepolis c 500 BC Bas relief is a method of sculpting which entails carving or etching away the surface of a flat piece of stone or metal Persepolis was the ritual center of the ancient kingdom of Achaemenids and the figures at Persepolis remain bound by the rules of grammar and syntax of visual language 8 Iranian visual arts may be said to have peaked about a thousand years later during the Sassanian reign A bas relief from this period in Taq Bostan western Iran depicts a complex hunting scene Similar works from the period have been found to articulate movements and actions in a highly sophisticated manner It is even possible to see the progenitor of the cinema close up a wounded wild pig escaping from the hunting ground 9 among these works of art After the conversion from Zoroastrianism to Islam Persian art continued its visual practices Persian miniatures provide great examples of such continued attempts The deliberate lack of perspective in Persian miniature enabled the artist to have different plots and sub plots within the same image space A very popular form of such art was Pardeh Khani Another type of art in the same category was Naqqali 9 Popular dramatic performance arts in Iran before the advent of cinema include Marionette Saye bazi shadow plays Rouhozi comical acts and Ta zieh 10 cinema entered into the public realm but its cultural and economic capabilities were still unknown As a consequence theaters experienced a growing trend at the outset as to reveal economic attractions of cinema Due to equating him with the Iranian Constitutional Revolutionaries Mirza Ebrahim Khan Sahhafbashi s Kinetoscopes corridor didn t last for even a month and was closed resulting in his leaving Iran Then it was the turn of Rousi Khan s public theater It too didn t survive for a long time as the public theater was plundered during conflicts between Mohammad Ali Shah and Constitution Revolutionaries and moreover he himself fled abroad After him it was Ardeshir Khan Armeni who introduced the real meaning of running and using cinema continuing until long after him 11 Early Persian cinema edit Cinema was only five years old when it came to Persia at the beginning of the 20th century The first Persian filmmaker was Mirza Ebrahim Khan Akkas Bashi the official photographer of Muzaffar al Din Shah the King of Persia from 1896 1907 After a visit to Paris in July 1900 Akkas Bashi obtained a camera and filmed the Shah s visit to Europe upon the Shah s orders He is said to have filmed the Shah s private and religious ceremonies but no copies of such films exist today A few years after Akkas Bashi started photography Khan Baba Motazedi another pioneer in Iranian motion picture photography emerged 12 He shot a considerable amount of newsreel footage during the reign of Qajar to the Pahlavi dynasty 13 The first public screening took place in Tehran in 1904 presented by Mirza Ebrahim Khan Sahaf Bashi He arranged the screening in the back of his antique shop In 1905 Sahaf Bashi opened the first movie theater in Cheragh Gaz Avenue in the national capital In 1909 with fall of the Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar heir of Mozaffar ad Din Shah Qajar and the success of the constitutionalists Russi Khan lost his support Consequently his film theatre and photography studios were destroyed by the public Soon after other cinema theatres in Tehran closed down Movie theatres sprang up again in 1912 with the help of Ardeshir Khan an Armenian Iranian 9 In 1904 Mirza Ebrahim Khan Sahhafbashi opened the first movie theater in Tehran 12 The cinematographic camera was introduced to Iran in 1929 as yet another tool of modernization After Mirza Ebrahim Khan several others like Russi Khan Ardeshir Khan and Ali Vakili tried to establish new movie theaters in Tehran Until the early 1930s there were little more than 15 theatres in Tehran and 11 in other provinces 9 In 1925 Ovanes Ohanian decided to establish the first film school in Iran Within five years he managed to run the first session of the school under the name Parvareshgahe Artistiye Cinema 14 1930s and 1940s edit nbsp Roohangiz Saminejad in Lor Girl 1933 In 1930 the first Iranian silent film was made by Professor Ovanes Ohanian called Abi and Rabi In 1933 he made his second film titled Haji Agha Later that year Abdolhossein Sepanta made the first Iranian sound film entitled Lor Girl which was released in 1933 in two Tehran cinemas Mayak and Sepah The story of the film was based on a comparison between the state of security in Iran at the end of the Qajar dynasty and during Reza Shah period Sepanta would go on to direct movies such as Ferdowsi the life story of the most celebrated epic poet of Iran Shirin and Farhad a classic Iranian love story and Black Eyes the story of Nader Shah s invasion of India In 1937 he directed Laili and Majnoon an Eastern love story similar to the English story of Romeo and Juliet The present day Iranian film industry owes much of its progress to two industrious personalities Esmail Koushan and Farrokh Ghaffari By establishing the first National Iranian Film Society in 1949 at the Iran Bastan Museum and organizing the first Film Week during which English films were exhibited Ghaffari laid the foundation for alternative and non commercial films in Iran Early Persian directors like Abdolhossein Sepanta and Esmail Koushan took advantage of the richness of Persian literature and ancient Persian mythology In their work they emphasized ethics and humanity 15 Pre revolutionary cinema 1950s 1970s edit Main article Pre revolutionary Iranian cinema Post revolutionary cinema edit In the early 1970s a New Iranian Cinema emerged cinema motefavet However following the Revolution in 1979 a few filmmakers and actors went into exile per new governmental regulations Between 1979 and 1985 about 100 features were released 16 While Khomeini s censorship remained the small number of features produced focused on sexual display and European influence 16 In 1982 the annual Fajr Film Festival financed films The Farabi Cinema Foundation then stepped in to try and reassemble the disorganized cinema The following year the government began to provide financial aid This change in regime encouraged a whole new generation of filmmakers which included female directors as well With this the focus shifted to children overcoming obstacles true stories lyrical mystical drama real life problems documentary footage etc Post revolutionary Iranian cinema has been celebrated in many international forums and festivals for its distinct style themes authors idea of nationhood and cultural references Starting With Viva by Khosrow Sinai and followed by many excellent Iranian directors who emerged in the last few decades such as Abbas Kiarostami and Jafar Panahi Kiarostami who some critics regard as one of the few great directors in the history of cinema 17 planted Iran firmly on the map of world cinema when he won the Palme d Or at the Cannes Film Festival for Taste of Cherry in 1997 The continuous presence of Iranian films in prestigious international festivals such as the Cannes Film Festival the Venice Film Festival and the Berlin Film Festival attracted world attention to Iranian masterpieces permanent dead link In 2006 six Iranian films of six different styles represented Iranian cinema at the Berlin Film Festival Critics considered this a remarkable event in the history of Iranian cinema 18 19 An important step was taken in 1998 when the Iranian government began to fund ethnic cinema Since then Iranian Kurdistan has seen the rise of numerous filmmakers In particular the film industry got momentum in Iranian Kurdistan and the region has seen the emergence of filmmakers such as Bahman Ghobadi actually the entire Ghobadi family Ali Reza Rezai Khosret Ressoul and many other younger filmmakers 20 There is also movie documentary production often critical of the society in the name of the Islamic revolution ideal like the films directed by Mohammedreza Eslamloo By the year 2001 the number of features produced in Iran rose to 87 from 28 which is the number of films that were produced in 1980 after the fall of the Shah The most popular genres were melodramas and historical pageants which seldom went to festivals In 1997 the newly elected president Mohammed Khatemi would eventually come to play a role in helping filmmakers achieve a certain degree of artistic freedom 21 Important figures editDirectors edit Asghar Farhadi Abbas Kiarostami Majid Majidi Dariush Mehrjui Masoud Kimiai Jafar Panahi Ali Hatami Nasser Taghvai Mohammad Rasoulof Bahman Ghobadi Bahram Beyzai Mohsen Makhmalbaf Rakhshan Banietemad Samira Makhmalbaf Reza Mirkarimi Saeed Roustaee Narges Abyar Pouran Derakhshandeh Manijeh Hekmat Ebrahim Hatamikia Marzieh BoroumandActors edit nbsp Shahab Hosseini is the first and only Iranian actor to win the Best Actor award at the Cannes Film Festival nbsp Reza Naji is the first Iranian actor to win the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the Berlin International Film Festival nbsp Rouhollah Zamani is the first Iranian actor to win the Marcello Mastroianni Award at the Venice International Film Festival nbsp nbsp Navid Mohammadzadeh and Mohsen Tanabandeh are the only Iranian actors to win the Orizzonti Award for Best Actor at the Venice International Film Festival Khosrow Shakibai Ezzatolah Entezami Ali Nassirian Behrouz Vosoughi Jamshid Mashayekhi Davoud Rashidi Mohammad Ali Keshavarz Naser Malek Motiee Shahab Hosseini Parviz Parastouee Faramarz Gharibian Homayoun Ershadi Hamed Behdad Amin Hayaee Reza Naji Reza Attaran Mohsen Tanabandeh Navid Mohammadzadeh Payman Maadi Babak Karimi Dariush Farhang Amin Tarokh Jamshid Hashempour Akbar Abdi Abolfazl Pourarab Mohammad Ali Fardin Saeed Rad Rouhollah Zamani Sirous GorjestaniActresses edit nbsp Shohreh Aghdashloo is the first and only Iranian actress to be nominated for an Oscar award nbsp Zar Amir Ebrahimi is the first and only Iranian actress to win the Best Actress award at the Cannes Film Festival nbsp Leila Hatami is the first Iranian actress to win the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin International Film