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Gluttony

March 22, 2023

For the computer gamer, see Glutonny. For other uses, see Gluttony (disambiguation).

Gluttony (Latin: gula, derived from the Latin gluttire meaning "to gulp down or swallow") means over-indulgence and over-consumption of food, drink, alcohol and other recreational drugs, or wealth items, particularly as status symbols.

Der Völler by Georg Emmanuel Opiz
A woodcut representing gluttony

In Christianity, it is considered a sin if the excessive desire for food causes it to be withheld from the needy.[1] Some Christian denominations consider gluttony one of the seven deadly sins.

Etymology

In Deut 21:20 and Proverbs 23:21, it is זלל.[2] The Gesenius Entry[3] (lower left word) has indications of "squandering" and "profligacy" (waste).

In Matthew 11:19 and Luke 7:34, it is φαγος ("phagos" transliterated character for character),[4] The LSJ Entry[5] is tiny, and only refers to one external source, Zenobius Paroemiographus 1.73. The word could mean merely "an eater", since φαγω means "eat"

In religion

Judaism

Rambam, for example, prohibits excessive eating and drinking in Hilchot De'ot (e.g., halachot 1:4, 3:2, 5:1).[6] The Chofetz Chaim (Yisrael Meir Kagan) prohibits gluttony on the basis of Leviticus 19:26, in Sefer Ha-Mitzvot Ha-Katzar (Prohibition #106).[7]

Christianity

Church leaders from the ascetic Middle Ages took a more expansive view of gluttony:

St. Gregory the Great

Pope Gregory I (St. Gregory the Great), a doctor of the Church, described the following ways by which one can commit sin of gluttony, and corresponding biblical examples for each of them:[8][9][10]

1. Eating before the time of meals in order to satisfy the palate.

Biblical example: Jonathan eating a little honey, when his father Saul commanded no food to be taken before the evening.[1Sa 14:29] (Note that this text is only approximately illustrative, as in this account, Jonathan did not know that Saul had forbidden eating.)

2. Seeking delicacies and better quality of food to gratify the "vile sense of taste."

Biblical example: When Israelites escaping from Egypt complained, "Who shall give us flesh to eat? We remember the fish which we did eat in Egypt freely; the cucumbers and the melons, and the leeks and the onions and the garlic," God rained fowls for them to eat but punished them 500 years later.[Num 11:4]

3. Seeking to stimulate the palate with overly or elaborately prepared food (e.g. with luxurious sauces and seasonings).

Biblical example: Two sons of Eli the high priest made the sacrificial meat to be cooked in one manner rather than another. They were met with death.[1Sa 4:11]

4. Exceeding the necessary quantity of food.

Biblical example: One of the sins of Sodom was "fullness of bread."[Eze 16:49]

5. Taking food with too much eagerness, even when eating the proper amount, and even if the food is not luxurious.

Biblical example: Esau selling his birthright for ordinary food of bread and pottage of lentils. His punishment was that of the "profane person . . . who, for a morsel of meat sold his birthright," : we learn that "he found no place for repentance, though he sought it carefully, with tears." [Gen 25:30]

The fifth way is worse than all others, said St. Gregory, because it shows attachment to pleasure most clearly. To recapitulate, St Gregory the Great said that one may succumb to the sin of gluttony by: 1. Time (when); 2. Quality; 3. Stimulants; 4. Quantity; 5. Eagerness. He asserts that the irregular desire is the sin, not the food: "For it is not the food, but the desire that is in fault".[11]

St. Thomas Aquinas

In his Summa Theologica (Part 2-2, Question 148, Article 4), St. Thomas Aquinas reiterated the list of five ways to commit gluttony:[12]

  • Laute – eating food that is too luxurious, exotic, or costly
  • Studiose – eating food that is excessive in quality (too daintily or elaborately prepared)
  • Nimis – eating food that is excessive in quantity (too much)
  • Praepropere – eating hastily (too soon or at an inappropriate time)
  • Ardenter – eating greedily (too eagerly)

St. Aquinas concludes that "gluttony denotes inordinate concupiscence in eating"; the first three ways are related to the food itself, while the last two related to the manner of eating.[12] He says that abstinence from food and drink overcome the sin of gluttony,[13] and the act of abstinence is fasting.[14]: A2  (see: Fasting and abstinence in the Roman Catholic Church) In general, fasting is useful to restrain concupiscence of the flesh.[14]: A6 

