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China–Myanmar border

January 01, 1970

The China–Myanmar border is the international border between the territory of the People's Republic of China and Myanmar (formerly Burma). The border is 2,129 km (1,323 mi) in length and runs from the tripoint with India in the north to the tripoint with Laos in the south.[1]

Map of the China-Myanmar border

Description edit

The border begins in the north at the tripoint with India just north of the Diphu Pass[a] and then runs briefly north-east, across the Nanmi Pass and Hkakabo Razi (5,881 m), the highest mountain in Southeast Asia. It then turns to the south-east, running broadly south and then south-west across the Hengduan and Gaoligong Mountains via a series of irregular lines. In the vicinity of Ruili the border briefly u parts of the Taping and Nanwan rivers, before turning south-east to join the Shweli River, which it utilises for a period towards the north-east. The border then continues through mountainous terrain in a broadly (though often convoluted) south-eastwards direction, occasionally utilising rivers (such as the Nanding and Nam Hka) for short stretches, before following the Mekong River to the tripoint with Laos.

History edit

 
Close-up map of areas ceded to China: Pianma (Hpimaw), Banhong (Panghung) and Banlao (Panglao) townships as a result of the 1960 border treaty

The boundary area is inhabited by non-Han and non-Burmese peoples, and has been traditionally kept as a buffer region between the various Chinese and Burmese empires.[2] During the 19th century the British, based in India, began occupying Myanmar (then referred to as Burma), gradually incorporating it into British India.[2] Their advance close to lands traditionally claimed by China pushed the two sides into negotiating a boundary treaty in 1894, which covered the southern half of the boundary as far north as the vicinity of Myitkyina, exclusive of the Wa States.[2] Sections of this border were demarcated and marked on the ground from 1897 to 1900.[2] In 1941, a border running through the Wa States area was agreed upon following on-the-ground surveys conducted in the 1930s, though no agreement on the northern stretch was reached, with China claiming much of what is now northern Myanmar.[2] Meanwhile, in 1937, Burma was separated from India and became a separate colony, gaining full independence in 1948.

During the Second World War, the Burma Road was constructed across the border as an Allied supply line for the Chinese forces fighting Japan.[3] In 1941, following Japan's invasion of Burma, parts of Burma were ceded to Siam as the Saharat Thai Doem territory, thereby giving border with Thailand. These areas were returned to Burma in 1946 following Japan's defeat.[2][4][5]

1960 border treaty edit

Main articles: Kachin Hills and Jiangxinpo
See also: Namwan Assigned Tract

Discussions between Burma and China over the border began in 1954, with China keen to control the area more effectively as it was being used as a base by Kuomintang troops.[2] On 28 January 1960, a treaty was signed which delimited most of the border, which was later completed with a full delimitation treaty signed on 1 October 1960, with both sides ceding small areas along the border, such as areas around Kachin Hills/Jiangxinpo[2] and Wa States,[6] which China recognized most of the disputed territory belonging to Burma, while Burma relinquishing small amount of that disputed territory,[7] namely Hpimaw (Pianma) (片馬; 片马; Piànmǎ)[8] and adjacent Gawlam (Gulang) (古浪; Gǔlàng)[9] and Kangfang[2] (崗房; 岗房; Gǎngfáng)[10] to PRC. They also agreed that Namwan area (which was in "perpetual lease" from China to Burma) would become part of Burma legally, in exchange for Burma ceding Panghung/Banhong and Panglao/Banlao to China.[2] The two sides then demarcated the border on the ground in the following year.[2] The border ran through the Wa region, although it had little practical effect on the Wa people.[11]: 13 

Since finalizing the border, relations between the two states have remained largely cordial, though the border region has at times been volatile owing to the ongoing insurgencies in Myanmar's Kachin and Shan states.[12][13] In recent years several towns along the border, such as Mong La, Ruili and Muse, have become centres of gambling, prostitution and drug smuggling.[14][15][16]

The border is porous as a militarized strict border control was controversial prior to 2020. Burmese migrant workers are included within the economy of Chinese border cities in Yunnan Province through a "compromise-oriented border control." China implemented flexible migration for Burmese workers while implementing surveillance, policing and other enforcement tactics in border cities instead of only at the border. Burmese migrants in Chinese border cities live and work within China but endure economic exploitation, spatial confinement and social discrimination.[17]

Border crossings edit

 
A border gate at Kan Paik Ti, Kachin State

Shan State:

