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Bappi Lahiri

Bappi Aparesh Lahiri[2] (born Alokesh Aparesh Lahiri; 27 November 1952 – 15 February 2022), also known as Bappi Da was an Indian singer, composer and record producer. He popularised the use of synthesised disco music in Indian music industry and sang some of his own compositions. He was popular in the 1980s and 1990s with filmi soundtracks. He also delivered major box office successes in Bengali, Telugu, and Kannada films. His music was well received into the 21st century.

Bappi Lahiri
Lahiri in 2017
Born
Alokesh Aparesh Lahiri

(1952-11-27)27 November 1952
Died15 February 2022(2022-02-15) (aged 69)
EducationChetla Boys' High School
Occupations
Years active1972–2022
Musical career
Instrument(s)
Labels
Websitebappilahiri.com

In 1986, he was recognised by Guinness World Records for recording more than 180 songs in one year.[3]

Early life

Alokesh Aparesh Lahiri was born into a Bengali Brahmin family in Calcutta.[1][4] His parents, Aparesh Lahiri and Bansuri Lahiri, both were Bengali singers and musicians in classical music and Shyama Sangeet who belong to Lahiri Mohan Family of Sirajganj, East Bengal (Now Bangladesh). His parents, were both singers who met while performing for All India Radio.[5] He was their only child. His relatives include singer Kishore Kumar, his maternal uncle.[6]

Bappi Lahiri began to play tabla at the age of 3. Initially, he was trained by his parents.[7] Bappi showed talent as a child playing the tabla and studied with Samta Prasad on the advice of Lata Mangeshkar.[5]

Since childhood, he idolised American musician Elvis Presley, and was inspired by him to wear multiple gold chains and gold jewellery.[8] He thought of creating his own signature appearance when he becomes successful, and later upon becoming successful, he created his signature "golden jewellery" look inspired by that of Presley. He considers gold to be "lucky" for him.

Career

 
Lahiri (right), with Babbar Subhash and Parvati Khan during the record of "Jimmy Jimmy" for Disco Dancer (1981).

Lahiri came to Mumbai when he was 19. He received his first opportunity in a Bengali film, Daadu (1974), where Lata Mangeshkar sang his composition. The first Hindi film for which he composed music was Nanha Shikari (1973) and his first Hindi composition was Tu Hi Mera Chanda sung by Mukesh. The turning point of his career was Tahir Husain's Hindi film, Zakhmee (1975), for which he composed music and doubled as a playback singer. He composed a duet with Kishore Kumar and Mohammed Rafi named "Nothing Is Impossible", for the same film. His compositions Jalta Hai Jiya Mera (Kishore Asha duet) and Lata Mangeshkar solos like Abhi Abhi Thi Dushmani and Aao Tumhe Chand from the same film became popular and gave him recognition. The duet Phir Janam Lenge Hum sung by Kishore Lata became famous from the film Phir Janam Lengey Hum. All songs from the film Chalte Chalte (1976), became hits, thus bringing him recognition as a music director at the national level. He sang duet with Sulakshana Pandit named Jana Kahan Hai which gave him recognition as singer. Songs from the films like Aap Ki Khatir, Dil Se Mile Dil, Patita, Lahu Ke Do Rang, Hatya and Ravikant Nagaichs Surakksha 1979 had soft music.

He also composed music for some ghazals, namely "Kisi Nazar Ko Tera Intezaar Aaj Bhi Hai" and "Aawaz Di Hai" for the 1985 film Aitbaar. He also composed melodious songs sung by Kishore Kumar either as duets with Asha Bhosle or Lata Mangeshkar in the films starring Rajesh Khanna in the 80's in hit films like Naya Kadam, Masterji, Aaj Ka M.L.A. Ram Avtar, Bewafai, Maqsad, Suraag, Insaaf Main Karoonga and Adhikar. After success of the film Himmatwala, Bappi regularly composed duets sung by Kishore Kumar for films starring Jeetendra like in Justice Chowdhry, Jaani Dost, Mawali, Haisiyat, Tohfa, Balidaan, Qaidi, Hoshiyaar, Sinhasan, Suhaagan, Majaal, Tamasha, Sone Pe Suhaga and Dharm Adhikari.Bappi Lahiri made a record by composing for 12 super-hit silver jubilee movies starring Jetendra as the lead hero in the period 1983–1985.

He entered the Guinness Book of World Records for recording over 180 songs for 33 films in 1986.[3]

 
Lahiri at the recording of a song in 2005

Apart from his popular disco-electronic music, Bappi Lahiri was also known for his signature look of his sartorial style that consisted gold chains, golden embellishments, velvety cardigans and sunglasses.[9][10]

Portions of Lahiri's song "Thoda Resham Lagta Hai" were included in the 2002 song "Addictive" by American R&B singer Truth Hurts. Copyright holders Saregama India, Ltd. sued Interscope Records and its parent company, Universal Music Group for more than $500 million. A Los Angeles federal judge subsequently barred further sales of the CD unless and until Lahiri was listed on the song's credits.[11]

In 2012, his album World Peace, Love & Harmony was among the top five albums being considered for a Grammy nomination but got lost. But, he was selected to be a jury member in the Grammy Awards.[12]

 
Lahiri performing in 2016

In late 2016, Lahiri voiced the character of Tamatoa in the Hindi-dubbed version of Disney's 3D computer-animated fantasy adventure film Moana; he also composed and sang "Shona" (Gold), the Hindi version of "Shiny".[13] This was his first time dubbing for an animated character, and he also appeared in Ramratan song "Yeh Hai Dance Bar".[14] He won Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award at 63rd Filmfare Awards.[15]

In 2021, he appeared as a guest judge in musical TV shows such as Sa Re Ga Ma Pa, and Indian Idol.[16][17]

Political ambitions

Bappi Lahiri joined the Bharatiya Janata Party on 31 January 2014 in the presence of Rajnath Singh, the then-national President of Bharatiya Janata Party,[18] to contest the 2014 Lok Sabha election. He was made a BJP candidate from Srerampur (Lok Sabha constituency) in 2014, but lost to Kalyan Banerjee.[19]