St. Alphonsus Liguori

St. Alphonsus Liguori wrote the following when explaining gluttony:

"Pope Innocent XI has condemned the proposition which asserts that it is not a sin to eat or to drink from the sole motive of satisfying the palate. However, it is not a fault to feel pleasure in eating: for it is, generally speaking, impossible to eat without experiencing the delight which food naturally produces. But it is a defect to eat, like beasts, through the sole motive of sensual gratification, and without any reasonable object. Hence, the most delicious meats may be eaten without sin, if the motive be good and worthy of a rational creature; and, in taking the coarsest food through attachment to pleasure, there may be a fault."[15]

Islam

An interpretation of the meaning of a part of a Qur'anic verse is as follows:

“and eat and drink but waste not by extravagance, certainly He (Allah) likes not Al‑Musrifoon (those who waste by extravagance)” [al-A’raaf 7:31]

The Sunnah encourages moderation in eating, and strongly criticizes extravagance.

The Prophet said: The son of Adam does not fill any vessel worse than his stomach. It is sufficient for the son of Adam to eat a few mouthfuls, to keep him going. If he must do that (fill his stomach), then let him fill one third with food, one third with drink and one third with air.” Narrated by al-Tirmidhi (2380); classed as saheeh (truthful) by al-Albaani in al-Silsilah al-Saheehah (2265).

In the Bible (King James Version)

  • Deuteronomy 21:20 – "And they shall say unto the elders of his city, This our son is stubborn and rebellious, he will not obey our voice; he is a glutton, and a drunkard.
  • Proverbs 23:20–21 – "Be not among winebibbers; among riotous eaters of flesh: For the drunkard and the glutton shall come to poverty: and drowsiness shall clothe a man with rags."
  • Proverbs 23:2 – "When thou sittest to eat with a ruler, consider diligently what is before thee. And put a knife to thy throat, if thou be a man given to appetite."
  • Proverbs 25:16 – "Hast thou found honey? eat so much as is sufficient for thee, lest thou be filled therewith, and vomit it."
  • Luke 7:33–35 (and parallel account in Matthew 11:18–19) – "For John the Baptist came neither eating bread nor drinking wine; and ye say, He hath a devil. The Son of man is come eating and drinking; and ye say, Behold a gluttonous man, and a winebibber, a friend of publicans and sinners! But wisdom is justified of all her children."

In arts

Callimachus the famous Greek poet states, "All that I have given to my stomach has disappeared, and I have retained all the fodder that I gave to my spirit."[16]

Popular quote "Eat to live, not live to eat" is commonly attributed to Socrates.[17] A quotation from Rhetorica ad Herennium IV.28 : "Esse oportet ut vivas; non vivere ut edas"[18] ("It is necessary to eat in order to live, not to live in order to eat")[19] is credited by the Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs to Cicero.[20]

See also

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Gluttony.

Further reading

  • Cassian, John (1885). "Book V: Of the Spirit of Gluttony" . Ante-Nicene Christian Library, Volume XI. Translated by Philip Schaff. T. & T. Clark in Edinburgh.
  • de la Puente, Lius (1852). "Meditations to obtain purity of soul (On Gluttony)" . Meditations On The Mysteries Of Our Holy Faith. Richarson and Son.
  • Padua, St. Anthony of (1865). "Book I: Second Part (Of Gluttony)" . The Moral Concordances of Saint Anthony of Padua. J.T. Hayes.
  • Slater S.J., Thomas (1925). "Book 4: On Sin (Gluttony)" . A manual of moral theology for English-speaking countries. Burns Oates & Washbourne Ltd.
  • Vianney, Jean-Marie-Baptiste (1951). "On Gluttony" . The Blessed Curé of Ars in His Catechetical Instructions. St. Meinrad, Ind.

