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China–Vietnam border

January 01, 1970

The China–Vietnam border is the international boundary between China and Vietnam, consisting of a 1,297 km (806 mi) terrestrial border stretching from the tripoint with Laos in the west to the Gulf of Tonkin coast in the east, and a maritime border in the Gulf of Tonkin and South China Sea.[1]

Map of the China-Vietnam boundary
Chinese and Vietnamese boundary markers

While disputes over the terrestrial border have been settled with the signing of a land boundary treaty between the two countries, the maritime border is currently undefined due to disputes over the ownership of territorial waters and islands, including the Spratly and Paracel Islands.[2][1]

Description edit

 
The confluence of the Red River and the Longbao River, where the China-Vietnam border leaves the Red River.

The terrestrial border begins in the west at the China-Laos-Vietnam tripoint at the Shiceng Dashan peak.[3] It then proceeds overland in a broadly eastwards direction, albeit in a highly irregular zig-zag pattern, predominantly through isolated mountainous areas inhabited by ethnic minorities.[4] In places, rivers are utilised for short sections, such as the Lixian River, Red River, Nanxi, Sông Gâm, Song Chay, and Jin Jiang. In the east, the border reaches the mouth of the Beilun/Ka Long River near the Chinese city of Dongxing and the Vietnamese city of Móng Cái, following the river through a marshland out to the Gulf of Tonkin.[4]

History edit

Ancient edit

The border region has a long history. China under the Han dynasty had established control over Nam Việt (northern Vietnam) by the early 1st century BC.[4][5] The Vietnamese of Tonkin managed to break free of Han rule in 939 AD, forming the kingdom of Đại Việt.[6][4] An initial boundary between the two kingdoms at roughly its present location was established in the aftermath of the Lý–Song War (1075–1077).[7] Thereafter relations were largely peaceful, save for a 20 year occupation of northern Vietnam by Ming China in the 15th century.[4][8][9]

Colonial period edit

 
Pillars marking the border near Bản Giốc

In the 19th century France began taking an interest in Vietnam, conquering Cochinchina by 1862.[4] It then expanded its rule over Annam (central Vietnam) and then Tonkin (northern Vietnam) in 1883–84, alarming China and precipitating the Sino-French War.[10] Hostilities were ended via the Treaty of Tientsin (1885), which provided for the demarcation of the border between China and Tonkin. Article 3 of the treaty provided for the appointment of a Sino-French commission to demarcate the border between Tonkin and China, which forms today's China–Vietnam border. China's commissioners were Chou Te-jun (周德潤), and Teng Ch'eng-hsiu (鄧承修).[citation needed] The French commission was led by M. Bourcier Saint-Chaffray, and its members included M. Scherzer, the French consul in Canton, Dr Paul Neis, a noted Indochina explorer, Lieutenant-Colonel Tisseyre, Captain Bouinais, and M. Pallu de la Barrière (though the latter took no part in the commission's work).[citation needed] In preparation for the commission's work General de Courcy despatched French troops to occupy Lạng Sơn, That Khe and other border towns in October 1885.[citation needed]

Demarcation work began in late 1885 and was completed in 1887, the latter the same year that Tonkin was incorporated into the colony of French Indochina.[4] The French rejected Chinese claims to the Vietnamese town of Đồng Đăng, close to the Guangxi border and the site of a French victory during the Sino-French War, but agreed that the Pak-lung peninsula (白龍尾) on the western border of Guangdong province should be awarded to China.[citation needed] A dispute over two areas on the border between Yunnan province and Tonkin was settled by the award of Meng-suo (猛梭) and Meng-lai (猛賴) to Vietnam and the transfer of a large tract of fertile arable land between Ma-pai-kuan (馬白關) and Nan-tan-shan (南丹山) to China.[citation needed] A Convention confirming the new border between Vietnam and China was signed in Peking on 26 June 1887 by French and Chinese representatives.[11][4] A later convention, signed on 20 June 1895, delimited some disputed areas of the frontier.[4] Subsequently 285–341 border markers[a] were erected along the boundary.[2] The border demarcation between the French and the Qing Dynasty was described as being carried out under "incomplete technical and practical conditions and incomplete and unclear and inaccurate texts and maps of many border sections." The border markers were erected not based on a coordinate grid and many suffered damage, were lost through time or removed. Many of the original maps also no longer existed and migration of populations took place that was not in accordance with the de jure borderline. All these factors posed difficulties to border management.[2]

