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Family and descendants of Genghis Khan

January 01, 1970

"Chingizid" redirects here. For the genus of moths, see Chingizid (moth).

The family tree of Genghis Khan is listed below. This family tree only lists prominent members of the Borjigin family and does not reach the present. Genghis Khan appears in the middle of the tree, and Kublai Khan appears at the bottom of the tree. The Borjigin family was the imperial house of the Mongol Empire (and its various successor states), dating back to the 13th and 14th centuries.

Descent from Genghis Khan in East Asia is well documented by Chinese sources. His descent in West Asia and Europe was documented through the 14th century, in texts written by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani and other Muslim historians. With the advent of genealogical DNA testing, a larger and broader circle of people have begun to claim descent from Genghis Khan owing to dubious and imprecise haplogroup identifications. However, while many of Genghis Khan's agnates' resting places are known (e.g. Shah Jahan in the Taj Mahal), none of their remains have been tested to prove or disprove these theories and debate continues (see below).

Diagrammatic family tree edit

Only selected, prominent members are shown. Khagans (Great Khans who were rulers of the whole empire[1]) are in bold.

Detailed family tree edit

Temujin (Genghis Khan) - Founder and Khagan of the Mongol Empire (1206–1227)

  • 01. Jochi[note 1] - Ruler of the Ulus of Jochi (later known as Golden Horde or Kipchak Khanate)
    • 02. Orda - Founder and Khan of the White Horde (1226–1251)
      • 03. Sartaqtai
        • 04. Qonichi - Khan of the White Horde (1280–1302)
          • 05. Bayan - Khan of the White Horde (1302–1309)
            • 06. Sasi-Buqa - Khan of the White Horde (1309–1320)
              • 07. Erzen[note 2] - Khan of the White Horde (1320–1345)
                • 08. Chimtai - Khan of the White Horde (1345–1361)
      • 03. Qonqiran - Khan of the White Horde (1251–1280)
    • 02. Batu - Founder and Khan of the Blue Horde (1227–1255) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1227–1255)
      • 03. Sartaq - Khan of the Blue Horde (1255–1256) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1255–1256)
        • 04. Ulaghchi - Khan of the Blue Horde (1256–1257) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1256–1257)
      • 03. Toqoqan
        • 04. Tartu
          • 05. Tole-Buqa - Khan of the Blue Horde (1287–1291) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1287–1291)
        • 04. Mongke-Temur - Khan of the Blue Horde (1267–1280) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1267–1280)
          • 05. Toqta - Khan of the Blue Horde (1291–1313) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1291–1313)
          • 05. Toghrilcha
            • 06. Oz-Beg - Khan of the Blue Horde (1313–1341) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1313–1341)
              • 07. Tini-Beg - Khan of the Blue Horde (1341–1342) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1341–1342)
              • 07. Jani-Beg - Khan of the Blue Horde (1342–1357) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1342–1357)
                • 08. Berdi-Beg - Khan of the Blue Horde (1357–1359) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1357–1359)
                • 08. Qulpa - Khan of the Blue Horde (1359–1360) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1359–1360)
                • 08. Nawruz-Beg - Khan of the Blue Horde (1360–1361) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1360–1361)
        • 04. Tode-Mongke - Khan of the Blue Horde (1280–1287) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1280–1287)
    • 02. Berke - Khan of the Blue Horde (1257–1267) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1257–1267)
    • 02. Shiban
      • 03. Qadaq
        • 04. Tole-Buqa
          • 05. Mingqutai
            • 06. Khidr[note 3] - Khan of the Blue Horde (1361–1361) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1361–1361)
    • 02. Teval
      • 03. Tatar
        • 04. Nogai
          • 05. Chaka - Emperor of Bulgaria (1299–1300)
    • 02. Tuqa-Timur
      • 03. Bai-Temur
        • 04. Toqanchar
          • 05. Sasi
            • 06. Tuglu-Temur - Khan of the White Horde (1362–1364)
            • 06. Qara-Nogai[note 4] - Khan of the White Horde (1360–1362)
            • 06. Buker-Khwaja - Khan of the White Horde (1364–1366)
          • 05. Boz-Qulaq
      • 03. Knots-Temur
        • 04. Khwaja
          • 05. Badik
            • 06. Urus[note 5] - Khan of the White Horde (1368–1376) and Khan of the Blue Horde (1372–1374)
              • 07. Toqtaqiya - Khan of the White Horde (1376–1377)
              • 07. Temur-Malik - Khan of the White Horde (1377–1378)
                • 08. Temür Qutlugh - Khan of the Golden Horde (1395–1399)
                  • 09. Temur - Khan of the Golden Horde (1410–1411)
                    • 10. Küchük Muhammad - Khan of the Golden Horde (1435–1459)
                      • 11. Mahmud Astrakhani - Khan of the Golden Horde (1459–1465) and Khan of Astrakhan (1465–1466)
                      • 11. Ahmad - Khan of the Great Horde (1465–1481)
                        • 12. Murtaza - Khan of the Great Horde (1493–1494)
                          • 13. Aq Kubek
                            • 14. Abdullah
                              • 15. Mustafa Ali - Khan of Qasim (1584–1590)
                        • 12. Syed Ahmad
                        • 12. Sheikh Ahmed - Khan of the Great Horde (1481–1493, 1494–1502)
                        • 12. Bahadur
                          • 13. Beg-Bulat
                      • 11. Bakhtiyar
                        • 12. Sheikh Allahyar - Khan of Qasim (1512–1516)
                          • 13. Shah Ali - Khan of Qasim (1516–1519, 1535–1551, 1552–1567) and Khan of Kazan (1519–1521, 1551–1552)
                          • 13. Jan Ali - Khan of Qasim (1519–1532) and Khan of Kazan (1532–1535)
                • 08. Shadi Beg - Khan of the Golden Horde (1399–1407)
                • 08. Pulad - Khan of the Golden Horde (1407–1410)
              • 07. Koirichak
                • 08. Baraq - Khan of the Golden Horde (1422–1427)
            • 06. Tuli-Khwaja
              • 07. Toqtamish[note 6] - Khan of the White Horde (1378–1380) and Khan of the Golden Horde (1380–1395)
                • 08. Jalal al-Din - Khan of the Golden Horde (1411–1412)
                  • 09. Ulugh Muhammad - Khan of the Golden Horde (1419–1420, 1427–1435) and Khan of Kazan (1437–1445)
                    • 10. Mahmud - Khan of Kazan (1445–1462)
                      • 11. Khalil - Khan of Kazan (1462–1467)
                      • 11. Ibrahim - Khan of Kazan (1467–1479)
                        • 12. Ali - Khan of Kazan (1479–1484, 1485–1487)
                        • 12. Muhammad Amin - Khan of Kazan (1484–1485, 1487–1495, 1502–1519)
                        • 12. Abdul Latif - Khan of Kazan (1496–1502)
                    • 10. Qasim - Khan of Qasim (1452–1468)
                      • 11. Daniyal - Khan of Qasim (1468–1486)
                • 08. Karim-Berdi - Khan of the Golden Horde (1412–1414)
                • 08. Kebek - Khan of the Golden Horde (1414–1417)
                • 08. Jabbar-Berdi - Khan of the Golden Horde (1417–1419)
  • Chagatai, founder of the Chagatai Khanate in present-day Iran, reputed ancestor of Babur of the Mughal Empire in India.

Paternity of Jochi edit

See also: Family tree of Genghis Khan

Jochi, Genghis Khan's eldest son, had many more recorded progeny than his brothers Ögedei, Chagatai, and Tolui—but there is some doubt over his paternity. According to The Secret History of the Mongols, the boy was sent to Genghis by Chilger, who had kidnapped his first wife Börte, keeping her in captivity for about a year. In one passage, Chagatai refers to Jochi as "bastard" (although the true meaning of the Mongol term is obscure). To this, Genghis Khan responds: "How dare you talk about Jochi like this? Is not he the eldest of my heirs? That I never heard such wicked words again!" (p255). All in all, Genghis Khan pronounces the words "Jochi is my eldest son" thrice (p210, 242, 254).