Festival jointly with Sareh Bayat Sarina Farhadi Kimia Hosseini nbsp Golshifteh Farahani is the first and only Iranian actress to be nominated for a Cesar award nbsp Taraneh Alidoosti is the first and only Iranian actress to win the Leopard for Best Actress at the Locarno International Film Festival Susan Taslimi Shohreh Aghdashloo Zar Amir Ebrahimi Hamideh Kheirabadi Leila Hatami Hedieh Tehrani Taraneh Alidoosti Golshifteh Farahani Sareh Bayat Gohar Kheirandish Jamileh Sheikhi Farimah Farjami Homa Rousta Bita Farahi Googoosh Parvaneh Massoumi Golab Adineh Niki Karimi Parinaz Izadyar Elnaz Shakerdoost Merila Zarei Pantea Bahram Baran Kosari Negar Javaherian Fereshteh Sadre Orafaee Fatemah Motamed Aria Shabnam Moghaddami Sara Bahrami Mahtab Keramati Katayoun Riahi Tannaz Tabatabaee Mahnaz Afshar Hanieh Tavassoli Sahar Dolatshahi Pegah AhangaraniContemporary Iranian cinema editToday the Iranian box office is dominated by commercial Iranian films Western films are occasionally shown in movie theaters and contemporary Hollywood productions are shown on state television Iranian art films are often not screened officially and are viewable via unlicensed DVDs which are available Some of these acclaimed films were screened in Iran and had box office success Examples include Rassul Sadr Ameli s I m Taraneh 15 Rakhshan Bani Etemad s Under the skin of the City Bahman Ghobadi s Marooned in Iraq and Manijeh Hekmat s Women s Prison 22 Commercial cinema in Iran edit The internationally award winning cinema of Iran is quite different from the domestically oriented films The latter caters to an entirely different audience which is largely under the age of 25 This commercial Iranian cinema genre is largely unknown in the West as the films are targeted at local audiences There are Three categories of this type of film nbsp Mohammad Ali FardinFilms before the revolution Lor Girl A Party in Hell Qeysar Dar Emtedade Shab Amir Arsalan and Ganj e Qarun Films about the victory of the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and the ensuing Iran Iraq war and Action filled with strong religious and national motifs Eagles Barzakhiha The Viper Dadshah Boycott Duel Taraj Ekhrajiha The Glass Agency Kani Manga Ofogh Bashu the Little Stranger Leily Ba Man Ast M as in Mother and The Night Bus Formulaic films starring popular actors With 130 Iranian films looking for a screening each year cinema managers tend to prefer crowd pleasing comedies romantic melodramas and family comedies over the other genres 23 The Lizard The Blue Veiled Ghermez Leila Outsiders Char Changooli Kolah Ghermezi and Pesar Khaleh Kolah Ghermezi and Bache Naneh Actor Ejareh Nesheenha Shokaran Dayere Zangi Aquarium Cease Fire No Men Allowed The Changed Man Charlatan The Kingdom of Solomon Guidance Patrol Killing Mad Dogs A Separation and Hush Girls Don t Scream were among the post revolutionary films that gained the highest box office records 24 25 26 For many years the most visible face of Iranian commercial cinema was Mohammad Ali Fardin who starred in a number of popular successful films In the more conservative social climate of Iran after the Iranian Revolution of 1979 however he came to be considered an embarrassment to Iranian national identity and his films which depicted romance alcohol vulgarity objectification of women scantily dressed men and women nightclubs and a vulgar lifestyle now condemned by the Islamic government were banned Although this would effectively prevent Fardin from making films for the remainder of his life the ban did little to diminish his broad popularity with Iranian moviegoers His funeral in Tehran was attended by 20 000 mourners 27 Before Fardin one could argue Iran simply did not have a commercial cinema 28 During the war years crime thrillers such as Senator The Eagles Boycott The Tenants and Kani Manga occupied the first position on the sales charts 29 Officially the Iranian government disdains American cinema in 2007 President Ahmadinejad s media adviser told the Fars news agency We believe that the American cinema system is devoid of all culture and art and is only used as a device 30 However numerous Western commercial films such as Jaws The Illusionist Passion of the Christ House of Sand and Fog Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow Sherlock Holmes Alpha and Omega Scarface Casino Royale The Mechanic and The Aviator have been screened in Iranian cinemas and Iranian film festivals since the revolution Despite great pride in the country s more than 100 year film history Western cinema is enormously popular among Iran s young people and practically every recent Hollywood film is available on CD DVD or video 22 31 32 33 State television has also broadcast more Western movies partly because millions of Iranians have been switching to the use of banned satellite television equipment 33 Iranian New Wave films edit Main article Iranian New Wave nbsp Nasser Taghvaee nbsp Bahram Bayzai voted the best Persian filmmaker of all time in 2002Iranian New Wave refers to a new movement in Iranian cinema According to film critic Eric Henderson the acclaimed documentary The House Is Black خانه سیاه است directed by Forough Farrokhzad famous Iranian poet and director paved the way for the Iranian New Wave 34 The movement started in 1964 with Hajir Darioush s second film Serpent s Skin which was based on D H Lawrence s Lady Chatterley s Lover featuring Fakhri Khorvash and Jamshid Mashayekhi Darioush s two important early social documentaries But Problems Arose in 1965 dealing with the cultural alienation of the Iranian youth and Face 75 a critical look at the westernization of the rural culture which was a prizewinner at the 1965 Berlin Film Festival were also contributing significantly to the establishment of the New Wave In 1968 after the release of Shohare Ahoo Khanoom directed by Davoud Mollapour and the 1969 release of The Cow directed by Darius Mehrjui followed by Masoud Kimiai s Qeysar and Nasser Taqvai s Tranquility in the Presence of Others the New Wave became well established as a prominent cultural dynamic and intellectual trend The Iranian viewer became discriminating encouraging the new trend to prosper and develop 35 In the 1960s there were New Wave movements in the cinema of numerous countries The pioneers of the Iranian New Wave were directors like Forough Farrokhzad Sohrab Shahid Saless Bahram Beizai and Parviz Kimiavi They made innovative art films with highly political and philosophical tones and poetic language Subsequent films of this type have become known as the New Iranian cinema to distinguish them from their earlier roots The most notable figures of the Iranian New Wave are Abbas Kiarostami Jafar Panahi Majid Majidi Bahram Beizai Darius Mehrjui Mohsen Makhmalbaf Khosrow Sinai Sohrab Shahid Saless Parviz Kimiavi Samira Makhmalbaf Amir Naderi and Abolfazl Jalili The factors leading to the rise of the New Wave in Iran were in part due to the intellectual and political movements of the time A romantic climate was developing after the 19 August 1953 coup in the sphere of arts Alongside this a socially committed literature took shape in the 1950s and reached a peak in the 1960s which may consider as the golden era of contemporary Persian literature 36 Features of New Wave Iranian film in particular the works of legendary Abbas Kiarostami can be classified as postmodern 37 Iranian New Wave films shared some characteristics with the European art films of the period in particular Italian Neorealism However in her article Real Fictions Rose Issa argues that Iranian films have a distinctively Iranian cinematic language that champions the poetry in everyday life and the ordinary person by blurring the boundaries between fiction and reality feature film with documentary She also argues that this unique approach has inspired European cinema directors to emulate this style citing Michael Winterbottom s award winning In This World 2002 as an homage to contemporary Iranian cinema Issa claims that This new humanistic aesthetic language determined by the film makers individual and national identity rather than the forces of globalism has a strong creative dialogue not only on home ground but with audiences around the world 38 In his book Close Up Iranian Cinema Past Present Future 2001 Hamid Dabashi describes modern Iranian cinema and the phenomenon of Iranian national cinema as a form of cultural modernity According to Dabashi the visual possibility of seeing the historical person as opposed to the eternal Qur anic man on screen is arguably the single most important event allowing Iranians access to modernity While Beyzai and Taghvai represent the first generation and Karim Masihi and Kiarostami represent the second generation of New wave filmmakers the third generation is represented by Rafi Pitts Bahman Ghobadi Maziar Miri Asghar Farhadi Mani Haghighi and Babak Payami 39 40 along with newly emerged filmmakers such as Saman Salur and Abdolreza Kahani Iranian popular art films edit Parallel to the Iranian New Wave with its neorealist and minimalist art cinema there exists a so called popular art cinema in Iran Filmmakers who belong to this circle make films with a broader range of audience than the narrow spectrum of highly educated people who admire the New Wave but believe that their movies are also artistically sound Filmmakers such as Nasser Taghvaee and Ali Hatami are the best examples of this cinematic movement some of these filmmakers also make new wave films e g Mum s Guest by Darius Mehrjui 36 The Demon and the Bald Hassan Adam and Eve The Fisherman s Story City of Oranges and Talisman are some of Hatami s works Iranian women s cinema edit Following the rise of the Iranian New Wave there are now record numbers of film school graduates in Iran and each year more than 20 new directors make their debut films many of them women In the last two decades there have been a higher percentage of women directors in Iran than in most countries in the West 38 Samira Makhmalbaf directed her first film The Apple when she was only 17 years old and won the Cannes Jury Prize in 2000 for her following film The Blackboard