Modern era edit

French Indochina was invaded by Japan via China during the Second World War, though a compromise was arranged whereby a Vichy French administration continued to run the colony whilst Japanese troops were allowed to be stationed there.[12][13] This modus vivendi broke down in the final year of the war – a short-lived Vietnamese puppet-state was established by the Japanese, which later collapsed, prompting the nationalist Việt Minh movement under Hồ Chí Minh to declare independence.[14] A long war then broke out as France attempted to reassert control, ending in their defeat and the independence of Vietnam; however the country was split in two, with North Vietnam like China now under Communist rule.[15] In 1957 and 1958 China and North Vietnam confirmed that they both respected the border established via the Tientsin Protocol.[16][17]

During the Vietnam War China backed North Vietnam with arms and aid, assisting the North in its eventual victory.[18][19] However, after the war ended in 1975 relations deteriorated over several contentious issues, such as Vietnam's siding with the USSR in the Sino-Soviet split, China's rapprochement with the USA under President Richard Nixon, disputes over the maritime border, and China's alleged support for minority insurgent groups along the border.[16][20][21] The final straw came after Vietnam invaded Cambodia and removed the Chinese-backed Khmer Rouge government of Democratic Kampuchea in 1978.[22] The following year the brief Sino-Vietnamese War broke out along the border; though China withdrew after only three weeks it remained in occupation of small strategic areas along the frontier, and low-level skirmishes along the border continued throughout the 1980s.[21][23][24]

In 1990, Vietnam withdrew from Cambodia, ending one of the major points of contention between China and Vietnam, and relations were normalised in November 1991.[25] In October 1992 the two countries began work on resolving outstanding territorial issues.[16] Both sides accepted the validity of the 1887 and 1895 lines, and a final boundary treaty was then signed on 30 December 1999.[16][17][21] The treaty was ratified the following year, and full demarcation then began, which was completed in 2008.[25][17] Out of a disputed territory of 227 km2 (87.6 mi2), China acquired 114 km2 (44 mi2) and Vietnam acquired 113 km2 (43.6 mi2).[26] In 2000 an agreement on the maritime boundary in the Gulf of Tonkin was agreed, however disputes persist over islands in the South China Sea.[25] Neither of the agreements signed by the two parties are recognized by the Republic of China on Taiwan and continues to claim the territory, as reflected in its official maps.[27]

Border crossings and trade points edit

 
The border crossing between Hekou (foreground) and Lao Cai (background)

China and Vietnam signed an agreement on border trade in 1991. In 1992, 21 border trade points (cross border markets and goods import/export but limited through access for people) were opened, of which four also served as border crossings.[28] Vietnamese living in the border region may enter China using a one-day border pass that reduces wait at Chinese customs.[29]

List of border crossings and trade points

The major border crossings are highlighted in bold; from west to east they are:

There are two rail crossings:[4]

Historical maps edit

Historical maps of the border from west to east in the

  •  
    From the International Map of the World and Operational Navigation Chart, late 20th century - West
  •  
    Central
  •  
    East
  •  
    China–Vietnam border rivers
  •  
    China–Vietnam border

