Carmina Burana (Orff)
Carmina Burana is a cantata composed in 1935 and 1936 by Carl Orff, based on 24 poems from the medieval collection Carmina Burana. Its full Latin title is Carmina Burana: Cantiones profanae cantoribus et choris cantandae comitantibus instrumentis atque imaginibus magicis ("Songs of Beuern: Secular songs for singers and choruses to be sung together with instruments and magical images"). It was first performed by the Oper Frankfurt on 8 June 1937. It is part of Trionfi, a musical triptych that also includes Catulli Carmina and Trionfo di Afrodite. The first and last sections of the piece are called "Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi" ("Fortune, Empress of the World") and start with "O Fortuna".
| Carmina Burana | |
|---|---|
| Cantata by Carl Orff | |
Cover of the score showing the Wheel of Fortune | |
| Language | |
| Based on | 24 poems from Carmina Burana |
| Premiere | 8 June 1937 |
The autograph manuscript of the work is preserved in the Bavarian State Library, and was issued as facsimile edition by Schott Music.
Text edit
In 1934, Orff encountered the 1847 edition of the Carmina Burana by Johann Andreas Schmeller, the original text dating mostly from the 11th or 12th century, including some from the 13th century. Michel Hofmann was a young law student and an enthusiast of Latin and Greek; he assisted Orff in the selection and organization of 24 of these poems into a libretto mostly in secular Latin verse, with a small amount of Middle High German[1] and Old French. The selection covers a wide range of topics, as familiar in the 13th century as they are in the 21st century: the fickleness of fortune and wealth, the ephemeral nature of life, the joy of the return of spring and the pleasures and perils of drinking, gluttony, gambling, and lust.
Structure edit
Carmina Burana is structured into five major sections, containing 25 movements in total, including one repeated movement and one purely instrumental one. Orff indicates attacca markings between all the movements within each scene.
Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi Fortune, Empress of the World 1 O Fortuna Latin O Fortune choir 2 Fortune plango vulnera Latin I lament the wounds that Fortune deals choir I Primo vere In Spring 3 Veris leta facies Latin The joyous face of Spring small choir 4 Omnia Sol temperat Latin All things are tempered by the Sun baritone 5 Ecce gratum Latin Behold the welcome choir Uf dem anger In the Meadow 6 Tanz Dance instrumental 7 Floret silva nobilis Latin / Middle High German The noble woods are burgeoning choir 8 Chramer, gip die varwe mir Middle High German Monger, give me coloured paint 2 choirs (small and large) 9 (a) Reie Round dance instrumental (b) Swaz hie gat umbe Middle High German They who here go dancing around choir (c) Chume, chum, geselle min Middle High German Come, come, my dear companion small choir (d) Swaz hie gat umbe (reprise) Middle High German They who here go dancing around choir 10 Were diu werlt alle min Middle High German If the whole world were but mine choir II In Taberna In the Tavern 11 Estuans interius Latin Seething inside baritone 12 Olim lacus colueram Latin Once I swam in lakes tenor, choir (male) 13 Ego sum abbas Latin I am the abbot (of Cockaigne) baritone, choir (male) 14 In taberna quando sumus Latin When we are in the tavern choir (male) III Cour d'amours Court of Love 15 Amor volat undique Latin Love flies everywhere soprano, boys' choir 16 Dies, nox et omnia Latin / Old French Day, night and everything baritone 17 Stetit puella Latin There stood a girl soprano 18 Circa mea pectora Latin / Middle High German In my breast baritone, choir 19 Si puer cum puellula Latin If a boy with a girl 3 tenors, 1 baritone, 2 basses 20 Veni, veni, venias Latin Come, come, pray come double choir 21 In trutina Latin On the scales soprano 22 Tempus est iocundum Latin Time to jest soprano, baritone, choir, boys' choir 23 Dulcissime Latin Sweetest boy soprano Blanziflor et Helena Blancheflour and Helen 24 Ave formosissima Latin Hail to the most lovely choir Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi Fortune, Empress of the World 25 O Fortuna (reprise) Latin O Fortune choir
Much of the compositional structure is based on the idea of the turning Fortuna Wheel. The drawing of the wheel found on the first page of the Burana Codex includes four phrases around the outside of the wheel:
Regnabo, Regno, Regnavi, Sum sine regno.