Modern historians speculate that Jochi's disputed paternity was the reason for his eventual estrangement from his father and for the fact that his descendants never succeeded to the imperial throne. On the other hand, Genghis always treated Jochi as his first son, while the failure of the Jochid succession may be explained by Jochi's premature death (which may have excluded his progeny from succession).

Another important consideration is that Genghis' descendants intermarried frequently. For instance, the Jochids took wives from the Ilkhan dynasty of Persia, whose progenitor was Hulagu Khan, a son of Tolui who was a son of Genghis Khan. As a consequence, it is likely that many Jochids had other sons of Genghis Khan among their maternal ancestors.

Asia edit

Asian dynasties descended from Genghis Khan included the Yuan dynasty (Kublaids) of China, the Hulaguids of Persia, the Jochids of the Golden Horde, the Shaybanids of Siberia and Central Asia, and the Astrakhanids of Central Asia. As a rule, the Genghisid descent played a crucial role in Tatar politics. For instance, Mamai (1335–1380) had to exercise his authority through a succession of puppet khans but could not assume the title of khan himself because he lacked Genghisid lineage.

Timur Lenk (1336–1405), the founder of the Timurid dynasty, claimed descent from Genghis Khan. He associated himself with the family of Chagatai Khan through marriage. He never assumed the title Khan for himself, but employed two members of the Chagatai clan as formal heads of state. The Mughal imperial family of the Indian subcontinent descended from Timur through Babur and also from Genghis Khan (through his son Chagatai Khan).

The ruling Wang Clan of the Korean Goryeo dynasty became descendants of the Genghisids through the marriage between King Chungnyeol (reigned 1274–1308) and a daughter of Kublai Khan. All subsequent rulers of Korea for the next 80 years, through King Gongmin, also married Borjigid princesses.

At a later period, Tatar potentates of Genghisid stock included the khans of Qazan and Qasim (notably a Russian tsar, Simeon Bekbulatovich, formally Grand Prince of All Rus' from 1575 to 1576, died 1616) and the Giray dynasty, which ruled the Khanate of Crimea until 1783.[8]

Other countries ruled by dynasties with (potential) descent from Genghis Khan are Moghulistan (through Chagatai Khan), the Northern Yuan dynasty (Kublaids), Kara Del (through Chagatai Khan), Khanate of Kazan (through Jochi), Qasim Khanate (through Ulugh Muhammad), the Kazakh Khanate (through Urus Khan), the Great Horde (remnant of the Golden Horde), the Khanate of Bukhara (Shaybanid dynasty, later Janid dynasty, descendants of Astrakhanids), the Khanate of Khiva (descendants of Shiban, the fifth son of Jochi), the Yarkent Khanate (through Chagatai Khan), the Arghun dynasty (claimed their descent Ilkhanid-Mongol Arghun Khan),[9] the Kumul Khanate (through Chagatai Khan) and the Khanate of Kokand (Shaybanid dynasty).

The khans of the Khoshut Khanate were indirect descendants. They were descendants from a younger brother of Genghis Khan, Qasar.

As the Russian Empire absorbed Turkic polities, their Genghizid rulers frequently entered the Russian service. For instance, Kuchum's descendants became Russified as the Tsarevichs of Siberia. Descendants of Ablai Khan assumed in Russia the name of Princes Valikhanov. All these families asserted their Genghisid lineage. The only extant family of this group is the House of Giray, whose members left Soviet Russia for the United States and United Kingdom.

The Qing dynasty of China completely exterminated one branch (Ligdan Khan's descendants) of the Borjigids after an anti-Qing revolt in 1675 by Ejei Khan's brother Abunai and Abunai's son Borni against the Qing.[10] The Qing emperors then placed the Chahar Mongols under their direct rule. The emperors of the Qing dynasty and the emperor of Manchukuo were also indirect descendants by Qasar, a younger brother of Genghis Khan.

The Crimean Khanate Khan Meñli I Giray was the maternal grandfather of Suleiman the Magnificent through his daughter, Ayşe Hafsa Sultan. Thereafter, the Ottoman dynasty also claimed descent from Genghis Khan through his son Jochi.

Russia and eastern Europe edit

After the Mongol invasion of Rus', members of the Rurikid dynasty of Rus often sought marriages with Mongol princesses. Many of these marriages were sought for military and political advantage, as the Russian princes were often feuding with each other. A marriage alliance with the Mongol horde gave them better leverage in their struggles against each other.

After spending several years at the Mongol court, Yury of Moscow sought to marry Konchak, a sister of Öz Beg Khan, which the Khan gave consent to. Konchak converted to Christianity, and was given the baptismal name Agatha.[11] This marriage was a strategic political alliance that transformed Moscow in to the newest regional power in Russia, and severely weakened the power away from the Russian Prince of Tver, formerly a major power prior to the Mongol invasions.[12]

Members of the Mongol royal families played a significant role in Russia. Berke's nephew adopted the Christian name Peter and founded St. Peter's Monastery in Rostov, where his descendants existed for centuries as boyars.[13]

Gleb, the Russian Prince of Beloozero, married the only daughter of Sartaq Khan. She was given the baptismal name Theodora in the year 1257.[14] From this marriage descends the House of Belozersk, whose scions include Dmitry Ukhtomsky and Belosselsky-Belozersky family.

St. Fyodor the Black married a daughter of Mengu-Timur. She was baptized and given the Christian name Anna.[15] Male-line descendants of Fyodor's marriage to the Tatar Princess include all rulers of Yaroslavl (from then on) and over 20 princely families (such as the Shakhovskoy, Lvov, or Prozorovsky, among others). After the 1917 revolution, some of these families were expelled from Russia.

According to Marie Favereau, a feeling of mutual respect between the Russian and Mongol sides had developed. The fact that Russian princes could marry Mongol princesses was a sign that Mongol lords trusted their northern vassals. She also notes that, even after the adoption of Islam by the Mongol khans, the Mongols never took Russian women as concubines, unlike the Ottoman sultans.[16]

DNA evidence edit

Scientists have speculated about the Y-chromosomal haplogroup (and therefore patrilineal ancestry) of Genghis Khan.

Zerjal et al. (2003) identified a Y-chromosomal lineage haplogroup C*(xC3c) present in about 8% of men in a region of Asia "stretching from northeast China to Uzbekistan", which would be around 16 million men at the time of publication, "if [Zerjal et al's] sample is representative."[17] The authors propose that the lineage was likely carried by male-line descendants of Genghis Khan, because of its presence in certain ethnic groups rumored to be their descendants. One study published in the Russian Journal of Genetics found that 24% of Mongolians carry this haplogroup, and that it occurs in low frequencies in neighboring Turkic states (with the exception of Kazakhstan).[18]

A white paper by the American Society of Human Genetics Ancestry and Ancestry Testing Task Force, Royal et al. (2010) observed the Zerjal et al. hypothesis:

Although such a connection is by no means impossible, we currently have no way of assessing how much confidence to place in such a connection. We emphasize, however, that whenever formal inferences about population history have been attempted with uniparental systems, the statistical power is generally low. Claims of connections, therefore, between specific uniparental lineages and historical figures or historical migrations of peoples are merely speculative.[19]

In a 2017 review paper published in Human Genetics, authors Chiara Batini and Mark Jobling cast doubts on Zerjal's 2003 theory that Genghis Khan is linked to haplogroup C:

Ancient DNA data (Lkhagvasuren et al. 2016) from remains in high-status Mongolian graves dated to 1130–1250 CE revealed MSY lineages belonging to hg R1b, rather than hg C: there are a number of explanations for such findings, but taken at face value, they do not support the Genghis Khan hypothesis for the origin of the widespread Asian expansion lineage (Zerjal et al. 2003).[20]

Proposed candidate haplogroups and haplotypes edit

Over the years, following haplogroups have been proposed as candidates:[21]

