It is commonly available in pre-tempered grades such as 6061-O (annealed), tempered grades such as 6061-T6 (solutionized and artificially aged) and 6061-T651 (solutionized, stress-relieved stretched and artificially aged).
The mechanical properties of 6061 depend greatly on the temper, or heat treatment, of the material.[5]Young's Modulus is 69 GPa (10,000 ksi) regardless of temper.[6]
6061-O
Annealed 6061 (6061-O temper) has maximum ultimate tensile strength no more than 150 MPa (22 ksi),[7][8] and maximum yield strength no more than 83 MPa (12 ksi)[7] or 110 MPa (16 ksi).[8] The material has elongation (stretch before ultimate failure) of 10–18%. To obtain the annealed condition, the alloy is typically heated at 415 °C for 2-3 hours.[9]
6061-T4
T4 temper 6061 has an ultimate tensile strength of at least 180 MPa (26 ksi)[8] or 210 MPa (30 ksi)[7] and yield strength of at least 110 MPa (16 ksi). It has elongation of 10-16%.
6061-T6
6061-T6 aluminium standard heat treating process
T6 temper 6061 has been treated to provide the maximum precipitation hardening (and therefore maximum yield strength) for a 6061 aluminium alloy. It has an ultimate tensile strength of at least 290 MPa (42 ksi) and yield strength of at least 240 MPa (35 ksi). More typical values are 310 MPa (45 ksi) and 270 MPa (39 ksi), respectively.[10] This can exceed the yield strength of certain types of stainless steel.[11] In thicknesses of 6.35 mm (0.250 in) or less, it has elongation of 8% or more; in thicker sections, it has elongation of 10%. T651 temper has similar mechanical properties. The typical value for thermal conductivity for 6061-T6 at 25 °C (77 °F) is around 152 W/m K. The fatigue limit under cyclic load is 97 MPa (14 ksi) for 500,000,000 completely reversed cycles using a standard RR Moore test machine and specimen.[12] Note that aluminium does not exhibit a well defined "knee" on its S-N curve, so there is some debate as to how many cycles equates to "infinite life". Also note the actual value of fatigue limit for an application can be dramatically affected by the conventional de-rating factors of loading, gradient, and surface finish.
Microstructure
Different aluminium heat treatments control the size and dispersion of Mg 2Si precipitates in the material. Grain boundary sizes also change, but do not have as important of an impact on strength as the precipitates. Grain sizes can change orders of magnitude based upon stress and can have grains as small as a few hundred nanometres, but are typically a few micrometres to hundreds of micrometres in diameter. Iron, manganese, and chromium secondary phases (Fe 2Si 2Al 9, (Fe, Mn, Cr) 3SiAl 12) often form as inclusions in the material.[13]
Grain boundaries in extruded plate 6061 aluminium alloy
Grain sizes in aluminium alloys are heavily dependent upon the processing techniques and heat treatment. Different cross-sections of material which has been stressed can cause order of magnitude differences in grain size.[14] Some specially processed aluminium alloys have grain diameters which are hundreds of nanometres,[15] but most range from a few micrometres to hundreds of micrometres.[16]
Uses
6061 is commonly used for the following:
construction of aircraft structures, such as wings and fuselages, more commonly in homebuilt aircraft than commercial or military aircraft.[17]2024 alloy is somewhat stronger, but 6061 is more easily worked and remains resistant to corrosion even when the surface is abraded. This is not the case for 2024, which is usually used with a thin Alclad coating for corrosion resistance.[18]
the secondary chambers and baffle systems in firearm sound suppressors (primarily pistol suppressors for reduced weight and improved mechanical functionality), while the primary expansion chambers usually require 17-4PH or 303 stainless steel or titanium.[22][23]
the upper and lower receivers of many non mil-spec AR-15 rifle variants.
many aluminium docks and gangways, welded into place.
6061 is highly weldable, for example using tungsten inert gas welding (TIG) or metal inert gas welding (MIG). Typically, after welding, the properties near the weld are those of 6061-T4, a loss of strength of around 40%. The material can be re-heat-treated to restore near -T6 temper for the whole piece. After welding, the material can naturally age and restore some of its strength as well. Most strength is recovered in the first few days to a few weeks. Nevertheless, the Aluminum Design Manual (Aluminum Association) recommends the design strength of the material adjacent to the weld to be taken as 165 MPa/24000 PSI without proper heat treatment after the welding. Typical filler material is 4043 or 5356.