References

 
Look up gluttony in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gluttony.
  1. ^ Okholm, Dennis. "Rx for Gluttony". Christianity Today, Vol. 44, No. 10, September 11, 2000, p.62
  2. ^ "Strong's Search: H2151". Newjerusalem.org. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
  3. ^ "Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon by Friedrich Wilhelm Gesenius". Tyndalearchive.com. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
  4. ^ "Strong's Search: G5314". Newjerusalem.org. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
  5. ^ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, φάγος". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
  6. ^ "Hilchot De'ot".
  7. ^ "ספר המצות הקצר" (PDF).
  8. ^ Shipley, Orby (1875). Shipley, Orby. A Theory About Sin, London (1875) pg. 268–278. ISBN 9781981450961. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
  9. ^ Susan E. Hill (2007). "The Ooze of Gluttony". In Richard Newhauser (ed.). The Seven Deadly Sins: From Communities to Individuals. BRILL. p. 64. ISBN 9789004157859.
  10. ^ Lori Barcliff Baptista (2012). "Gluttony". In Carl A. Zimring, William L. Rathje (ed.). Encyclopedia of Consumption and Waste: The Social Science of Garbage. SAGE Publications. p. 324. ISBN 9781452266671.
  11. ^ St. Gregory the Great, Morals on the Book of Job, Book XXX, 60, Lectionary Central
  12. ^ a b St. Thomas Aquinas. "The Summa Theologica II-II.Q148.A4" (1920, Second and Revised ed.). New Advent.
  13. ^ St. Thomas Aquinas, "Question 146. Abstinence", The Summa Theologica II-II, A2 (1920, Second and Revised ed.), New Advent
  14. ^ a b St. Thomas Aquinas, "Question 147. Fasting", The Summa Theologica II-II (1920, Second and Revised ed.), New Advent
  15. ^ St. Alphonsus Liguori. The True Spouse of Jesus Christ; trans. from Italian. Dublin (1835), p. 282. 1835. p. 282. Retrieved 2014-08-27 – via Internet Archive. Innocent XI has condemned the proposition which asserts,.
  16. ^ Jaucourt, Louis, chevalier de. "Gluttony." The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Sean Takats. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library, 2006. Web.
  17. ^ George Alexander Kennedy (2008). The Art of Rhetoric in the Roman World. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 133. ISBN 9781556359798.
  18. ^ M. Tullius Cicero (1773), Rhetoricorum (in Latin) (1773 ed.), J. Manfré (from Montserrat Abbey Library), p. 335
  19. ^ Giambattista Vico (1996). Giorgio A. Pinton, Arthur W. Shippee (ed.). The Art of Rhetoric. Rodopi. p. 181. ISBN 9789051839289.
  20. ^ Jennifer Speake, ed. (2015). Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. OUP Oxford. p. 89. ISBN 9780191059599.