(I shall reign, I reign, I have reigned, I am without a realm).
Within each scene, and sometimes within a single movement, the wheel of fortune turns, joy turning to bitterness, and hope turning to grief. "O Fortuna", the first poem in the Schmeller edition, completes this circle, forming a compositional frame for the work through being both the opening and closing movements.
Staging edit
Orff subscribed to a dramatic concept called "Theatrum Mundi" in which music, movement, and speech were inseparable. Babcock writes that "Orff's artistic formula limited the music in that every musical moment was to be connected with an action on stage. It is here that modern performances of Carmina Burana fall short of Orff's intentions." Orff subtitled Carmina Burana a "scenic cantata" in his intention to stage the work with dance, choreography, visual design and other stage action; the piece is now usually performed in concert halls as a cantata.
John Butler was the first of several choreographers to tackle the score. His Carmina Burana was premiered by the New York City Opera on September 24, 1959, featuring Carmen de Lavallade, Veronika Mlakar, Scott Douglass, and Glen Tetley.[2] It has since been performed by numerous companies including Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, Ballet West, and Richmond Ballet and is now considered a canonical modern-ballet work.
A danced version of Carmina Burana was choreographed by Loyce Houlton for the Minnesota Dance Theatre in 1978.[3] In honour of Orff's 80th birthday, an acted and choreographed film version was filmed, directed by Jean-Pierre Ponnelle for the German broadcaster ZDF; Orff collaborated in its production.[4]
Kent Stowell choreographed the work for Pacific Northwest Ballet in Seattle. It premiered on October 5, 1993, with scenic design by Ming Cho Lee.[5]
Musical style edit
Orff's style demonstrates a desire for directness of speech and of access. Carmina Burana contains little or no development in the classical sense, and polyphony is also conspicuously absent. Carmina Burana avoids overt harmonic complexities, a fact which many musicians and critics have pointed out, such as Ann Powers of The New York Times.[6]
Orff was influenced melodically by late Renaissance and early Baroque models including William Byrd and Claudio Monteverdi.[7] It is a common misconception that Orff based the melodies of Carmina Burana on neumeatic melodies; while many of the lyrics in the Burana Codex are enhanced with neumes, almost none of these melodies had been deciphered at the time of Orff's composition, and none of them had served Orff as a melodic model.[8][9] His shimmering orchestration shows a deference to Stravinsky. In particular, Orff's music is very reminiscent of Stravinsky's earlier work Les noces (The Wedding).
Rhythm, for Orff as it was for Stravinsky, is often the primary musical element. Overall, Carmina Burana sounds rhythmically straightforward and simple, but the metre changes freely from one measure to the next. While the rhythmic arc in a section is taken as a whole, a measure of five may be followed by one of seven, to one of four, and so on, often with caesura marked between them.
Some of the solo arias pose bold challenges for singers: the only solo tenor aria, Olim lacus colueram, is often sung almost completely in falsetto to demonstrate the suffering of the character (in this case, a roasting swan).[citation needed] The baritone arias often demand high notes not commonly found in baritone repertoire, and parts of the baritone aria Dies nox et omnia are often sung in falsetto, a rare example in baritone repertoire. Also noted is the solo soprano aria Dulcissime, which demands extremely high notes. Orff intended this aria for a lyric soprano, not a coloratura, so that the musical tensions would be more obvious.