  • Haplogroup C-M217
    • C2b1a3a1c2-F5481 (C-M217*-Star Cluster / clade of C2*-ST): Widespread in Central Asia among Kazakhs, Hazaras and ordinary commoner Mongols. The Kerey clan of the Kazakhs have a high amount of the C3* star-cluster (C2*-ST) Y chromosome and it is very high among Hazaras, Kazakhs and Mongols in general.[22]
      However, in 2017 a Chinese research team suggested that the Y chromosome C-M217*-Star Cluster likely traces back to ordinary Mongol warriors, rather than Genghis Khan, and that "a direct linking of haplogroup C-M217 to Genghis Khan has yet to be discovered."[23]
      In a review paper published in Human Genetics, authors Chiara Batini and Mark Jobling cast doubts on Zerjal's 2003 theory that Genghis Khan is linked to haplogroup C[24]
    • C2c1a1a1-M407: Carried by Mongol descendants of the Northern Yuan ruler from 1474 to 1517, Dayan Khan, an alleged male line descendant of Genghis Khan.[25]
    • C2b1a1b1-F1756: In 2019, a Chinese research team study suggested that Haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756[26] might be a candidate of the true Y lineage of Genghis Khan.
      The Lu clan claimed to be the descendants of Khulgen, the sixth son of Genghis Khan. A genetic study of the molecular genealogy of Northwest China shows that some members of Lu belong to Y-DNA haplogroup C2b1a1b1 F1756.[26] This haplogroup is also observed in the Tore clan from Kazakhstan, who have claimed to be paternal descendants of Jochi, the first son of Genghis Khan.[27] However, the claim that the Lu clan is descendant of Khulgen is controversial and is disputed by several other studies.[28]
  • Haplogroup R1b
    • Research published in 2016 suggested that Genghis possibly belonged to the haplogroup Haplogroup R1b (R1b-M343).[29] Five bodies, dating from about 1130–1250, were found in graves in Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia. The authors suggested they were members of the Golden Family, and linked the spread of R1b-M343 to the former territories of the Mongol Empire. The authors also suggested that the Tavan Tolgoi bodies are related either to the female lineages of Genghis Khan's Borjigin clan, or to Genghis Khan's male lineage, rather than the Ongud clan.[30]

Popular culture edit

  • In The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, the motorway contractor Mr. Prosser is (unknown to himself) a direct patrilineal descendant of Genghis Khan. This manifests itself in a predilection for fur hats, a desire to have axes hanging above his front door, being slightly overweight and occasional visions of screaming Mongol hordes.
  • Fictional character Shiwan Khan, who is described as the last living descendant of Genghis appears in The Shadow, a collection of serialized dramas, originally on 1930s radio. He also appeared in the 1994 film adaptation, The Shadow.
  • Marvel Comics supervillains the Mandarin and his son Temugin, both primarily opponents of Iron Man, are descendants of Genghis Khan.
  • In a spoof of the 1989 comedy film Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure by the sketch show Robot Chicken, a crowd member admonishes Bill and Ted for choosing Genghis Khan to bring to the future as he slaughtered millions, erroneously claiming 6% of all Mongolians were his direct descendants resulting from rape.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Jochi's paternity is uncertain. It was a matter of debate during his lifetime as it is now. His mother, Borte Fujin, gave him birth within her 9-month period of captivity among the Merkit people. Despite of that, Genghis Khan always addressed Jochi as his own offspring.
  2. ^ The ruling years of Sasi-Buqa, Erzen and Chimtai may have been as follows: Sasi-Buqa (1309–1315), Erzen (1315–1320), Chimtai (1344–1361), with the gap (1320–1344) being filled by the ruling years of Mubarak-Khwaja, who has been pointed as Chimtai's uncle, father or brother by some historians. However, recent findings[which?] indicate that Mubarak-Khwaja is actually not from Ordaid descent, but from Toqa-Timurid instead, which gives us the dates and the family tree structure observed in the main article.
  3. ^ Following the deaths of Jani-Beg's sons, the Batuid lineage came to an end as rulers of the Blue Horde/Golden Horde. A period of anarchy (known as bulqaq in Turkic) took place in the Blue Horde and lasted until the establishment of Toqtamish’s rule in 1380. According to Ötemiš-Hājji,[2] Khidr was the first to claim Saray's empty throne with the support of Taidula (Jani-Beg's mother). His Shibanid lineage was also acknowledged by Spuler.[3]
  4. ^ Following the death of Chimtai, the Ordaid lineage came to an end as rulers of the White Horde. According to Ötemiš-Hājji,[4] Qara-Nogai was the first to claim Signaq's empty throne with the support of his brothers (that later followed him). Qara-Nogai's (as Urus' and Mubarak Khwaja's) Toqa-Temurid lineage was also acknowledged by István Vásáry.[5]
  5. ^ The position of Urus and his brother Tuli-Khwaja in Jochi's family tree is controversial. Scholars and historians had previously traced them to Orda's lineage (as sons of Chimtai), but nowadays most of the academics seem to agree that they were Toqa-Temur's descendants (sons of Badik). One of the strongest arguments in favour of this change is presented by István Vásáry[6]
  6. ^ Toqtamish seized the throne of the Blue Horde in 1380, ending the bulqaq (anarchy period) and establishing the reunification of both east and west wings of the Golden Horde. Urus had achieved something similar in 1372, but that lasted only for a short period. Furthermore, despite being Khan of the Golden Horde de facto, Urus' position was contested among the Blue Horde by that time, and he never truly promoted the reunification of both wings.