The success and hard work of the pioneering Rakhshan Bani Etemad is an example that many women directors in Iran were following much before Samira Makhmalbaf made the headlines and the current Tahmineh Milani Niki Karimi 41 Internationally recognized figures in Iranian women s cinema are Marjane Satrapi in 2008 Nominated Oscar Best Animated Feature Film of the Year Award In 2006 became a member of the Cannes Film festival Jury She is an Iranian contemporary graphic novelist illustrator and author of the best selling Persepolis In 2007 she won the Cannes jury prize and won Best first Film Cesar Award 2008 in and Audience Award Rotterdam International Film Festival 2008 Samira Makhmalbaf in 1998 won Sutherland Trophy BFI London Film Festival and International Critics prize Locarno Film Festival 1998 that Federico Fellini Medal UNESCO Paris 2000 and The Special Jury Prize in San Sebastian International Film Festival 2008 Prize of the Ecumenical Jury 2003 Giffoni Film Festival 2000 and 2000 Cannes Film Festival Tahmineh Milani in 2001 won Best Artistic Contribution Cairo International Film Festival and three awards Best film Best director Best screenplay in Asia Pacific Film Festival 2006 and Best film award in Los Angeles Film Festival for The Unwanted Woman Movie 2005 nbsp Rakhshan Bani EtemadRakhshan Bani Etemad in 1995 a winner Bronze Leopard Award for her film The Blue Veiled at the Locarno Film Festival and winner Prince Claus Awards in 1998 Her 2001 film Under the Skin of the City was entered into the 23rd Moscow International Film Festival where it won the Special Golden St George The following year she was a member of the jury at the 24th Moscow International Film Festival He the two major awards Netpac Award Karlovy Vary International Film Festival and Holden Award for the Best Script Special Mention Audience Award CinemAvvenire Award Torino Film Festival He was an extraordinary year Her upcoming film Tales has been selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 71st Venice International Film Festival 2014 Manijeh Hekmat in 2003 for film Zendane zanan won Amnesty International DOEN Award Rotterdam International Film Festival and other he awards Ecumenical Jury Award Fribourg International Film Festival 2002 Hekmat in 2002 year it was nominated Gold hugo Chicago International Film Festival Pouran Derakhshandeh in 2013 winner Best film award in London Iranian Film Festival and Crystal Simorgh Audience award Best film Farj Festival in 1986 received Special Jury Award Giffoni Film Festival Niki Karimi in 2006 Script won the International Film Festival Rotterdam Hubert Bals Fund and three awards at Vesoul International Film Festival of Asian Cinema Marzieh Meshkini in 2000 won many awards Silver Hugo Chicago International Film Festival and received FIPRESCI Prize Films from the South at Continuation winner New Currents Award Busan International Film Festival also won Best director Award in Thessaloniki Film Festival Her following the success of their in Venice Film Festival received Open Prize also UNESCO Award and also Nominated Golden Lion Hana Makhmalbaf in 2008 won two great Award Crystal Bear and Peace Film Award Berlin International Film Festival for film Buddha Collapsed Out of Shame in 2003 Makhmalbaf It was winner Lina Mangiacapre Award Special Mention Venice Film Festival and Won two Special Jury Prize San Sebastian International Film Festival Tokyo Filmex Paolo Ungari UNICEF Prize Rome Film Festival is other big her award Massy Tadjedin in 2010 won Golden Marc Aurelio Award Rome Film Festival Besides women involved in screenwriting and filmmaking numerous award winning Iranian actresses with uniques styles and talents attract critic The first Iranian actress who won an award for acting in a major film festival was Mary Apick The most notable Iranian actresses are Niki Karimi Best Actor Award Nantes Film Festival and San Sebastian International Film Festival 1999 Best Actress in Cairo Film Festival 2001 Crystal Simorgh for Best Actor Fajr International Film Festival 2003 Best Actress Taormina International Film Festival 1999 and Bastone Bianco Award Torino Film Festival 2005 Leila Hatami Best Actor Award Locarno International Film Festival 2012 Montreal World Film Festival 2002 and Silver Berlin Bear 2011 Fatemeh Motamed Arya Crystal Simorgh for the Best Actress the 7th 10th 11th and 12th Fajr International Film Festival Best Actress Vesoul Asian Film Festival 2010 and Best Actress Montreal World Film Festival 2011 nbsp Shohreh Aghdashloo is the only Iranian to be nominated for an academy award in actingShohreh Aghdashloo First Iranian woman to be nominated for an Academy Award and Satellite Award for Best Actress Motion Picture 2009 and Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female 2003 Pegah Ahangarani Best Actress Award Cairo International Film Festival 1999 and Crystal Simorgh for Best Supporting Actor from Fajr International Film Festival 2013 Taraneh Alidousti Best Actor Award Locarno International Film Festival 2002 Best Actress Osian s Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema 2012 Best Actress Vesoul Asian Film Festival 2013 and Crystal Simorgh for best actress from Fajr International Film Festival 2002 Mary Apick Best Actress Award Moscow International Film Festival 1977 Hedieh Tehrani Crystal Simorgh for best Actress from Fajr International Film Festival 1998 2006 and Best actress Pyongyang International Film Festival 2002 Golshifteh Farahani Best Actor from International Section of Fajr International Film Festival 1997 and Best Actress award from Nantes Three Continents Film Festival 2004 Fereshteh Sadre Orafaee Crystal Simorgh for Best Actor from Fajr International Film Festival 2005 and Best Actress Pasinetti Award Venice Film Festival 2000 Bita Farrahi Best Actress from Pyongyang International Film Festival 2009 Soraya Ghasemi Crystal Simorgh for Best Actor from Fajr International Film Festival 2001 Mahtab Keramati Crystal Simorgh for Best Supporting Actor from Fajr International Film Festival 2009 and for best actress from Batumi Art House Film Festival 2013 Susan Taslimi Best Actor award International Academy of Film Sweden 2000 Farimah Farjami Crystal Simorgh for Best Actor from Fajr International Film Festival 1991 Azita Hajian Crystal Simorgh for Best Actor from Fajr International Film Festival 1999 Roya Teymourian Crystal Simorgh for Best Supporting Actor from Fajr International Film Festival 2000 Katayoun Riahi Best Actress Cairo International Film Festival 2002 Roya Nonahali Best Actress from Amiens International Film Festival 1977 and Crystal Simorgh for Best Actor from Fajr International Film Festival 1989 Mitra Hajjar Crystal Simorgh for Best Actor from Fajr International Film Festival 2000 Mahnaz Afshar Crystal Simorgh for Best Supporting Actor from Fajr International Film Festival 2011 Baran Kosari Crystal Simorgh for Best Actor from Fajr International Film Festival 2007 Hanieh Tavassoli Crystal Simorgh for Best Actor from Fajr International Film Festival 2013 Negar Javaherian Best Actress UNESCO Award from Asia Pacific Screen Awards 2013 and Crystal Simorgh for Best Actor from Fajr International Film Festival 2010 Pantea Bahram Best Actress from Mumbai International Film Festival 2011 Hengameh Ghaziani Crystal Simorgh for Best Actor from Fajr International Film Festival 2008 2012 and Best Actress Love Is Folly International Film Festival 2012Furthermore women s resistance against the symbolic order in the society has been demonstrated in different movies such as The Little Rusty Brains by Houman Seyedi Iranian war films edit See also Sacred Defense cinema nbsp Ebrahim HatamikiaWar cinema in Iran was born simultaneously with the beginning of Iran Iraq War However it took many years until it found its way and identity by defining characteristics of Iranian war cinema In the Alleys of Love 1990 by Khosrow Sinai shows the most poematic view on the Iran Iraq war and still after years is one of the leading films about this historical event from a humanistic aspect although unlike other Iranian war cinema which are fully supported by the Iranian government this film was made with numerous difficulties In the past decades the Iranian film industry has produced many war films In the Iranian war film genre war has often been portrayed as glorious and holy bringing out the good in the protagonist and pandering to nationalist sentiments with propagandistic messaging Tears of Cold and Duel were two films that have gone beyond the traditional view of war 42 Many renowned directors were involved in developing Iranian war cinema 43 Morteza Avini Famous TV Documentary Ravayat e Fath Shahriar Bahrani Famous film The Attack on H3 Mohammad Bozorgnia Famous film Jang e naftkesh ha Ahmad Reza Darvish Famous film Duel Seifollah Dad Famous film Kani Manga Samuel Khachikian Famous film Eagles Ebrahim Hatamikia Famous films Mohajer Az Karkheh ta Rhein Booy E Pirahan E Yusef The Glass Agency and Che 2014 film Mohsen Makhmalbaf Famous film The Marriage of the Blessed Rasoul Mollagholipour Famous films Safar be Chazabeh amp Mim Mesle Madar Ali Shah Hatami Famous film Akharin Shenasaee Kamal Tabrizi Famous films Dar Maslakh e Eshgh amp Leily Ba Man Ast Kiumars Pourahmad Famous film The Night Bus Behzad Behzadpour Famous film Khodahafez Rafigh Other films famous and popular Iran Iraq War Goodbye Life directed by Ensieh Shah Hosseini Heeva Mazrae ye pedari and Safar be Chazabeh directed by Rasoul Mollagholipour Kirkuk Operation Hoor on Fire and Kani Manga directed by Seifollah Dad Che Az Karkheh ta Rhein Mohajer and The Red Ribbon directed by Ebrahim Hatamikia Big Drum Under Left Foot directed by Kazem Masoumi Gilaneh directed by Rakhshan Bani E temad The Day Third directed by Mohammad Hossein Latifi The Reward of Silence directed by Maziar Miri Sizdah 59 directed by Saman Salur The Queen directed by Mohammad Ali Bashe Ahangar Mardi shabih e baran directed by Saeed Soheili Bashu the Little Stranger directed by Bahram Beyzai Snake Fang directed by Masoud Kimiai and Hoor dar Atash directed by Azizollah Hamidnezhad Iranian animations edit See also History of