Other work

Acting

Year Film Language Notes
1974 Badhti Ka Naam Dadhi Hindi [20]
2009 Main Aurr Mrs Khanna Hindi [21]
2012 It's Rocking: Dard-E-Disco Hindi [22]
2022 Masaba Masaba Season 2 Hindi [23]

Dubbing

Film title Actor Character Dub language Original language Original year release Dub year release Notes
Moana[14] Jemaine Clement Tamatoa Hindi English 2016 2016
Kingsman: The Golden Circle[24] Elton John Himself Hindi English 2017 2017 live-action

Death

Bappi Lahiri died of obstructive sleep apnea in Mumbai, on 15 February 2022 at the age of 69.[25]

Politicians including Prime Minister Narendra Modi,[26] cabinet minister Smriti Irani, West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee,[27] expressed their condolences to Lahiri. Akshay Kumar, Ajay Devgan, Chiranjeevi, K.S.Chithra, Shreya Ghoshal, Vishal Dadlani, Himesh Reshammiya and others also expressed their condolences.[28][29]

Discography

 
Lahiri in 1995

Bappi Lahiri became popular in the late 1970s-80s and early 1990s for the film soundtracks composed by him such as Naya Kadam, Aangan Ki Kali, Wardat, Disco Dancer, Haathkadi (1982 film), Namak Halaal, Masterji, Dance Dance, Himmatwala, Justice Chaudhury, Tohfa, Maqsad, Commando, Naukar Biwi Ka, Adhikar and Sharaabi.

He was known for disco-style songs where he brought orchestration and fusion of Indian music with international sounds and youthful upbeat rhythms. Although most of his songs were written for discotheques and dance numbers, there are several melodious songs as well from a list of movies like Chalte Chalte, Zakhmee, Aangan Ki Kali, Patita, Adhikar, Aaj Ka M.L.A Ram Avatar, Laalchi, Aitbaar, Naya Kadam.[30]

Denotes films that have not yet been released

Hindi and Bengali

Year Film Songs Notes Language
1973 Nanha Shikari "All Songs" Hindi
1973 Charitra "All Songs" Hindi
1974 Bazar Band Karo "All Songs" Hindi
1974 Ek Ladki Badnaam Si "All Songs" Hindi
1975 Zakhmee "All Songs" Hindi
1976 Chalte Chalte "All Songs" Hindi
1977 Aap Ki Khatir "All Songs" Hindi
1978 Toote Khilone "All Songs" Hindi
1979 Surakksha "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1979 Aangan Ki Kali "All Songs" Hindi
1979 Lahu Ke Do Rang "All Songs" Hindi
1980 Manokamna "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1981 Wardat "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1981 Ogo Bodhu Shundori "All Songs" Also Singer Bengali
1981 Jyoti "All Songs" Hindi
1982 Disco Dancer "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1982 Namak Halaal "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1982 Suraag "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1982 Haathkadi "All Songs" Hindi
1983 Himmatwala "All Songs" Hindi
1983 Naukar Biwi Ka "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1983 Love In Goa[31] "All Songs" except "Come On Sing" Hindi
1984 Maqsad "All Songs" Hindi
1984 Sharaabi "All Songs" Hindi
1984 Naya Kadam "All Songs" Hindi
1984 Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki All Songs Also Singer Hindi
1984 Aaj Ka M.L.A. Ram Avtar All Songs Also Singer Hindi
1985 Aitbaar "All Songs" Hindi
1985 Masterji "All Songs" Hindi
1985 Bewafai "All Songs" Hindi
1985 Saaheb "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1985 Geraftaar "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1985 Insaaf Main Karoongaa "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1985 Adventures of Tarzan "All Songs" Hindi
1985 Adhikar "All Songs" Hindi
1987 Dance Dance "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1987 Aag Hi Aag "All Songs" Hindi
1987 Satyamev Jayate "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1987 Guru Dakshina "All Songs" Also Singer Bengali
1987 Amar Sangi "All Songs" Also Singer Bengali
1988 Commando "All Songs" Hindi
1988 Mera Shikar "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1989 Guru "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1989 Aamar Tumi "All Songs" Also Singer Bengali
1989 Amar Prem "All Songs" Also Singer Bengali
1989 Asha O Bhalobasha "All Songs" Also Singer Bengali
1989 Prem Pratigyaa "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1989 Pronomi Tomay "All Songs" Also Singer Bengali
1990 Naakabandi "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1990 Ghayal "All Songs" Hindi
1990 Aaj Ka Arjun "All Songs" Hindi
1990 Bolidan "All Songs" Features popular song by Usha Uthup, "Uri Uri Baba" Bengali
1990 Mandira "All Songs" Also Singer Bengali
1990 Badnam "All Songs" Also Singer Bengali
1990 Aaj Ke Shahenshah "All Songs" Hindi
1990 Sailaab "All Songs" Along with Aadesh Shrivastava Hindi
1990 Thanedaar "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1991 Vishkanya “All Songs” Hindi
1991 Farishtay "All Songs" Hindi
1991 Dushman Devta "All Songs" Hindi
1991 Swarg Jaisaa Ghar "All Songs" Hindi
1991 Afsana Pyar Ka "All Songs" Hindi
1991 Pratikar "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1991 Numbri Aadmi "All Songs" Hindi
1991 Sau Crore "All Songs" Hindi
1991 First Love Letter "All Songs" Hindi
1992 Shola Aur Shabnam (1992 film) "All Songs" Hindi
1992 Zindagi Ek Juaa "All Songs" Hindi
1992 Police Aur Mujrim "All Songs" Hindi
1992 Priya "All Songs" Bengali
1992 Raktelekha "All Songs" Also Singer Bengali
1992 Tomar Naam Likhe Debo "All Songs" Also Singer Bengali
1992 Geet "All Songs" Hindi
1992 Tyagi "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1992 Touhean "All Songs" Hindi
1993 Dalaal "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1993 Aankhen "All Songs" Highest-grossing Bollywood film of 1993 Hindi
1993 Geetanjali "All Songs" Hindi
1994 Neelanjana "All Songs" Also Singer Bengali
1994 Amanaat "All Songs" Hindi
1995 Rock Dancer "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1995 Diya Aur Toofan "All Songs" Hindi
1996 Dil Ke Jharoke Main "All Songs" Hindi
1996 Rangbaaz "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1996 Bal Bramhachari "All Songs" Hindi
1996 Hum Sab Chor Hain "All Songs" Hindi
1997 Nirnayak "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1997 Dharma Karma "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1998 Military Raaj "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1999 Aaya Toofan "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
1999 Benaam "All Songs" Hindi
2000 Justice Chowdhary "All Songs" Hindi
2006 Taxi No. 9211 "Bumbai Nagariya" Singer Hindi
2008 Mudrank "All Songs" Also Singer Hindi
2008 C Kkompany "Khokha", "Jaane Kya Ho Gaya Mujhko" Hindi
2008 Chandni Chowk to China "India Se Aaya Tera Dost (Aap Ki Khatir)" Hindi
2009 Jai Veeru "All Songs" Hindi
2010 Love.com "Rabba Tu Pyar Dede" Hindi
2011 The Dirty Picture "Ooh La La" As Singer Hindi
2013 Jolly LLB "Mere Toh L Lag Gaye" and "L Lag Gaye 2" As Singer Hindi
2013 Himmatwala "Thank God It's Friday" Uncredited Hindi
2014 Gunday "Tune Maari Entriyaan", "Assalaam-E-Ishqum" As Singer Hindi
2014 Main Aur Mr. Riight "All Songs" Hindi
2015 Hunterrr "Hunterrr 303" As Singer Hindi
2017 Badrinath Ki Dulhania "Tamma Tamma Song" Singer & Original Composer Hindi
2017 Ittefaq "Ittefaq Se (Raat Baaki)" Original Composer Hindi
2018 3rd Eye Hindi
2018 Mausam Ikrar Ke Do Pal Pyaar Ke[32] All Songs Music Director Hindi
2019 Why Cheat India "Dil Mein Ho Tum" Original Music Director Hindi
2020 Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan "Areey Pyar Kar Le" Singer and original music director Hindi
2020 Baaghi 3 "Bhankas" Singer and original music director Hindi
2022 Dhokha: Round D Corner TBA Singer and original music director Hindi