References edit

  1. ^ Morris., Rossabi (2012). The Mongols : a very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. xxi. ISBN 9780199841455. OCLC 808367351.
  2. ^ Čingiz-Nāma 50b: Judin 1992, p. 136.
  3. ^ Spuler 1965, p. 111: “einem Ururenkel Šybans”.
  4. ^ Čingiz-Nāma 53a: Judin 1992, p. 139.
  5. ^ István Vásáry 2009, p. 383: “The Beginnings of Coinage in the Blue Horde”
  6. ^ István Vásáry, 2009, p. 383: “The Beginnings of Coinage in the Blue Horde”
  7. ^ a b c Weatherford, Jack (2010). The Secret History of the Mongol Queens. Broadway Paperbacks, NY.
  8. ^ According to some scholars, the Girays were regarded[by whom?] as the second family of the Ottoman Empire after the House of Ottoman: "If Rome and Byzantium represented two of the three international traditions of imperial legitimacy, the blood of Genghis Khan was the third. ... If ever the Ottomans became extinct, it was understood that the Genghizid Girays would succeed them." (Simon Sebag Montefiore. Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin. London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000, p. 244).
  9. ^ The Travels of Marco Polo – Complete (Mobi Classics) By Marco Polo, Rustichello of Pisa, Henry Yule (Translator)
  10. ^ Li & Cribb 2014 2016-04-04 at the Wayback Machine, p. 51.
  11. ^ Benz, Ernst (29 September 2017). The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life. Routledge. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-351-30474-0. "Prince Yuri of Moscow spent several years at the court of the Horde and married Uzbeg's sister Konchak, who was given the baptismal nake of Agatha."
  12. ^ May, Timothy (7 November 2016). The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-61069-340-0. "The marriage of Konchak to Yuri was actually a marriage alliance that transformed Moscow into a major power among the Russians while also stripping power away from the Tver', which had been a major power prior to the Mongol invasions."
  13. ^ See the medieval life of St. Peter of the Horde and records of the Petrovsky Monastery.
  14. ^ Benz 2017, p. 77"In 1257, Prince Gleb traveled in to Mongolia and married a Mongol princess who accepted Baptism and was given the Christian name of Theodora."
  15. ^ Benz 2017, p. 77"The ties between Russian and Mongolian houses persisted, even after Islam spread not only to the Ilkhans of Asia Minor but also the Golden Horde. Under Khan Tuda Mangu, Grand Duke Fedor of Smolensk, formerly of Yaroslavl, enjoyed particularly high prestige. He spent several years at the Mongol court. After the death of his first wife, Princess Maria of Yaroslavl, he married a daughter of Mangu Timur, who was baptized and received the Christian name of Anna."
  16. ^ Favereau, Marie (20 April 2021). The Horde: How the Mongols Changed the World. Harvard University Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-674-25998-0.
  17. ^ Zerjal, T.; Xue, Y.; Bertorelle, G.; Wells, R. S.; Bao, W.; Zhu, S.; Qamar, R.; Ayub, Q.; Mohyuddin, A.; Fu, S.; Li, P.; Yuldasheva, N.; Ruzibakiev, R.; Xu, J.; Shu, Q.; Du, R.; Yang, H.; Hurles, M. E.; Robinson, E.; Gerelsaikhan, T.; Dashnyam, B.; Mehdi, S. Q.; Tyler-Smith, C. (2003). "The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols". American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (3): 717–721. doi:10.1086/367774. PMC 1180246. PMID 12592608.
  18. ^ Derenko, M. V.; Malyarchuk, B. A.; Wozniak, M.; Denisova, G. A.; Dambueva, I. K.; Dorzhu, C. M.; Grzybowski, T.; Zakharov, I. A. (2007). "Distribution of the male lineages of Genghis Khan's descendants in northern Eurasian populations". Russian Journal of Genetics. 43 (3): 334–337. doi:10.1134/S1022795407030179. PMID 17486763. S2CID 24976689.
  19. ^ Royal, Charmaine D.; Novembre, John; Fullerton, Stephanie M.; Goldstein, David B.; Long, Jeffrey C.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Clark, Andrew G. (2010-05-14). "Inferring Genetic Ancestry: Opportunities, Challenges, and Implications". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 86 (5): 661–73. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.03.011. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 2869013. PMID 20466090.
  20. ^ Batini, Chiara; Jobling, Mark (2017). "Detecting past male-mediated expansions using the Y chromosome". Human Genetics. 136 (5): 547–557. doi:10.1007/s00439-017-1781-z. hdl:2381/39780. PMID 28349239. S2CID 253980891.
  21. ^ Shao-Qing, Wen; Hong-Bing, Yao (5 June 2019). "Molecular genealogy of Tusi Lu's family reveals their paternal relationship with Jochi, Genghis Khan's eldest son". Journal of Human Genetics. 64 (8): 815–820. doi:10.1038/s10038-019-0618-0. PMID 31164702. S2CID 174810181.
  22. ^ Abilev, Serikbai; Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Wozniak, Marcin; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Zakharov, Ilya (2012). "The Y-chromosome C3* star-cluster attributed to Genghis Khan's descendants is present at high frequency in the Kerey clan from Kazakhstan". Human Biology. 84 (1, Article 12): 79–89. doi:10.3378/027.084.0106. PMID 22452430. S2CID 46684406.
  23. ^ Wei, Lan-Hai; Yan, Shi; Lu, Yan; Wen, Shao-Qing; Huang, Yun-Zhi; Wang, Ling-Xiang; Li, Shi-Lin; Yang, Ya-Jun; Wang, Xiao-Feng; Zhang, Chao; Xu, Shu-Hua; Yao, Da-Li; Jin, Li; Li, Hui (2018). "Whole-sequence analysis indicates that the y chromosome C2*-Star Cluster traces back to ordinary Mongols, rather than Genghis Khan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 26 (2): 230–237. doi:10.1038/s41431-017-0012-3. PMC 5839053. PMID 29358612.
  24. ^ Batini, Chiara; Jobling, Mark (2017). "Detecting past male-mediated expansions using the Y chromosome". Human Genetics. 136 (5): 547–557. doi:10.1007/s00439-017-1781-z. hdl:2381/39780. PMID 28349239. S2CID 3713050.
  25. ^ Wei, Lan-Hai; Yan, Shi; Lu, Yan; Wen, Shao-Qing; Huang, Yun-Zhi; Wang, Ling-Xiang; Li, Shi-Lin; Yang, Ya-Jun; Wang, Xiao-Feng; Zhang, Chao; Xu, Shu-Hua; Yao, Da-Li; Jin, Li; Li, Hui (22 January 2018). "Whole-sequence analysis indicates that the Y chromosome C2*-Star Cluster traces back to ordinary Mongols, rather than Genghis Khan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 26 (2): 230–237. doi:10.1038/s41431-017-0012-3. PMC 5839053. PMID 29358612.
  26. ^ a b "C-F1756 YTree".
  27. ^ Wen, Shao-Qing; Hong-Bing, Yao; Du, Pan-Xin; Lan-Hai Wei (2019). "Molecular genealogy of Tusi Lu's family reveals their paternal relationship with Jochi, Genghis Khan's eldest son". Journal of Human Genetics. 26 (2): 230–237. doi:10.1038/s10038-019-0618-0. PMID 31164702. S2CID 174810181.
  28. ^ Liu, Yi (2020). "A commentary on molecular genealogy of Tusi Lu's family reveals their paternal relationship with Jochi, Genghis Khan's eldest son". Journal of Human Genetics. 66 (5): 549–550. doi:10.1038/s10038-020-00857-y. PMID 33127984. S2CID 226219315.
  29. ^ Lkhagvasuren, Gavaachimed; Shin, Heejin; Lee, Si Eun; Tumen, Dashtseveg; Kim, Jae-Hyun; Kim, Kyung-Yong; Kim, Kijeong; Park, Ae Ja; Lee, Ho Woon; Kim, Mi Jin; Choi, Jaesung; Choi, Jee-Hye; Min, Na Young; Lee, Kwang-Ho (2016). "Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen's Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161622. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161622L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161622. PMC 5023095. PMID 27627454.
  30. ^ Lkhagvasuren et al. 2016"...it seems most likely that the Tavan Tolgoi bodies are members of Genghis Khan’s Golden family, including the lineage of bekis, Genghis Khan’s female lineage, and their female successors who controlled Eastern Mongolia in the early Mongolian era instead of guregens of the Ongud clan, or the lineage of khans, Genghis Khan’s male lineage, who married females of the Hongirad clan, including Genghis Khan’s grandmother, mother, chief wife, and some daughters-in-law.

Sources edit

  • Secret History of Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century [Yuan chao bi shi]. Brill's Inner Asian Library vol. 7. Translated by Igor de Rachewiltz. Leiden, South Holland; Boston, MA: Brill. 2004. ISBN 90-04-13159-0.
  • Abulgazi, Shejere-i Tarakime (Genealogical Tree of the Turks, 1659 // Simurg, 1996, ISBN 975-7172-09-X, ISBN 978-975-7172-09-3; Abulgazi, "Shejerei Terakime", Ashgabat, 1992; Abulgaziy, "Shajarai Türk", Tashkent, 1992)
  • B. Sumiyabaatar, "The Genealogy of the Mongols", 720 P, 2003, ISBN 99929-5-552-X]; The genealogy of the families mentioned in this book generally goes back to 18 generations. The genealogy of Chingis Khan which began 1.500 years or 40-50 generations ago and comprises hundreds of thousands of people prevented Mongolian blood from being mixed with that of other nations. Due to the encouragement of intra-tribal marriages family lines were kept stringent. From 1920 onward people were not allowed to keep genealogical records, and the descendants of the nobles and scholars were tortured and killed. This prohibition lasted for about 70 years or three generations. Although the keeping of genealogical records was rare during that period, Mongolians used to pass information about their ancestors to their children orally.

Further reading edit

  • Chapin, David (2012). Long Lines: Ten of the World's Longest Continuous Family Lineages. College Station, Texas: VirtualBookWorm.com. ISBN 978-1-60264-933-0.

