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Wikipedia

Chakma script

November 29, 2023

The Chakma Script (Ajhฤ pฤแนญh), also called Ajhฤ pฤแนญh, Ojhapath, Ojhopath, Aaojhapath, is an abugida used for the Chakma language, and recently for the Pali language.[6]

Chakma
Changmha Ajhapat
๐‘„Œ๐‘„‹๐‘„ด๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ง๐‘„๐‘„›๐‘„–๐‘„ด
The word 'Changmha Ajhapat' in Chakma script
Script type
Directionleft-to-rightย 
LanguagesChakma language, Pali[1]
Related scripts
Parent systems
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Cakm (349), โ€‹Chakma
Unicode
Unicode alias
Chakma
U+11100โ€“U+1114F
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.
ย This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ย ], /ย / and โŸจย โŸฉ, see IPA ยงย Brackets and transcription delimiters.

History edit

The Chakma script is an abugida that belongs to the Brahmic family of scripts. Chakma evolved from the Burmese script, which was ultimately derived from Pallava.[7][8][9]

The script, along with the Chakma language, has been introduced to non-government schools in Bangladesh, and as well as schools in Mizoram.[10]

Structure edit

 
Chakma Letters

Chakma is of the Brahmic type: the consonant letters contain an inherent vowel. Unusually for Brahmic scripts, the inherent vowel in Chakma is a long 'ฤ' (aห) as opposed to short 'a' (ษ™) which is standard in most other languages of India such as Hindi, Marathi or Tamil. Consonant clusters are written with conjunct characters, and a visible vowel killer shows the deletion of the inherent vowel when there is no conjunct.

Vowels edit

Four independent vowels exist: ๐‘„ƒ a, ๐‘„„ i, ๐‘„… u, and ๐‘„† e.

๐‘„ƒ ๐‘„„ ๐‘„… ๐‘„†
ฤ (aa) i u e

Other vowels in initial position are formed by adding the vowel sign to ๐‘„ƒ a, as in ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ฉ ฤซ, ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ซ ลซ, ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ญ ai, ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ฐ oi. Some modern writers are generalizing this spelling in ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„จ i, ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ช u, and ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ฌ e.

Chakma vowel signs with the letter ๐‘„‡ ka are given below:

๐‘„‡ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ง ๐‘„‡๐‘„จ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ฉ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ช ๐‘„‡๐‘„ซ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ฌ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ฎ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ญ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ฏ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ฐ ๐‘„‡๐‘„€ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ ๐‘„‡๐‘„‚ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ด
kฤ ka ki kฤซ ku kลซ ke ko kฤi kau koi kaแนƒ kaแนƒ kaแธฅ k

One of the interesting features of Chakma writing is that candrabindu (cฤnaphudฤ) can be used together with anusvara (ekaphudฤ) and visarga (dviphudฤ):

๐‘„ƒ๐‘„‚๐‘„€ aแธฅแนƒ = ๐‘„ƒ ฤ + ๐‘„‚ h + ๐‘„€แนƒ

๐‘„ƒ๐‘„๐‘„€ aแนƒแนƒ = ๐‘„ƒ ฤ + ๐‘„ แนƒ + ๐‘„€แนƒ

๐‘„…๐‘„๐‘„€ uแนƒแนƒ = ๐‘„… u + ๐‘„ แนƒ + ๐‘„€แนƒ

๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ช๐‘„€ muแนƒ = ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ + ๐‘„ช u + ๐‘„€แนƒ

Consonants edit

๐‘„‡ ๐‘„ˆ ๐‘„‰ ๐‘„Š ๐‘„‹ ๐‘„Œ ๐‘„ ๐‘„Ž ๐‘„ ๐‘„ ๐‘„‘
kฤ khฤ gฤ ghฤ แน…ฤ cฤ chฤ jฤ jhฤ รฑฤ แนญฤ
๐‘„’ ๐‘„“ ๐‘„” ๐‘„• ๐‘„– ๐‘„— ๐‘„˜ ๐‘„™ ๐‘„š ๐‘„› ๐‘„œ
แนญhฤ dฤ dhฤ แน‡ฤ tฤ thฤ dฤ dhฤ nฤ pฤ phฤ
๐‘„ ๐‘„ž ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„  ๐‘„ก ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ฅ ๐‘„ฆ
bฤ bhฤ mฤ yyฤ yฤ rฤ lฤ wฤ sฤ hฤ