March 22, 2023
gluttony, computer, gamer, glutonny, other, uses, disambiguation, latin, gula, derived, from, latin, gluttire, meaning, gulp, down, swallow, means, over, indulgence, over, consumption, food, drink, alcohol, other, recreational, drugs, wealth, items, particular. For the computer gamer see Glutonny For other uses see Gluttony disambiguation Gluttony Latin gula derived from the Latin gluttire meaning to gulp down or swallow means over indulgence and over consumption of food drink alcohol and other recreational drugs or wealth items particularly as status symbols Der Voller by Georg Emmanuel Opiz A woodcut representing gluttony In Christianity it is considered a sin if the excessive desire for food causes it to be withheld from the needy 1 Some Christian denominations consider gluttony one of the seven deadly sins Contents 1 Etymology 2 In religion 2 1 Judaism 2 2 Christianity 2 2 1 St Gregory the Great 2 2 2 St Thomas Aquinas 2 2 3 St Alphonsus Liguori 2 3 Islam 3 In the Bible King James Version 4 In arts 5 See also 6 Further reading 7 ReferencesEtymology EditIn Deut 21 20 and Proverbs 23 21 it is זלל 2 The Gesenius Entry 3 lower left word has indications of squandering and profligacy waste In Matthew 11 19 and Luke 7 34 it is fagos phagos transliterated character for character 4 The LSJ Entry 5 is tiny and only refers to one external source Zenobius Paroemiographus 1 73 The word could mean merely an eater since fagw means eat In religion EditJudaism Edit Rambam for example prohibits excessive eating and drinking in Hilchot De ot e g halachot 1 4 3 2 5 1 6 The Chofetz Chaim Yisrael Meir Kagan prohibits gluttony on the basis of Leviticus 19 26 in Sefer Ha Mitzvot Ha Katzar Prohibition 106 7 Christianity Edit Gula The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things by Hieronymus Bosch Church leaders from the ascetic Middle Ages took a more expansive view of gluttony St Gregory the Great Edit Pope Gregory I St Gregory the Great a doctor of the Church described the following ways by which one can commit sin of gluttony and corresponding biblical examples for each of them 8 9 10 1 Eating before the time of meals in order to satisfy the palate Biblical example Jonathan eating a little honey when his father Saul commanded no food to be taken before the evening 1Sa 14 29 Note that this text is only approximately illustrative as in this account Jonathan did not know that Saul had forbidden eating 2 Seeking delicacies and better quality of food to gratify the vile sense of taste Biblical example When Israelites escaping from Egypt complained Who shall give us flesh to eat We remember the fish which we did eat in Egypt freely the cucumbers and the melons and the leeks and the onions and the garlic God rained fowls for them to eat but punished them 500 years later Num 11 4 3 Seeking to stimulate the palate with overly or elaborately prepared food e g with luxurious sauces and seasonings Biblical example Two sons of Eli the high priest made the sacrificial meat to be cooked in one manner rather than another They were met with death 1Sa 4 11 4 Exceeding the necessary quantity of food Biblical example One of the sins of Sodom was fullness of bread Eze 16 49 5 Taking food with too much eagerness even when eating the proper amount and even if the food is not luxurious Biblical example Esau selling his birthright for ordinary food of bread and pottage of lentils His punishment was that of the profane person who for a morsel of meat sold his birthright we learn that he found no place for repentance though he sought it carefully with tears Gen 25 30 The fifth way is worse than all others said St Gregory because it shows attachment to pleasure most clearly To recapitulate St Gregory the Great said that one may succumb to the sin of gluttony by 1 Time when 2 Quality 3 Stimulants 4 Quantity 5 Eagerness He asserts that the irregular desire is the sin not the food For it is not the food but the desire that is in fault 11 St Thomas Aquinas Edit In his Summa Theologica Part 2 2 Question 148 Article 4 St Thomas Aquinas reiterated the list of five ways to commit gluttony 12 Laute eating food that is too luxurious exotic or costly Studiose eating food that is excessive in quality too daintily or elaborately prepared Nimis eating food that is excessive in quantity too much Praepropere eating hastily too soon or at an inappropriate time Ardenter eating greedily too eagerly St Aquinas concludes that gluttony denotes inordinate concupiscence in eating the first three ways are related to the food itself while the last two related to the manner of eating 12 He says that abstinence from food and drink overcome the sin of gluttony 13 and the act of abstinence is fasting 14 A2 see Fasting and abstinence in the Roman Catholic Church In general fasting is useful to restrain concupiscence of the flesh 14 A6 St Alphonsus Liguori Edit St Alphonsus Liguori wrote the following when explaining gluttony Pope Innocent XI has condemned the proposition which asserts that it is not a sin to eat or to drink from the sole motive of satisfying the palate However it is not a fault to feel pleasure in eating for it is generally speaking impossible to eat without experiencing the delight which food naturally produces But it is a defect to eat like beasts through the sole motive of sensual gratification and without any reasonable object Hence the most delicious meats may be eaten without sin if the motive be good