Telugu

Year Film Notes
1986 Simhasanam [33]
1987 Thene Manasulu [33]
Trimurtulu [33]
Sankharavam [34]
Samrat
1988 Collector Vijaya
Manmadha Saamrajyam [35]
1989 State Rowdy [33]
1990 Chinna
Chinna Kodalu
1991 Indra Bhavanam
Gang Leader [33]
Rowdy Gaari Pellam [36]
Rowdy Alludu [33]
1992 Donga Police [36]
Raktha Tharpanam
Rowdy Inspector [37]
Brahma [36]
1993 Nippu Ravva [37]
Rowdy Rajakeeyam
1995 Big Boss [33]
Muddayi Muddugumma
Khaidi Inspector
Punya Bhoomi Naa Desam [36]
2013 Action 3D Co-composed with his son Bappa Lahiri[33]
2020 Disco Raja Singer[33]

Tamil

Kannada

Other languages

Awards

Year Award Category Nominated work Result Ref.
1982 Filmfare Awards Best Music Director Armaan Nominated [15]
1983 Namak Halaal Nominated
1985 Sharaabi Won
Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki Nominated
Tohfa Nominated
1991 Aaj Ka Arjun Nominated
2018 Lifetime Achievement Award Won
2012 Mirchi Music Awards Best Item Song of the Year "Ooh La La" (From The Dirty Picture) Won [46]

Honours

Legacy

Composer Bappi Lahiri's discarded disco track Zindagi Meri Dance Dance was left out of the Babbar Subhash film Dance Dance although it featured on the vinyl album release at the time.[47] It was re-discovered and had a second lease of life in director Ashim Ahluwalia's 2017 gangster film Daddy starring Arjun Rampal.[47] The re-release of the song was a huge success, becoming one of the top tracks of the year.[47]

Ahluwalia wanted an authentic 80s Bappi Lahiri sound and not an overproduced remix.[48] Norwegian producer Olefonken reworked the song to be more dynamic for contemporary sound systems but kept many of the original elements including the original vocals of Alisha Chinai and Vijay Benedict as well as the original synth and drum machines.[48] The choreographer of Ahluwalia's first film Miss Lovely, was ironically Kamal Nath, who had also worked on B. Subhash's disco film Dance Dance and Commando starring Mithun Chakraborty, both of which feature Bappi Lahiri soundtracks.[49]