Vowel-killer edit

Like other Brahmic scripts, Chakma makes use of the maayyaa (killer) to invoke conjoined consonants. In the past, practice was much more common than it is today. Like the Myanmar script, Chakma is encoded with two vowel-killing characters in order to conform to modern user expectations. As shown above, most letters have their vowels killed with the use of the explicit maayyaa:

๐‘„‡๐‘„ด k = ๐‘„‡ kฤ + ๐‘„ด MAAYYAA

Conjucts edit

In 2001 an orthographic reform was recommended in the book Cฤแน…mฤ pattham pฤt which would limit the standard repertoire of conjuncts to those composed with the five letters ๐‘„  yฤ, ๐‘„ข rฤ, ๐‘„ฃ lฤ, ๐‘„ค wฤ, and ๐‘„š nฤ. The four here are the most widely accepted repertoire of conjuncts.

ya: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„  yฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„  - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„  - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„ 

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„  - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„  - ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„ค๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ 

ra: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ข rฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข - ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ค๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข

la: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ฃ lฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ - ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ

wa: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ค wฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค - ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค

No separate conjunct forms of subjoined full-form -yฤ or -rฤ appear to exist. The fifth of these conjuncts, the -na conjunct, is exemplary of the orthographic shift which has taken place in the Chakma language.

na: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„š nฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„š - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„š - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„š

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„š - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š - ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š

While some writers would indeed write kakna (in ligating style) as ๐‘„‡๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„š or (in subjoining style) as ๐‘„‡๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„š, most now would probably expect it to be written as ๐‘„‡๐‘„‡๐‘„ด๐‘„š. The ligating style of glyphs is now considered old-fashioned. Thus, taking the letter ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ as the second element, while the glyph shapes ๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ kmฤ, ๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ tmฤ, ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ nmฤ, ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ bbฤ, ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ mmฤ, ๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ llฤ, ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ smฤ, and ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ hmฤ are attested, most users now prefer the glyph shapes ๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ kmฤ, ๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ tmฤ, ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ nmฤ, ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ bbฤ, ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ mmฤ, ๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ llฤ, ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ smฤ, and ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ hmฤ. Again, this distinction is stylistic and not orthographic.

The 2004 book Phadagaแน… shows examples of the five conjuncts above together alongside conjuncts formed with ๐‘„ bฤ, ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ, and ๐‘„ฆ hฤ. These are all formed by simple subjoining.

ba: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ nฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„ - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Œ - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„š - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ - ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ค๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„

ma: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ÿ nฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ - ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ค๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ

ha: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ฆ nฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ - ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ค๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ

In the 1982 book Cฤแน…mฤr ฤg pudhi a much wider range of conjunct pairs is shown, some of them with fairly complicated glyphs:

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„‡ kkฤ = ๐‘„‡ kฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‡ kฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„‘ kแนญฤ = ๐‘„‡ kฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‘ แนญฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„– ktฤ = ๐‘„‡ kฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„– tฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ kmฤ = ๐‘„‡ kฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„Œ kcฤ = ๐‘„‡ kฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Œ cฤ

๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„‡ แน…kฤ = ๐‘„‹ แน…ฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‡ kฤ

๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„‰ แน…kฤ = ๐‘„‹ แน…ฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‰ gฤ

๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Œ ccฤ = ๐‘„Œ cฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Œ cฤ

๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ cchฤ = ๐‘„Œ cฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ chฤ

๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Œ รฑcฤ = ๐‘„ รฑฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Œ cฤ

๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ž รฑjฤ = ๐‘„ รฑฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ž jฤ

๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ รฑjhฤ = ๐‘„ รฑฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ jhฤ

๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„‘ แนญแนญฤ = ๐‘„‘ แนญฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‘ แนญฤ

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„– ttฤ = ๐‘„– tฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„– tฤ

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ tmฤ = ๐‘„– tฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„— tthฤ = ๐‘„– tฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„— thฤ

๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„˜ ddฤ = ๐‘„˜ dฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„˜ dฤ

๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„™ ddhฤ = ๐‘„˜ dฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„™ dhฤ

๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„– ntฤ = ๐‘„š nฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„– tฤ

๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„— nthฤ = ๐‘„š nฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„— thฤ

๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ nmฤ = ๐‘„š nฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ

๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„› ppฤ = ๐‘„› pฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„› pฤ

๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ bbฤ = ๐‘„ bฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ bฤ

๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ mmฤ = ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ

๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ž jjฤ = ๐‘„Ž jฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ž jฤ

๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„‡ lkฤ = ๐‘„ฃ lฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‡ kฤ

๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„‰ lgฤ = ๐‘„ฃ lฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‰ gฤ

๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ llฤ = ๐‘„ฃ lฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ฃ lฤ

๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„‘ lแนญฤ = ๐‘„ฃ lฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‘ แนญฤ

๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„› lpฤ = ๐‘„ฃ lฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„› pฤ

๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ lchฤ = ๐‘„ฃ lฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ chฤ

๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„‘ sแนญฤ = ๐‘„ฅ sฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‘ แนญฤ

๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„‡ skฤ = ๐‘„ฅ sฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‡ kฤ

๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„› spฤ = ๐‘„ฅ sฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„› pฤ

๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ smฤ = ๐‘„ฅ sฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ

๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ hmฤ = ๐‘„ฆ hฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ÿ hmฤ

Letter names and punctuation edit

Chakma letters have a descriptive name followed by a traditional Brahmic consonant. These are given in annotations to the character names. Alongside a single and double danda punctuation, Chakma has a unique question mark, and a section sign, Phulacihna. There is some variation in the glyphs for the Phulacihna, some looking like flowers or leaves.

Numerals edit

The Chakma script contains its own set of numerals, although Bengali numerals are also used.

๐‘„ถ ๐‘„ท ๐‘„ธ ๐‘„น ๐‘„บ ๐‘„ป ๐‘„ผ ๐‘„ฝ ๐‘„พ ๐‘„ฟ
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Unicode edit

Main article: Chakma (Unicode block)

Chakma script was added to the Unicode Standard in January, 2012 with the release of version 6.1.[11]

The Unicode block for Chakma script is U+11100โ€“U+1114F. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points:

Chakma[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
ย  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+1110x ๐‘„€ ๐‘„ ๐‘„‚ ๐‘„ƒ ๐‘„„ ๐‘„… ๐‘„† ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„ˆ ๐‘„‰ ๐‘„Š ๐‘„‹ ๐‘„Œ ๐‘„ ๐‘„Ž ๐‘„
U+1111x ๐‘„ ๐‘„‘ ๐‘„’ ๐‘„“ ๐‘„” ๐‘„• ๐‘„– ๐‘„— ๐‘„˜ ๐‘„™ ๐‘„š ๐‘„› ๐‘„œ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ž ๐‘„Ÿ
U+1112x ๐‘„  ๐‘„ก ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ฅ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ง ๐‘„จ ๐‘„ฉ ๐‘„ช ๐‘„ซ ๐‘„ฌ ๐‘„ญ ๐‘„ฎ ๐‘„ฏ
U+1113x ๐‘„ฐ ๐‘„ฑ ๐‘„ฒ ย ๐‘„ณย  ๐‘„ด ๐‘„ถ ๐‘„ท ๐‘„ธ ๐‘„น ๐‘„บ ๐‘„ป ๐‘„ผ ๐‘„ฝ ๐‘„พ ๐‘„ฟ
U+1114x ๐‘…€ ๐‘… ๐‘…‚ ๐‘…ƒ ๐‘…„ ๐‘…… ๐‘…† ๐‘…‡
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Educational Institutions edit

The Chakma language is being taught in many Government and private schools in India (Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh) and Bangladesh. The Chakma language was officially introduced in primary schools by the Govt. of Tripura under The Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages in 2004 through Bengali Script and since 2013 through Chakma script (also known as Ajhฤ Pฤแนญh). Presently, the Chakma language is being taught in 87 schools.[12]