Extrusions
6061 is an alloy used in the production of extrusions—long constant–cross-section structural shapes produced by pushing metal through a shaped die.
Forgings
6061 is an alloy that is suitable for hot forging. The billet is heated through an induction furnace and forged using a closed die process. This particular alloy is suitable for open die forgings. Automotive parts, ATV parts, and industrial parts are just some of the uses as a forging. Aluminium 6061 can be forged into flat or round bars, rings, blocks, discs and blanks, hollows, and spindles. 6061 can be forged into special and custom shapes.[25]
Castings
6061 is not an alloy that is traditionally cast due to its low silicon content affecting the fluidity in casting. It can be suitably cast using a specialized centrifugal casting method. Centrifugally cast 6061 is ideal for larger rings and sleeve applications that exceed the limitations of most wrought offerings.[26]
^ASM Handbook Committee (1991). "Heat Treating of Aluminum Alloys". Volume 4: Heat Treating(PDF). ASM. p. 871. doi:10.1361/asmhba0001205 (inactive 31 December 2022). hdl:11115/192.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2022 (link)
^. Archived from the original on 2018-10-01. Retrieved 2020-12-23.
^. Archived from the original on 2018-10-22. Retrieved 2010-03-21.
^Hatch, John (1984). "Microstructure of Alloys". Aluminum: Properties and Physical Metallurgy. ASM International. pp. 54–104. ISBN9780871701763.
^Nakai, Manabu; Itoh, Goroh (2014). "The Effect of Microstructure on Mechanical Properties of Forged 6061 Aluminum Alloy". Materials Transactions. 55 (1): 114–119. doi:10.2320/matertrans.ma201324. ISSN 1345-9678.
^Lee, S. H; Saito, Y; Sakai, T; Utsunomiya, H (2002-02-28). "Microstructures and mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy processed by accumulative roll-bonding". Materials Science and Engineering: A. 325 (1): 228–235. doi:10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01416-2. ISSN 0921-5093.
^Easton, M.A.; StJohn, D.H. (2008). "Improved prediction of the grain size of aluminum alloys that includes the effect of cooling rate". Materials Science and Engineering: A. 486 (1–2): 8–13. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2007.11.009.
^Aluminum Information at aircraftspruce.com, accessed October 13, 2006
^6061 vs 2024 Archived 2013-01-25 at archive.today. Homebuiltairplanes.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-04.
^Boatbuilding with Aluminum, Stephen F. Pollard, 1993, ISBN0-07-050426-1
^Sorokanich, Bob (16 December 2015). "The Plymouth Prowler Was Secretly Chrysler's Most Important Engineering Experiment". Road & Track. from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^Koch, Susanne (9 June 2021). "What aluminium alloys are best for bicycle frames?". Shapes – The Aluminium Design Knowledge Hub. from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
^EVOLUTION 9mm, 1/2-28 TPI 2011-08-01 at the Wayback Machine. Advanced Armament. Retrieved on 2012-04-04.
^Amphibian S .22LR : Suppressor : AWC Systems Technology 2011-10-01 at the Wayback Machine. Awcsystech.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-04.
^Bothell, Jed (30 September 2015). "Next Generation Vacuum Systems: Aluminum". Atlas Technologies. from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
^. www.andersonshumaker.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-17. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
^"Aluminum Alloys | Johnson Centrifugal". johnsoncentrifugal.com. 27 August 2019. Retrieved 2019-10-14.
^Cole, Andrew (2020-05-24). "AL 6061-T6 Aluminium Alloy Properties, Tensile & Yield Strength, Thermal Conductivity, Modulus of Elasticity, Equivalent Material". The World Material. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
^6061 (3.3214, H20, A96061) Aluminum. Retrieved on 2014-11-14.
Further reading
"Properties of Wrought Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys: 6061 Alclad 6061", Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p. 102-103.
