Central stoneroller
The central stoneroller, or Ohio stoneroller[2] (Campostoma anomalum), is a fish in the family Cyprinidae endemic to North America.
| Central stoneroller | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Leuciscinae |
| Clade: | Pogonichthyinae |
| Genus: | Campostoma |
| Species: | C. anomalum |
| Binomial name | |
| Campostoma anomalum Rafinesque, 1820[3] | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Biology edit
Stonerollers have a rounded snout overhanging a crescent-shaped mouth, a hard ridge of cartilage on the lower lip, and irregular patches of dark colored scales on the sides of the body. Breeding males have orange colored fins with a black band on the dorsal fin and often on the anal fin; breeding tubercles (keratinized growths) also cover the head, back, and sides of the body.[4]
Distribution edit
The central stoneroller is widespread in freshwater streams throughout a large portion of the eastern, central, and midwestern United States. It is present in the Atlantic Ocean, Great Lakes, Mississippi River, and Hudson Bay basins in the US, from New York west to North Dakota and Wyoming and south to South Carolina and Texas.[2] Isolated populations are also found in Canada and Mexico.[5] The central stoneroller is benthopelagic, inhabiting either the midwaters or bottom of freshwater streams and rivers. It requires some current and is most commonly found in riffles and pools of moderate to high gradient streams with a gravel substrate bottom. However, it is a very tolerant species and can be found in almost any stream system with adequate food, leading to its widespread distribution.[6]
Ecology edit
The central stoneroller is generally herbivorous, feeding primarily on algae scraped from rocks and logs with the cartilaginous ridge on its lower jaw. Young fish feed on rotifers, filamentous algae, and microcrustacea. It also feeds on detritus, diatoms, and occasionally aquatic insects. It is classified as a grazing minnow in its feeding behavior, and large schools of these fish often feed together. Central stonerollers may consume up to 27 percent of their body weight in benthic algae per day. One Kansas study found that algae contributed most (47 percent) to the diet of central stonerollers, followed by detritus (30 percent), animal matter (21 percent), and terrestrial vegetation (2 percent).[7] Some human-induced factors that reduce the abundance of the central stoneroller are altered flow regimens, habitat fragmentation, impacts to aquatic and riparian habitat associated with agricultural practices, and increased siltation and aquatic vegetation.[citation needed]
Life history edit
Central stonerollers reach maturity in one to four years. Breeding males begin building nests in late winter and continue throughout midsummer, creating large, bowl-shaped depressions in calmer waters by rolling stones along the bottom with their noses, giving them their common name. The males aggressively defend their nests against rival males. Spawning occurs in early spring and summer, varying by region, with those fish in warmer climates generally spawning earlier than those in colder climates. Females remain in deeper water outside the nesting site, entering only briefly to produce anywhere between 200 and 4800 eggs in a nest.[8] The male fertilizes the eggs, causing them to become adhesive and lodge in the gravel of the nest, preventing them from being carried away by the currents. The eggs are then abandoned by both parents and hatch within a few days.[9] The newly hatched fish school together to feed in the warmer and more protected backwaters and vegetated stream margins. This species is generally found in small, clear streams with gravel, rubble, or exposed bedrock. Often the most abundant species in small streams, schools may contain several hundred individuals. Central stonerollers also display some intolerance to heavy siltation or pollutants, which affect the quantity of available algae in pool and riffle habitats.[10]
Subspecies edit
- C. a. anomalum - nominate subspecies
- C. a. kanawhanum
- C. a. michauxi - Endemic to South Carolina
- C. a. plumbeum
- C. a. roanokense - James and Roanoke Rivers of Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina
Management edit
The central stoneroller is widely distributed, so is not being threatened to a large extent, nor is it listed on any federal or state conservation lists.[citation needed] The central stoneroller is listed as "least concern" on the IUCN Red list since 2013.[1]
References edit
- ^ a b NatureServe, Lyons, T.J.; Lambarri Martínez, C.; Espinosa Pérez, H. (2019). "Campostoma anomalum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T191256A130204306. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T191256A130204306.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c "Campostoma anomalum". NatureServe Explorer An online encyclopedia of life. 7.1. NatureServe. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ^ Etnier, David A.; Starnes, W. (1993). (PDF). Knoxville, Tennessee: The University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 0-87049-711-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-26. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
- ^ . fw.ky.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-06-08. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
- ^ Cashner, R.C.; Matthews, W.J.; Marsh-Matthews, E.; Unmack, P.J.; Cashner, F.M. (2010). (PDF). Copeia. 2010 (2): 300–311. doi:10.1643/CI-08-051. S2CID 84117392. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 17, 2014.
- ^ Burger, J.; Campbell, K.R.; Campbell, T.S.; Shulia, T.; Dixon, C.; Gochfield, M. (2005). "Use of central stonerollers (Cyprinidae:Campostoma anomalum) from Tennessee as a bioindicator of metal contamination". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 110 (1–3): 171–184. doi:10.1007/s10661-005-6689-8. PMID 16308785. S2CID 25064449.
- ^ Bisping, S.M.; Fischer, J.R.; Quist, M.C.; Schaffer, A.J. (2010). (PDF). The Prairie Naturalist. 42: 109–115. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 17, 2014.
- ^ Baxter, G.T. 1955. A study of the fish population in Lodgepole Creek, Laramie County, Wyoming. J. Colo.-Wyo. Acad. Sci. IV (7):61.
- ^ Reisinger, A.J.; Presuma, D.L.; Gido, K.B.; Dodds, W.K. (2011). "Direct and indirect effects of central stoneroller (Campostoma anomalum) on mesocosm recovery following a flood: Can macroconsumers affect denitrification?" (PDF). Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 30 (3): 840–852. doi:10.1899/10-169.1. hdl:2097/12217. S2CID 32204780.
- ^ Ratocinski, Chester F. (1980). "Hybridization and introgression between Campostoma oligolepis and Campostoma anomalum pullum (Cypriniformes) Cyprinidae". Copeia. 1980 (4): 584–594. doi:10.2307/1444433. JSTOR 1444433.
- Evans-White, M. A., W. K. Dodds, and M. R. Whiles.
2003. Ecosystem significance of crayfishes and stonerollers in a prairie stream: functional differences between co-occurring ominivores. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 22:423–441.
External links edit
- Photograph of breeding tubercles by Tyler Goodale.
- Photograph of Campostoma anomalum by Noel M. Burkhead.