References edit

  1. ^ https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19143-chakma-letter-vaa.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  2. ^ Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.28
  3. ^ Talukdar, S. P. (2010). Genesis of Indigenous Chakma Buddhists and Their Pulverization Worldwide. ISBNย 9788178357584.
  4. ^ Mru: Hill People on the Border of Bangladesh. 11 November 2013. ISBNย 9783034856942.
  5. ^ http://unicode.org/L2/L2009/09187r-n3645r-chakma.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  6. ^ https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19143-chakma-letter-vaa.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  7. ^ Talukdar, S. P. (2010). Genesis of Indigenous Chakma Buddhists and Their Pulverization Worldwide. ISBNย 9788178357584.
  8. ^ Mru: Hill People on the Border of Bangladesh. 11 November 2013. ISBNย 9783034856942.
  9. ^ http://unicode.org/L2/L2009/09187r-n3645r-chakma.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  10. ^ Brandt, Carmen (January 2014). "Script as a potential demarcator and stabilizer of languages in South Asia": 86. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ Download First & Only Chakma Unicode Font and Keyboard, retrieved 2020-01-16
  12. ^ Chakma Language, The Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages, Govt. of Tripura, India.

Further reading edit

  • Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin (August 13, 2009). "Proposal for encoding the Chakma script in the UCS" (PDF). The Unicode Consortium.
  • [RibengUni will be written in the Chakma language]. Kaler Kantho. 2012-06-18. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2013-12-31.

External links edit

  • RibengUni (First Chakma Unicode Font)
  • Chakma Script 2020-01-15 at the Wayback Machine
  • Chakma Bangla Blog
  • Chakma Prototype Keyboard
  • Chakma Unicode Converter
  • Available Chakma Unicode Fonts
  • *
  • "Chakma alphabet, pronunciation and language". Omniglot. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
  • "Tribal Languages - Banglapedia". Banglapedia. Retrieved 2018-09-01.