Iranian animation There are some evidences suggesting that Ancient Iranians made animations An animated piece on an earthen goblet made 5000 years ago was found in Burnt City in Sistan Baluchistan province southeastern Iran The artist has portrayed a goat that jumps toward a tree and eats its leaves 44 The first Tehran International Animation Festival was held in the year 1999 four decades after the time the production of first animation films in Iran The Second Tehran International Animation Festival was held in February 2001 Apart from Iranian films animations from 35 foreign countries participated in the festival 45 The following are among the notable filmmakers of Iranian animated films Noureddin Zarrin Kelk Bahram Azimi Ali Akbar SadeghiChildren and youth films edit Although early attempts also existed the Iranian children and youth cinema came of age with acclaimed director Mohammad Ali Talebi b 1958 He started his career in the 1980s and achieved success beyond Iran with Bag of Rice 1997 and Willow and Wind 2000 whose script was written by Abbas Kiarostami 46 Talebi believed that producing movies for children and teenagers was a service to the most fragile and vulnerable of the Iranian society In the 2010s he became somewhat skeptical about the future of children and youth cinema in Iran and in 2018 moved to Slovakia 47 Timeline of Iranian films edit Main article List of Iranian films Pre 1960 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020sInfluence of Iranians on others New Wave films editAmongst the pioneers of French New Wave were Francois Truffaut Jean Luc Godard Claude Chabrol and Eric Rohmer or Barbet Schroeder born in Tehran Iran in 1941 where his German geologist Father was on assignment During the first half of the 20th century France was the major destination for Iranian students who wished to study abroad Iranian Ambassador to the United Nations Fereydoun Hoveyda was one of them Fereydoun Hoveyda played a major role in French cultural scene and especially in the field of Cinema for he was the protege of Francois Truffaut whom he befriended and with whom he helped create the well known film magazine Les Cahiers du Cinema that spearheaded the French Nouvelle Vague or New Wave Cinema He also worked closely with Italian film director Roberto Rossellini on several film scripts during that period Fereydoun Hoveyda was not the only Iranian of his generation to play an active role in promoting the French Cinema d Auteur Youssef Ishaghpour is another example 48 Another Iranian figure in French New Wave was Shusha Guppy a singer writer and filmmaker who was Jacques Prevert s girlfriend However the most important contribution to the French New Wave cinema is that of Serge Rezvani an Iranian poet born in Tehran in 1928 He played a major role as music composer of both Francois Truffaut Jules et Jim and Jean Luc Godard Pierrot le Fou considered as landmarks of French New Wave Cinema Farah Diba studied at the Beaux Arts and became the focus of attention and the French press was to see her as the new Persian Cinderella Farah Diba was one of the rare foreign dignitaries to become a permanent member of the French Academie des Beaux Arts Iranian Robert Hossein son of legendary musician Aminollah Hossein started his acting career with his French Armenian friend Chahnour Varinag Aznavourian known as the famed crooner Charles Aznavour in the mid fifties essentially type cast as Mr Tough Guy However he got international acclaim in the early Sixties particularly in Europe Russia and Asia as the mysterious Jeoffrey Comte de Peyrac lover of the lovely Michele Mercier in the soft erotic adventure film series of Angelique Marquise des Anges In the seventies and eighties he was to play opposite Jean Paul Belmondo in police thrillers like The Professional Hossein became known for being a talented theater director and his taste for popular historical vehicles involving large sets and numerous actors 48 After the resignation of French President Charles de Gaulle Iranian Anicee Shahmanesh became known under the screen name Anicee Alvina playing a French girl in a British film hit called Friends the music score of which propelled British pop star Elton John She was also to take on a courageous lesbian role in the screen adaptation of Francoise Mallet Joris novel Le Rempart des Beguines Two major documentaries were produced in these years by respectively Agnes Varda and the duo Claude Lelouch and Claude Pinoteau Agnes Varda first to be discovered to young actor Gerard Depardieu in her 1970 film Nausicaa directed a love story set in Isfahan 1976 between a French woman Valerie Mairesse visiting Iran as a tourist and her guide an Iranian Man Ali Raffi The film was entitled Plaisir D Amour en Iran The romantic film was shot on location in The Masjed Shah Claude Pinoteau and Claude Lelouch on the other hand shot their documentary just after the Persepolis Celebrations in 1971 They decided to address the urban transformations and cultural emancipation that the country was subject to by the early seventies Several Iranian expats such as Philippe Khorsand or Persian play writer actor Yasmina Reza have also gained notice in recent years The latter is particularly known for her highly intellectual introspection in such plays like Art for which Sean Connery bought the film rights advised by his French wife 48 Music in Iranian cinema editAlthough Iranian composers usually have their own special style and music structure they all share one thing melodic lively rhythms That might be because they often begin with folkloric songs and shift to film music In the past few decades a few composers have emerged in the Iranian cinema with highly appraised works Composers like Hormoz Farhat Morteza Hannaneh Fariborz Lachini Ahmad Pejman Majid Entezami Babak Bayat Karen Homayounfar Naser Cheshmazar and Hossein Alizadeh were some of the most successful score composers for Iranian films in the past decades 49 Iranian international film festivals editFilm festivals have a rather long history in Iran that goes back to the 1950s The first Tehran International Film Festival opened in April 1973 Although the festival never reached the level of Cannes and Venice however it managed to become well known as a class A festival It was a highly reputable festival and many well known filmmakers took part in it with their films Great filmmakers such as Francesco Rosi Michelangelo Antonioni Grigori Kozintsev Elizabeth Taylor Pietro Germi Nikita Mikhalkov Krzysztof Zanussi Martin Ritt won the festival s awards 50 Fajr Film Festival edit Main article Fajr International Film Festival The Fajr International Film Festival has taken place since 1983 It was intended to be as magnificent and spectacular as possible from its very onset It had a background as powerful as that of the Tehran International Film Festival and wanted to remain on the same track Although the Fajr Film Festival is not yet classed among the top film festivals it has been successful in making policies and setting examples for the future of Iranian cinema 50 In its early years it had a competition section for professional as well as amateur film 8 mm 16 mm Since 1990 there has been an international along with the national competition The festival also features a competition for advertisement items like posters stills and trailers In 2005 the festival added competitions for Asian as well as spiritual films The top prize is called Crystal Simorgh 51 NAM Filmmakers Meeting edit Iran is the current President of the Non Aligned Movement and hosted the 16th NAM summit between 26 and 31 August 2012 after which the presidency was handed to Ahmadinejad on 1 September The latest move by the NAM Chairman has been to organise a NAM filmmakers meeting in order to discuss the establishment of a NAM filmmakers union The meeting is to be held in February 2013 concurrently with the 31st Fajr International Film Festival in Tehran 52 International Film Festival for Children and Youth edit The International Film Festival for Children and Youth has taken place since 1985 In its first three years it was part of the Fajr Film Festival From 1988 to 1989 it was located in Tehran and since then in Isfahan except for 1996 when it was held in Kerman The festival features international and national film and video competitions The top prize is called Golden Butterfly 53 House of Cinema Ceremony edit On September 12 the national day of Iranian cinema a celebration is held annually by the House of Cinema In the 2006 event Akira Kurosawa was honored Noor Iranian Film Festival edit Founded in 2007 the Noor Iranian Film Festival is held annually in Los Angeles California Iranian Film Festival San Francisco edit Iranian Film Festival San Francisco IFF the first independent Iranian film festival outside of Iran launched in 2008 is an annual event showcasing independent feature and short films made by or about Iranians from around the world Website London Iranian Film Festival edit Main article London Iranian Film Festival is an annual independent film festival held in London United Kingdom It is now entering its fourth year It is the only festival in the UK that is dedicated to Iranian independent cinema with this year s event taking place from the 1st to the 9th of November Roshd International Film Festival edit Main article Roshd International Film Festival Roshd International Film Festival was first staged in 1963 by the Bureau of Audio visual Activities of the Ministry of Education of Iran It is centered on the films with educational and pedagogical themes and is staged every year by the Supplying Educational Media Center a sub branch of the Ministry of Education of the I R Iran The Festival seeks the main objectives of identifying and selecting the best educational and pedagogical films in order to introduce them to the educational systems Persian International Film Festival edit Persian International Film Festival is an independent cultural film event that brings together screen stories of diverse global Persian communities Founded in 2012 by Dr Amin Palangi it is Located in Sydney Australia www persianfilmfestival com