January 01, 1970
family, descendants, genghis, khan, chingizid, redirects, here, genus, moths, chingizid, moth, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenge. Chingizid redirects here For the genus of moths see Chingizid moth This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Family and descendants of Genghis Khan news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2012 Learn how and when to remove this message The family tree of Genghis Khan is listed below This family tree only lists prominent members of the Borjigin family and does not reach the present Genghis Khan appears in the middle of the tree and Kublai Khan appears at the bottom of the tree The Borjigin family was the imperial house of the Mongol Empire and its various successor states dating back to the 13th and 14th centuries Descent from Genghis Khan in East Asia is well documented by Chinese sources His descent in West Asia and Europe was documented through the 14th century in texts written by Rashid al Din Hamadani and other Muslim historians With the advent of genealogical DNA testing a larger and broader circle of people have begun to claim descent from Genghis Khan owing to dubious and imprecise haplogroup identifications However while many of Genghis Khan s agnates resting places are known e g Shah Jahan in the Taj Mahal none of their remains have been tested to prove or disprove these theories and debate continues see below Contents 1 Diagrammatic family tree 2 Detailed family tree 3 Paternity of Jochi 4 Asia 5 Russia and eastern Europe 6 DNA evidence 6 1 Proposed candidate haplogroups and haplotypes 7 Popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10 1 Sources 11 Further readingDiagrammatic family tree editOnly selected prominent members are shown Khagans Great Khans who were rulers of the whole empire 1 are in bold HoelunYesugei BorteTemujin Genghis Khan KhasarKhachiunTemugeBelguteiBehter JochiChagataiToregene KhatunOgedeiSorghaghtaniBekiToluiAlakhai BekhiChecheikhenAlaltun BaidarGuyukKashinOrghana KaiduMubarak Shah MongkeKublaiHulaguAriq Boke ZhenjinAbaqa Khan TemurArghun OrdaBatuBerke SartaqDetailed family tree editTemujin Genghis Khan Founder and Khagan of the Mongol Empire 1206 1227 01 Jochi note 1 Ruler of the Ulus of Jochi later known as Golden Horde or Kipchak Khanate 02 Orda Founder and Khan of the White Horde 1226 1251 03 Sartaqtai 04 Qonichi Khan of the White Horde 1280 1302 05 Bayan Khan of the White Horde 1302 1309 06 Sasi Buqa Khan of the White Horde 1309 1320 07 Erzen note 2 Khan of the White Horde 1320 1345 08 Chimtai Khan of the White Horde 1345 1361 03 Qonqiran Khan of the White Horde 1251 1280 02 Batu Founder and Khan of the Blue Horde 1227 1255 and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde 1227 1255 03 Sartaq Khan of the Blue Horde 1255 1256 and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde 1255 1256 04 Ulaghchi Khan of the Blue Horde 1256 1257 and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde 1256 1257 03 Toqoqan 04 Tartu 05 Tole Buqa Khan of the Blue Horde 1287 1291 and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde 1287 1291 04 Mongke Temur Khan of the Blue Horde 1267 1280 and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde 1267 1280 05 Toqta Khan of the Blue Horde 1291 1313 and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde 1291 1313 05 Toghrilcha 06 Oz Beg Khan of the Blue Horde 1313 1341 and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde 1313 1341 07 Tini Beg Khan of the Blue Horde 1341 1342 and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde 1341 1342 07 Jani Beg Khan of the Blue Horde 1342 1357 and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde 1342 1357 08 Berdi Beg Khan of the Blue Horde 1357 1359 and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde 1357 1359 08 Qulpa Khan of the Blue Horde 1359 1360 and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde 1359 1360 08 Nawruz Beg Khan of the Blue Horde 1360 1361 and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde 1360 1361 04 Tode Mongke Khan of the Blue Horde 1280 1287 and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde 1280 1287 02 Berke Khan of the Blue Horde 1257 1267 and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde 1257 1267 02 Shiban 03 Qadaq 04 Tole Buqa 05 Mingqutai 06 Khidr note 3 Khan of the Blue Horde 1361 1361 and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde 1361 1361 02 Teval 03 Tatar 04 Nogai 05 Chaka Emperor of Bulgaria 1299 1300 02 Tuqa Timur 03 Bai Temur 04 Toqanchar 05 Sasi 06 Tuglu Temur Khan of the White Horde 1362 1364 06 Qara Nogai note 4 Khan of the White Horde 1360 1362 06 Buker Khwaja Khan of the White Horde 1364 1366 05 Boz Qulaq 06 Mubarak Khwaja Khan of the White Horde 1366 1368 03 Knots Temur 04 Khwaja 05 Badik 06 Urus note 5 Khan of the White Horde 1368 1376 and Khan of the Blue Horde 1372 1374 07 Toqtaqiya Khan of the White Horde 1376 1377 07 Temur Malik Khan of the White Horde 1377 1378 08 Temur Qutlugh Khan of the Golden Horde 1395 1399 09 Temur Khan of the Golden Horde 1410 1411 10 Kuchuk Muhammad Khan of the Golden Horde 1435 1459 11 Mahmud Astrakhani Khan of the Golden Horde 1459 1465 and Khan of Astrakhan 1465 1466 11 Ahmad Khan of the Great Horde 1465 1481 12 Murtaza Khan of the Great Horde 1493 1494 13 Aq Kubek 14 Abdullah 15 Mustafa Ali Khan of Qasim 1584 1590 12 Syed Ahmad 13 Qasim II Astrakhani 14 Yadigar Muhammad Khan of Kazan 1552 1552 12 Sheikh Ahmed Khan of the Great Horde 1481 1493 1494 1502 12 Bahadur 13 Beg Bulat 14 Sain Bulat Khan of Qasim 1567 1573 11 Bakhtiyar 12 Sheikh Allahyar Khan of Qasim 1512 1516 13 Shah Ali Khan of Qasim 1516 1519 1535 1551 1552 1567 and Khan of Kazan 1519 1521 1551 1552 13 Jan Ali Khan of Qasim 1519 1532 and Khan of Kazan 1532 1535 08 Shadi Beg Khan of the Golden Horde 1399 1407 08 Pulad Khan of the Golden Horde 1407 1410 07 Koirichak 08 Baraq Khan of the Golden Horde 1422 1427 09 Janibek Khan Khan of Kazakh Khanate 1463 1473 06 Tuli Khwaja 07 Toqtamish note 6 Khan of the White Horde 1378 1380 and Khan of the Golden Horde 1380 1395 08 Jalal al Din Khan of the Golden Horde 1411 1412 09 Ulugh Muhammad Khan of the Golden Horde 1419 1420 1427 1435 and Khan of Kazan 1437 1445 10 Mahmud Khan of Kazan 1445 1462 11 Khalil Khan of Kazan 1462 1467 11 Ibrahim Khan of Kazan 1467 1479 12 Ali Khan of Kazan 1479 1484 1485 1487 12 Muhammad Amin Khan of Kazan 1484 1485 1487 1495 1502 1519 12 Abdul Latif Khan of Kazan 1496 1502 10 Qasim Khan of Qasim 1452 1468 11 Daniyal Khan of Qasim 1468 1486 08 Karim Berdi Khan of the Golden Horde 1412 1414 08 Kebek Khan of the Golden Horde 1414 1417 08 Jabbar Berdi Khan of the Golden Horde 1417 1419 09 Dawlat Berdi Khan of the Golden Horde 1420 1422 Chagatai founder of the Chagatai Khanate in present day Iran reputed ancestor of Babur of the Mughal Empire in India See Category Chagatai khans Son Mo etuken Son Qara Hulegu d 1252 Khan of the Chagatai Khanate 1242 1246 and 1252 Son Mubarak Shah Khan of the Chagatai Khanate 1252 1260 and 1266 Son Yesunto a Son Baraq d 1271 Khan of the Chagatai Khanate 1266 1271 Duwa Temur Khan of the Chagatai Khanate 1274 1306 Kebek Khan of the Chagatai Khanate 1309 and 1318 1326 Tarmashirin died 1334 Khan of Chagatai Khanate 1327 1334 Baidar Son Yesu Mongke d 1252 Khan of the Chagatai Khanate 1252 Son Alghu d ca 1266 Khan of the Chagatai Khanate 1260 1266 Ogedei ruled as Khagan 1229 1241 Son Guyuk Khagan 1246 1248 Son Kadan Son Kashin Son Kaidu d 1301 Tolui Sorghaghtani Beki Son Mongke Khagan 1251 1259 Son Kublai Khagan 1260 1294 founder of the Yuan dynasty in China as Emperor Shizu Son Zhenjin Son Timur Khan 1294 1307 ruled as Emperor Chengzong Son Darmabala Son Qayshan Khan 1308 1311 ruled as Emperor Wuzong See list of emperors of the Yuan dynasty and Yuan dynasty family tree Son Hulagu founder of the Ilkhanate in Iran and Mesopotamia See