See also

[51]==References==

  1. ^ a b "I AM: Bappi Lahiri – Times of India". The Times of India.
  2. ^ "Bappi Aparesh Lahiri(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SREERAMPUR(WEST BENGAL) – Affidavit Information of Candidate". myneta.info. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  3. ^ a b Mittal, Nishant (20 February 2022). "Bappi Lahiri: 'disco king of Bollywood' gave Indian film a youthful injection". the Guardian. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  4. ^ "Goldfinger". www.telegraphindia.com.
  5. ^ a b Traub, Alex (25 February 2022). "Bappi Lahiri, India's 'Disco King,' Dies at 69". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  6. ^ Saxena, Manjari (17 July 2014). "Bappi Lahiri: the golden era of music has ended". Gulf News. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  7. ^ "Bappi Lahiri aka Alokesh Lahiri began his musical career at 3: Story of the child prodigy". India Today. 16 February 2022.
  8. ^ "Bappi Lahiri's UNPUBLISHED INTERVIEW". Times of India. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  9. ^ "'A lot of people dress up like him; many sport gold chains and sunglasses', says Bappi Lahiri's son Bappa Lahiri". Free Press Journal. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  10. ^ "We Finally Know Why Bappi Da Wears So Many Gold Chains & No, Money Is Not The Answer". www.mensxp.com. 8 March 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  11. ^ "Bappi Lahiri wins suit against Addictive, Dr Dre". Rediff.com. 6 February 2003.
  12. ^ "Bappi Lahiri in Grammy jury". News18. 31 January 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  13. ^ "Moana | Bappi Lahiri as Tamatoa | In Cinemas 2 December". Retrieved 2 December 2016 – via YouTube.
  14. ^ a b "Watch: Bappi Lahiri sings for the Hollywood animation 'Moana'". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
  15. ^ a b ANI (21 January 2018). "63rd Filmfare Awards: Bappi Lahiri receives 'Lifetime Achievement Award'". Business Standard. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  16. ^ shweta keshri (16 February 2022). "Bappi Lahiri's last TV appearance was on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa – Television News". Indiatoday.in. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  17. ^ shweta keshri (22 July 2021). "Bappi Lahiri offers Indian Idol 12 contestant Arunita Kanjilal a singing contract – Television News". Indiatoday.in. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  18. ^ Gupta, Saurabh (31 January 2014). "Bappi Lahiri joins BJP, former top cop may follow". NDTV.com. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  19. ^ "Lok Sabha Results: Top 30 Losers". The Indian Express. 17 May 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  20. ^ "Bappi Lahiri made his acting debut in 'mamaji' Kishore Kumar's comedy film. Can you spot him in this pic?". The Indian Express. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  21. ^ N, Patcy (16 October 2009). "Review: Main Aurr Mrs Khanna lacks punch". Rediff. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  22. ^ "Bappi Lahiri's tribute to uncle Kishore Kumar". Zee News. 6 November 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  23. ^ "'Masaba Masaba 2': Late singer Bappi Lahiri to be seen in cameo appearance". The Times of India. 27 July 2022.
  24. ^ "Bappi Lahiri to dub for Elton John in Kingsman The Golden Circle". The Indian Express. 15 September 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  25. ^ "Bappi Lahiri passes away: Disco King of Bollywood dies at 69". The Indian Express. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  26. ^ "PM Narendra Modi leads India in paying tribute to Bappi Lahiri". 16 February 2022.
  27. ^ "In memoriam: PM Modi, Mamata, Smriti Irani mourn Bappi Lahiri's demise, Sachin-Bhajji remember playing his songs in Team India dressing room". The Economic Times.
  28. ^ "'End of an era': B-town celebs mourn, Akshay Kumar says Bappi Lahiri made millions dance; Ajay Devgn remembers his 'endearing' persona". The Economic Times.
  29. ^ "RIP Bappi Lahiri, another legend gone: Akshay Kumar, Chiranjeevi [K.S.Chithra] and other celebs deeply saddened by Disco King's death". Zee News. 16 February 2022.
  30. ^ Linda Mokdad, Corey Creekmur (2012). The International Film Musical. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. p. 200. ISBN 9780748634781.
  31. ^ "Love in Goa", Wikipedia, 1 August 2022, retrieved 26 August 2022
  32. ^ "Bappi Lahiri on composing multi-genre tracks for Do Pal Pyar Ke". mid-day. 9 April 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i Sangeetha Devi Dundoo (16 February 2022). "Remembering Bappi Lahiri's Telugu cinema chartbusters". The Hindu.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  34. ^ (LP). Leo Recording Company. 1987. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022.
  35. ^ (LP). Stereo Vision (Cauvery). 1988. CRL 668. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022.
  36. ^ a b c d "Chiranjeevi, Mohan Babu mourn Bappi Lahiri's death". The New Indian Express. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  37. ^ a b "Bappi Lahiri's Telugu compositions are unforgettable". Deccan Herald. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  38. ^ Apoorva Sahothariga (LP). EMI. 1983.
  39. ^ Paadum Vanampadi (LP). Saregama. 1985.
  40. ^ "Trashy". The Indian Express. 6 February 1987. p. 14.
  41. ^ a b c d e f Sharadhaa, A (17 February 2022). "End of a musical era". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  42. ^ Janam Janam Na Saathi (LP). Saregama. 1976.
  43. ^ Jha, Subhash K (18 February 2022). "Revisiting Bappi Lahiri's songs with more stillness, the lesser known side to India's Disco King". Firstpost. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  44. ^ a b "Bappi Lahiri debuts in Marathi film as a playback singer for Lucky". Bollywood Hungama. 9 November 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  45. ^ "Did you know Bappi Lahiri has worked in a Malayalam movie? – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  46. ^ "Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011 Winners". www.radiomirchi.com.
  47. ^ a b c Lookhar, Mayur. "Rewind 2017: The best Hindi film songs of the year". Cinestaan.
  48. ^ a b Scroll Staff. "'Daddy' song 'Zindagi Meri Dance Dance' brings Bappi Lahiri's discarded tune back to life". Scroll.in.
  49. ^ Gaekwad, Manish (4 September 2017). "Norwegian Bollywood". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.
  50. ^ "Bappi Lahiri-All Time favourite Songs". Hungama.com. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  51. ^ "Bappi Lahiri is one of the most prolific music composers of Bollywood. He revolutionized the film music genre by introducing Disco music with a hint of Indian flavour. He has composed memorable music for films like 'Disco Dancer', 'Namak Halaal' and 'Sharaabi'". Hungama.com. Retrieved 17 November 2022.