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ Differing figures for the precise number of markers are given in different sources.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Vietnam". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  2. ^ a b c Nguyen, Hong Thao 2009.
  3. ^ China, Vietnam and Laos Sign the Treaty on Definition of the Tri-Junction Point of the National Boundaries[permanent dead link]
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j (PDF). US Department of State. 15 December 1978. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  5. ^ Largo, V. (2002). Vietnam: Current Issues and Historical Background. Nova Science. p. 94. ISBN 978-1590333686.
  6. ^ "Khúc Thừa Dụ". Từ điển Bách khoa toàn thư Việt Nam (in Vietnamese).[permanent dead link]
  7. ^ Anderson, James A. 2008, pp. 191–192.
  8. ^ David C. Kang, Dat X. Nguyen, Ronan Tse-min Fu, Meredith Shaw. "War, Rebellion, and Intervention under Hierarchy: Vietnam–China Relations, 1365 to 1841." Journal of Conflict Resolution 63.4 (2019): 896–922. online
  9. ^ Baldanza, Kathlene (2016). Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-1316531310.
  10. ^ Twitchett, Cambridge History of China, xi. 251; Chere, 188–90.
  11. ^ Lung Chang 1993, pp. 377–8.
  12. ^ Dunnigan, J. F. & Nofi, A. A. (1999). Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War. New York: St. Martins Press, pp. 27–38.
  13. ^ Hood, S. J. (1992). Dragons Entangled: Indochina and the China-Vietnam War. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, p. 16.
  14. ^ Lebra, Joyce C., Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in World War II: Selected Readings and Documents, New York: Oxford University Press, 1975, p. 157, 158, 160
  15. ^ "The Vietnam War: Seeds of Conflict 1945–1960". The History Place. 1999. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  16. ^ a b c d Nguyen, Hong Thao. . University of Durham. Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  17. ^ a b c Nguyen, Hong Thao (28 April 2009). . Vietnam Law Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  18. ^ Roy, Denny (1998). China's Foreign Relations. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 27. ISBN 978-0847690138.
  19. ^ Womack, Brantly (2006). China and Vietnam. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0521618342.
  20. ^ Edward C. O'Dowd (16 April 2007). Chinese Military Strategy in the Third Indochina War: The Last Maoist War. Routledge. pp. 70–. ISBN 978-1-134-12268-4.[permanent dead link]
  21. ^ a b c St John, Ronald Bruce. (PDF). International Boundaries Research Unit, Department of Geography, University of Durham. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  22. ^ "A Terrible Conflict – The Cambodian-Vietnamese War". War History Online. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  23. ^ "Chinese invasion of Vietnam". Global Security.org. Retrieved 3 June 2008.
  24. ^ Carlyle A. Thayer, "Security Issues in Southeast Asia: The Third Indochina War", Conference on Security and Arms Control in the North Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, August 1987.
