It was first proposed in a talk to the Danish Botanical Society in 1904 as can be inferred from the printed discussion of that talk, but not the talk itself, nor its title. The journal, Botanisk Tidsskrift, published brief comments on the talk by M.P. Porsild, with replies by Raunkiær. A fuller account appeared in French the following year.[1] Raunkiær elaborated further on the system and published this in Danish in 1907.[2][3]
The original note and the 1907 paper were much later translated to English and published with Raunkiær's collected works.[4][3][5]
ModernizationEdit
Raunkiær's life-form scheme has subsequently been revised and modified by various authors,[6][7][8] but the main structure has survived. Raunkiær's life-form system may be useful in researching the transformations of biotas and the genesis of some groups of phytophagous animals.[9]
SubdivisionsEdit
The subdivisions of the Raunkiær system are premised on the location of the bud of a plant during seasons with adverse conditions, i. e. cold seasons and dry seasons:
PhanerophytesEdit
These plants, normally woody perennials, grow stems into the air, with their resting buds being more than 50 cm above the soil surface,[10] e.g. trees and shrubs, and also epiphytes, which Raunkiær later separated as a distinct class (see below).
Raunkiær further divided the phanerophytes according to height as
Megaphanerophytes,
Mesophanerophytes,
Microphanerophytes, and
Nanophanerophytes.
Further division was premised on the characters of duration of foliage, i. e. evergreen or deciduous, and presence of covering bracts on buds, for 8 classes. 3 further divisions were made to increase the total of classes to 12:
Epiphytes were originally included in the phanerophytes (see above) but then separated because they do not grow in soil, so the soil location is irrelevant in classifying them. They form characteristic communities of moist climatic conditions.[11]
ChamaephytesEdit
These plants have buds on persistent shoots near the soil surface; woody plants with perennating buds borne close to the soil surface, a maximum of 25 cm above the soil surface, e.g., bilberry and periwinkle.
HemicryptophytesEdit
Hemicryptophytes
These plants have buds at or near the soil surface, e.g. common daisy and dandelion, and are divided into:
Protohemicryptophytes: only cauline foliage;
Partial rosette plants: both cauline and basal rosette foliage; and
Rosette plants: only basal rosette foliage.
CryptophytesEdit
A cryptophyte geophyte
These plants have subterranean or under water resting buds, and are divided into:
Geophytes: rest in dry soil as a rhizome, bulb, corm, et cetera, e.g. crocus and tulip, and are subdivided into:
Hydrophytes: rest submerged under water, e.g. water lily and frogbit.
TherophytesEdit
These are annual plants that complete their lives rapidly in favorable conditions and survive the unfavorable cold or dry season in the form of seeds. Many desert plants are by necessity therophytes.
Aerophytes were a later addition to the system.[12] These are plants that obtain moisture and nutrients from the air and rain.[13] They usually grow on other plants yet are not parasitic on them. These are perennial plants and are like epiphytes but whose root system have been reduced.[14] They occur in communities that inhabit exclusively hyper-arid areas with abundant fog.[15] Like epiphytes and hemicryptophytes, their buds are near the soil surface. Some Tillandsia species are classified as aerophytes.
Popular ReferencesEdit
Farley Mowat, in his book, Never Cry Wolf, described using a Raunkiær's Circle in making a “cover degree” study to determine the ratios of various plants one to the other. He spoke of it as "a device designed in hell."[16]
^Raunkiær, C. (1907) Planterigets Livsformer og deres Betydning for Geografien. Gyldendalske Boghandel - Nordisk Forlag, København and Kristiania. 132 pp., (PDF).
^ abCh. 2 in Raunkiær (1934): The life-forms of plants and their bearings on geography, p. 2-104.
^Ch. 1 in Raunkiær (1934): Biological types with reference to the adaption of plants to survive the unfavourable season, p. 1.
^Raunkiær, C. (1934) The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography, being the collected papers of C. Raunkiær. Translated by H. Gilbert-Carter, A. Fausbøll, and A. G. Tansley. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Reprinted 1978 (ed. by Frank N. Egerton), Ayer Co Pub., in the "History of Ecology Series". ISBN0-405-10418-9. Note: These are not all of Raunkiær's publications, only those on plant form and geography.
^Ellenberg. H. & D. Mueller-Dombois (1967). A key to Raunkiær plant life-forms with revised subdivisions. Ber. Goebot. Inst. ETH. Stiftg Rubel. Zurich. 37:56-73, [1].