Iranian Film Festival Zurich edit Iranian Film Festival of Zurich IFFZ is being organized to fulfill the cultural gap between Iranians and Swiss along with the foreigners living in Switzerland The festival also wishes to contribute to the host country by bringing every year the best feature documentary and short films from all generation of the Iranian filmmakers to Zurich The IFFZ wishes that this becomes a platform for presenting the Iranian culture and tradition and build a bridge in such an exceptional city of Zurich among many nations present by the universal language of art and specifically the 7th art cinema iranianfilmfestival ch Festival of Iranian Films in Prague edit The main goal of the festival is to provide a vivid image of Iranian cinema for a wide range of international audiences in the Prague Czech Republic Iranian Film Festival Cologne edit Iranian film Festival is programmed to be held in the city of Cologne in Germany to represent the country Cinema industry House of Cinema in collaboration with Cologne Municipality paved the way for holding the festival The Festival Cinema of Iran edit Iranian film festival Cinema D Iran is scheduled to kick off on June 26 and will run until July 2 2013 in Paris Houston Iranian Film Festival edit The Houston Iranian Film Festival showcases the best in new cinema from Iran Iranian film varied by jury is In Houston America will be held Tehran International Animation Festival edit International Animation Festival in Iran Held in Tehran Other Festivals edit Other valid festivals like Iran International Documentary Film Festival Moqavemat International Film Festival International Film Festival 100 International Urban Film Festival International Parvin Etesami Film Festival Jasmine International Film Festival TJIFF Celebration of Iran Cinematic Critics and Writers Rouyesh Religious Short Film Festival Iranian Youth Cinema Society Edinburgh Iranian Festival Iranian Film Festival IFF Iranian Film Festival Chandigarh Film Festival Varesh Short Film Festival Tehran International Video Film Festival International Festival of Independent Filmmakers and Canada s Iranian Film Festival International recognition of Iranian cinema editHere is a list of Grand prizes awarded to Iranian cinema by the most prestigious film festivals 54 55 Iranian serials are very popular in the region Cannes edit nbsp Abbas Kiarostami the only Iranian director who has won Palme d Or at Cannes Film FestivalFirst presence of Iranian cinema in Cannes dates back to 1991 when in the alleys of love by Khosrow Sinai and then 1992 when Life and nothing more by Abbas Kiarostami represented Iran in the festival 1995 Camera d Or Golden Camera Jafar Panahi 1997 Palme d Or Golden Palm Abbas Kiarostami 2000 Camera d Or Golden Camera Hassan Yektapanah Bahman Ghobadi 2000 Prix du Jury Jury Prize Samira Makhmalbaf 2001 Prize of the Ecumenical Jury Mohsen Makhmalbaf 2003 Prix du Jury Jury prize Samira Makhmalbaf 2003 Prix Un Certain Regard Jafar Panahi 2003 Prize of the Ecumenical Jury Mohsen Makhmalbaf 2004 Camera d Or Golden Camera Mohsen Amiryoussefi 2007 Prix du Jury Jury prize Marjane Satrapi 2009 Prix Un Certain Regard Bahman Ghobadi 2011 Prix Un Certain Regard Mohammad Rasoulof 2011 Francois Chalais Award Special Mention Mohammad Rasoulov 2013 Prix Un Certain Regard Mohammad Rasoulof 2013 Prize of the Ecumenical Jury Asghar Farhadi 2015 Un Certain Regard Avenir Prize Ida Panahandeh 56 2016 Prix du scenario Best Screenplay Asghar Farhadi 2016 Prix d interpretation masculine Best Actor Shahab Hosseini 2017 Un Certain Regard Award Mohammad Rasoulof 57 2018 Prix du scenario Best Screenplay Jafar Panahi 2021 Grand prix Grand Prix Asghar Farhadi 2022 Prix d interpretation feminine Best Actress Zar Amir EbrahimiAcademy Awards Oscars edit 1969 Ray Aghayan Best Costume Design Nomination for Gaily Gaily 1996 Habib Zargarpour Best Visual Effects Nomination for Twister 1996 Darius Khondji Best Cinematography Nomination for Evita 1997 Hossein Amini Best Adapted Screenplay Nomination for The Wings of the Dove 1998 Majid Majidi Best Foreign Language Film Nomination for Children of Heaven 1999 Mehdi Norowzian Best Live Action Short Film Award for Killing Joe 2000 Habib Zargarpour Best Visual Effects Nomination for The Perfect Storm 2003 Shohreh Aghdashloo Best Supporting Actress Nomination for House of Sand and Fog 2006 Kami Asgar Best Sound Editing Nomination for Apocalypto 2007 Marjane Satrapi Best Animated Feature Nomination for Persepolis 2011 Asghar Farhadi Best Original Screenplay Nomination for A Separation 2011 Asghar Farhadi Best Foreign Language Film Award for A Separation 2014 Talkhon Hamzavi Best Live Action Short Film Award for Parvaneh 2016 Asghar Farhadi Best Foreign Language Film Award for The Salesman 2022 Seyed Mohsen Pourmohseni Shakib Student Academy Awards Nomination for The Boot 58 Golden Globe Awards edit 2011 Asghar Farhadi Award Best Foreign Language Film A Separation 2013 Asghar Farhadi Nominated Best Foreign Language Film The Past 2016 Asghar Farhadi Nominated Best Foreign Language Film The Salesman 2021 Asghar Farhadi Nominated Best Foreign Language Film A HeroVenice edit Golden Lion Jafar Panahi 2000 Silver Lion for the Best Director Babak Payami 2001 nbsp Jafar Panahi is the only Iranian director who has won Golden Lion at Venice Film FestivalSpecial Jury Prize Ana Lily Amirpour 2016 Golden Osella for the Best Director Abolfazl Jalili 1995 Shirin Neshat 2009 Best Screenplay Award Rakhshan Bani Etemad 2014 FIPRESCI Prize Dariush Mehrjui 1971 Abbas Kiarostami 1999 Ramin Bahrani 2008 Special Jury Prize Abbas Kiarostami 1999 Abdolreza Kahani 2009 The Special Orizzonti Jury Prize Shahram Mokri 2013 The Orizzonti Award for Best Director Vahid Jalilvand 2017 59 The Orizzonti Award for Best Actor Navid Mohammadzadeh 2017 SIGNIS Award Honorable Mention Amir Naderi 2008 OCIC Award Babak Payami 2001 60 Netpac Award Babak Payami 2001 UNICEF Award Babak Payami 2001 Pasinetti Award Babak Payami 2001 Digital Cinema Award Mania Akbari 2004 Lina Mangiacapre Award Special Mention Hana Makhmalbaf 2003 Open Prize Marzieh Meshkini 2004 61 UNESCO Award Marzieh Meshkini 2000 Isvema Award Marzieh Meshkini 2000 CinemAvvenire Award Abbas Kiarostami 1999 Marzieh Meshkini 2000 62 Berlin edit Golden Bear Asghar Farhadi 2011 Jafar Panahi 2015 Mohammad Rasoulof 2020 Silver Bear Parviz Kimiavi 1976 63 Silver Bear for Best Director Asghar Farhadi 2009 Silver Bear for Best Script Jafar Panahi 2013 Silver Bear for Best Actor Reza Naji 2008 A Separation Total Actors 2011 Silver Bear for Best Actress A Separation Total Actresses 2011 Jury Grand Prix Jafar Panahi 2006 Special Mention Masoud Kimiai 1991 FIPRESCI Prize Sohrab Shahid Saless 1974 amp 1975 64 65 Interfilm Award Dariush Mehrjui 1972 Sohrab Shahid Saless 1974 amp 1975 OCIC Award Dariush Mehrjui 1969 Sohrab Shahid Saless 1974 amp 1975 Don Quixote Award Special Mention Dariush Mehrjui 1999 Crystal Bear Generation Kplus Best Feature Film Hana Makhmalbaf 2008 Peace Film Award Hana Makhmalbaf 2008 Netpac Award Mani Haghighi 2012 Teddy Award for the Best Short Film Maryam Keshavarz Crystal Bear for the Best Short Film Dena Rassam Farhad Delaram 2019 Locarno edit The first film from Iranian cinema that won a prize in Locarno festival was Where Is the Friend s Home directed by Abbas Kiarostami 1989 Golden Leopard Jafar Panahi 1997 Ebrahim Forouzesh 1994 66 Silver Leopard Kianoush Ayari 1994 66 Abolfazl Jalili 1998 Hassan Yektapanah 2004 Bronze Leopard Nasser Taghvai 1988 Abbas Kiarostami 1989 Special Jury Prize Abolfazl Jalili 2001 Rasul Sadrameli 2002 Saman Salur 2006 NETPAC Prize Hassan Yektapanah 2004 Special Mention Official Jury Samira Makhmalbaf 1996 Special mention FIBRESCI jury Abbas Kiarostami 1989 Samira Makhmalbaf 1998 Special Mention Alireza Amini 2003 Ecumenical Jury special Mention Sohrab Shahid Saless 1976 Abbas Kiarostami 1989 London edit FIPRESCI Prize Babak Payami 2001 FIPRESCI International Critics Prize Ramin Bahrani 2005 FIPRESCI Prize Special Mention Abolfazl Jalili 1998 Babak Payami 2001 Sutherland Trophy Marjane Satrapi 2007 Samira Makhmalbaf 1998 Grierson Award for the Best Documentary Mehrdad Oskouei 2016 nbsp Bahman Ghobadi has won two Golden Shell awards at San Sebastian Film FestivalSan Sebastian edit Golden Shell Dariush Mehrjui 1993 Bahman Ghobadi 2004 amp 2006 Silver Shell Niki Karimi 1993 Abolfazl Jalili 1998 Special Jury Prize Majid Majidi 1996 Samira Makhmalbaf 2008 FIPRESCI Award Bahman Ghobadi 2006 Jury Prize for Best Cinematography Touraj Aslani 2012 67 Special Prize of the Jury Hana Makhmalbaf 2007 TVE Otra Mirada Award Hana Makhmalbaf 2007 nbsp Majid Majidi has won three Grand Prix awards at Montreal World Film FestivalMontreal edit Grand Prix Majid Majidi 1997 1999 amp 2001 Best Actress Leila Hatami 2002 Fatemeh Motamed Arya 2011 Golden Zenith for Best Asian Film Kamal Tabrizi 2004 Karlovy Vary edit Special Jury Prize Mohsen Makhmalbaf 1992 Best Actor Hamid Farrokhnezhad 2000 Special Jury Prize Abdolreza Kahani 2009 Best Actress Leila Hatami 2012 FIPRESCI Prize Ali Mosaffa 2012 Don Quijote Award Special Mention Khosrow Sinai 2000 68 Alireza Amini 2004 Mar del Plata edit Golden Astor Mahmoud Kalari 1998 Special Jury Award Mohsen Amiryoussefi 2005 Best Actress Negar Javaherian 2014 Special Mention Kambozia Partovi 2006 Hossein Shahabi 2013 Thessaloniki edit Golden Alexander Mohsen Amiryoussefi 2004 Golden Alexander Abdolreza Kahani 2008 Silver Alexander Mona Zandi Haghighi 2006 Best Director Marzieh Meshkini 2000 nbsp Reza Mirkarimi has won two Golden George awards at Moscow Film FestivalSpecial Jury Award Vahid Jalilvand 2017 69 Special Mention Hossein Shahabi 2013 Audience Award Mohsen Amiryoussefi 2004 Special Artistic Achievement Alireza Amini 2003 Moscow edit Golden George Reza Mirkarimi 2008 amp 2016 Special Golden St George Rakhshan Bani Etemad 2001 70 Special Jury Prize Vahid Mousaian 2002 71 Silver George for the best actor Faramarz Gharibian 2003 Hamid Farrokhnezhad 2005 Farhad Aslani 2016 Best Actress Mary Apick 1977 Soha Niasti 2019 72 Russian Critics Jury s Prize Reza Mirkarimi 2008 Chicago edit Gold Hugo Jafar Panahi 