  25. ^ a b c Amer, Ramses (September 2012). The Sino-Vietnamese Approach to Managing Border Disputes and the South China Sea Situation. The South China Sea and Re-Assessing Regional Order in Asia. Berkeley. S2CID 127874275.
  26. ^ . Embassy of Vietnam to the United States. 4 October 2002. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2020. (in Vietnamese)
  27. ^ Horton, Chris (8 July 2019). "Taiwan's Status Is a Geopolitical Absurdity". The Atlantic.
  28. ^ Yuk Wah Chan (12 November 2013). Vietnamese-Chinese Relationships at the Borderlands: Trade, Tourism and Cultural Politics. Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-134-49457-6.
  29. ^ Ishida, M. (2013-07-26). Border Economies in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-30291-5.
  30. ^ 程敏; 李V燕 (1 October 2014). 中国云南省与越南西北四省边境贸易研究. Beijing Book Co. Inc. p. 23. ISBN 978-7-5161-4883-9.
  31. ^ "Khánh thành chợ mậu dịch biên giới U Ma Tu Khoòng - Bình Hà". baolaichau.vn.
  32. ^ "Sức hút Khu kinh tế Cửa khẩu Ma Lù Thàng". baolaichau.vn.
  33. ^ "Vietnam, China open new border gate pair". Nhân Dân. 17 March 2018.
  34. ^ "Quyết định số 136/2009/QĐ-TTg ngày 26/11/2009 của Thủ tướng Chính phủ Việt Nam về việc thành lập Khu kinh tế cửa khẩu Thanh Thủy, tỉnh Hà Giang" (PDF).
  35. ^ "Quân dân Sóc Hà đối phó ra sao với các thủ đoạn gây rối của Trung Quốc sau 1979? – Giáo dục Việt Nam". giaoduc.net.vn. 10 February 2019.
  36. ^ "Baise makes great progress in 70 years". en.gxzf.gov.cn.
  37. ^ "Hoạt động xuất nhập khẩu tại cửa khẩu Trà Lĩnh, Pò Peo giảm mạnh". caobangtv.vn.
  38. ^ "Cao Bằng: Cần đầu tư nâng cấp Đường tỉnh 213". www.mt.gov.vn.
  39. ^ "Cao Bằng: Xe hàng mắc kẹt nhiều km đường vào cửa khẩu Lý Vạn". nongnghiep.vn. December 28, 2018.
  40. ^ "VGP News | Financial aid for construction of Ta Lung-Shuikou 2 Bridge approved – Financial aid for construction of Ta Lung-Shuikou 2 Bridge approved". news.chinhphu.vn. 22 September 2016.
  41. ^ "Mở lại loạt cửa khẩu với Trung Quốc". vnexpress.net.
  42. ^ "Work begins on VND21 trillion Dong Dang – Tra Linh Highway". Nhân Dân. 2020-10-03.
  43. ^ "越南投资兴建峙马口岸 搭建中国-东盟贸易平台_滚动新闻_财经纵横_新浪网". finance.sina.com.cn.
  44. ^ "【那马边贸互市点管理办事处】电话,地址,价格,营业时间(图) – 宁明县爱车 – 大众点评网". www.dianping.com.
  45. ^ . gx.people.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
  46. ^ "北风生新印象-搜狐滚动". roll.sohu.com.
  47. ^ VTV, BAO DIEN TU (April 18, 2014). "Vụ nổ súng gây rối tại cửa khẩu Bắc Phong Sinh: 2 chiến sỹ biên phòng Việt Nam hi sinh". BAO DIEN TU VTV.
  48. ^ "Công bố mở lối mở Pò Hèn (Việt Nam) – Thán Sản (Trung Quốc)". Báo Quảng Ninh.
  49. ^ Tran, Brandon (18 December 2023). "China Railway Plans to Test Vietnam's Foreign Policy Equilibrium". The Diplomat. Retrieved 21 April 2024. The railway line in question starts in Kunming, crosses the border at Hekou-Lao Cai, and runs through Vietnam's capital Hanoi before terminating at the port city of Haiphong.
  50. ^ . 广西日报》 (in Chinese). 3 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.