^Müller-Dombois, D. & H. Ellenberg (1974) Aims and methods in vegetation ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Reprint 2003, Blackburn Press, ISBN1-930665-73-3
^Shimwell, D.W. (1971) The Description and Classification of Vegetation. Sidgwick & Jackson, London. ISBN9780283980633
^Volovnik, S.V. (2013). "On phylogenetic inertia: a case of Lixinae weevils". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. Nouvelle Série. 49 (3): 240–241. doi:10.1080/00379271.2013.854087. S2CID 83427757.
^"Life Forms". Radboud University Nijmegan. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
^Gottsberger, Gerhard; Morawetz, Wilfried (1993). "Development and distribution of the epiphytic flora in an Amazonian savanna in Brazil". Flora. 188: 145–151. doi:10.1016/s0367-2530(17)32258-2. ISSN 0367-2530.
^Galán de Mera, A., M. A. Hagen and J. A. Vicente Orellana (1999) Aerophyte, a New Life Form in Raunkiær's Classification? Journal of Vegetation Science 10 (1): 65-68
^Daly, Douglas; Brako, Lois; Zarucchi, James L. (April 1994). "Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru". Brittonia. 46 (2): 157. doi:10.2307/2807165. ISSN 0007-196X. JSTOR 2807165.
^Galán de Mera, A.; Hagen, M.A.; Vicente Orellana, J.A. (February 1999). "Aerophyte, a new life form in Raunkiaer's classification?". Journal of Vegetation Science. 10 (1): 65–68. doi:10.2307/3237161. ISSN 1100-9233. JSTOR 3237161.
^Mowat, Farley. Never Cry Wolf. Amazon Kindle Edition (electronic): Open Road Media. p. 220.
October 21, 2023
raunkiær, plant, life, form, raunkiær, system, system, categorizing, plants, using, life, form, categories, devised, danish, botanist, christen, raunkiær, later, extended, various, authors, life, forms, phanerophyte, chamaephyte, hemicryptophyte, geophyte, hel. The Raunkiaer system is a system for categorizing plants using life form categories devised by Danish botanist Christen C Raunkiaer and later extended by various authors Life forms 1 Phanerophyte 2 3 Chamaephyte 4 Hemicryptophyte 5 6 Geophyte 7 Helophyte 8 9 Hydrophyte Therophyte and epiphyte are not shown Contents 1 History 2 Modernization 3 Subdivisions 3 1 Phanerophytes 3 2 Epiphytes 3 3 Chamaephytes 3 4 Hemicryptophytes 3 5 Cryptophytes 3 6 Therophytes 3 7 Aerophytes 4 Popular References 5 ReferencesHistory EditIt was first proposed in a talk to the Danish Botanical Society in 1904 as can be inferred from the printed discussion of that talk but not the talk itself nor its title The journal Botanisk Tidsskrift published brief comments on the talk by M P Porsild with replies by Raunkiaer A fuller account appeared in French the following year 1 Raunkiaer elaborated further on the system and published this in Danish in 1907 2 3 The original note and the 1907 paper were much later translated to English and published with Raunkiaer s collected works 4 3 5 Modernization EditRaunkiaer s life form scheme has subsequently been revised and modified by various authors 6 7 8 but the main structure has survived Raunkiaer s life form system may be useful in researching the transformations of biotas and the genesis of some groups of phytophagous animals 9 Subdivisions EditThe subdivisions of the Raunkiaer system are premised on the location of the bud of a plant during seasons with adverse conditions i e cold seasons and dry seasons Phanerophytes Edit These plants normally woody perennials grow stems into the air with their resting buds being more than 50 cm above the soil surface 10 e g trees and shrubs and also epiphytes which Raunkiaer later separated as a distinct class see below Raunkiaer further divided the phanerophytes according to height as Megaphanerophytes Mesophanerophytes Microphanerophytes and Nanophanerophytes Further division was premised on the characters of duration of foliage i e evergreen or deciduous and presence of covering bracts on buds for 8 classes 3 further divisions were made to increase the total of classes to 12 Phanerophytic stem succulents Phanerophytic epiphytes and Phanerophytic herbs Epiphytes Edit Epiphytes were originally included in the phanerophytes see above but then separated because they do not grow in soil so the soil location is irrelevant in classifying them They form characteristic communities of moist climatic conditions 11 Chamaephytes Edit These plants have buds on persistent shoots near the soil surface woody plants with perennating buds borne close to the soil surface a maximum of 25 cm above the soil surface e g