Instrumentation edit
Carmina Burana is scored for a large orchestra consisting of:
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Reception edit
Carmina Burana was first staged by the Oper Frankfurt on 8 June 1937 under conductor Bertil Wetzelsberger (1892–1967) with the Cäcilienchor Frankfurt, staging by Oskar Wälterlin and sets and costumes by Ludwig Sievert. Shortly after the greatly successful premiere, Orff said to his publisher, Schott Music: "Everything I have written to date, and which you have, unfortunately, printed, can be destroyed. With Carmina Burana, my collected works begin."[10]
The first American performance was on 10 January 1954, by the University of San Francisco's Scholar Cantorum, at the city's Opera House.[11][12]
Several performances were repeated elsewhere in Germany. The Nazi regime was at first nervous about the erotic tone of some of the poems[13] but eventually embraced the piece. It became the most famous piece of music composed in Germany at the time.[14] The popularity of the work continued to rise after the war, and by the 1960s Carmina Burana was well established as part of the international classic repertoire. The piece was voted number 62 at the Classic 100 Ten Years On, in the top ten of the Classic 100 Voice, and is at number 144 of the 2020 Classic FM Hall of Fame.[15]
Alex Ross wrote that "the music itself commits no sins simply by being and remaining popular. That Carmina Burana has appeared in hundreds of films and television commercials is proof that it contains no diabolical message, indeed that it contains no message whatsoever."[16]
Subsequent arrangements edit
The popularity of the work has ensured the creation of many additional arrangements for a variety of performing forces.
In 1956, Orff's disciple Wilhelm Killmayer created a reduced version for soloists, SATB mixed choir, children's choir, two pianos and six percussion (timpani + 5), and was authorized by Orff. The score has short solos for three tenors, baritone and two basses. This version is to allow smaller ensembles the opportunity to perform the piece.[17][18][19][20]
John Krance's concert band transcription was published in 1968.[21]
An arrangement for wind ensemble was prepared by Juan Vicente Mas Quiles (born 1921), who wanted both to give wind bands a chance to perform the work and to facilitate performances in cities that have a high-quality choral union and wind band, but lack a symphony orchestra. A performance of this arrangement was recorded by the North Texas Wind Symphony under Eugene Corporon. In writing this transcription, Mas Quiles maintained the original chorus, percussion, and piano parts.[22]
Carmina Burana became popular in Greece through its use at the beginning and end of Andreas Papandreou's election speeches from the 1974 legislative election to those of the 1993 legislative election.[23][24]
Notable recordings edit
- Herbert Blomstedt with the San Francisco Symphony, and the San Francisco Symphony Chorus, led by Vance George, won the Grammy Award for Best Choral Performance in 1992. The recording was released by Decca on October 11, 1991.
- Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos with the New Philharmonia Orchestra, the New Philharmonia Chorus (chorus master: Wilhelm Pitz), Wandsworth School Boys' Choir, John Noble, Raymond Wolansky, Lucia Popp, Emi, 1966.
- Seiji Ozawa with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Children's Chorus Of The New England Conservatory, New England Conservatory Chorus, Evelyn Mandac, Stanley Kolk, Sherrill Milnes, RCA, 1970.