Bibliography edit

  • Anderson, James A. (2008). 'Treacherous Factions': Shifting Frontier Alliances in the Breakdown of Sino-Vietnamese Relations on the Eve of the 1075 Border War in Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period. New York. ISBN 9780230611719.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Lung Chang (1993). Yueh-nan yu Chung-fa chan-cheng [越南與中法戰爭] [Vietnam and the Sino-French War]. Taipei.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Nguyen, Hong Thao (2009). A line runs through it: Vietnam and China complete boundary marking process. Hanoi.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)


External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to China-Vietnam border.

January 01, 1970
china, vietnam, border, international, boundary, between, china, vietnam, consisting, terrestrial, border, stretching, from, tripoint, with, laos, west, gulf, tonkin, coast, east, maritime, border, gulf, tonkin, south, china, china, vietnam, boundary, chinese,. The China Vietnam border is the international boundary between China and Vietnam consisting of a 1 297 km 806 mi terrestrial border stretching from the tripoint with Laos in the west to the Gulf of Tonkin coast in the east and a maritime border in the Gulf of Tonkin and South China Sea 1 Map of the China Vietnam boundary Chinese and Vietnamese boundary markers While disputes over the terrestrial border have been settled with the signing of a land boundary treaty between the two countries the maritime border is currently undefined due to disputes over the ownership of territorial waters and islands including the Spratly and Paracel Islands 2 1 Contents 1 Description 2 History 2 1 Ancient 2 2 Colonial period 2 3 Modern era 3 Border crossings and trade points 4 Historical maps 5 Footnotes 6 See also 7 References 7 1 Bibliography 8 External linksDescription edit nbsp The confluence of the Red River and the Longbao River where the China Vietnam border leaves the Red River The terrestrial border begins in the west at the China Laos Vietnam tripoint at the Shiceng Dashan peak 3 It then proceeds overland in a broadly eastwards direction albeit in a highly irregular zig zag pattern predominantly through isolated mountainous areas inhabited by ethnic minorities 4 In places rivers are utilised for short sections such as the Lixian River Red River Nanxi Song Gam Song Chay and Jin Jiang In the east the border reaches the mouth of the Beilun Ka Long River near the Chinese city of Dongxing and the Vietnamese city of Mong Cai following the river through a marshland out to the Gulf of Tonkin 4 History editAncient edit The border region has a long history China under the Han dynasty had established control over Nam Việt northern Vietnam by the early 1st century BC 4 5 The Vietnamese of Tonkin managed to break free of Han rule in 939 AD forming the kingdom of Đại Việt 6 4 An initial boundary between the two kingdoms at roughly its present location was established in the aftermath of the Ly Song War 1075 1077 7 Thereafter relations were largely peaceful save for a 20 year occupation of northern Vietnam by Ming China in the 15th century 4 8 9 Colonial period edit nbsp Pillars marking the border near Bản Giốc In the 19th century France began taking an interest in Vietnam conquering Cochinchina by 1862 4 It then expanded its rule over Annam central Vietnam and then Tonkin northern Vietnam in 1883 84 alarming China and precipitating the Sino French War 10 Hostilities were ended via the Treaty of Tientsin 1885 which provided for the demarcation of the border between China and Tonkin Article 3 of the treaty provided for the appointment of a Sino French commission to demarcate the border between Tonkin and China which forms today s China Vietnam border China s commissioners were Chou Te jun 周德潤 and Teng Ch eng hsiu 鄧承修 citation needed The French commission was led by M Bourcier Saint Chaffray and its members included M Scherzer the French consul in Canton Dr Paul Neis a noted Indochina explorer Lieutenant Colonel Tisseyre Captain Bouinais and M Pallu de la Barriere though the latter took no part in the commission s work citation needed In preparation for the commission s work General de Courcy despatched French troops to occupy Lạng Sơn That Khe and other border towns in October 1885 citation needed Demarcation work began in late 1885 and was completed in 1887 the latter the same year that Tonkin was incorporated into the colony of French Indochina 4 The French rejected Chinese claims to the Vietnamese town of Đồng Đăng close to the Guangxi border and the site of a French victory during the Sino French War but agreed that the Pak lung peninsula 白龍尾 