November 29, 2023
chakma, script, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, november, 2. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Chakma script news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Chakma Script Ajha paแนญh also called Ajha paแนญh Ojhapath Ojhopath Aaojhapath is an abugida used for the Chakma language and recently for the Pali language 6 ChakmaChangmha Ajhapat๐‘„Œ๐‘„‹ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ƒ ๐‘„๐‘„›๐‘„– The word Changmha Ajhapat in Chakma scriptScript typeAbugidaDirectionleft to right LanguagesChakma language Pali 1 Related scriptsParent systemsProto Sinaitic alphabet a Phoenician alphabet a Aramaic alphabet a Brahmi scriptTamil Brahmi 2 Pallava scriptMon Burmese script 3 4 5 ChakmaISO 15924ISO 15924Cakm 349 ChakmaUnicodeUnicode aliasChakmaUnicode rangeU 11100 U 1114F a The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters Contents 1 History 2 Structure 2 1 Vowels 2 2 Consonants 2 2 1 Vowel killer 2 2 2 Conjucts 3 Letter names and punctuation 4 Numerals 5 Unicode 6 Educational Institutions 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksHistory editThe Chakma script is an abugida that belongs to the Brahmic family of scripts Chakma evolved from the Burmese script which was ultimately derived from Pallava 7 8 9 The script along with the Chakma language has been introduced to non government schools in Bangladesh and as well as schools in Mizoram 10 Structure edit nbsp Chakma LettersChakma is of the Brahmic type the consonant letters contain an inherent vowel Unusually for Brahmic scripts the inherent vowel in Chakma is a long a aห as opposed to short a e which is standard in most other languages of India such as Hindi Marathi or Tamil Consonant clusters are written with conjunct characters and a visible vowel killer shows the deletion of the inherent vowel when there is no conjunct Vowels edit Four independent vowels exist ๐‘„ƒ a ๐‘„„ i ๐‘„… u and ๐‘„† e ๐‘„ƒ ๐‘„„ ๐‘„… ๐‘„†a aa i u eOther vowels in initial position are formed by adding the vowel sign to ๐‘„ƒ a as in ๐‘„ƒ i ๐‘„ƒ u ๐‘„ƒ ai ๐‘„ƒ oi Some modern writers are generalizing this spelling in ๐‘„ƒ i ๐‘„ƒ u and ๐‘„ƒ e Chakma vowel signs with the letter ๐‘„‡ ka are given below ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„‡ ka ka ki ki ku ku ke ko kai kau koi kaแนƒ kaแนƒ kaแธฅ kOne of the interesting features of Chakma writing is that candrabindu canaphuda can be used together with anusvara ekaphuda and visarga dviphuda ๐‘„ƒ aแธฅแนƒ ๐‘„ƒ a h แนƒ๐‘„ƒ aแนƒแนƒ ๐‘„ƒ a แนƒ แนƒ๐‘„… uแนƒแนƒ ๐‘„… u แนƒ แนƒ๐‘„Ÿ muแนƒ ๐‘„Ÿ ma u แนƒ Consonants edit ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„ˆ ๐‘„‰ ๐‘„Š ๐‘„‹ ๐‘„Œ ๐‘„ ๐‘„Ž ๐‘„ ๐‘„ ๐‘„‘ka kha ga gha แน…a ca cha ja jha na แนญa๐‘„’ ๐‘„“ ๐‘„” ๐‘„• ๐‘„– ๐‘„— ๐‘„˜ ๐‘„™ ๐‘„š ๐‘„› ๐‘„œแนญha da dha แน‡a ta tha da dha na pa pha๐‘„ ๐‘„ž ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„  ๐‘„ก ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ฅ ๐‘„ฆba bha ma yya ya ra la wa sa haVowel killer edit Like other Brahmic scripts Chakma makes use of the maayyaa killer to invoke conjoined consonants In the past practice was much more common than it is today Like the Myanmar script Chakma is encoded with two vowel killing characters in order to conform to modern user expectations As shown above most letters have their vowels killed with the use of the explicit maayyaa ๐‘„‡ k ๐‘„‡ ka MAAYYAA Conjucts edit In 2001 an orthographic reform was recommended in the book Caแน…ma pattham pat which would limit the standard repertoire of conjuncts to those composed with the five letters ๐‘„  ya ๐‘„ข ra ๐‘„ฃ la ๐‘„ค wa and ๐‘„š na The four here are the most widely accepted repertoire of conjuncts ya X VIRAMA ๐‘„  ya๐‘„‡ ๐‘„  ๐‘„ˆ ๐‘„  ๐‘„‰ ๐‘„  ๐‘„Š ๐‘„  ๐‘„‹ ๐‘„  ๐‘„Œ ๐‘„  ๐‘„ ๐‘„  ๐‘„Ž ๐‘„  ๐‘„ ๐‘„  ๐‘„ ๐‘„  ๐‘„‘ ๐‘„  ๐‘„’ ๐‘„  ๐‘„“ ๐‘„  ๐‘„” ๐‘„  ๐‘„• ๐‘„ ๐‘„– ๐‘„  ๐‘„— ๐‘„  ๐‘„˜ ๐‘„  ๐‘„™ ๐‘„  ๐‘„š ๐‘„  ๐‘„› ๐‘„  ๐‘„œ ๐‘„  ๐‘„ ๐‘„  ๐‘„ž ๐‘„  ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„  ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„  ๐‘„  ๐‘„  ๐‘„ก ๐‘„  ๐‘„ข ๐‘„  ๐‘„ค ๐‘„  ๐‘„ฅ ๐‘„ ra X VIRAMA ๐‘„ข ra๐‘„‡ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ˆ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„‰ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„Š ๐‘„ข ๐‘„‹ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„Œ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„Ž ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„‘ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„’ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„“ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„” ๐‘„ข ๐‘„• ๐‘„ข๐‘„– ๐‘„ข ๐‘„— ๐‘„ข ๐‘„˜ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„™ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„š ๐‘„ข ๐‘„› ๐‘„ข ๐‘„œ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ž ๐‘„ข ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„  ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ก ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ฅ ๐‘„ขla X VIRAMA ๐‘„ฃ la๐‘„‡ ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ˆ ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„‰ ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„Š ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„‹ ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„Œ ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„Ž ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„‘ ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„’ ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„“ ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„” ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„• ๐‘„ฃ๐‘„– ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„— ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„˜ ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„™ ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„š ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„› ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„œ ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ž ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„  ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ก ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ฅ ๐‘„ฃwa X VIRAMA ๐‘„ค wa๐‘„‡ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ˆ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„‰ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„Š ๐‘„ค ๐‘„‹ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„Œ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„Ž ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„‘ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„’ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„“ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„” ๐‘„ค ๐‘„• ๐‘„ค๐‘„– ๐‘„ค ๐‘„— ๐‘„ค ๐‘„˜ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„™ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„š ๐‘„ค ๐‘„› ๐‘„ค ๐‘„œ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ž ๐‘„ค ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„  ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ก ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ฅ ๐‘„คNo separate conjunct forms of subjoined full form ya or ra appear to exist The fifth of these conjuncts the na conjunct is exemplary of the orthographic shift which has taken place in the Chakma language na X VIRAMA ๐‘„š na๐‘„‡ ๐‘„š ๐‘„ˆ ๐‘„š ๐‘„‰ ๐‘„š ๐‘„Š ๐‘„š ๐‘„‹ ๐‘„š ๐‘„Œ ๐‘„š ๐‘„ ๐‘„š ๐‘„Ž ๐‘„š ๐‘„ ๐‘„š ๐‘„ ๐‘„š ๐‘„‘ ๐‘„š ๐‘„’ ๐‘„š ๐‘„“ ๐‘„š ๐‘„” ๐‘„š ๐‘„• ๐‘„š๐‘„– ๐‘„š ๐‘„— ๐‘„š ๐‘„˜ ๐‘„š ๐‘„™ ๐‘„š ๐‘„š ๐‘„š ๐‘„› ๐‘„š ๐‘„œ ๐‘„š ๐‘„ ๐‘„š ๐‘„ž ๐‘„š ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„š ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„š ๐‘„  ๐‘„š ๐‘„ก ๐‘„š ๐‘„ข ๐‘„š ๐‘„ฅ ๐‘„šWhile some writers would indeed write kakna in ligating style as ๐‘„‡๐‘„‡ ๐‘„š or in subjoining style as ๐‘„‡๐‘„‡ ๐‘„š most now would probably expect it to be written as ๐‘„‡๐‘„‡ ๐‘„š The ligating style of glyphs is now considered old fashioned Thus taking the letter ๐‘„Ÿ ma as the second element while the glyph shapes ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„Ÿ kma ๐‘„– ๐‘„Ÿ tma ๐‘„š ๐‘„Ÿ nma ๐‘„ ๐‘„ bba ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„Ÿ mma ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ฃ lla ๐‘„ฅ ๐‘„Ÿ sma and ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„Ÿ hma are attested most users now prefer the glyph shapes ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„Ÿ kma ๐‘„– ๐‘„Ÿ tma ๐‘„š ๐‘„Ÿ nma ๐‘„ ๐‘„ bba ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„Ÿ mma ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ฃ lla ๐‘„ฅ ๐‘„Ÿ sma and ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„Ÿ hma Again this distinction is stylistic and not orthographic The 2004 book Phadagaแน… shows examples of the