External links

  • Official website
  • Bappi Lahiri at IMDb
  • Bappi Lahiri discography at Discogs

bappi, lahiri, bappi, aparesh, lahiri, born, alokesh, aparesh, lahiri, november, 1952, february, 2022, also, known, bappi, indian, singer, composer, record, producer, popularised, synthesised, disco, music, indian, music, industry, sang, some, compositions, po. Bappi Aparesh Lahiri 2 born Alokesh Aparesh Lahiri 27 November 1952 15 February 2022 also known as Bappi Da was an Indian singer composer and record producer He popularised the use of synthesised disco music in Indian music industry and sang some of his own compositions He was popular in the 1980s and 1990s with filmi soundtracks He also delivered major box office successes in Bengali Telugu and Kannada films His music was well received into the 21st century Bappi LahiriLahiri in 2017BornAlokesh Aparesh Lahiri 1952 11 27 27 November 1952Jalpaiguri West Bengal India 1 Died15 February 2022 2022 02 15 aged 69 Mumbai Maharashtra IndiaEducationChetla Boys High SchoolOccupationsSingercomposerrecord producerYears active1972 2022Musical careerInstrument s VocalstablapianodrumsguitarsaxophonebongosDholakLabelsBL SoundSaregamaVenus Records amp TapesT SeriesTips IndustriesUniversal Music GroupAbbey Road StudiosPlanet LA RecordsSony Music IndiaWebsitebappilahiri wbr comIn 1986 he was recognised by Guinness World Records for recording more than 180 songs in one year 3 Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2 1 Political ambitions 3 Other work 3 1 Acting 3 2 Dubbing 4 Death 5 Discography 5 1 Hindi and Bengali 5 2 Telugu 5 3 Tamil 5 4 Kannada 5 5 Other languages 6 Awards 6 1 Honours 7 Legacy 8 See also 9 External linksEarly life EditAlokesh Aparesh Lahiri was born into a Bengali Brahmin family in Calcutta 1 4 His parents Aparesh Lahiri and Bansuri Lahiri both were Bengali singers and musicians in classical music and Shyama Sangeet who belong to Lahiri Mohan Family of Sirajganj East Bengal Now Bangladesh His parents were both singers who met while performing for All India Radio 5 He was their only child His relatives include singer Kishore Kumar his maternal uncle 6 Bappi Lahiri began to play tabla at the age of 3 Initially he was trained by his parents 7 Bappi showed talent as a child playing the tabla and studied with Samta Prasad on the advice of Lata Mangeshkar 5 Since childhood he idolised American musician Elvis Presley and was inspired by him to wear multiple gold chains and gold jewellery 8 He thought of creating his own signature appearance when he becomes successful and later upon becoming successful he created his signature golden jewellery look inspired by that of Presley He considers gold to be lucky for him Career EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Lahiri right with Babbar Subhash and Parvati Khan during the record of Jimmy Jimmy for Disco Dancer 1981 Lahiri came to Mumbai when he was 19 He received his first opportunity in a Bengali film Daadu 1974 where Lata Mangeshkar sang his composition The first Hindi film for which he composed music was Nanha Shikari 1973 and his first Hindi composition was Tu Hi Mera Chanda sung by Mukesh The turning point of his career was Tahir Husain s Hindi film Zakhmee 1975 for which he composed music and doubled as a playback singer He composed a duet with Kishore Kumar and Mohammed Rafi named Nothing Is Impossible for the same film His compositions Jalta Hai Jiya Mera Kishore Asha duet and Lata Mangeshkar solos like Abhi Abhi Thi Dushmani and Aao Tumhe Chand from the same film became popular and gave him recognition The duet Phir Janam Lenge Hum sung by Kishore Lata became famous from the film Phir Janam Lengey Hum All songs from the film Chalte Chalte 1976 became hits thus bringing him recognition as a music director at the national level He sang duet with Sulakshana Pandit named Jana Kahan Hai which gave him recognition as singer Songs from the films like Aap Ki Khatir Dil Se Mile Dil Patita Lahu Ke Do Rang Hatya and Ravikant Nagaichs Surakksha 1979 had soft music He also composed music for some ghazals namely Kisi Nazar Ko Tera Intezaar Aaj Bhi Hai and Aawaz Di Hai for the 1985 film Aitbaar He also composed melodious songs sung by Kishore Kumar either as duets with Asha Bhosle or Lata Mangeshkar in the films starring Rajesh Khanna in the 80 s in hit films like Naya Kadam Masterji Aaj Ka M L A Ram Avtar Bewafai Maqsad Suraag Insaaf Main Karoonga and Adhikar After success of the film Himmatwala Bappi regularly composed duets sung by Kishore Kumar for films starring Jeetendra like in Justice Chowdhry Jaani Dost Mawali Haisiyat Tohfa Balidaan Qaidi Hoshiyaar Sinhasan Suhaagan Majaal Tamasha Sone Pe Suhaga and Dharm Adhikari Bappi Lahiri made a record by composing for 12 super hit silver jubilee movies starring Jetendra as the lead hero in the period 1983 1985 He entered the Guinness Book of World Records for recording over 180 songs for 33 films in 1986 3 Lahiri at the recording of a song in 2005 Apart from his popular disco electronic music Bappi Lahiri was also known for his signature look of his sartorial style that consisted gold chains golden embellishments velvety cardigans and sunglasses 9 10 Portions of Lahiri s song Thoda Resham Lagta Hai were included in the 2002 song Addictive by American R amp B singer Truth Hurts Copyright holders Saregama India Ltd sued Interscope Records and its parent company Universal Music Group for more than 500 