- Charles Dutoit with the Orchestre Symphonique de Montréal and Saint Lawrence Choir (Beverly Hoch (s), Stanford Olsen (t), Mark Oswald (bar). 1997, Decca 028945529028. High quality recording technically (balancing orchestra and choir)
- Kurt Eichhorn with the Munich Radio Orchestra and Chor des Bayerischen Rundfunks, Tölzer Knabenchor; Lucia Popp, John van Kesteren, Hermann Prey; film directed by Jean-Pierre Ponnelle for ZDF;[citation needed] recorded July 1973, released 1974 on Eurodisc; CD reissues on BMG in 1984 and 1995. Both the film adaptation and recording were endorsed by Carl Orff himself (Orff also collaborated on the film in honour of his 80th birthday)
- Eugen Jochum (conductor) with the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra and the Bavarian Radio Chorus (Chor und Symphonieorchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks), Munich, Germany, with choir master Josef Kugler, as part of Trionfi: Carmina Burana (recorded October 1952[25]) with Elfriede Trötschel (soprano), Paul Kuën (tenor), Hans Braun (baritone);[26][27] reissued in 2012 on Major Classics, M2CD016, 5 060294 540168[28][29]
- Eugen Jochum with the choir and orchestra of the Deutsche Oper Berlin and Gundula Janowitz, Gerhard Stolze, and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau. Recorded October 1967 in Berlin's Ufa-Studio, released 1968 (Deutsche Grammophon). This version was also endorsed by Carl Orff himself and was the first choice of the BBC Radio 3 CD Review "Building a Library" review in 1995.[30]
- Herbert Kegel with the MDR Rundfunkchor, the MDR Leipzig Radio Symphony Orchestra and Jutta Vulpius, Hans-Joachim Rotzsch, Kurt Hübenthal and Kurt Rehm. Recorded and released 1960 (VEB Deutsche Schallplatten). Orff himself loved this version.[31]
- Ferdinand Leitner with the Kölner Rundfunk-Sinfonie Orchester, the Kölner Rundfunkchor led by Herbert Shernus, and the Tölzer Knabenchor, led by Gerhard Schmidt-Gaden, was "Carl Orff's authorized recording";[32] Ruth-Margret Pütz (soprano), Michael Cousins (tenor), Barry McDaniel (baritone), Roland Hermann (bass). Released 1973 by Acanta and as part of seven CD set "Carl Orff Collection" (Acanta, 1992) and on Arts Archives (2003).
- James Levine with Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus and June Anderson, Philip Creech, and Bernd Weikl. Recorded 1984 (Deutsche Grammophon). This version won the 1987 Grammy Award for Best Choral Performance.
- Ray Manzarek, keyboard player for the Doors, produced by Philip Glass and Kurt Munkacsi. Arrangements by Ray Manzarek. Carmina Burana, released 1983 on A&M Records. Genres: Rock music, Progressive rock, Art rock.
- Riccardo Muti with Philharmonia Orchestra and Chorus and Arleen Auger, John van Kesteren and Jonathan Summers. Recorded 1979 (EMI), featured in the top three of BBC Radio 3's review and is also recommended by Classics Today.[33]
- New York Choral Society accompanied by Jeffrey Reid Baker using synthesizers. A 1988 recording.[34]
- Eugene Ormandy, with the Philadelphia Orchestra and the Rutgers University Choir, Recorded and released, 1960, reissued, 1987 CBS Masterworks Records
- Seiji Ozawa with the Berlin Philharmonic and Shin-Yu Kai Chorus; Kathleen Battle, Frank Lopardo and Thomas Allen; 1990 Philips DVD video.
- Simon Rattle with the Berlin Philharmonic and Berlin Radio Choir; Sally Matthews, Lawrence Brownlee and Christian Gerhaher; 2005 EMI Classics. Very fast, percussive emphasis.[35]
- Robert Shaw with the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra Chorus, and Atlanta Boy Choir; Judith Blegen (sop.), William Brown (ten.), and Håkan Hagegård (bar.); recorded 1981, released 1983 by Telarc.
- Leonard Slatkin with St. Louis Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, RCA 09026 61673-2, featured in the top three of BBC Radio 3's review
- Leopold Stokowski with the Houston Symphony, Guy Gardner, Virginia Babikian, Clyde Hager, the Houston Chorale and the Houston Youth Symphony Boys Choir. Released 1959 Capitol Records
- John Williams with the Boston Pops at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.
- Christian Thielemann with the choir and orchestra of the Deutsche Oper Berlin and Knabenchor Berlin. Released 1999 by Deutsche Grammophon GmbH, Hamburg. Named "Editor's Choice" by Gramophone[36]
- Michael Tilson Thomas with the Cleveland Orchestra, Chorus and Boys Choir; Judith Blegen, Kenneth Riegel and Peter Binder; recorded 1974, released 1975 CBS Records (quadrophonic); CD re-release 1990 MK 33172 CBS Records Masterworks. This recording was used in Michael Smuin's 1997 ballet Carmina Burana, choreographed for Smuin Ballet.[37]
- Jos Van Immerseel with Anima Eterna Brugge, Collegium Vocale Gent, and Cantate Domino; Yeree Suh (sop.), Yves Saelens (ten.) and Thomas Bauer (bar.); 2014 Zigzag. Recorded on period instruments.