2003 Asghar Farhadi 2006 Mohsen Makhmalbaf 2014 Silver Hugo Abbas Kiarostami 1994 Special Jury Prize Bahman Ghobadi 2000 amp 2004 Asghar Farhadi 2016 73 Best Screenplay Mohammad Rasoulof 2017 74 Best Actor Ezzatollah Entezami 1971 Silver Hugo for the Best First Film Marzieh Meshkini 2000 Silver Hugo of the Docufest Competition Arash T Riahi 2006 75 Best Documentary Arash Lahooti 2013 76 Shanghai edit Golden Goblet for the Best Film Reza Mirkarimi 2019 Golden Goblet for the Best Director Reza Mirkarimi 2019 Golden Goblet for the Best Actor Hamed Behdad 2019 Golden Goblet for the Best Film Khosro Masumi 2004 amp 2012 Grand Jury Prize Mostafa Taghizadeh 2017 77 Golden Goblet for the Best Actress Sareh Bayat 2017 Warsaw edit Grand Prix Asghar Farhadi 2004 Parviz Shahbazi 2016 78 Audience Award Majid Majidi 1999 Special Jury Award Asghar Farhadi 2011 NETPAC Award Houman Seyyedi 2014 nbsp Shahab Hosseini has won two major acting awards at 69th Cannes Film Festival amp 61st Berlin International Film Festival as a member of the actors ensemble nbsp Parviz ParastuiGoa edit Golden Peacock Samira Makhmalbaf 2003 Asghar Farhadi 2004 Mohammad Rasoulof 2005 Festroia edit Golden Dolphin Majid Majidi 1997 Bahman Ghobadi 2005 Rotterdam edit Hivos Tiger Award Mohammad Shirvani 2013 Busan edit New Currents Award Marziyeh Meshkini 2000 Alireza Amini 2003 Morteza Farshbaf 2011 Houman Seyyedi 2013 FIPRESCI Award Parviz Shahbazi 2003 Morteza Farshbaf 2011 Safi Yazdanian 2014 Sydney edit Prize Asghar Farhadi 2011 Nantes edit Golden Montgolfiere Amir Naderi 1985 amp 1989 Abolfazl Jalili 1996 amp 2001 Saman Salur 2006 Silver Montgolfiere Dariush Mehrjui 1993 79 Reza Mirkarimi 2000 80 Special Jury Award Alireza Davoudnejad 1992 81 Asghar Farhadi 2006 82 Best Actress Niki Karimi 1993 83 Golshifteh Farahani 2004 84 Sitges edit Best Director Mohsen Makhmalbaf 1996 Best Actor Hasan Majuni 2017 85 Istanbul edit Golden Tulip Saeed Ebrahimifar 1990 Jafar Panahi 1998 FIPRESCI Prize Bahman Farmanara 2001 86 Cairo edit Best Film Nima Javidi 2014 87 Best Director Masoud Kimiai 1978 Khosro Masumi 2006 Best Screenplay Kianoush Ayari 1998 Tahmineh Milani 2003 Best Actress Pegah Ahangarani 1999 88 Niki Karimi 2001 89 Katayoun Riahi 2002 90 Lifelong achievement Awards edit Abbas Kiarostami Prix Roberto Rossellini Cannes Film Festival 1992 Abbas Kiarostami Francois Truffaut Award 1992 Abbas Kiarostami Honorary doctorate Ecole Normale Superieure 2003 Abbas Kiarostami Federico Fellini Gold Medal UNESCO 1997 Abbas Kiarostami Officier de la Legion d honneur from Ministry of Culture and Art of France 1996 Abbas Kiarostami Akira Kurosawa Honorary Award of the San Francisco International Film Festival 2000 Abbas Kiarostami Prix Henri Langlois Prize 2006 Amir Naderi Jaeger LeCoultre Glory to the Filmmaker Award 2016 Asghar Farhadi National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Screenplay 2011 Behrouz Gharibpour The Hans Christian Andersen Award 2002 Ezzatolah Entezami UNESCO Award 2006 Jafar Panahi Podo Award at Valdivia Film Festival 2007 Mohsen Makhmalbaf Parajanov Award for outstanding Artistic contribution to the world cinema 2006 Mohsen Makhmalbaf Federico Fellini Gold Medal UNESCO 2001 Rakhshan Bani Etemad Prince Claus Awards 1998 Samira Makhmalbaf Federico Fellini Gold Medal UNESCO 2000 Samira Makhmalbaf The grand Jury prize American Film Institute 2000 nbsp Asghar FarhadiBodil Awards edit 2012 Asghar Farhadi A SeparationSatellite Award edit 2011 Asghar Farhadi A SeparationCesar Award edit 2012 Asghar Farhadi Best Foreign Film A SeparationDavid di Donatello Award edit 2012 Asghar Farhadi Best Foreign Film A SeparationNational Board of Review edit 2011 Asghar Farhadi Best Foreign Language Film A Separation 2013 Asghar Farhadi Best Foreign Language Film The Past 2017 Asghar Farhadi Best Foreign Language Film The SalesmanCensorship editMain article Censorship in Iran Although the Iranian film industry is flourishing its filmmakers have operated under censorship rules both before and after the revolution Some Iranian films that have been internationally acclaimed are banned in Iran itself Conversely some Iranian filmmakers have faced hostility in other countries Censorship within Iran edit Dariush Mehrjui s seminal film Gaav The Cow 1969 is now considered a pioneering work of the Iranian New Wave The film was sponsored by the state but they promptly banned it upon completion because its vision of rural life clashed with the progressive image of Iran that the Shah wished to project while its prominence at international film festivals annoyed the regime 91 After the Iranian revolution filmmakers experienced more restrictions Since the mid 1980s Iran s policy on film censorship has been changed in order to promote domestic film production the strict censorship eased after December 1987 Old directors resurfaced and new ones emerged 91 However the application of the rules is often inconsistent Several films have been refused release inside Iran but have been given export permits to enter international film festivals Even here the censorship is inconsistent May Lady by Rakhshan Bani Etemad 1998 got through but her contribution to Stories of Kish 1999 did not 92 All of Jafar Panahi s films 93 have been banned from public theaters in Iran 94 Offside was relegated to a guest slot at the International Fajr Film Festival It was not shown as an important film says Panahi They didn t give any value to it 94 Several of Mohsen Makhmalbaf s films are also banned in Iran For example Time of Love and The night of Zaiandeh rood were banned for dealing with physical love and for raising doubts about the revolution 95 nbsp Tahmineh MilaniIn 2001 feminist filmmaker Tahmineh Milani who made The Hidden Half was jailed because her movie was presumed anti revolution against the 1979 Islamic revolution Many Iranian and international artists and filmmakers demanded her release After 8 days of Imprisonment Eventually President Khatami and the Minister of Culture were able to secure her release In Nargess Rakhshan Bani Etemad who is a pioneer among female Iranian film directors pushes censorship codes to the limits questioning the morals of society showing desperate people overwhelmed by social conditions and a couple living together without being married 96 Abbas Kiarostami was significantly acclaimed in Europe but the Islamic government has refused screening of his films in his own country Kiarostami s films have been banned in his country for more than 10 years 97 They are only accessible there through unauthorized DVDs and private screenings Kiarostami is uncertain what the government dislikes about his films saying I think they don t understand my films and so they prevent them being shown just in case there is a message they don t want to get out 1 Despite this Kiarostami has displayed an extraordinarily benign perspective at least in recorded interviews The government is not in my way but it is not assisting me either We lead our separate lives 98 Despite the censorship Kiarostami insists on working in Iran saying I think I really produce my best work in Iran 98 He believes that throughout the ages and all over the world censorship has existed in one form or another and artists have managed to live with this saying Today the most important thing is that although there is censorship Iranian filmmakers are doing their job and they surpass the difficulties of censorship showing and discussing many things So why ask me about what s not in the films It has happened many times that a filmmaker hides a weakness under the excuse of censorship but difficulties have always existed in our lifestyle and our role is to surpass them 99 The director Mohammed Rasoulof was convicted of charges relating to state security and anti government propaganda 100 In 2009 and 2013 the number of political films and drama like Khers Guidance Patrol The Wooden Bridge I am a Mother and Private Life Zendegi Khosoosi were Sanctioned House of Cinema temporary closure edit In September 2011 House of Cinema issued a statement in support of several filmmakers detained for contact with the BBC They questioned the legal basis for the arrests pointing out that the government itself has contact with international news organizations 101 As a result they received an official rebuke 102 103 In December 2011 Iran s Council of Public Culture declared its House of Cinema the country s largest professional organisation for film makers illegal 104 Authorities state the organization was shut down because of secret amendments to its charter 105 House of Cinema came under pressure when it challenged the detention of filmmakers accused of selling films to the BBC 106 In September 2013 House of Cinema has been reopened by the new government 107 Hostility outside Iran edit Given the tense relationship between Iran and the United States Iranian filmmakers have faced hostility there even if they have also been banned in their own country Abbas Kiarostami was refused a visa to attend the New York Film Festival Ohio University and Harvard University in 2002 in the wake of the September 11 attacks 108 109 110 Festival director Richard Pena who had invited him said It s a terrible sign of what s happening in my country today that no one seems to realize or care about the kind of negative signal this sends out to the entire Muslim world 111 Finnish film director Aki Kaurismaki boycotted the festival in protest 112 Similarly Bahman Ghobadi winner of the Golden Plaque at the Chicago International Film Festival refused to accept the prize in protest of the U S government s refusal to issue him a visa 113 In 2007 Ahmed Issawi the abashed Arab director of the New York South Asian Film Festival admitted that a conscious decision was made not to invite any Iranian filmmakers saying That s a territory I no longer want to tread It s over Given the whole thing with Iran I refuse to approach it 114 Several other Iranian filmmakers have experienced hostilities from other countries In November 2001 in Afghanistan Taliban officials who banned movies and most filmmaking arrested three of Majid Majidi s crew members who were helping him