  • Guanlei River Port (Mengla County, Xishuangbanna)
  • Menglong crossing (Jinghong City, Xishuangbanna) – NDAA control on Burmese side
  • Mong La (NDAA control) – Daluo (Menghai County, Xishuangbanna)
  • Mangxin crossing (Menglian County, Pu'er Prefecture) – NDAA control on Burmese side
  • Pangkham (controlled by Wa State) – Meng'a (Menglian County, Pu'er)
  • Natuoba (Wa State) – Mengka crossing (Ximeng County, Pu'er)
  • Shawba (Wa State) – Yonghe crossing (Mengdong, Cangyuan County, Lincang Prefecture)
  • Namtit (Wa State) – Mangka (Cangyuan, Lincang)
  • Chinshwehaw – Qingshuihe (Gengma County, Lincang)
  • Laukkai (Kokang Region) – Nansan (Zhenkang County, Lincang), incl. Yan Lon Kyaing passage
  • Mong Ko – Manghai (Mangshi County, Dehong Prefecture)
  • Pang Hseng (Kyukok) – Wanding (Ruili County, Dehong)
  • Kyin San Kyawt (Jinsanjiao) – Wanding Mangman
  • Muse – Ruili (including Nantaw, Mang Wein, and Sin Phyu passages)
  • Manhero – Yinjing (open border)
  • Namhkam – Nongdao
  • Leiyun passage (Nongdao)

Kachin State:

  • Lweje – Zhangfeng (Longchuan County, Dehong)
  • Mai Ja Yang crossing (controlled by KIO)
  • Laiza (controlled by KIO) – Nabang (Yingjiang County, Dehong)
  • Kanpaikti (NDA-K border force joint control) – Houqiao (Tengchong County, Baoshan Prefecture)
  • Pang War (NDA-K border force joint control) – Diantan (Tengchong, Baoshan)
  • Hpimaw – Pianma (Lushui County, Nujiang Prefecture)

Historical maps edit

Historical maps of the border from north to south in the International Map of the World, mid-late 20th century:

  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  

See also edit

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ The precise location of the tripoint is unclear owing to the ongoing Sino-Indian border dispute.

References edit

  1. ^ "Burma". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k (PDF). US DOS. 30 November 1964. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  3. ^ Burma Road – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  4. ^ Donald M. Seekins, Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar), p. 251
  5. ^ "A Forgotten Invasion: Thailand in Shan State, 1941–45"
  6. ^ (PDF). USDOS. 30 November 1964. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020. Agreement on the Question of the Boundary signed on January 28, 1960...(b) the villages of Hpimaw, Gawlum, and Kangfang would be Chinese;...(d) the Panhung-Panlao tribal area would be exchanged (for Namwan); and (e) with the exception of d, the 1941 boundary in the Wa states would be accepted...
  7. ^ (PDF). USDOS. 30 November 1964. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020. Agreement on the Question of the Boundary signed on January 28, 1960...(b) the villages of Hpimaw, Gawlum, and Kangfang would be Chinese;...(d) the Panhung-Panlao tribal area would be exchanged (for Namwan); and (e) with the exception of d, the 1941 boundary in the Wa states would be accepted...
  8. ^ [Xiapianma Village, Pianma Village Committee, Pianma Town, Lushui County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
  9. ^ [Gulang Village Committee, Pianma Town, Lushui County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2015-04-03.
  10. ^ [Gangfang Village Committee, Pianma Town, Lushui County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
  11. ^ Ong, Andrew (2023). Stalemate: Autonomy and Insurgency on the China-Myanmar Border. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-7071-5. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctv2t8b78b.
  12. ^ "More fighting feared as thousands flee Burma". Bangkok Post. Agence France-Presse. 27 August 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
  13. ^ "Myanmar says Chinese tip-off led to border clash". Associated Press. 10 September 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
  14. ^ Asia Times Online, , Michael Black and Roland Fields, Aug 26, 2006
  15. ^ . Atimes.com. 2006-08-26. Archived from the original on 2006-10-19. Retrieved 2012-11-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  16. ^ (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-05-03. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  17. ^ Su, Xiaobo; Cai, Xiaomei (13 June 2019). "Space of Compromise: Border Control and the Limited Inclusion of Burmese Migrants in China". Annals of the American Association of Geographers. 110 (3): 847-863. doi:10.1080/24694452.2019.1644989. S2CID 204435944.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to China-Myanmar border.