Category Il Khan emperors Son Abaqa Il Khan 1265 1282 Son Arghun Il Khan 1284 1291 Buluqhan Khatan wife Ghazan Khan 1271 1304 Khan of the Ilkhanate 1295 1304 Oljaitu Khan 1280 1316 Khan of the Ilkhanate 1304 1316 Abu Sa id 1305 1335 Khan of the Ilkhanate 1316 1335 Son Gaykhatu Il Khan 1291 1295 Padshah Hatun wife Son Tekuder later Ahmed Tekuder Il Khan 1282 1284 Son Taraghai Son Baydu Khan of the Ilkhanate 1295 Son Ariq Boke fought Kublai for Khan Alakhai Bekhi ruler of the Ongud under Genghis Khan 7 Checheikhen ruler of the Oirats under Genghis Khan 7 Orghana Regent of the Chagatai Khanate 1252 1261 Mubarak Shah Khan of the Chagatai Khanate 1252 1260 Alaltun ruler of the Uyghur oases under Genghis Khan 7 Paternity of Jochi editSee also Family tree of Genghis Khan Jochi Genghis Khan s eldest son had many more recorded progeny than his brothers Ogedei Chagatai and Tolui but there is some doubt over his paternity According to The Secret History of the Mongols the boy was sent to Genghis by Chilger who had kidnapped his first wife Borte keeping her in captivity for about a year In one passage Chagatai refers to Jochi as bastard although the true meaning of the Mongol term is obscure To this Genghis Khan responds How dare you talk about Jochi like this Is not he the eldest of my heirs That I never heard such wicked words again p255 All in all Genghis Khan pronounces the words Jochi is my eldest son thrice p210 242 254 Modern historians speculate that Jochi s disputed paternity was the reason for his eventual estrangement from his father and for the fact that his descendants never succeeded to the imperial throne On the other hand Genghis always treated Jochi as his first son while the failure of the Jochid succession may be explained by Jochi s premature death which may have excluded his progeny from succession Another important consideration is that Genghis descendants intermarried frequently For instance the Jochids took wives from the Ilkhan dynasty of Persia whose progenitor was Hulagu Khan a son of Tolui who was a son of Genghis Khan As a consequence it is likely that many Jochids had other sons of Genghis Khan among their maternal ancestors Asia editAsian dynasties descended from Genghis Khan included the Yuan dynasty Kublaids of China the Hulaguids of Persia the Jochids of the Golden Horde the Shaybanids of Siberia and Central Asia and the Astrakhanids of Central Asia As a rule the Genghisid descent played a crucial role in Tatar politics For instance Mamai 1335 1380 had to exercise his authority through a succession of puppet khans but could not assume the title of khan himself because he lacked Genghisid lineage Timur Lenk 1336 1405 the founder of the Timurid dynasty claimed descent from Genghis Khan He associated himself with the family of Chagatai Khan through marriage He never assumed the title Khan for himself but employed two members of the Chagatai clan as formal heads of state The Mughal imperial family of the Indian subcontinent descended from Timur through Babur and also from Genghis Khan through his son Chagatai Khan The ruling Wang Clan of the Korean Goryeo dynasty became descendants of the Genghisids through the marriage between King Chungnyeol reigned 1274 1308 and a daughter of Kublai Khan All subsequent rulers of Korea for the next 80 years through King Gongmin also married Borjigid princesses At a later period Tatar potentates of Genghisid stock included the khans of Qazan and Qasim notably a Russian tsar Simeon Bekbulatovich formally Grand Prince of All Rus from 1575 to 1576 died 1616 and the Giray dynasty which ruled the Khanate of Crimea until 1783 8 Other countries ruled by dynasties with potential descent from Genghis Khan are Moghulistan through Chagatai Khan the Northern Yuan dynasty Kublaids Kara Del through Chagatai Khan Khanate of Kazan through Jochi Qasim Khanate through Ulugh Muhammad the Kazakh Khanate through Urus Khan the Great Horde remnant of the Golden Horde the Khanate of Bukhara Shaybanid dynasty later Janid dynasty descendants of Astrakhanids the Khanate of Khiva descendants of Shiban the fifth son of Jochi the Yarkent Khanate through Chagatai Khan the Arghun dynasty claimed their descent Ilkhanid Mongol Arghun Khan 9 the Kumul Khanate through Chagatai Khan and the Khanate of Kokand Shaybanid dynasty The khans of the Khoshut Khanate were indirect descendants They were descendants from a younger brother of Genghis Khan Qasar As the Russian Empire absorbed Turkic polities their Genghizid rulers frequently entered the Russian service For instance Kuchum s descendants became Russified as the Tsarevichs of Siberia Descendants of Ablai Khan assumed in Russia the name of Princes Valikhanov All these families asserted their Genghisid lineage The only extant family of this group is the House of Giray whose members left Soviet Russia for the United States and United Kingdom The Qing dynasty of China completely exterminated one branch Ligdan Khan s descendants of the Borjigids after an anti Qing revolt in 1675 by Ejei Khan s brother Abunai and Abunai s son Borni against the Qing 10 The Qing emperors then placed the Chahar Mongols under their direct rule The emperors of the Qing dynasty and the emperor of Manchukuo were also indirect descendants by Qasar a younger brother of Genghis Khan The Crimean Khanate Khan Menli I Giray was the maternal grandfather of Suleiman the Magnificent through his daughter Ayse Hafsa Sultan Thereafter the Ottoman dynasty also claimed descent from Genghis Khan through his son Jochi Russia and eastern Europe editAfter the Mongol invasion of Rus members of the Rurikid dynasty of Rus often sought marriages with Mongol princesses Many of these marriages were sought for military and political advantage as the Russian princes were often feuding with each other A marriage alliance with the Mongol horde gave them better leverage in their struggles against each other After spending several years at the Mongol court Yury of Moscow sought to marry Konchak a sister of Oz Beg Khan which the Khan gave consent to Konchak converted to Christianity and was given the baptismal name Agatha 11 This marriage was a strategic political alliance that transformed Moscow in to the newest regional power in Russia and severely weakened the power away from the Russian Prince of Tver formerly a major power prior to the Mongol invasions 12 Members of the Mongol royal families played a significant role in Russia Berke s nephew adopted the Christian name Peter and founded St Peter s Monastery in Rostov where his descendants existed for centuries as boyars 13 Gleb the Russian Prince of Beloozero married the only daughter of Sartaq Khan She was given the baptismal name Theodora in the year 1257 14 From this marriage descends the House of Belozersk whose scions include Dmitry Ukhtomsky and Belosselsky Belozersky family St Fyodor the Black married a daughter of Mengu Timur She was baptized and given the Christian name Anna 15 Male line descendants of Fyodor s marriage to the Tatar Princess include all rulers of Yaroslavl from then on and over 20 princely families such as the Shakhovskoy Lvov or Prozorovsky among others After the 1917 revolution some of these families were expelled from Russia According to Marie Favereau a feeling of mutual respect between the Russian and Mongol sides had developed The fact that Russian princes could marry Mongol princesses was a sign that Mongol lords trusted their northern vassals She also notes that even after the adoption of Islam by the Mongol khans the Mongols never took Russian women as concubines unlike the Ottoman sultans 16 DNA evidence editScientists have speculated about the Y chromosomal haplogroup and therefore patrilineal ancestry of Genghis Khan Zerjal et al 2003 identified a Y chromosomal lineage haplogroup C xC3c present in about 8 of men in a region of Asia stretching from northeast China to