bilberry and periwinkle Hemicryptophytes Edit nbsp HemicryptophytesThese plants have buds at or near the soil surface e g common daisy and dandelion and are divided into Protohemicryptophytes only cauline foliage Partial rosette plants both cauline and basal rosette foliage and Rosette plants only basal rosette foliage Cryptophytes Edit nbsp A cryptophyte geophyteThese plants have subterranean or under water resting buds and are divided into Geophytes rest in dry soil as a rhizome bulb corm et cetera e g crocus and tulip and are subdivided into Rhizome geophytes Stem tuber geophytes Root tuber geophytes Bulb geophytes and Root geophytes Helophytes rest in marshy or wet soil e g reedmace and marsh marigold and Hydrophytes rest submerged under water e g water lily and frogbit Therophytes Edit These are annual plants that complete their lives rapidly in favorable conditions and survive the unfavorable cold or dry season in the form of seeds Many desert plants are by necessity therophytes Aerophytes Edit nbsp Tillandsia landbeckii an aerophyteAerophytes were a later addition to the system 12 These are plants that obtain moisture and nutrients from the air and rain 13 They usually grow on other plants yet are not parasitic on them These are perennial plants and are like epiphytes but whose root system have been reduced 14 They occur in communities that inhabit exclusively hyper arid areas with abundant fog 15 Like epiphytes and hemicryptophytes their buds are near the soil surface Some Tillandsia species are classified as aerophytes Popular References EditFarley Mowat in his book Never Cry Wolf described using a Raunkiaer s Circle in making a cover degree study to determine the ratios of various plants one to the other He spoke of it as a device designed in hell 16 References Edit Raunkiaer C 1905 Types biologiques pour la geographie botanique Oversigt over Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger 1905 347 438 Raunkiaer C 1907 Planterigets Livsformer og deres Betydning for Geografien Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag Kobenhavn and Kristiania 132 pp PDF a b Ch 2 in Raunkiaer 1934 The life forms of plants and their bearings on geography p 2 104 Ch 1 in Raunkiaer 1934 Biological types with reference to the adaption of plants to survive the unfavourable season p 1 Raunkiaer C 1934 The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography being the collected papers of C Raunkiaer Translated by H Gilbert Carter A Fausboll and A G Tansley Oxford University Press Oxford Reprinted 1978 ed by Frank N Egerton Ayer Co Pub in the History of Ecology Series ISBN 0 405 10418 9 Note These are not all of Raunkiaer s publications only those on plant form and geography Ellenberg H amp D Mueller Dombois 1967 A key to Raunkiaer plant life forms with revised subdivisions Ber Goebot Inst ETH Stiftg Rubel Zurich 37 56 73 1 Muller Dombois D amp H Ellenberg 1974 Aims and methods in vegetation ecology John Wiley amp Sons New York Reprint 2003 Blackburn Press ISBN 1 930665 73 3 Shimwell D W 1971 The Description and Classification of Vegetation Sidgwick amp Jackson London ISBN 9780283980633 Volovnik S V 2013 On phylogenetic inertia a case of Lixinae weevils Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France Nouvelle Serie 49 3 240 241 doi 10 1080 00379271 2013 854087 S2CID 83427757 Life Forms Radboud University Nijmegan Retrieved 2019 04 23 Gottsberger Gerhard Morawetz Wilfried 1993 Development and distribution of the epiphytic flora in an Amazonian savanna in Brazil Flora 188 145 151 doi 10 1016 s0367 2530 17 32258 2 ISSN 0367 2530 Galan de Mera A M A Hagen and J A Vicente Orellana 1999 Aerophyte a New Life Form in Raunkiaer s Classification Journal of Vegetation Science 10 1 65 68 Daly Douglas Brako Lois Zarucchi James L April 1994 Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru Brittonia 46 2 157 doi 10 2307 2807165 ISSN 0007 196X JSTOR 2807165 Smith L B Downs R J 1977 Tillandsioideae Bromeliaceae Flora Neotrop Monogr Flora Neotropica 14 663 1492 Galan de Mera A Hagen M A Vicente Orellana J A February 1999 Aerophyte a new life form in Raunkiaer s classification Journal of Vegetation Science 10 1 65 68 doi 10 2307 3237161 ISSN 1100 9233 JSTOR 3237161 Mowat Farley Never Cry Wolf Amazon Kindle Edition electronic Open Road Media p 220 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Raunkiaer plant life form amp oldid 1151793531, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