External links
Aluminum 6061 Properties
Aluminium alloy table
January 20, 2023
6061, aluminium, alloy, 6061, unified, numbering, system, designation, a96061, precipitation, hardened, aluminium, alloy, containing, magnesium, silicon, major, alloying, elements, originally, called, alloy, developed, 1935, good, mechanical, properties, exhib. 6061 Unified Numbering System UNS designation A96061 is a precipitation hardened aluminium alloy containing magnesium and silicon as its major alloying elements Originally called Alloy 61S it was developed in 1935 2 It has good mechanical properties exhibits good weldability and is very commonly extruded second in popularity only to 6063 3 It is one of the most common alloys of aluminium for general purpose use A6061Material typeAlloyAlloy propertiesUNS identifierA96061Physical propertiesDensity r 2 70 g cm3 1 Mechanical propertiesYoung s modulus E 68 GPa 9 900 ksi Tensile strength st 124 290 MPa 18 0 42 1 ksi Elongation e at break12 25 Poisson s ratio n 0 33Thermal propertiesMelting temperature Tm 585 C 1 085 F Thermal conductivity k 151 202 W m K Linear thermal expansion coefficient a 2 32 10 5 K 1Specific heat capacity c 897 J kg K Electrical propertiesVolume resistivity r 32 5 39 2 nOhm mIt is commonly available in pre tempered grades such as 6061 O annealed tempered grades such as 6061 T6 solutionized and artificially aged and 6061 T651 solutionized stress relieved stretched and artificially aged Contents 1 Chemical composition 2 Properties 2 1 6061 O 2 2 6061 T4 2 3 6061 T6 3 Microstructure 4 Uses 4 1 Welding 4 2 Extrusions 4 3 Forgings 4 4 Castings 5 Equivalent materials 6 Standards 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links 10 Aluminium alloy tableChemical composition Edit6061 Aluminium alloy composition by mass 4 6061 Aluminium alloy Constituentelement Minimum by weight Maximum by weight Al 95 85 98 56 Mg 0 80 1 20 Si 0 40 0 80 Fe 0 0 70 Cu 0 15 0 40 Cr 0 04 0 35 Zn 0 0 25 Ti 0 0 15 Mn 0 0 15 others 0 0 15 total 0 05 each Properties EditThe mechanical properties of 6061 depend greatly on the temper or heat treatment of the material 5 Young s Modulus is 69 GPa 10 000 ksi regardless of temper 6 6061 O Edit Annealed 6061 6061 O temper has maximum ultimate tensile strength no more than 150 MPa 22 ksi 7 8 and maximum yield strength no more than 83 MPa 12 ksi 7 or 110 MPa 16 ksi 8 The material has elongation stretch before ultimate failure of 10 18 To obtain the annealed condition the alloy is typically heated at 415 C for 2 3 hours 9 6061 T4 Edit T4 temper 6061 has an ultimate tensile strength of at least 180 MPa 26 ksi 8 or 210 MPa 30 ksi 7 and yield strength of at least 110 MPa 16 ksi It has elongation of 10 16 6061 T6 Edit 6061 T6 aluminium standard heat treating process T6 temper 6061 has been treated to provide the maximum precipitation hardening and therefore maximum yield strength for a 6061 aluminium alloy It has an ultimate tensile strength of at least 290 MPa 42 ksi and yield strength of at least 240 MPa 35 ksi More typical values are 310 MPa 45 ksi and 270 MPa 39 ksi respectively 10 This can exceed the yield strength of certain types of stainless steel 11 In thicknesses of 6 35 mm 0 250 in or less it has elongation of 8 or more in thicker sections it has elongation of 10 T651 temper has similar mechanical properties The typical value for thermal conductivity for 6061 T6 at 25 C 77 F is around 152 W m K The fatigue limit under cyclic load is 97 MPa 14 ksi for 500 000 000 completely reversed cycles using a standard RR Moore test machine and specimen 12 Note that aluminium does not exhibit a well defined knee on its S N curve so there is some debate as to how many cycles equates to infinite life Also note the actual value of fatigue limit for an application can be dramatically affected by the conventional de rating factors of loading gradient and surface finish Microstructure EditDifferent aluminium heat treatments control the size and dispersion of Mg2 Si precipitates in the material Grain boundary sizes also change but do not have as important of an impact on strength as the precipitates Grain sizes can change orders of magnitude based upon stress and can have grains as small as a few hundred nanometres but