secretly shoot Barefoot to Herat a documentary on the country s internal refugees 115 Samira Makhmalbaf also survived a kidnapping in Afghanistan West Dennis and Makhmalbaf Mohsen I Make Cinema in Order to Breathe An Interview with Mohsen Makhmalbaf Cineaste 34 4 Fall 2009 10 15 JSTOR Web 24 Apr 2014 In March 2007 a bomb explosion severely injuring several actors and crew members halted production in Afghanistan of Two Legged Horse the film by Iranian helmer Samira Makhmalbaf Mohsen Makhmalbaf was the target of two unsuccessful murder attempts when he shot Kandahar in Iran near the Afghan border in 2000 and his daughter Hana was twice the victim of a failed abduction attempt during the shooting of Samira s last film At Five in the Afternoon in the Afghan capital Kabul in 2002 116 Arresting filmmakers edit On 1 March 2010 Jafar Panahi was arrested He was taken from his home along with his wife Tahereh Saidi daughter Solmaz Panahi and 15 of his friends by plain clothes officers to Evin Prison Most were released 48 hours later Mohammad Rasoulof and Mehdi Pourmoussa on 17 March 2010 but Panahi remained in section 209 inside Evin Prison Panahi s arrest was confirmed by the government but the charges were not specified On April 14 2010 Iran s Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance said that Panahi was arrested because he tried to make a documentary about the unrest that followed the disputed 2009 re election of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad On 18 May Panahi sent a message to Abbas Baktiari director of the Pouya Cultural Center an Iranian French cultural organization in Paris stating that he was being mistreated in prison and his family threatened and as a result had begun a hunger strike On 25 May he was released on 200 000 bail while awaiting trial On 20 December 2010 Panahi after being convicted for assembly and colluding with the intention to commit crimes against the country s national security and propaganda against the Islamic Republic the Islamic Revolutionary Court sentenced Panahi to six years imprisonment and a 20 year ban on making or directing any movies writing screenplays giving any form of interview with Iranian or foreign media as well as leaving the country except for Hajj holy pilgrimage to Mecca or medical treatment Panahi s colleague Mohammad Rasoulof also received six years imprisonment but was later reduced to one year on appeal On October 15 2011 a court in Tehran upheld Panahi s sentence and ban Following the courts decision Panahi was placed under house arrest He has since been allowed to move more freely but he cannot travel outside Iran 117 118 Hossein Rajabian an Iranian independent filmmaker After finishing his first feature film was arrested by Iranian security forces on 5 October 2013 outside his office in Sari alongside two musicians and was transferred to Ward 2 A of Evin Prison where all three of them were held in solitary confinement for more than two months and were threatened with televised confessions He was released on bail around 66 000 in mid December pending trial Two years later his case was heard at Branch 28 of Tehran Revolutionary Court which was presided over by Judge Moghisseh Summer 2015 He was sentenced to six years in prison and fines for pursuing illegal cinematic activities launching propaganda against the establishment and hurling insults at sanctities On appeal his sentence was changed to three years imprisonment and three years of suspended jail and fines Hossein Rajabian was sent to the ward 7 of Evin Prison in Tehran After spending one third of his total period of imprisonment that is 11 months he went on hunger strike to protest against unjust trial lack of medical facilities and transfer of his brother to another ward called section 8 of the same prison During the first hunger strike period which lasted 14 days he was transferred to hospital because of pulmonary infection and he could not continue his hunger strike because of the interference of the representative of the prosecutor who was sent as an intermediary After some time he sent an open letter to the judicial authorities of Iran and went again on strike which brought him the supports of international artists After 36 days of hunger strike he could convince the judicial authorities of Iran to review his case and grant him medical leave for the treatment of his left kidney suffered from infections and blood arising out of hunger strike He after a contentious struggle with the judicial officer of the prison was sent to the ward 8 for punishment 119 120 121 122 123 Cinemapeople in the Iranian diaspora editCinemapeople in the Iranian diaspora such as Shohreh Aghdashloo Zuleikha Robinson Nadia Bjorlin Shirin Neshat Adrian Pasdar Amir Mokri Bahar Soomekh Amir Talai Catherine Bell Nazanin Boniadi Samira Makhmalbaf Freema Agyeman Sarah Shahi Hughes brothers Nasim Pedrad Daryush Shokof Bijan Daneshmand and Farhad Safinia are also popular Film institutes in Iran editSeveral institutes both government run and private provide formal education in various aspects of filmmaking Some of the prominent ones include Farabi Cinema Foundation Hedayat Film Co Sourehcinema Documentary amp Experimental Film Center Filmiran Kanoon Iran Novin Boshra Film Bamdad Film TDH Film Hilaj Film Tgpco Karname Rasaneha Nama Film company AvinyFilm 7spfs and Honar Aval Iranian film critics editMost famous of them like Houshang Golmakani Fereydoun Jeyrani Parviz Davaei Massoud Farasati Abbas Baharloo Hamid Reza Sadr Cyrus Ghani Javad Toosi Negar Mottahedeh Ahmad Talebinejad Mohammad Tahami Nezhad Ali Moallem and Parviz Nouri behrouz sebt rasoulSee also edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cinema of Iran List of Iranian films International Fajr Film Festival London Iranian Film Festival Bagh e Ferdows Film Museum of Iran Pre revolutionary Iranian cinema Persian theatre Persian Film SiahnamayiReferences edit Arbabi Mahmoud شناسنامه سینماهای کشور در سال 97 Retrieved 29 September 2019 Salehi Amiri Reza سالانه 200 فیلم در ایران ساخته می شود ILNA Retrieved 11 July 2017 a b Ershad content PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2019 09 29 Retrieved 2019 09 29 a b The Iranian Cinema Archived from the original on 2 August 2012 Retrieved 4 December 2022 History of Iran Cinema fotros com Retrieved 4 December 2022 Abbas Kiarostami Articles amp Interviews 20 August 2014 Archived from the original on 2014 08 20 Retrieved 4 December 2022 The Iranian Cinema A Dream With No Awakening Archived from the original on 2006 10 21 Retrieved 2006 03 26 Honour Hugh and John Fleming The Visual Arts A History New Jersey Prentice Hall Inc 1992 Page 96 a b c d Iranian Cinema Before the Revolution offscreen com Retrieved 4 December 2022 M Ali Issari Cinema in Iran 1900 1979 pages 40 67 Riasaty Ali Cinema and Iran s Sociopolitical changes from its inception to the end of 2001 PDF Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education amp Research Oct Dec 2018 Vol 8 Issue S2 73 79 a b The history of Iranian cinema Part I by Masoud Mehrabi Archived from the original on 2018 06 23 Retrieved 2007 01 30 M A Issari Cinema in Iran page 96 Omid Jamal The History of Iranian Cinema 1900 1978 Tehran Rozaneh Publication 1995 1174 pgs Persian BBCPersian com www bbc com Retrieved 4 December 2022 a b Thompson Kristin Bordwell David 2010 Film History An Introduction 3rd ed New York McGraw Hill p 608 ISBN 978 0 07 338613 3 Kiarostami Will Carry Us The Iranian Master Gives Hope Retrieved 4 December 2022 BBCPersian com www bbc com Retrieved 4 December 2022 Iran films return to Berlin festival 18 February 2006 Retrieved 4 December 2022 via news bbc co uk Kurdish Cinema Really Started out with Yilmaz Guney Thompson Kristin 2003 Film History An Introduction New York NY McGraw Hill pp 670 71 ISBN 0 07 038429 0 a b Qantara de also it might help them Iranian Cinema Beyond Festival Films Yahoo Movies Movie News Retrieved 4 December 2022 BBCPersian com www bbc com Retrieved 4 December 2022 BBCPersian com www bbc com Retrieved 4 December 2022 BBCPersian com www bbc com Retrieved 4 December 2022 BBC News 2000 Iranian King of Hearts dies BBC News Retrieved November 8 2006 Features Fardin Farzan Navab The Iranian Retrieved 4 December 2022 Offscreen of Iran http www offscreen com biblio essays women of iran title Women of Iran a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Check url value help Missing or empty title help Ahmadinejad turns down chance to star in Oliver Stone film The Guardian July 2 2007 Sixteen foreign films to compete at Fajr Festival www payvand com Retrieved 4 December 2022 Iran Daily Arts amp Culture 12 13 06 a b No more feminist or pro US films in Iran Archived from the original on 2007 04 06 Retrieved 2007 04 07 Eric Henderson February 22 2005 The House is Black Slant Retrieved October 27 2016 Al Ahram Weekly People Limelight Archived from the original on 2008 04 15 Retrieved 2016 09 04 a b The New Wave in Iranian Cinema From Past to Present www parstimes com Retrieved 4 December 2022 Abbas Kiarostami The Truth Behind Reality Archived from the original on 2007 09 12 Retrieved 2007 01 30 a b hkw de The House of World Cultures Rose Issa archiv hkw de Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 Retrieved 4 December 2022 Rising talent on Iranian Scene Retrieved 4 December 2022 To Kiarostami or Not To Kiarostami Retrieved 4 December 2022 Iranian women tell their own story BBC News May 4 2001 Retrieved April 30 2010 Tehran Avenue Film War Cinema and Two New Iranian Films Archived from the original on 2006 11 19 Retrieved 2007 02 19 BBCPersian com www bbc com Retrieved 4 December 2022 First Animation of the World Found In Burnt City www payvand com Retrieved 4 December 2022 Tehran International Animation Festival 2nd Festival 2001 Archived from the original on 2007 05 16 Retrieved 2007 02 19 Mazda Moradabbasi Don t Miss Your Dreams Analysis of Mohammad Ali Talebi s Children and Youth Film Teheran Farabi Cinematic Foundation 2012 Panps Kotzathanasis Interview with Mohammad Ali Talebi You can still see works of quality coming out but I feel these are the last attempts of an era that is