on the western border of Guangdong province should be awarded to China citation needed A dispute over two areas on the border between Yunnan province and Tonkin was settled by the award of Meng suo 猛梭 and Meng lai 猛賴 to Vietnam and the transfer of a large tract of fertile arable land between Ma pai kuan 馬白關 and Nan tan shan 南丹山 to China citation needed A Convention confirming the new border between Vietnam and China was signed in Peking on 26 June 1887 by French and Chinese representatives 11 4 A later convention signed on 20 June 1895 delimited some disputed areas of the frontier 4 Subsequently 285 341 border markers a were erected along the boundary 2 The border demarcation between the French and the Qing Dynasty was described as being carried out under incomplete technical and practical conditions and incomplete and unclear and inaccurate texts and maps of many border sections The border markers were erected not based on a coordinate grid and many suffered damage were lost through time or removed Many of the original maps also no longer existed and migration of populations took place that was not in accordance with the de jure borderline All these factors posed difficulties to border management 2 Modern era edit French Indochina was invaded by Japan via China during the Second World War though a compromise was arranged whereby a Vichy French administration continued to run the colony whilst Japanese troops were allowed to be stationed there 12 13 This modus vivendi broke down in the final year of the war a short lived Vietnamese puppet state was established by the Japanese which later collapsed prompting the nationalist Việt Minh movement under Hồ Chi Minh to declare independence 14 A long war then broke out as France attempted to reassert control ending in their defeat and the independence of Vietnam however the country was split in two with North Vietnam like China now under Communist rule 15 In 1957 and 1958 China and North Vietnam confirmed that they both respected the border established via the Tientsin Protocol 16 17 During the Vietnam War China backed North Vietnam with arms and aid assisting the North in its eventual victory 18 19 However after the war ended in 1975 relations deteriorated over several contentious issues such as Vietnam s siding with the USSR in the Sino Soviet split China s rapprochement with the USA under President Richard Nixon disputes over the maritime border and China s alleged support for minority insurgent groups along the border 16 20 21 The final straw came after Vietnam invaded Cambodia and removed the Chinese backed Khmer Rouge government of Democratic Kampuchea in 1978 22 The following year the brief Sino Vietnamese War broke out along the border though China withdrew after only three weeks it remained in occupation of small strategic areas along the frontier and low level skirmishes along the border continued throughout the 1980s 21 23 24 In 1990 Vietnam withdrew from Cambodia ending one of the major points of contention between China and Vietnam and relations were normalised in November 1991 25 In October 1992 the two countries began work on resolving outstanding territorial issues 16 Both sides accepted the validity of the 1887 and 1895 lines and a final boundary treaty was then signed on 30 December 1999 16 17 21 The treaty was ratified the following year and full demarcation then began which was completed in 2008 25 17 Out of a disputed territory of 227 km2 87 6 mi2 China acquired 114 km2 44 mi2 and Vietnam acquired 113 km2 43 6 mi2 26 In 2000 an agreement on the maritime boundary in the Gulf of Tonkin was agreed however disputes persist over islands in the South China Sea 25 Neither of the agreements signed by the two parties are recognized by the Republic of China on Taiwan and continues to claim the territory as reflected in its official maps 27 Border crossings and trade points edit nbsp The border crossing between Hekou foreground and Lao Cai background China and Vietnam signed an agreement on border trade in 1991 In 1992 21 border trade points cross border markets and goods import export but limited through access for people were opened of which four also served as border crossings 28 Vietnamese living in the border region may enter China using a one day border pass that reduces wait at Chinese customs 29 List of border crossings and trade points The major border crossings are highlighted in bold from west to east they are Longfu Pu er Yunnan China A Pa Chải Mường Nhe Điện Bien Vietnam trade point 30 Yakoushuitang Luchun Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture Yunnan China U Ma Tu Khoong Mường Te Lai Chau Vietnam 31 Jinshuihe Jinping Yunnan China