are typically a few micrometres to hundreds of micrometres in diameter Iron manganese and chromium secondary phases Fe2 Si2 Al9 Fe Mn Cr 3 SiAl12 often form as inclusions in the material 13 Grain boundaries in extruded plate 6061 aluminium alloy Grain sizes in aluminium alloys are heavily dependent upon the processing techniques and heat treatment Different cross sections of material which has been stressed can cause order of magnitude differences in grain size 14 Some specially processed aluminium alloys have grain diameters which are hundreds of nanometres 15 but most range from a few micrometres to hundreds of micrometres 16 Uses EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources 6061 aluminium alloy news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message 6061 is commonly used for the following construction of aircraft structures such as wings and fuselages more commonly in homebuilt aircraft than commercial or military aircraft 17 2024 alloy is somewhat stronger but 6061 is more easily worked and remains resistant to corrosion even when the surface is abraded This is not the case for 2024 which is usually used with a thin Alclad coating for corrosion resistance 18 yacht construction including small utility boats 19 automotive parts such as the chassis of the Audi A8 and the Plymouth Prowler 20 flashlights aluminium cans for the packaging of food and beverages Scuba tanks and other high pressure gas storage cylinders post 1995 6061 T6 is used for bicycle frames and components 21 middle to high end recurve risers many fly fishing reels the Pioneer plaque the secondary chambers and baffle systems in firearm sound suppressors primarily pistol suppressors for reduced weight and improved mechanical functionality while the primary expansion chambers usually require 17 4PH or 303 stainless steel or titanium 22 23 the upper and lower receivers of many non mil spec AR 15 rifle variants many aluminium docks and gangways welded into place material used in some ultra high vacuum UHV chambers 24 many parts for remote controlled model aircraft notably helicopter rotor components large amateur radio antennas fire department rescue laddersWelding Edit 6061 is highly weldable for example using tungsten inert gas welding TIG or metal inert gas welding MIG Typically after welding the properties near the weld are those of 6061 T4 a loss of strength of around 40 The material can be re heat treated to restore near T6 temper for the whole piece After welding the material can naturally age and restore some of its strength as well Most strength is recovered in the first few days to a few weeks Nevertheless the Aluminum Design Manual Aluminum Association recommends the design strength of the material adjacent to the weld to be taken as 165 MPa 24000 PSI without proper heat treatment after the welding Typical filler material is 4043 or 5356 Extrusions Edit 6061 is an alloy used in the production of extrusions long constant cross section structural shapes produced by pushing metal through a shaped die Forgings Edit 6061 is an alloy that is suitable for hot forging The billet is heated through an induction furnace and forged using a closed die process This particular alloy is suitable for open die forgings Automotive parts ATV parts and industrial parts are just some of the uses as a forging Aluminium 6061 can be forged into flat or round bars rings blocks discs and blanks hollows and spindles 6061 can be forged into special and custom shapes 25 Castings Edit 6061 is not an alloy that is traditionally cast due to its low silicon content affecting the fluidity in casting It can be suitably cast using a specialized centrifugal casting method Centrifugally cast 6061 is ideal for larger rings and sleeve applications that exceed the limitations of most wrought offerings 26 Equivalent materials Edit6061 Aluminium Equivalent Table 27 US European Union ISO Japan ChinaStandard Grade UNS SAE AMS Standard Grade Standard Numerical Chemical Symbols Standard Grade Standard Grade Standard GradeAA ASTM B209 ASTM B211 ASTM B221 ASTM B210 ASTM B308 B308M ASTM B241 B241M 6061 UNS A96061 SAE AMS 4025 SAE AMS 4026 SAE AMS 4027 SAE AMS 4117 6061 EN 573 3 EN AW 6061 EN AW AlMg1SiCu ISO 209 AW 6061 JIS