vanishing Asian Movie Pulse June 27 2019 a b c The Modern Magazine for Persian Celebrations Cuisine Culture amp Community Archived from the original on 2007 04 30 Retrieved 2007 02 19 Iran Chamber Society Music of Iran Film Music In Iranian Cinema www iranchamber com Retrieved 4 December 2022 a b Massoud Mehrabi Articles www massoudmehrabi com Retrieved 4 December 2022 Fajr Film Festival on IMDb IMDb Archived from the original on 2009 03 14 Retrieved 2018 06 30 Iran plans to organize NAM filmmakers meeting Mehr News 9 December 2012 پایگاه اطلاع رسانی رسمی جشنواره بین المللی فیلم های کودکان و نوجوانان Retrieved 4 December 2022 Film Festival Guide 10 May 2005 Retrieved 4 December 2022 via news bbc co uk Locarno festival ranked 4th after Cannes Venice and Berlin Cannes Film Festival 2015 IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 Cannes Film Festival 2017 IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 Meet 2022 Student Academy Awards Finalists Biennale Cinema 2017 Official Awards of the 74th Venice Film Festival La Biennale di Venezia 9 September 2017 Retrieved 4 December 2022 Raye makhfi IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 via www imdb com Marzieh Makhmalbaf IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 Sohrab Shahid Saless IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 26th Berlin International Film Festival Awards Retrieved 4 December 2022 Tabiate bijan IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 via www imdb com Dar Ghorbat IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 via www imdb com a b Locarno Film Festival Locarno Film Festival Retrieved 4 December 2022 San Sebastian Film Festival sansebastianfestival Retrieved 4 December 2022 Khosrow Sinai IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 58th TIFF The Awards Thessaloniki Film Festival 12 November 2017 Retrieved 4 December 2022 23rd Moscow Film Festival winners announced Retrieved 4 December 2022 24th Moscow Film Festival winners announced Retrieved 4 December 2022 41 MIFF Prizes VB Andy 1 November 2016 52nd Festival Award Winners Retrieved 4 December 2022 VB Andy 22 October 2017 53rd Festival Award Winning Films Retrieved 4 December 2022 Arash T Riahi won the Silver Hugo Archived from the original on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 2016 12 23 Chicago International Film Festival 2013 IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 20th SIFF Golden Goblet Awards Retrieved 4 December 2022 32nd Warsaw Film Festival winners announced Archived from the original on 2017 01 16 Retrieved 2016 12 23 Nantes Three Continents Festival 1993 IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 Nantes Three Continents Festival 2000 IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 Nantes Three Continents Festival 1992 IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 Nantes Three Continents Festival 2006 IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 Niki Karimi IMDb Retrieved 2022 06 16 Nantes Three Continents Festival 2004 IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 The Pig IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 via www imdb com Istanbul International Film Festival 2001 IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 Cairo International Film Festival 2014 IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 Cairo International Film Festival 1999 IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 Cairo International Film Festival 2001 IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 Cairo International Film Festival 2002 IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 a b Steve Nottingham Early Soviet Cinema Archived October 15 2004 at the Wayback Machine The new Iranian Cinema Retrieved 4 December 2022 Blowing The Whistle TIME 20 March 2007 Archived from the original on 2007 03 20 Retrieved 4 December 2022 a b Farouky Jumana May 21 2006 Blowing The Whistle Time Archived from the original on March 20 2007 Retrieved April 30 2010 Iran Chamber Society Iranian Cinema Mohsen Makhmalbaf www iranchamber com Retrieved 4 December 2022 Filmfestival Archived from the original on 2007 04 03 Retrieved 2007 02 25 Iran unyielding over director ban BBC News April 28 2005 Retrieved April 30 2010 a b Jeffries Stuart April 16 2005 Landscapes of the mind The Guardian London Retrieved April 30 2010 Al Ahram Weekly Culture Strategic lies Archived February 17 2007 at the Wayback Machine Iran We are ordered to crush you Expanding repression of dissent in Iran Statement of the Association of Film Trades on the detained documentary Filmmakers Archived 2012 01 03 at the Wayback Machine House of Cinema September 2011 The Latest from Iran 28 September And Now to the Real News Enduring America علامت سئوال جدی درباره قانونی بودن تشکل خانه سینما وجود دارد Mehr News 28 September 2011 House of Cinema Declared Illegal Iran Daily Brief 29 December 2011 DEC Iran s House of Cinema Declared Illegal Archived 2013 05 14 at the Wayback Machine Arseh Sevom Peace Democracy Human Rights 28 December 2011 DEC Iran s House of Cinema Declared Illegal Archived 2013 05 14 at the Wayback Machine Arseh Sevom Peace Democracy Human Rights 28 December 2011 Iranian House of Cinema to reopen today Tehran Times Archived from the original on 2013 12 18 Retrieved 2013 09 12 Andrew O Hehir 2002 Iran s leading filmmaker denied U S visa Salon com Archived from the original on 2007 02 17 Retrieved 2007 02 23 Iranian director hands back award BBC October 17 2002 Retrieved 2007 02 23 Jacques Mandelbaum 2002 No entry for Kiarostami Le Monde Retrieved 2007 02 23 Stuart Jeffries 2005 Abbas Kiarostami Not A Martyr The Guardian Retrieved 2007 02 23 Celestine Bohlen 2002 Abbas Kiarostami Controversy at the 40th NYFF Human Rights Watch Retrieved 2007 02 23 Gomgashtei dar Aragh IMDb Retrieved 4 December 2022 via www imdb com Pal Amitabh 8 March 2007 U S Visa Policy Inhumane and Counterproductive Progressive org Retrieved 4 December 2022 Curiel Jonathan July 9 2002 Iranian filmmaker stays true to his social conscience New Baran shows the miserable plight of Afghan refugees The San Francisco Chronicle Bomber targets Makhmalbaf Retrieved 4 December 2022 Fathi Nazila 2010 03 02 Iran Arrests Filmmaker Who Backed Opposition The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2017 08 20 AFP 2011 10 15 Iranian court upholds sentence against filmmaker Jafar Panahi DAWN COM Retrieved 2017 08 20 Urgent Action Update Gravely Ill Musician Returned To Prison Iran UA 41 16 Amnesty International USA Amnesty International USA Retrieved 2017 08 20 Artists Sentenced to Prison IranWire خانه Archived from the original on 2016 03 19 Retrieved 2017 08 20 Artsfreedom Artsfreedom Retrieved 2017 08 20 correspondent Saeed Kamali Dehghan Iran 2016 12 01 Iranian musician hospitalised after one month hunger strike The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 2017 08 20 Gravely Ill Iranian Musician Returned to Prison Amnesty Japan Amnesty Japan Archived from the original on 2017 01 20 Retrieved 2017 08 20 Further reading editCarlo Celli The Iranian Divide National Identity in Global Cinema How Movies Explain the World Palgrave MacMillan 2013 71 82 Umid Jamal Tarikh i sinima yi Iran 1279 1357 Jamal Umid The history of Iranian cinema 1900 1978 Jamal Omid 1175 pages Illustrated Press Teheran Rawzanah Year 1374 1995 Language Persian Displaced Allegories Post Revolutionary Iranian Cinema Duke University Press 2008 ISBN 978 0 8223 4275 5 Hamid Dabashi Close Up Iranian Cinema Past Present and Future 320 p Verso London 2001 ISBN 1 85984 332 8 Hamid Dabashi Masters amp Masterpieces of Iranian Cinema 451 p Mage Publishers Washington D C 2007 ISBN 0 934211 85 X Gonul Donmez Colin Cinemas of the Other Intellect April 2006 ISBN 978 1 84150 143 7 Hamid Reza Sadr Iranian Cinema A Political History I B Tauris 2006 ISBN 978 1 84511 146 5 Najmeh Khalili Mahani Women of Iranian Popular Cinema Projection of Progress Offscreen Vol 10 Issue 7 July 31 2006 2 Hester Elizabeth J Cinema in Iran A Selective Annotated Bibliography of Dissertations and Theses ISBN 978 1493505494 K Talattof amp A A Seyed Gohrab eds Conflict and Development in Iranian Film Leiden Leiden University Press 2013 ISBN 978 908 72 8169 4 Hamid Naficy 2011 A Social History of Iranian Cinema Volume 1 The Artisanal Era Durham Duke University Press ISBN 978 0822347750 Hamid Naficy 2011 A Social History of Iranian Cinema Volume 2 The Industrializing Years 1941 1978 Durham Duke University Press ISBN 978 0822347743 Hamid Naficy 2012 A Social History of Iranian Cinema Volume 3 The Islamicate Period 1978 1984 Durham Duke University Press ISBN 978 0822348771 Hamid Naficy 2012 A Social History of Iranian Cinema Volume 4 The Globalizing Era 1984 2010 Durham Duke University Press ISBN 978 0822348788 External links editIFILM TV Iranian TV Channel on Cinema IRIB MEDIA TRADE Archived 2016 10 05 at the Wayback Machine Lovecinema news cinema iran Soureh Pictures Archived 2016 10 10 at the Wayback Machine Iranian Movies Forum 50 Essential Iranian Films Archived 2015 04 07 at the Wayback Machine mooweex Iranian Online Cinema Iranian film industry thriving Hollywood learns CNN Encyclopedia of Iranian cinema in Persian Iranian Cinema Before the Revolution Iranian New Wave Post 1997 Cinema Iranian Cinema in Western eye The history of Iranian cinema Time for intellectuals Iranian cinema amp performance arts Iran Film Iranian OSCAR Annual Celebration of Iranian Cinema Archived 2015 05 11 at the Wayback Machine Women of Iranian Popular Cinema Nantes festival director calls Iranian cinema one of world s best History of Cinema in Tajikistan The Iranian influence in Persian Review on Starting of Iranian Documentary Films Watch Iranian Cinema Documentary The history of Iranian Cinema DOCUMENTARY Reza Talachian 1984 A Brief Critical History of Iranian Feature Film 1896 1975 Iran Chamber Society Film International Iranian Film Quarterly Film International Iranian Film Quarterly Farabi Cinema Foundation Tehran International Short Film Festival Persian Movies 2019 Persian Movies Retrieved from https en 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