Uzbekistan which would be around 16 million men at the time of publication if Zerjal et al s sample is representative 17 The authors propose that the lineage was likely carried by male line descendants of Genghis Khan because of its presence in certain ethnic groups rumored to be their descendants One study published in the Russian Journal of Genetics found that 24 of Mongolians carry this haplogroup and that it occurs in low frequencies in neighboring Turkic states with the exception of Kazakhstan 18 A white paper by the American Society of Human Genetics Ancestry and Ancestry Testing Task Force Royal et al 2010 observed the Zerjal et al hypothesis Although such a connection is by no means impossible we currently have no way of assessing how much confidence to place in such a connection We emphasize however that whenever formal inferences about population history have been attempted with uniparental systems the statistical power is generally low Claims of connections therefore between specific uniparental lineages and historical figures or historical migrations of peoples are merely speculative 19 In a 2017 review paper published in Human Genetics authors Chiara Batini and Mark Jobling cast doubts on Zerjal s 2003 theory that Genghis Khan is linked to haplogroup C Ancient DNA data Lkhagvasuren et al 2016 from remains in high status Mongolian graves dated to 1130 1250 CE revealed MSY lineages belonging to hg R1b rather than hg C there are a number of explanations for such findings but taken at face value they do not support the Genghis Khan hypothesis for the origin of the widespread Asian expansion lineage Zerjal et al 2003 20 Proposed candidate haplogroups and haplotypes edit Over the years following haplogroups have been proposed as candidates 21 Haplogroup C M217 C2b1a3a1c2 F5481 C M217 Star Cluster clade of C2 ST Widespread in Central Asia among Kazakhs Hazaras and ordinary commoner Mongols The Kerey clan of the Kazakhs have a high amount of the C3 star cluster C2 ST Y chromosome and it is very high among Hazaras Kazakhs and Mongols in general 22 However in 2017 a Chinese research team suggested that the Y chromosome C M217 Star Cluster likely traces back to ordinary Mongol warriors rather than Genghis Khan and that a direct linking of haplogroup C M217 to Genghis Khan has yet to be discovered 23 In a review paper published in Human Genetics authors Chiara Batini and Mark Jobling cast doubts on Zerjal s 2003 theory that Genghis Khan is linked to haplogroup C 24 C2c1a1a1 M407 Carried by Mongol descendants of the Northern Yuan ruler from 1474 to 1517 Dayan Khan an alleged male line descendant of Genghis Khan 25 C2b1a1b1 F1756 In 2019 a Chinese research team study suggested that Haplogroup C2b1a1b1 F1756 26 might be a candidate of the true Y lineage of Genghis Khan The Lu clan claimed to be the descendants of Khulgen the sixth son of Genghis Khan A genetic study of the molecular genealogy of Northwest China shows that some members of Lu belong to Y DNA haplogroup C2b1a1b1 F1756 26 This haplogroup is also observed in the Tore clan from Kazakhstan who have claimed to be paternal descendants of Jochi the first son of Genghis Khan 27 However the claim that the Lu clan is descendant of Khulgen is controversial and is disputed by several other studies 28 Haplogroup R1b Research published in 2016 suggested that Genghis possibly belonged to the haplogroup Haplogroup R1b R1b M343 29 Five bodies dating from about 1130 1250 were found in graves in Tavan Tolgoi Mongolia The authors suggested they were members of the Golden Family and linked the spread of R1b M343 to the former territories of the Mongol Empire The authors also suggested that the Tavan Tolgoi bodies are related either to the female lineages of Genghis Khan s Borjigin clan or to Genghis Khan s male lineage rather than the Ongud clan 30 Popular culture editIn The Hitchhiker s Guide to the Galaxy the motorway contractor Mr Prosser is unknown to himself a direct patrilineal descendant of Genghis Khan This manifests itself in a predilection for fur hats a desire to have axes hanging above his front door being slightly overweight and occasional visions of screaming Mongol hordes Fictional character Shiwan Khan who is described as the last living descendant of Genghis appears in The Shadow a collection of serialized dramas originally on 1930s radio He also appeared in the 1994 film adaptation The Shadow Marvel Comics supervillains the Mandarin and his son Temugin both primarily opponents of Iron Man are descendants of Genghis Khan In a spoof of the 1989 comedy film Bill amp Ted s Excellent Adventure by the sketch show Robot Chicken a crowd member admonishes Bill and Ted for choosing Genghis Khan to bring to the future as he slaughtered millions erroneously claiming 6 of all Mongolians were his direct descendants resulting from rape See also editDescent from antiquity List of haplogroups of historic people Borjigin House of Ogedei Aisin Gioro Chinggisid Giray dynasty Shaibanid Chagatai Khanate IlkhanidsNotes edit Jochi s paternity is uncertain It was a matter of debate during his lifetime as it is now His mother Borte Fujin gave him birth within her 9 month period of captivity among the Merkit people Despite of that Genghis Khan always addressed Jochi as his own offspring The ruling years of Sasi Buqa Erzen and Chimtai may have been as follows Sasi Buqa 1309 1315 Erzen 1315 1320 Chimtai 1344 1361 with the gap 1320 1344 being filled by the ruling years of Mubarak Khwaja who has been pointed as Chimtai s uncle father or brother by some historians However recent findings which indicate that Mubarak Khwaja is actually not from Ordaid descent but from Toqa Timurid instead which gives us the dates and the family tree structure observed in the main article Following the deaths of Jani Beg s sons the Batuid lineage came to an end as rulers of the Blue Horde Golden Horde A period of anarchy known as bulqaq in Turkic took place in the Blue Horde and lasted until the establishment of Toqtamish s rule in 1380 According to Otemis Hajji 2 Khidr was the first to claim Saray s empty throne with the support of Taidula Jani Beg s mother His Shibanid lineage was also acknowledged by Spuler 3 Following the death of Chimtai the Ordaid lineage came to an end as rulers of the White Horde According to Otemis Hajji 4 Qara Nogai was the first to claim Signaq s empty throne with the support of his brothers that later followed him Qara Nogai s as Urus and Mubarak Khwaja s Toqa Temurid lineage was also acknowledged by Istvan Vasary 5 The position of Urus and his brother Tuli Khwaja in Jochi s family tree is controversial Scholars and historians had previously traced them to Orda s lineage as sons of Chimtai but nowadays most of the academics seem to agree that they were Toqa Temur s descendants sons of Badik One of the strongest arguments in favour of this change is presented by Istvan Vasary 6 Toqtamish seized the throne of the Blue Horde in 1380 ending the bulqaq anarchy period and establishing the reunification of both east and west wings of the Golden Horde Urus had achieved something similar in 1372 but that lasted only for a short period Furthermore despite being Khan of the Golden Horde de facto Urus position was contested among the Blue Horde by that time and he never truly promoted the reunification of both wings References edit Morris Rossabi 2012 The Mongols a very short introduction Oxford Oxford University Press pp xxi ISBN 9780199841455 OCLC 808367351 Cingiz Nama 50b Judin 1992 p 136 Spuler 1965 p 111 einem Ururenkel Sybans Cingiz Nama 53a Judin 1992 p 139 Istvan Vasary 2009 p 383 The Beginnings of Coinage in the Blue Horde Istvan Vasary 2009 p 383 The Beginnings of Coinage in the Blue Horde a b c Weatherford Jack 2010 The Secret History of the Mongol Queens Broadway Paperbacks NY According to some scholars the Girays were regarded by whom