References edit
- ^ More precisely, Bavarian-colored Middle High German. Reconstructions of the pronunciation of the Middle High German texts in the Carmina Burana in John Austin (1995). "Pronunciation of the Middle High German Sections of Carl Orff's 'Carmina Burana'." The Choral Journal, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 15–18, and in Guy A.J. Tops (2005). "De uitspraak van de middelhoogduitse teksten in Carl Orffs Carmina Burana." Stemband, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 8–9. (In Dutch; contains IPA transcriptions of the Middle High German texts.).
- ^ Balanchine's Complete Stories of the Great Ballets, Doubleday 1977, (96).
- ^ Minnesota Dance Theatre celebrates 50 years with Carmina Burana
- ^ Carmina Burana by Carl Orff , Jean Pierre Ponnelle (1975)
- ^ "Carmina Burana, production details, Pacific Northwest Ballet
- ^ "Not Medieval but Eternal; In Its Sixth Decade, Carmina Burana Still Echoes" by Ann Powers, The New York Times (14 June 1999)
- ^ Helm, Everett (July 1955). "Carl Orff". The Musical Quarterly. Oxford. 41 (3): 292.
- ^ Liess, Andreas (1980). Orff. Idee und Werk (in German). Munich: Goldmann. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-3-442-33038-6.
Orff waren also zur Zeit der Schöpfung der Carmina originale Melodien nicht bekannt. (At the time of writing the Carmina, Orff had no knowledge of the original melodies.)
- ^ Bernt, Günter (1979). Carmina Burana (in German). Munich: dtv. p. 862. ISBN 978-3-7608-0361-6.
Die Carmina Burana Carl Orffs versuchen nicht, die überlieferten Melodien zu verwenden. (Carl Orff's Carmina Burana do not attempt to utilise the traditional melodies.)
- ^ Various, vol. IV, 66.
- ^ "U. of S.F. Schola Cantorum to Present 'Carmina Burana'." Oakland Tribune, 23 December 1953, 21.
- ^ Gessler, Clifford. "Exuberant Vitality of 'Carmina Burana' Praised." Oakland Tribune, 12 January 1954, 8.
- ^ Kater 2000, p. 123.
- ^ Taruskin 2005, p. 764.
- ^ "Classic FM Hall of Fame 2020", Classic FM
- ^ "In Music, Though, There Were No Victories" by Alex Ross, The New York Times (20 August 1995)
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
- ^ Tucson Chamber Carmina Burana
- ^ Carmina Burana (Edition for voices, two pianos and percussion)
- ^ "Now Available: Carl Orff's 'Carmina Burana'." (Associated Music Publishers advertisement) Music Educators Journal 43:3 (January 1957), 55.
- ^ "Recent Band Publications of Interest" (Associated Music Publishers advertisement). Music Educators Journal 54:6 (February 1968), 10.
- ^ "Juan Vicente Mas Quiles – Carmina Burana, published by Schott Music
- ^ "Πώς τα Carmina Burana έγιναν ύμνος του ΠΑΣΟΚ- Τι σημαίνουν οι στίχοι στα ελληνικά". iNewsgr.com. Retrieved 2023-07-01.
- ^ "Carmina Burana: Τα μεσαιωνικά ποιήματα του 12ου & 13ου αιώνα που έγιναν και ο ύμνος του ΠΑΣΟΚ". in.gr (in Greek). 2023-06-08. Retrieved 2023-07-01.