million A Los Angeles federal judge subsequently barred further sales of the CD unless and until Lahiri was listed on the song s credits 11 In 2012 his album World Peace Love amp Harmony was among the top five albums being considered for a Grammy nomination but got lost But he was selected to be a jury member in the Grammy Awards 12 Lahiri performing in 2016 In late 2016 Lahiri voiced the character of Tamatoa in the Hindi dubbed version of Disney s 3D computer animated fantasy adventure film Moana he also composed and sang Shona Gold the Hindi version of Shiny 13 This was his first time dubbing for an animated character and he also appeared in Ramratan song Yeh Hai Dance Bar 14 He won Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award at 63rd Filmfare Awards 15 In 2021 he appeared as a guest judge in musical TV shows such as Sa Re Ga Ma Pa and Indian Idol 16 17 Political ambitions Edit Bappi Lahiri joined the Bharatiya Janata Party on 31 January 2014 in the presence of Rajnath Singh the then national President of Bharatiya Janata Party 18 to contest the 2014 Lok Sabha election He was made a BJP candidate from Srerampur Lok Sabha constituency in 2014 but lost to Kalyan Banerjee 19 Other work EditActing Edit Year Film Language Notes1974 Badhti Ka Naam Dadhi Hindi 20 2009 Main Aurr Mrs Khanna Hindi 21 2012 It s Rocking Dard E Disco Hindi 22 2022 Masaba Masaba Season 2 Hindi 23 Dubbing Edit Film title Actor Character Dub language Original language Original year release Dub year release NotesMoana 14 Jemaine Clement Tamatoa Hindi English 2016 2016Kingsman The Golden Circle 24 Elton John Himself Hindi English 2017 2017 live actionDeath EditBappi Lahiri died of obstructive sleep apnea in Mumbai on 15 February 2022 at the age of 69 25 Politicians including Prime Minister Narendra Modi 26 cabinet minister Smriti Irani West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee 27 expressed their condolences to Lahiri Akshay Kumar Ajay Devgan Chiranjeevi K S Chithra Shreya Ghoshal Vishal Dadlani Himesh Reshammiya and others also expressed their condolences 28 29 Discography EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Main article Bappi Lahiri discography See also Category Films scored by Bappi Lahiri Lahiri in 1995 Bappi Lahiri became popular in the late 1970s 80s and early 1990s for the film soundtracks composed by him such as Naya Kadam Aangan Ki Kali Wardat Disco Dancer Haathkadi 1982 film Namak Halaal Masterji Dance Dance Himmatwala Justice Chaudhury Tohfa Maqsad Commando Naukar Biwi Ka Adhikar and Sharaabi He was known for disco style songs where he brought orchestration and fusion of Indian music with international sounds and youthful upbeat rhythms Although most of his songs were written for discotheques and dance numbers there are several melodious songs as well from a list of movies like Chalte Chalte Zakhmee Aangan Ki Kali Patita Adhikar Aaj Ka M L A Ram Avatar Laalchi Aitbaar Naya Kadam 30 Denotes films that have not yet been releasedHindi and Bengali Edit Year Film Songs Notes Language1973 Nanha Shikari All Songs Hindi1973 Charitra All Songs Hindi1974 Bazar Band Karo All Songs Hindi1974 Ek Ladki Badnaam Si All Songs Hindi1975 Zakhmee All Songs Hindi1976 Chalte Chalte All Songs Hindi1977 Aap Ki Khatir All Songs Hindi1978 Toote Khilone All Songs Hindi1979 Surakksha All Songs Also Singer Hindi1979 Aangan Ki Kali All Songs Hindi1979 Lahu Ke Do Rang All Songs Hindi1980 Manokamna All Songs Also Singer Hindi1981 Wardat All Songs Also Singer Hindi1981 Ogo Bodhu Shundori All Songs Also Singer Bengali1981 Jyoti All Songs Hindi1982 Disco Dancer All Songs Also Singer Hindi1982 Namak Halaal All Songs Also Singer Hindi1982 Suraag All Songs Also Singer Hindi1982 Haathkadi All Songs Hindi1983 Himmatwala All Songs Hindi1983 Naukar Biwi Ka All Songs Also Singer Hindi1983 Love In Goa 31 All Songs except Come On Sing Hindi1984 Maqsad All Songs Hindi1984 Sharaabi All Songs Hindi1984 Naya Kadam All Songs Hindi1984 Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki All Songs Also Singer Hindi1984 Aaj Ka M L A Ram Avtar All Songs Also Singer Hindi1985 Aitbaar All Songs Hindi1985 Masterji All Songs Hindi1985 Bewafai All Songs Hindi1985 Saaheb All Songs Also Singer Hindi1985 Geraftaar All Songs Also Singer Hindi1985 Insaaf Main Karoongaa All Songs Also Singer Hindi1985 Adventures of Tarzan All Songs Hindi1985 Adhikar All Songs Hindi1987 Dance Dance All Songs Also Singer Hindi1987 Aag Hi Aag All Songs Hindi1987 Satyamev Jayate All Songs Also Singer Hindi1987 Guru Dakshina All Songs Also Singer Bengali1987 Amar Sangi All Songs Also Singer Bengali1988 Commando All Songs Hindi1988 Mera Shikar All Songs Also Singer Hindi1989 Guru All Songs Also Singer Hindi1989 Aamar Tumi All Songs Also Singer Bengali1989 Amar Prem All Songs Also Singer Bengali1989 Asha O Bhalobasha All Songs Also Singer Bengali1989 Prem Pratigyaa All Songs Also Singer Hindi1989 Pronomi Tomay All Songs Also Singer Bengali1990 Naakabandi All Songs Also Singer Hindi1990 Ghayal All Songs Hindi1990 Aaj Ka Arjun All Songs Hindi1990 Bolidan All Songs Features popular song by Usha Uthup Uri Uri Baba Bengali1990 Mandira All Songs Also Singer Bengali1990 Badnam All Songs Also Singer Bengali1990 Aaj Ke Shahenshah All Songs Hindi1990 Sailaab All Songs Along with Aadesh Shrivastava Hindi1990 Thanedaar All Songs Also Singer Hindi1991 Vishkanya All Songs Hindi1991 Farishtay All Songs Hindi1991 Dushman Devta All Songs