and worthy of a rational creature and in taking the coarsest food through attachment to pleasure there may be a fault 15 Islam Edit An interpretation of the meaning of a part of a Qur anic verse is as follows and eat and drink but waste not by extravagance certainly He Allah likes not Al Musrifoon those who waste by extravagance al A raaf 7 31 The Sunnah encourages moderation in eating and strongly criticizes extravagance The Prophet said The son of Adam does not fill any vessel worse than his stomach It is sufficient for the son of Adam to eat a few mouthfuls to keep him going If he must do that fill his stomach then let him fill one third with food one third with drink and one third with air Narrated by al Tirmidhi 2380 classed as saheeh truthful by al Albaani in al Silsilah al Saheehah 2265 In the Bible King James Version EditDeuteronomy 21 20 And they shall say unto the elders of his city This our son is stubborn and rebellious he will not obey our voice he is a glutton and a drunkard Proverbs 23 20 21 Be not among winebibbers among riotous eaters of flesh For the drunkard and the glutton shall come to poverty and drowsiness shall clothe a man with rags Proverbs 23 2 When thou sittest to eat with a ruler consider diligently what is before thee And put a knife to thy throat if thou be a man given to appetite Proverbs 25 16 Hast thou found honey eat so much as is sufficient for thee lest thou be filled therewith and vomit it Luke 7 33 35 and parallel account in Matthew 11 18 19 For John the Baptist came neither eating bread nor drinking wine and ye say He hath a devil The Son of man is come eating and drinking and ye say Behold a gluttonous man and a winebibber a friend of publicans and sinners But wisdom is justified of all her children In arts EditCallimachus the famous Greek poet states All that I have given to my stomach has disappeared and I have retained all the fodder that I gave to my spirit 16 Popular quote Eat to live not live to eat is commonly attributed to Socrates 17 A quotation from Rhetorica ad Herennium IV 28 Esse oportet ut vivas non vivere ut edas 18 It is necessary to eat in order to live not to live in order to eat 19 is credited by the Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs to Cicero 20 See also Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Gluttony Food addiction Binge eating MukbangFurther reading EditCassian John 1885 Book V Of the Spirit of Gluttony Ante Nicene Christian Library Volume XI Translated by Philip Schaff T amp T Clark in Edinburgh de la Puente Lius 1852 Meditations to obtain purity of soul On Gluttony Meditations On The Mysteries Of Our Holy Faith Richarson and Son Padua St Anthony of 1865 Book I Second Part Of Gluttony The Moral Concordances of Saint Anthony of Padua J T Hayes Slater S J Thomas 1925 Book 4 On Sin Gluttony A manual of moral theology for English speaking countries Burns Oates amp Washbourne Ltd Vianney Jean Marie Baptiste 1951 On Gluttony The Blessed Cure of Ars in His Catechetical Instructions St Meinrad Ind References Edit Look up gluttony in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gluttony Okholm Dennis Rx for Gluttony Christianity Today Vol 44 No 10 September 11 2000 p 62 Strong s Search H2151 Newjerusalem org Retrieved 2014 08 27 Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon by Friedrich Wilhelm Gesenius Tyndalearchive com Retrieved 2014 08 27 Strong s Search G5314 Newjerusalem org Retrieved 2014 08 27 Henry George Liddell Robert Scott A Greek English Lexicon fagos Perseus tufts edu Retrieved 2014 08 27 Hilchot De ot ספר המצות הקצר PDF Shipley Orby 1875 Shipley Orby A Theory About Sin London 1875 pg 268 278 ISBN 9781981450961 Retrieved 2014 08 27 Susan E Hill 2007 The Ooze of Gluttony In Richard Newhauser ed The Seven Deadly Sins From Communities to Individuals BRILL p 64 ISBN 9789004157859 Lori Barcliff Baptista 2012 Gluttony In Carl A Zimring William L Rathje ed Encyclopedia of Consumption and Waste The Social Science of Garbage SAGE Publications p 324 ISBN 9781452266671 St Gregory the Great Morals on the Book of Job Book XXX 60 Lectionary Central a b St Thomas Aquinas The Summa Theologica II II Q148 A4 1920 Second and Revised ed New Advent St Thomas Aquinas Question 146 Abstinence The Summa Theologica II II A2 1920 Second and Revised ed New Advent a b St Thomas Aquinas Question 147 Fasting The Summa Theologica II II 1920 Second and Revised ed New Advent St Alphonsus Liguori The True Spouse of Jesus Christ trans from Italian Dublin 1835 p 282 1835 p 282 Retrieved 2014 08 27 via Internet Archive Innocent XI has condemned the proposition which asserts Jaucourt Louis chevalier de Gluttony The Encyclopedia of Diderot amp d Alembert Collaborative Translation Project Translated by Sean Takats Ann Arbor Michigan Publishing University of Michigan Library 2006 Web George Alexander Kennedy 2008 The Art of Rhetoric in the Roman World Wipf and Stock Publishers p 133 ISBN 9781556359798 M Tullius Cicero 1773 Rhetoricorum in Latin 1773 ed J Manfre from Montserrat Abbey Library p 335 Giambattista Vico 1996 Giorgio A Pinton Arthur W Shippee ed The Art of Rhetoric Rodopi p 181 ISBN 9789051839289 Jennifer Speake ed 2015 Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs OUP Oxford p 89 ISBN 9780191059599 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gluttony amp oldid 1143114836, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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