five conjuncts above together alongside conjuncts formed with ๐‘„ ba ๐‘„Ÿ ma and ๐‘„ฆ ha These are all formed by simple subjoining ba X VIRAMA ๐‘„ na๐‘„‡ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ˆ ๐‘„ ๐‘„‰ ๐‘„ ๐‘„Š ๐‘„ ๐‘„‹ ๐‘„ ๐‘„Œ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ ๐‘„Ž ๐‘„ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ ๐‘„Œ ๐‘„‘ ๐‘„ ๐‘„’ ๐‘„ ๐‘„“ ๐‘„ ๐‘„” ๐‘„š ๐‘„• ๐‘„๐‘„– ๐‘„ ๐‘„— ๐‘„ ๐‘„˜ ๐‘„ ๐‘„™ ๐‘„ ๐‘„š ๐‘„š ๐‘„› ๐‘„ ๐‘„œ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ž ๐‘„ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ ๐‘„  ๐‘„ ๐‘„ก ๐‘„ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ ๐‘„ฅ ๐‘„ma X VIRAMA ๐‘„Ÿ na๐‘„‡ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ˆ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„‰ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„Š ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„‹ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„Œ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„Ž ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„‘ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„’ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„“ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„” ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„• ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„– ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„— ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„˜ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„™ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„š ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„› ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„œ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ž ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„  ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ก ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ฅ ๐‘„Ÿha X VIRAMA ๐‘„ฆ na๐‘„‡ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ˆ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„‰ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„Š ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„‹ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„Œ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„Ž ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„‘ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„’ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„“ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„” ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„• ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„– ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„— ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„˜ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„™ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„š ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„› ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„œ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ž ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„  ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ก ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ฅ ๐‘„ฆIn the 1982 book Caแน…mar ag pudhi a much wider range of conjunct pairs is shown some of them with fairly complicated glyphs ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„‡ kka ๐‘„‡ ka VIRAMA ๐‘„‡ ka๐‘„‡ ๐‘„‘ kแนญa ๐‘„‡ ka VIRAMA ๐‘„‘ แนญa๐‘„‡ ๐‘„– kta ๐‘„‡ ka VIRAMA ๐‘„– ta๐‘„‡ ๐‘„Ÿ kma ๐‘„‡ ka VIRAMA ๐‘„Ÿ ma๐‘„‡ ๐‘„Œ kca ๐‘„‡ ka VIRAMA ๐‘„Œ ca๐‘„‹ ๐‘„‡ แน…ka ๐‘„‹ แน…a VIRAMA ๐‘„‡ ka๐‘„‹ ๐‘„‰ แน…ka ๐‘„‹ แน…a VIRAMA ๐‘„‰ ga๐‘„Œ ๐‘„Œ cca ๐‘„Œ ca VIRAMA ๐‘„Œ ca๐‘„Œ ๐‘„ ccha ๐‘„Œ ca VIRAMA ๐‘„ cha๐‘„ ๐‘„Œ nca ๐‘„ na VIRAMA ๐‘„Œ ca๐‘„ ๐‘„Ž nja ๐‘„ na VIRAMA ๐‘„Ž ja๐‘„ ๐‘„ njha ๐‘„ na VIRAMA ๐‘„ jha๐‘„‘ ๐‘„‘ แนญแนญa ๐‘„‘ แนญa VIRAMA ๐‘„‘ แนญa๐‘„– ๐‘„– tta ๐‘„– ta VIRAMA ๐‘„– ta๐‘„– ๐‘„Ÿ tma ๐‘„– ta VIRAMA ๐‘„Ÿ ma๐‘„– ๐‘„— ttha ๐‘„– ta VIRAMA ๐‘„— tha๐‘„˜ ๐‘„˜ dda ๐‘„˜ da VIRAMA ๐‘„˜ da๐‘„˜ ๐‘„™ ddha ๐‘„˜ da VIRAMA ๐‘„™ dha๐‘„š ๐‘„– nta ๐‘„š na VIRAMA ๐‘„– ta๐‘„š ๐‘„— ntha ๐‘„š na VIRAMA ๐‘„— tha๐‘„š ๐‘„Ÿ nma ๐‘„š na VIRAMA ๐‘„Ÿ ma๐‘„› ๐‘„› ppa ๐‘„› pa VIRAMA ๐‘„› pa๐‘„ ๐‘„ bba ๐‘„ ba VIRAMA ๐‘„ ba๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„Ÿ mma ๐‘„Ÿ ma VIRAMA ๐‘„Ÿ ma๐‘„Ž ๐‘„Ž jja ๐‘„Ž ja VIRAMA ๐‘„Ž ja๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„‡ lka ๐‘„ฃ la VIRAMA ๐‘„‡ ka๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„‰ lga ๐‘„ฃ la VIRAMA ๐‘„‰ ga๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ฃ lla ๐‘„ฃ la VIRAMA ๐‘„ฃ la๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„‘ lแนญa ๐‘„ฃ la VIRAMA ๐‘„‘ แนญa๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„› lpa ๐‘„ฃ la VIRAMA ๐‘„› pa๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ lcha ๐‘„ฃ la VIRAMA ๐‘„ cha๐‘„ฅ ๐‘„‘ sแนญa ๐‘„ฅ sa VIRAMA ๐‘„‘ แนญa๐‘„ฅ ๐‘„‡ ska ๐‘„ฅ sa VIRAMA ๐‘„‡ ka๐‘„ฅ ๐‘„› spa ๐‘„ฅ sa VIRAMA ๐‘„› pa๐‘„ฅ ๐‘„Ÿ sma ๐‘„ฅ sa VIRAMA ๐‘„Ÿ ma๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„Ÿ hma ๐‘„ฆ ha VIRAMA ๐‘„Ÿ hmaLetter names and punctuation editChakma letters have a descriptive name followed by a traditional Brahmic consonant These are given in annotations to the character names Alongside a single and double danda punctuation Chakma has a unique question mark and a section sign Phulacihna There is some variation in the glyphs for the Phulacihna some looking like flowers or leaves Numerals editThe Chakma script contains its own set of numerals although Bengali numerals are also used ๐‘„ถ ๐‘„ท ๐‘„ธ ๐‘„น ๐‘„บ ๐‘„ป ๐‘„ผ ๐‘„ฝ ๐‘„พ ๐‘„ฟ0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Unicode editMain article Chakma Unicode block Chakma script was added to the Unicode Standard in January 2012 with the release of version 6 1 11 The Unicode block for Chakma script is U 11100 U 1114F Grey areas indicate non assigned code points Chakma 1 2 Official Unicode Consortium code chart PDF 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E FU 1110x ๐‘„ƒ ๐‘„„ ๐‘„… ๐‘„† ๐‘„‡ ๐‘„ˆ ๐‘„‰ ๐‘„Š ๐‘„‹ ๐‘„Œ ๐‘„ ๐‘„Ž ๐‘„U 1111x ๐‘„ ๐‘„‘ ๐‘„’ ๐‘„“ ๐‘„” ๐‘„• ๐‘„– ๐‘„— ๐‘„˜ ๐‘„™ ๐‘„š ๐‘„› ๐‘„œ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ž ๐‘„ŸU 1112x ๐‘„  ๐‘„ก ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ฅ ๐‘„ฆ U 1113x ๐‘„ถ ๐‘„ท ๐‘„ธ ๐‘„น ๐‘„บ ๐‘„ป ๐‘„ผ ๐‘„ฝ ๐‘„พ ๐‘„ฟU 1114x ๐‘…„ ๐‘…‡Notes 1 As of Unicode version 15 1 2 Grey areas indicate non assigned code pointsEducational Institutions editThe Chakma language is being taught in many Government and private schools in India Tripura Mizoram Arunachal Pradesh and Bangladesh The Chakma language was officially introduced in primary schools by the Govt of Tripura under The Directorate of Kokborok amp Other Minority Languages in 2004 through Bengali Script and since 2013 through Chakma script also known as Ajha Paแนญh Presently the Chakma language is being taught in 87 schools 12 References edit https www unicode org L2 L2019 19143 chakma letter vaa pdf bare URL PDF Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography R Malatesha Joshi Catherine McBride 2019 p 28 Talukdar S P 2010 Genesis of Indigenous Chakma Buddhists and Their Pulverization Worldwide ISBN 9788178357584 Mru Hill People on the Border of Bangladesh 11 November 2013 ISBN 9783034856942 http unicode org L2 L2009 09187r n3645r chakma pdf bare URL PDF https www unicode org L2 L2019 19143 chakma letter vaa pdf bare URL PDF Talukdar S P 2010 Genesis of Indigenous Chakma Buddhists and Their Pulverization Worldwide ISBN 9788178357584 Mru Hill People on the Border of Bangladesh 11 November 2013 ISBN 9783034856942 http unicode org L2 L2009 09187r n3645r chakma pdf bare URL PDF Brandt Carmen January 2014 Script as a potential demarcator and stabilizer of languages in South Asia 86 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Download First amp Only Chakma Unicode Font and Keyboard retrieved 2020 01 16 Chakma Language The Directorate of Kokborok amp Other Minority Languages Govt of Tripura India Further reading editEverson Michael Hosken Martin August 13 2009 Proposal for encoding the Chakma script in the UCS PDF The Unicode Consortium เฆฐ เฆฌ เฆ‡เฆ‰เฆจ เฆค เฆฒ เฆ– เฆนเฆฌ เฆš เฆ•เฆฎ เฆญ เฆท RibengUni will be written in the Chakma language Kaler Kantho 2012 06 18 Archived from the original on 2014 01 01 Retrieved 2013 12 31 External links editRibengUni First Chakma Unicode Font Chakma Script Archived 2020 01 15 at the Wayback Machine Chakma Bangla Blog Chakma Prototype Keyboard Chakma Unicode Converter Available Chakma Unicode Fonts Chakma Keyboard Layout for Mac OSX Chakma Open Dictionary Chakma alphabet pronunciation and language Omniglot Retrieved 2012 09 02 Tribal Languages Banglapedia Banglapedia Retrieved 2018 09 01 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chakma script amp oldid 1179916601, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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