Ma Lu Thang Phong Thổ Lai Chau Vietnam 32 Beishan Hekou Yunnan China Kim Thanh Lao Cai Lao Cai Vietnam Hekou Yunnan China Lao Cai Lao Cai Vietnam Qiaotou Maguan Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Yunnan China Mường Khuơng Si Ma Cai Lao Cai Vietnam trade point Dulong Maguan Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Yunnan China Xin Mần Xin Mần Ha Giang Vietnam 33 Tianbao Malipo Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Yunnan China Thanh Thủy Vị Xuyen Ha Giang Vietnam 34 Tianpeng Funing Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Yunnan China Săm Pun Meo Vạc Ha Giang Vietnam 35 Pingmeng Baise Guangxi China Soc Giang Ha Quảng Cao Bằng Vietnam 36 Longbang Baise Guangxi China Tra Lĩnh Trung Khanh Cao Bằng Vietnam Yuexu Guangxi China Po Peo Trung Khanh Cao Bằng Vietnam 37 38 Shuolong Daxin Chongzuo Guangxi China Ly Vạn Hạ Lang Cao Bằng Vietnam 39 Shuikou Longzhou Chongzuo Guangxi China Ta Lung Quảng Hoa Cao Bằng Vietnam 40 Jianggang Longzhou Chongzuo Guangxi China Na Nưa Trang Định Lạng Sơn Vietnam Ping er Guan Pingxiang Chongzuo Guangxi China Binh Nghi Trang Định Lạng Sơn Vietnam Yingyang Pingxiang Chongzuo Guangxi China Na Hinh Văn Lang Lạng Sơn Vietnam 41 Puzhai Pingxiang Chongzuo Guangxi China Tan Thanh Văn Lang Lạng Sơn Vietnam trade point 42 Youyi Guan Pingxiang Chongzuo Guangxi China Hữu Nghị Đồng Đăng Cao Lộc Lạng Sơn Vietnam Also called the Friendship Pass trade point Beishan Ningming Guangxi China Co Sau Cao Lộc Lạng Sơn Vietnam trade point Aidian Ningming Guangxi China Chi Ma Lộc Binh Lạng Sơn Vietnam 43 Banbang Ningming Guangxi China Bản Chắt Đinh Lập Lạng Sơn Vietnam 44 trade point Dongzhong Fangchenggang Guangxi China Hoanh Mo Binh Lieu Quảng Ninh Vietnam 45 Lihuo Fangchenggang Guangxi China Bắc Phong Sinh Hải Ha Quảng Ninh Vietnam 46 47 Tansan Fangchenggang Guangxi China Po Hen Mong Cai Quảng Ninh Vietnam 48 Dongxing Dongxing Fangchenggang Guangxi China Mong Cai Mong Cai Quảng Ninh Vietnam trade point There are two rail crossings 4 Hekou Lao Cai Where the narrow gauge Hanoi Lao Cai railway crosses the Nanxi River over a bridge and meets China s Kunming Hekou railway 49 Đồng Đăng Pingxiang Where standard gauge trains can cross the border on the Nanning Hanoi line 50 Historical maps editHistorical maps of the border from west to east in the nbsp From the International Map of the World and Operational Navigation Chart late 20th century West nbsp Central nbsp East nbsp China Vietnam border rivers nbsp China Vietnam borderFootnotes edit Differing figures for the precise number of markers are given in different sources See also editVietnam s Vietnam Little Vietnam French Indochina Franco Vietnamese relations Socialist Republic of Vietnam Les Vietnamiens a Paris China Vietnam relations United States Vietnam relationsReferences edit a b Vietnam CIA World Factbook Retrieved 17 September 2020 a b c Nguyen Hong Thao 2009 China Vietnam and Laos Sign the Treaty on Definition of the Tri Junction Point of the National Boundaries permanent dead link a b c d e f g h i j International Boundary Study No 38 China Vietnam Boundary PDF US Department of State 15 December 1978 Archived from the original PDF on 31 January 2020 Retrieved 21 April 2024 Largo V 2002 Vietnam Current Issues and Historical Background Nova Science p 94 ISBN 978 1590333686 Khuc Thừa Dụ Từ điển Bach khoa toan thư Việt Nam in Vietnamese permanent dead link Anderson James A 2008 pp 191 192 David C Kang Dat X Nguyen Ronan Tse min Fu Meredith Shaw War Rebellion and Intervention under Hierarchy Vietnam China Relations 1365 to 1841 Journal of Conflict Resolution 63 4 2019 896 922 online Baldanza Kathlene 2016 Ming China and Vietnam Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia Cambridge University Press p 110 ISBN 978 1316531310 Twitchett Cambridge History of China xi 251 Chere 188 90 Lung Chang 1993 pp 377 8 Dunnigan J F amp Nofi A A 1999 Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War New York St Martins Press pp 27 38 Hood S J 1992 Dragons Entangled Indochina and the China Vietnam War Armonk M E Sharpe p 16 Lebra Joyce C Japan s Greater East Asia Co Prosperity Sphere in World War II Selected Readings and Documents New York Oxford University Press 1975 p 157 158 160 The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945 1960 The History Place 1999 Retrieved 10 November 2012 a b c d Nguyen Hong Thao THE CHINA VIETNAM BORDER DELIMITATION TREATY OF 30 DECEMBER 1999 University of Durham Archived from the original on December 12 2016 Retrieved 18 September 2020 a b c Nguyen Hong Thao 28 April 2009 A line runs through it Vietnam and China complete boundary marking process Vietnam Law Magazine Archived