Hindi1991 Swarg Jaisaa Ghar All Songs Hindi1991 Afsana Pyar Ka All Songs Hindi1991 Pratikar All Songs Also Singer Hindi1991 Numbri Aadmi All Songs Hindi1991 Sau Crore All Songs Hindi1991 First Love Letter All Songs Hindi1992 Shola Aur Shabnam 1992 film All Songs Hindi1992 Zindagi Ek Juaa All Songs Hindi1992 Police Aur Mujrim All Songs Hindi1992 Priya All Songs Bengali1992 Raktelekha All Songs Also Singer Bengali1992 Tomar Naam Likhe Debo All Songs Also Singer Bengali1992 Geet All Songs Hindi1992 Tyagi All Songs Also Singer Hindi1992 Touhean All Songs Hindi1993 Dalaal All Songs Also Singer Hindi1993 Aankhen All Songs Highest grossing Bollywood film of 1993 Hindi1993 Geetanjali All Songs Hindi1994 Neelanjana All Songs Also Singer Bengali1994 Amanaat All Songs Hindi1995 Rock Dancer All Songs Also Singer Hindi1995 Diya Aur Toofan All Songs Hindi1996 Dil Ke Jharoke Main All Songs Hindi1996 Rangbaaz All Songs Also Singer Hindi1996 Bal Bramhachari All Songs Hindi1996 Hum Sab Chor Hain All Songs Hindi1997 Nirnayak All Songs Also Singer Hindi1997 Dharma Karma All Songs Also Singer Hindi1998 Military Raaj All Songs Also Singer Hindi1999 Aaya Toofan All Songs Also Singer Hindi1999 Benaam All Songs Hindi2000 Justice Chowdhary All Songs Hindi2006 Taxi No 9211 Bumbai Nagariya Singer Hindi2008 Mudrank All Songs Also Singer Hindi2008 C Kkompany Khokha Jaane Kya Ho Gaya Mujhko Hindi2008 Chandni Chowk to China India Se Aaya Tera Dost Aap Ki Khatir Hindi2009 Jai Veeru All Songs Hindi2010 Love com Rabba Tu Pyar Dede Hindi2011 The Dirty Picture Ooh La La As Singer Hindi2013 Jolly LLB Mere Toh L Lag Gaye and L Lag Gaye 2 As Singer Hindi2013 Himmatwala Thank God It s Friday Uncredited Hindi2014 Gunday Tune Maari Entriyaan Assalaam E Ishqum As Singer Hindi2014 Main Aur Mr Riight All Songs Hindi2015 Hunterrr Hunterrr 303 As Singer Hindi2017 Badrinath Ki Dulhania Tamma Tamma Song Singer amp Original Composer Hindi2017 Ittefaq Ittefaq Se Raat Baaki Original Composer Hindi2018 3rd Eye Hindi2018 Mausam Ikrar Ke Do Pal Pyaar Ke 32 All Songs Music Director Hindi2019 Why Cheat India Dil Mein Ho Tum Original Music Director Hindi2020 Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan Areey Pyar Kar Le Singer and original music director Hindi2020 Baaghi 3 Bhankas Singer and original music director Hindi2022 Dhokha Round D Corner TBA Singer and original music director HindiTelugu Edit Year Film Notes1986 Simhasanam 33 1987 Thene Manasulu 33 Trimurtulu 33 Sankharavam 34 Samrat1988 Collector VijayaManmadha Saamrajyam 35 1989 State Rowdy 33 1990 ChinnaChinna Kodalu1991 Indra BhavanamGang Leader 33 Rowdy Gaari Pellam 36 Rowdy Alludu 33 1992 Donga Police 36 Raktha TharpanamRowdy Inspector 37 Brahma 36 1993 Nippu Ravva 37 Rowdy Rajakeeyam1995 Big Boss 33 Muddayi MuddugummaKhaidi InspectorPunya Bhoomi Naa Desam 36 2013 Action 3D Co composed with his son Bappa Lahiri 33 2020 Disco Raja Singer 33 Tamil Edit Apoorva Sahodarigal 1983 38 Paadum Vaanampadi 1985 39 Kizhakku Africavil Sheela 1987 40 Kannada Edit Gangvaa 1984 41 Africadalli Sheela 1986 41 Krishna Nee Begane Baro 1986 41 Guru 1989 41 Police Matthu Dada 1991 41 Love in Mandya 2014 singer Current Hodha Timealli 41 Other languages Edit Janam Janam Na Saath 1977 Gujarati 42 43 Dokyala Taap Nahi 1990 Marathi 44 The Good Boys 1997 Malayalam 45 Luckee 2019 Marathi singer 44 Awards EditYear Award Category Nominated work Result Ref 1982 Filmfare Awards Best Music Director Armaan Nominated 15 1983 Namak Halaal Nominated1985 Sharaabi WonKasam Paida Karne Wale Ki NominatedTohfa Nominated1991 Aaj Ka Arjun Nominated2018 Lifetime Achievement Award Won2012 Mirchi Music Awards Best Item Song of the Year Ooh La La From The Dirty Picture Won 46 Honours Edit 2017 Banga Bhushan Civilian Honour by Government of West BengalLegacy EditComposer Bappi Lahiri s discarded disco track Zindagi Meri Dance Dance was left out of the Babbar Subhash film Dance Dance although it featured on the vinyl album release at the time 47 It was re discovered and had a second lease of life in director Ashim Ahluwalia s 2017 gangster film Daddy starring Arjun Rampal 47 The re release of the song was a huge success becoming one of the top tracks of the year 47 Ahluwalia wanted an authentic 80s Bappi Lahiri sound and not an overproduced remix 48 Norwegian producer Olefonken reworked the song to be more dynamic for contemporary sound systems but kept many of the original elements including the original vocals of Alisha Chinai and Vijay Benedict as well as the original synth and drum machines 48 The choreographer of Ahluwalia s first film Miss Lovely was ironically Kamal Nath who had also worked on B Subhash s disco film Dance Dance and Commando starring Mithun Chakraborty both of which feature Bappi Lahiri soundtracks 49 See also EditList of Indian film music directors 50 51 References a b I AM Bappi Lahiri Times of India The Times of India Bappi Aparesh Lahiri Bharatiya Janata Party BJP Constituency SREERAMPUR WEST BENGAL Affidavit Information of Candidate myneta info Retrieved 17 February 2022 a b Mittal Nishant 20 February 2022 Bappi Lahiri disco king of Bollywood gave Indian film a youthful injection the Guardian Retrieved 22 February 2022 Goldfinger www telegraphindia com a b Traub Alex 25 February 2022 Bappi Lahiri India s Disco King Dies at 69 The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 26 February 2022 Saxena Manjari 17 July 2014 Bappi Lahiri the golden era of music has ended