- ^ "Carmina Burana de Carl Orff" by Betrand Dermoncourt, radioclassique.fr 1 October 2014 (in French)
- ^ Deutsche Grammophon – Carl Orff: Carmina Burana / Catulli Carmina / Trionfo di Afrodite
- ^ www.classicstoday.com – Trionfi / Review by Victor Carr Jr
- ^ www.cdandlp.com – Orff, Carl – Trionfi: Carmina Burana; Catulli Carmina; Trionfo di Afrodite / Eugen Jochum
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2021-02-02. Retrieved 2020-02-24.
- ^ CD Review "Building a Library": Carmina Burana, BBC
- ^ "Herbert Kegel – portrait by Rainer Aschemeier, 17 July 2006 (in German)
- ^ LP cover (back), BASF-Musikproduktion 2022050-8 (in German);
- ^ . www.classicstoday.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ "Jeffrey Reid Baker's Website". jeffreyreidbaker.com.
- ^ "Orff: Carmina Burana / Rattle", David Hurwitz, ClassicsToday.com, at ArkivMusic
- ^ "Orff: Carmina Burana – Christian Thielemann". Barnesandnoble.com. Retrieved 20 July 2018
- ^ Roca, Octavio; Critic, Chronicle Dance (1997-11-07). "Smuin's 'Carmina' Hits the Heart / Double bill at Fort Mason". SFGate. Retrieved 2019-10-04.
Sources
- Kater, Michael H. (2000). "Carl Orff: Man of Legend". Composers of the Nazi Era: Eight Portraits. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509924-9.
- Taruskin, Richard (2005). The Oxford History of Western Music. Vol. 4 "The Early Twentieth Century". Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Various authors (eds.): Carl Orff und sein Werk. Dokumentation, 8 vols., Schneider, Tutzing 1975–1983, ISBN 3-7952-0154-3, ISBN 3-7952-0162-4, ISBN 3-7952-0202-7, ISBN 3-7952-0257-4, ISBN 3-7952-0294-9, ISBN 3-7952-0308-2, ISBN 3-7952-0308-2, ISBN 3-7952-0373-2
Further reading edit
- Abrantes, Miguel Carvalho (2020). The Carmina Burana of Carl Orff: Translated from Latin to English.
- Babcock, Jonathan. "Carl Orff's Carmina Burana: A Fresh Approach to the Work's Performance Practice". Choral Journal 45, no. 11 (May 2006): 26–40.
- Fassone, Alberto: "Carl Orff", in: The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, London: Macmillan 2001.
- Lo, Kii-Ming, "Sehen, Hören und Begreifen: Jean-Pierre Ponnelles Verfilmung der Carmina Burana von Carl Orff", in: Thomas Rösch (ed.), Text, Musik, Szene – Das Musiktheater von Carl Orff, Mainz etc. (Schott) 2015, pp. 147–173.
- Steinberg, Michael. "Carl Orff: Carmina Burana". Choral Masterworks: A Listener's Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, 230–242.
- Werner Thomas: Das Rad der Fortuna – Ausgewählte Aufsätze zu Werk und Wirkung Carl Orffs, Schott, Mainz 1990, ISBN 3-7957-0209-7.
External links edit
- "Ave Formosissima", "O Fortuna" on YouTube, Coro Sinfônico Comunitário da Universidade de Brasília
- Text, original and translated in English, as it appears in Orff's libretto
- Program notes on Carmina Burana 2023-06-03 at the Wayback Machine, 28 March 2004, Mendelssohn Club of Philadelphia
- "The Lasting Appeal of Orff's Carmina Burana", sound files and transcription at NPR
- Full lyrics to Carmina Burana
- "Carl Orff: Carmina Burana" (complete performance, 1:11 hours), University Chorus and Alumni Chorus, UC Davis Symphony Orchestra and the Pacific Boychoir at the Mondavi Center (4 June 2006)
- "The Story of the Carmina Burana", Radio Netherlands Archives, December 19, 2004
- Leitner: Carmina Burana at Discogs