from the original on 23 May 2020 Retrieved 18 September 2020 Roy Denny 1998 China s Foreign Relations Rowman amp Littlefield p 27 ISBN 978 0847690138 Womack Brantly 2006 China and Vietnam Cambridge University Press p 179 ISBN 978 0521618342 Edward C O Dowd 16 April 2007 Chinese Military Strategy in the Third Indochina War The Last Maoist War Routledge pp 70 ISBN 978 1 134 12268 4 permanent dead link a b c St John Ronald Bruce The Land Boundaries of Indochina Cambodia Laos and Vietnam PDF International Boundaries Research Unit Department of Geography University of Durham Archived from the original PDF on 13 November 2020 Retrieved 17 September 2020 A Terrible Conflict The Cambodian Vietnamese War War History Online 4 November 2016 Retrieved 12 March 2020 Chinese invasion of Vietnam Global Security org Retrieved 3 June 2008 Carlyle A Thayer Security Issues in Southeast Asia The Third Indochina War Conference on Security and Arms Control in the North Pacific Australian National University Canberra August 1987 a b c Amer Ramses September 2012 The Sino Vietnamese Approach to Managing Border Disputes and the South China Sea Situation The South China Sea and Re Assessing Regional Order in Asia Berkeley S2CID 127874275 Agreement on Land Border Agreement on delimitation of Gulf of Tonkin VN China Embassy of Vietnam to the United States 4 October 2002 Archived from the original on 9 March 2016 Retrieved 27 October 2020 in Vietnamese Horton Chris 8 July 2019 Taiwan s Status Is a Geopolitical Absurdity The Atlantic Yuk Wah Chan 12 November 2013 Vietnamese Chinese Relationships at the Borderlands Trade Tourism and Cultural Politics Routledge p 15 ISBN 978 1 134 49457 6 Ishida M 2013 07 26 Border Economies in the Greater Mekong Sub region Springer ISBN 978 1 137 30291 5 程敏 李V燕 1 October 2014 中国云南省与越南西北四省边境贸易研究 Beijing Book Co Inc p 23 ISBN 978 7 5161 4883 9 Khanh thanh chợ mậu dịch bien giới U Ma Tu Khoong Binh Ha baolaichau vn Sức hut Khu kinh tế Cửa khẩu Ma Lu Thang baolaichau vn Vietnam China open new border gate pair Nhan Dan 17 March 2018 Quyết định số 136 2009 QĐ TTg ngay 26 11 2009 của Thủ tướng Chinh phủ Việt Nam về việc thanh lập Khu kinh tế cửa khẩu Thanh Thủy tỉnh Ha Giang PDF Quan dan Soc Ha đối pho ra sao với cac thủ đoạn gay rối của Trung Quốc sau 1979 Giao dục Việt Nam giaoduc net vn 10 February 2019 Baise makes great progress in 70 years en gxzf gov cn Hoạt động xuất nhập khẩu tại cửa khẩu Tra Lĩnh Po Peo giảm mạnh caobangtv vn Cao Bằng Cần đầu tư nang cấp Đường tỉnh 213 www mt gov vn Cao Bằng Xe hang mắc kẹt nhiều km đường vao cửa khẩu Ly Vạn nongnghiep vn December 28 2018 VGP News Financial aid for construction of Ta Lung Shuikou 2 Bridge approved Financial aid for construction of Ta Lung Shuikou 2 Bridge approved news chinhphu vn 22 September 2016 Mở lại loạt cửa khẩu với Trung Quốc vnexpress net Work begins on VND21 trillion Dong Dang Tra Linh Highway Nhan Dan 2020 10 03 越南投资兴建峙马口岸 搭建中国 东盟贸易平台 滚动新闻 财经纵横 新浪网 finance sina com cn 那马边贸互市点管理办事处 电话 地址 价格 营业时间 图 宁明县爱车 大众点评网 www dianping com 中越两国共同维修改造峒中 横模口岸桥 人民网广西频道 人民网 gx people com cn Archived from the original on 2017 09 08 Retrieved 2020 06 16 北风生新印象 搜狐滚动 roll sohu com VTV BAO DIEN TU April 18 2014 Vụ nổ sung gay rối tại cửa khẩu Bắc Phong Sinh 2 chiến sỹ bien phong Việt Nam hi sinh BAO DIEN TU VTV Cong bố mở lối mở Po Hen Việt Nam Than Sản Trung Quốc Bao Quảng Ninh Tran Brandon 18 December 2023 China Railway Plans to Test Vietnam s Foreign Policy Equilibrium The Diplomat Retrieved 21 April 2024 The railway line in question starts in Kunming crosses the border at Hekou Lao Cai and runs through Vietnam s capital Hanoi before terminating at the port city of Haiphong 兴安县为湘桂铁路建设提供有力保障 广西日报 in Chinese 3 March 2011 Archived from the original on 27 September 2020 Retrieved 17 September 2020 Bibliography edit Anderson James A 2008 Treacherous Factions Shifting Frontier Alliances in the Breakdown of Sino Vietnamese Relations on the Eve of the 1075 Border War in Battlefronts Real and Imagined War Border and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period New York ISBN 9780230611719 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Lung Chang 1993 Yueh nan yu Chung fa chan cheng 越南與中法戰爭 Vietnam and the Sino French War Taipei a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Nguyen Hong Thao 2009 A line runs through it Vietnam and China complete boundary marking process Hanoi a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to China Vietnam border Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title China Vietnam border amp oldid 1220113380, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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