January 01, 1970
china, myanmar, border, international, border, between, territory, people, republic, china, myanmar, formerly, burma, border, length, runs, from, tripoint, with, india, north, tripoint, with, laos, south, china, myanmar, border, contents, description, history,. The China Myanmar border is the international border between the territory of the People s Republic of China and Myanmar formerly Burma The border is 2 129 km 1 323 mi in length and runs from the tripoint with India in the north to the tripoint with Laos in the south 1 Map of the China Myanmar border Contents 1 Description 2 History 2 1 1960 border treaty 3 Border crossings 4 Historical maps 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 ReferencesDescription editThe border begins in the north at the tripoint with India just north of the Diphu Pass a and then runs briefly north east across the Nanmi Pass and Hkakabo Razi 5 881 m the highest mountain in Southeast Asia It then turns to the south east running broadly south and then south west across the Hengduan and Gaoligong Mountains via a series of irregular lines In the vicinity of Ruili the border briefly u parts of the Taping and Nanwan rivers before turning south east to join the Shweli River which it utilises for a period towards the north east The border then continues through mountainous terrain in a broadly though often convoluted south eastwards direction occasionally utilising rivers such as the Nanding and Nam Hka for short stretches before following the Mekong River to the tripoint with Laos History edit nbsp Close up map of areas ceded to China Pianma Hpimaw Banhong Panghung and Banlao Panglao townships as a result of the 1960 border treaty The boundary area is inhabited by non Han and non Burmese peoples and has been traditionally kept as a buffer region between the various Chinese and Burmese empires 2 During the 19th century the British based in India began occupying Myanmar then referred to as Burma gradually incorporating it into British India 2 Their advance close to lands traditionally claimed by China pushed the two sides into negotiating a boundary treaty in 1894 which covered the southern half of the boundary as far north as the vicinity of Myitkyina exclusive of the Wa States 2 Sections of this border were demarcated and marked on the ground from 1897 to 1900 2 In 1941 a border running through the Wa States area was agreed upon following on the ground surveys conducted in the 1930s though no agreement on the northern stretch was reached with China claiming much of what is now northern Myanmar 2 Meanwhile in 1937 Burma was separated from India and became a separate colony gaining full independence in 1948 During the Second World War the Burma Road was constructed across the border as an Allied supply line for the Chinese forces fighting Japan 3 In 1941 following Japan s invasion of Burma parts of Burma were ceded to Siam as the Saharat Thai Doem territory thereby giving border with Thailand These areas were returned to Burma in 1946 following Japan s defeat 2 4 5 1960 border treaty edit Main articles Kachin Hills and Jiangxinpo See also Namwan Assigned Tract Discussions between Burma and China over the border began in 1954 with China keen to control the area more effectively as it was being used as a base by Kuomintang troops 2 On 28 January 1960 a treaty was signed which delimited most of the border which was later completed with a full delimitation treaty signed on 1 October 1960 with both sides ceding small areas along the border such as areas around Kachin Hills Jiangxinpo 2 and Wa States 6 which China recognized most of the disputed territory belonging to Burma while Burma relinquishing small amount of that disputed territory 7 namely Hpimaw Pianma 片馬 片马 Pianmǎ 8 and adjacent Gawlam Gulang 古浪 Gǔlang 9 and Kangfang 2 崗房 岗房 Gǎngfang 10 to PRC They also agreed that Namwan area which was in perpetual lease from China to Burma would become part of Burma legally in exchange for Burma ceding Panghung Banhong and Panglao Banlao to China 2 The two sides then demarcated the border on the ground in the following year 2 The border ran through the Wa region although it had little practical effect on the Wa people 11 13 Since finalizing the border relations between the two states have remained largely cordial though the border region has at times been volatile owing to the ongoing insurgencies in Myanmar s Kachin and Shan states 12 13 In recent years several towns along the border such as Mong La Ruili and Muse have become centres of gambling prostitution and drug smuggling 14 15 16 The border is porous as a militarized strict border control was controversial prior to 2020 Burmese migrant workers are included within the economy of Chinese border cities in Yunnan Province through a compromise oriented border control China implemented flexible migration for Burmese workers while implementing surveillance policing and other enforcement tactics in border cities instead of only at the border Burmese migrants in Chinese border