as the second family of the Ottoman Empire after the House of Ottoman If Rome and Byzantium represented two of the three international traditions of imperial legitimacy the blood of Genghis Khan was the third If ever the Ottomans became extinct it was understood that the Genghizid Girays would succeed them Simon Sebag Montefiore Prince of Princes The Life of Potemkin London Weidenfeld amp Nicolson 2000 p 244 The Travels of Marco Polo Complete Mobi Classics By Marco Polo Rustichello of Pisa Henry Yule Translator Li amp Cribb 2014 Archived 2016 04 04 at the Wayback Machine p 51 Benz Ernst 29 September 2017 The Eastern Orthodox Church Its Thought and Life Routledge p 77 ISBN 978 1 351 30474 0 Prince Yuri of Moscow spent several years at the court of the Horde and married Uzbeg s sister Konchak who was given the baptismal nake of Agatha May Timothy 7 November 2016 The Mongol Empire A Historical Encyclopedia 2 volumes A Historical Encyclopedia ABC CLIO p 54 ISBN 978 1 61069 340 0 The marriage of Konchak to Yuri was actually a marriage alliance that transformed Moscow into a major power among the Russians while also stripping power away from the Tver which had been a major power prior to the Mongol invasions See the medieval life of St Peter of the Horde and records of the Petrovsky Monastery Benz 2017 p 77 In 1257 Prince Gleb traveled in to Mongolia and married a Mongol princess who accepted Baptism and was given the Christian name of Theodora Benz 2017 p 77 The ties between Russian and Mongolian houses persisted even after Islam spread not only to the Ilkhans of Asia Minor but also the Golden Horde Under Khan Tuda Mangu Grand Duke Fedor of Smolensk formerly of Yaroslavl enjoyed particularly high prestige He spent several years at the Mongol court After the death of his first wife Princess Maria of Yaroslavl he married a daughter of Mangu Timur who was baptized and received the Christian name of Anna Favereau Marie 20 April 2021 The Horde How the Mongols Changed the World Harvard University Press p 226 ISBN 978 0 674 25998 0 Zerjal T Xue Y Bertorelle G Wells R S Bao W Zhu S Qamar R Ayub Q Mohyuddin A Fu S Li P Yuldasheva N Ruzibakiev R Xu J Shu Q Du R Yang H Hurles M E Robinson E Gerelsaikhan T Dashnyam B Mehdi S Q Tyler Smith C 2003 The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols American Journal of Human Genetics 72 3 717 721 doi 10 1086 367774 PMC 1180246 PMID 12592608 Derenko M V Malyarchuk B A Wozniak M Denisova G A Dambueva I K Dorzhu C M Grzybowski T Zakharov I A 2007 Distribution of the male lineages of Genghis Khan s descendants in northern Eurasian populations Russian Journal of Genetics 43 3 334 337 doi 10 1134 S1022795407030179 PMID 17486763 S2CID 24976689 Royal Charmaine D Novembre John Fullerton Stephanie M Goldstein David B Long Jeffrey C Bamshad Michael J Clark Andrew G 2010 05 14 Inferring Genetic Ancestry Opportunities Challenges and Implications The American Journal of Human Genetics 86 5 661 73 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2010 03 011 ISSN 0002 9297 PMC 2869013 PMID 20466090 Batini Chiara Jobling Mark 2017 Detecting past male mediated expansions using the Y chromosome Human Genetics 136 5 547 557 doi 10 1007 s00439 017 1781 z hdl 2381 39780 PMID 28349239 S2CID 253980891 Shao Qing Wen Hong Bing Yao 5 June 2019 Molecular genealogy of Tusi Lu s family reveals their paternal relationship with Jochi Genghis Khan s eldest son Journal of Human Genetics 64 8 815 820 doi 10 1038 s10038 019 0618 0 PMID 31164702 S2CID 174810181 Abilev Serikbai Malyarchuk Boris Derenko Miroslava Wozniak Marcin Grzybowski Tomasz Zakharov Ilya 2012 The Y chromosome C3 star cluster attributed to Genghis Khan s descendants is present at high frequency in the Kerey clan from Kazakhstan Human Biology 84 1 Article 12 79 89 doi 10 3378 027 084 0106 PMID 22452430 S2CID 46684406 Wei Lan Hai Yan Shi Lu Yan Wen Shao Qing Huang Yun Zhi Wang Ling Xiang Li Shi Lin Yang Ya Jun Wang Xiao Feng Zhang Chao Xu Shu Hua Yao Da Li Jin Li Li Hui 2018 Whole sequence analysis indicates that the y chromosome C2 Star Cluster traces back to ordinary Mongols rather than Genghis Khan European Journal of Human Genetics 26 2 230 237 doi 10 1038 s41431 017 0012 3 PMC 5839053 PMID 29358612 Batini Chiara Jobling Mark 2017 Detecting past male mediated expansions using the Y chromosome Human Genetics 136 5 547 557 doi 10 1007 s00439 017 1781 z hdl 2381 39780 PMID 28349239 S2CID 3713050 Wei Lan Hai Yan Shi Lu Yan Wen Shao Qing Huang Yun Zhi Wang Ling Xiang Li Shi Lin Yang Ya Jun Wang Xiao Feng Zhang Chao Xu Shu Hua Yao Da Li Jin Li Li Hui 22 January 2018 Whole sequence analysis indicates that the Y chromosome C2 Star Cluster traces back to ordinary Mongols rather than Genghis Khan European Journal of Human Genetics 26 2 230 237 doi 10 1038 s41431 017 0012 3 PMC 5839053 PMID 29358612 a b C F1756 YTree Wen Shao Qing Hong Bing Yao Du Pan Xin Lan Hai Wei 2019 Molecular genealogy of Tusi Lu s family reveals their paternal relationship with Jochi Genghis Khan s eldest son Journal of Human Genetics 26 2 230 237 doi 10 1038 s10038 019 0618 0 PMID 31164702 S2CID 174810181 Liu Yi 2020 A commentary on molecular genealogy of Tusi Lu s family reveals their paternal relationship with Jochi Genghis Khan s eldest son Journal of Human Genetics 66 5 549 550 doi 10 1038 s10038 020 00857 y PMID 33127984 S2CID 226219315 Lkhagvasuren Gavaachimed Shin Heejin Lee Si Eun Tumen Dashtseveg Kim Jae Hyun Kim Kyung Yong Kim Kijeong Park Ae Ja Lee Ho Woon Kim Mi Jin Choi Jaesung Choi Jee Hye Min Na Young Lee Kwang Ho 2016 Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen s Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan PLOS ONE 11 9 e0161622 Bibcode 2016PLoSO 1161622L doi 10 1371 journal pone 0161622 PMC 5023095 PMID 27627454 Lkhagvasuren et al 2016 it seems most likely that the Tavan Tolgoi bodies are members of Genghis Khan s Golden family including the lineage of bekis Genghis Khan s female lineage and their female successors who controlled Eastern Mongolia in the early Mongolian era instead of guregens of the Ongud clan or the lineage of khans Genghis Khan s male lineage who married females of the Hongirad clan including Genghis Khan s grandmother mother chief wife and some daughters in law Sources edit Secret History of Mongols A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century Yuan chao bi shi Brill s Inner Asian Library vol 7 Translated by Igor de Rachewiltz Leiden South Holland Boston MA Brill 2004 ISBN 90 04 13159 0 Abulgazi Shejere i Tarakime Genealogical Tree of the Turks 1659 Simurg 1996 ISBN 975 7172 09 X ISBN 978 975 7172 09 3 Abulgazi Shejerei Terakime Ashgabat 1992 Abulgaziy Shajarai Turk Tashkent 1992 B Sumiyabaatar The Genealogy of the Mongols 720 P 2003 ISBN 99929 5 552 X The genealogy of the families mentioned in this book generally goes back to 18 generations The genealogy of Chingis Khan which began 1 500 years or 40 50 generations ago and comprises hundreds of thousands of people prevented Mongolian blood from being mixed with that of other nations Due to the encouragement of intra tribal marriages family lines were kept stringent From 1920 onward people were not allowed to keep genealogical records and the descendants of the nobles and scholars were tortured and killed This prohibition lasted for about 70 years or three generations Although the keeping of genealogical records was rare during that period Mongolians used to pass information about their ancestors to their children orally Further reading editChapin David 2012 Long Lines Ten of the World s Longest Continuous Family Lineages College Station Texas VirtualBookWorm com ISBN 978 1 60264 933 0 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Family and descendants of Genghis Khan amp oldid 1212648681, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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