Gulf News Retrieved 30 July 2015 Bappi Lahiri aka Alokesh Lahiri began his musical career at 3 Story of the child prodigy India Today 16 February 2022 Bappi Lahiri s UNPUBLISHED INTERVIEW Times of India Retrieved 16 February 2022 A lot of people dress up like him many sport gold chains and sunglasses says Bappi Lahiri s son Bappa Lahiri Free Press Journal Retrieved 16 February 2022 We Finally Know Why Bappi Da Wears So Many Gold Chains amp No Money Is Not The Answer www mensxp com 8 March 2020 Retrieved 16 February 2022 Bappi Lahiri wins suit against Addictive Dr Dre Rediff com 6 February 2003 Bappi Lahiri in Grammy jury News18 31 January 2011 Retrieved 26 February 2022 Moana Bappi Lahiri as Tamatoa In Cinemas 2 December Retrieved 2 December 2016 via YouTube a b Watch Bappi Lahiri sings for the Hollywood animation Moana The Times of India Retrieved 18 December 2017 a b ANI 21 January 2018 63rd Filmfare Awards Bappi Lahiri receives Lifetime Achievement Award Business Standard Retrieved 24 March 2018 shweta keshri 16 February 2022 Bappi Lahiri s last TV appearance was on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Television News Indiatoday in Retrieved 23 February 2022 shweta keshri 22 July 2021 Bappi Lahiri offers Indian Idol 12 contestant Arunita Kanjilal a singing contract Television News Indiatoday in Retrieved 23 February 2022 Gupta Saurabh 31 January 2014 Bappi Lahiri joins BJP former top cop may follow NDTV com Retrieved 19 February 2022 Lok Sabha Results Top 30 Losers The Indian Express 17 May 2014 Retrieved 17 December 2015 Bappi Lahiri made his acting debut in mamaji Kishore Kumar s comedy film Can you spot him in this pic The Indian Express 16 February 2022 Retrieved 19 February 2022 N Patcy 16 October 2009 Review Main Aurr Mrs Khanna lacks punch Rediff Retrieved 19 February 2022 Bappi Lahiri s tribute to uncle Kishore Kumar Zee News 6 November 2012 Retrieved 19 February 2022 Masaba Masaba 2 Late singer Bappi Lahiri to be seen in cameo appearance The Times of India 27 July 2022 Bappi Lahiri to dub for Elton John in Kingsman The Golden Circle The Indian Express 15 September 2017 Retrieved 9 March 2018 Bappi Lahiri passes away Disco King of Bollywood dies at 69 The Indian Express 16 February 2022 Retrieved 16 February 2022 PM Narendra Modi leads India in paying tribute to Bappi Lahiri 16 February 2022 In memoriam PM Modi Mamata Smriti Irani mourn Bappi Lahiri s demise Sachin Bhajji remember playing his songs in Team India dressing room The Economic Times End of an era B town celebs mourn Akshay Kumar says Bappi Lahiri made millions dance Ajay Devgn remembers his endearing persona The Economic Times RIP Bappi Lahiri another legend gone Akshay Kumar Chiranjeevi K S Chithra and other celebs deeply saddened by Disco King s death Zee News 16 February 2022 Linda Mokdad Corey Creekmur 2012 The International Film Musical United Kingdom Edinburgh University Press p 200 ISBN 9780748634781 Love in Goa Wikipedia 1 August 2022 retrieved 26 August 2022 Bappi Lahiri on composing multi genre tracks for Do Pal Pyar Ke mid day 9 April 2018 Retrieved 22 September 2018 a b c d e f g h i Sangeetha Devi Dundoo 16 February 2022 Remembering Bappi Lahiri s Telugu cinema chartbusters The Hindu a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Sankharavam LP Leo Recording Company 1987 Archived from the original on 22 February 2022 Manmadha Saamrajyam LP Stereo Vision Cauvery 1988 CRL 668 Archived from the original on 22 February 2022 a b c d Chiranjeevi Mohan Babu mourn Bappi Lahiri s death The New Indian Express 16 February 2022 Retrieved 22 February 2022 a b Bappi Lahiri s Telugu compositions are unforgettable Deccan Herald 16 February 2022 Retrieved 22 February 2022 Apoorva Sahothariga LP EMI 1983 Paadum Vanampadi LP Saregama 1985 Trashy The Indian Express 6 February 1987 p 14 a b c d e f Sharadhaa A 17 February 2022 End of a musical era The New Indian Express Retrieved 19 February 2022 Janam Janam Na Saathi LP Saregama 1976 Jha Subhash K 18 February 2022 Revisiting Bappi Lahiri s songs with more stillness the lesser known side to India s Disco King Firstpost Retrieved 19 February 2022 a b Bappi Lahiri debuts in Marathi film as a playback singer for Lucky Bollywood Hungama 9 November 2018 Retrieved 22 February 2022 Did you know Bappi Lahiri has worked in a Malayalam movie Times of India The Times of India Retrieved 22 February 2022 Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011 Winners www radiomirchi com a b c Lookhar Mayur Rewind 2017 The best Hindi film songs of the year Cinestaan a b Scroll Staff Daddy song Zindagi Meri Dance Dance brings Bappi Lahiri s discarded tune back to life Scroll in Gaekwad Manish 4 September 2017 Norwegian Bollywood The Hindu via www thehindu com Bappi Lahiri All Time favourite Songs Hungama com Retrieved 20 July 2022 Bappi Lahiri is one of the most prolific music composers of Bollywood He revolutionized the film music genre by introducing Disco music with a hint of Indian flavour He has composed memorable music for films like Disco Dancer Namak Halaal and Sharaabi Hungama com Retrieved 17 November 2022 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bappi Lahiri Official website Bappi Lahiri at IMDb Bappi Lahiri discography at Discogs Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bappi Lahiri amp oldid 1134430445, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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