cities live and work within China but endure economic exploitation spatial confinement and social discrimination 17 Border crossings edit nbsp A border gate at Kan Paik Ti Kachin State Shan State Guanlei River Port Mengla County Xishuangbanna Menglong crossing Jinghong City Xishuangbanna NDAA control on Burmese side Mong La NDAA control Daluo Menghai County Xishuangbanna Mangxin crossing Menglian County Pu er Prefecture NDAA control on Burmese side Pangkham controlled by Wa State Meng a Menglian County Pu er Natuoba Wa State Mengka crossing Ximeng County Pu er Shawba Wa State Yonghe crossing Mengdong Cangyuan County Lincang Prefecture Namtit Wa State Mangka Cangyuan Lincang Chinshwehaw Qingshuihe Gengma County Lincang Laukkai Kokang Region Nansan Zhenkang County Lincang incl Yan Lon Kyaing passage Mong Ko Manghai Mangshi County Dehong Prefecture Pang Hseng Kyukok Wanding Ruili County Dehong Kyin San Kyawt Jinsanjiao Wanding Mangman Muse Ruili including Nantaw Mang Wein and Sin Phyu passages Manhero Yinjing open border Namhkam Nongdao Leiyun passage Nongdao Kachin State Lweje Zhangfeng Longchuan County Dehong Mai Ja Yang crossing controlled by KIO Laiza controlled by KIO Nabang Yingjiang County Dehong Kanpaikti NDA K border force joint control Houqiao Tengchong County Baoshan Prefecture Pang War NDA K border force joint control Diantan Tengchong Baoshan Hpimaw Pianma Lushui County Nujiang Prefecture Historical maps editHistorical maps of the border from north to south in the International Map of the World mid late 20th century nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp See also edit nbsp China portal nbsp Myanmar portal China Myanmar relations Namwan Assigned TractFootnotes edit The precise location of the tripoint is unclear owing to the ongoing Sino Indian border dispute References edit Burma CIA World Factbook Retrieved 17 September 2020 a b c d e f g h i j k International Boundary Study No 42 Burma China Boundary PDF US DOS 30 November 1964 Archived from the original PDF on 31 January 2020 Retrieved 17 September 2020 Burma Road Britannica Online Encyclopedia Donald M Seekins Historical Dictionary of Burma Myanmar p 251 A Forgotten Invasion Thailand in Shan State 1941 45 International Boundary Study No 42 Burma China Boundary PDF USDOS 30 November 1964 Archived from the original PDF on 31 January 2020 Retrieved 17 September 2020 Agreement on the Question of the Boundary signed on January 28 1960 b the villages of Hpimaw Gawlum and Kangfang would be Chinese d the Panhung Panlao tribal area would be exchanged for Namwan and e with the exception of d the 1941 boundary in the Wa states would be accepted International Boundary Study No 42 Burma China Boundary PDF USDOS 30 November 1964 Archived from the original PDF on 31 January 2020 Retrieved 17 September 2020 Agreement on the Question of the Boundary signed on January 28 1960 b the villages of Hpimaw Gawlum and Kangfang would be Chinese d the Panhung Panlao tribal area would be exchanged for Namwan and e with the exception of d the 1941 boundary in the Wa states would be accepted Lushuǐ Xian Pianmǎ Zhen Pianmǎ Cunweihui Xiapianmǎ Cun 泸水县片马镇片马村委会下片马村 Xiapianma Village Pianma Village Committee Pianma Town Lushui County ynszxc gov cn in Chinese Archived from the original on 2015 04 02 Lushuǐ Xian Pianmǎ Zhen Gǔlang Cunweihui 泸水县片马镇古浪村委会 Gulang Village Committee Pianma Town Lushui County ynszxc gov cn in Chinese Archived from the original on 2015 04 03 Lushuǐ Xian Pianmǎ Zhen Gǎngfang Cunweihui 泸水县片马镇岗房村委会 Gangfang Village Committee Pianma Town Lushui County ynszxc gov cn in Chinese Archived from the original on 2015 04 02 Ong Andrew 2023 Stalemate Autonomy and Insurgency on the China Myanmar Border Cornell University Press ISBN 978 1 5017 7071 5 JSTOR 10 7591 j ctv2t8b78b More fighting feared as thousands flee Burma Bangkok Post Agence France Presse 27 August 2009 Retrieved 28 August 2009 Myanmar says Chinese tip off led to border clash Associated Press 10 September 2009 Retrieved 11 September 2009 Asia Times Online Virtual gambling in Myanmar s drug country Michael Black and Roland Fields Aug 26 2006 Asia Times Online south east Asia news Virtual gambling in Myanmar s drug country Atimes com 2006 08 26 Archived from the original on 2006 10 19 Retrieved 2012 11 29 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Strategic Programme Framework Union of Myanmar 2004 2007 PDF United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Archived from the original PDF on 2005 05 03 Retrieved 2009 01 01 Su Xiaobo Cai Xiaomei 13 June 2019 Space of Compromise Border Control and the Limited Inclusion of Burmese Migrants in China Annals of the American Association of Geographers 110 3 847 863 doi 10 1080 24694452 2019 1644989 S2CID 204435944 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to China Myanmar border Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title China Myanmar border amp oldid 1216413674, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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