H4000 JIS H4040 6061 GB T 3880 2 GB T 3190 6061Standards EditDifferent forms and tempers of 6061 aluminium alloy are discussed in the following standards 28 ASTM B209 Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate ASTM B210 Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Drawn Seamless Tubes ASTM B211 Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Bar Rod and Wire ASTM B221 Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Extruded Bars Rods Wire Profiles and Tubes ASTM B308 308M Standard Specification for Aluminum Alloy 6061 T6 Standard Structural Profiles ASTM B483 Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Drawn Tube and Pipe for General Purpose Applications ASTM B547 Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Formed and Arc Welded Round Tube ISO 6361 Wrought Aluminium and Aluminium Alloy Sheets Strips and PlatesReferences Edit ASM Handbook Volume 2 Properties and Selection Nonferrous Alloys and Special Purpose Materials 10 ed Materials Park Ohio 1990 ISBN 978 0 87170 377 4 OCLC 21034891 Robert E Sanders Jr 2001 Technology Innovation in Aluminum Products JOM 53 2 21 25 Bibcode 2001JOM 53b 21S doi 10 1007 s11837 001 0115 7 S2CID 111170376 Aluminum Alloys Materials Management Inc 23 December 2015 Archived from the original on 31 July 2016 Retrieved 2016 07 25 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate metric Report B07 Committee doi 10 1520 b0209m 14 Alcoa 6061 data sheet Archived 2006 10 20 at the Wayback Machine pdf accessed October 13 2006 Aluminum Standards and Data 2006 Metric SI by the Aluminum Association Inc a b c ASTM B209 a b c ASTM B221 ASM Handbook Committee 1991 Heat Treating of Aluminum Alloys Volume 4 Heat Treating PDF ASM p 871 doi 10 1361 asmhba0001205 inactive 31 December 2022 hdl 11115 192 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint DOI inactive as of December 2022 link Material Properties Data 6061 T6 Aluminum ASM Material Data Sheet Archived from the original on 2018 10 01 Retrieved 2020 12 23 ASM Material Data Sheet Archived from the original on 2018 10 22 Retrieved 2010 03 21 Hatch John 1984 Microstructure of Alloys Aluminum Properties and Physical Metallurgy ASM International pp 54 104 ISBN 9780871701763 Nakai Manabu Itoh Goroh 2014 The Effect of Microstructure on Mechanical Properties of Forged 6061 Aluminum Alloy Materials Transactions 55 1 114 119 doi 10 2320 matertrans ma201324 ISSN 1345 9678 Lee S H Saito Y Sakai T Utsunomiya H 2002 02 28 Microstructures and mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy processed by accumulative roll bonding Materials Science and Engineering A 325 1 228 235 doi 10 1016 S0921 5093 01 01416 2 ISSN 0921 5093 Easton M A StJohn D H 2008 Improved prediction of the grain size of aluminum alloys that includes the effect of cooling rate Materials Science and Engineering A 486 1 2 8 13 doi 10 1016 j msea 2007 11 009 Aluminum Information at aircraftspruce com accessed October 13 2006 6061 vs 2024 Archived 2013 01 25 at archive today Homebuiltairplanes com Retrieved on 2012 04 04 Boatbuilding with Aluminum Stephen F Pollard 1993 ISBN 0 07 050426 1 Sorokanich Bob 16 December 2015 The Plymouth Prowler Was Secretly Chrysler s Most Important Engineering Experiment Road amp Track Archived from the original on 28 January 2022 Retrieved 2 November 2022 Koch Susanne 9 June 2021 What aluminium alloys are best for bicycle frames Shapes The Aluminium Design Knowledge Hub Archived from the original on 26 October 2021 Retrieved 27 September 2022 EVOLUTION 9mm 1 2 28 TPI Archived 2011 08 01 at the Wayback Machine Advanced Armament Retrieved on 2012 04 04 Amphibian S 22LR Suppressor AWC Systems Technology Archived 2011 10 01 at the Wayback Machine Awcsystech com Retrieved on 2012 04 04 Bothell Jed 30 September 2015 Next Generation Vacuum Systems Aluminum Atlas Technologies Archived from the original on 17 January 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 6061 Aluminum Alloy Forging Anderson Shumaker www andersonshumaker com Archived from the original on 2016 01 17 Retrieved 2015 10 08 Aluminum Alloys Johnson Centrifugal johnsoncentrifugal com 27 August 2019 Retrieved 2019 10 14 Cole Andrew 2020 05 24 AL 6061 T6 Aluminium Alloy Properties Tensile amp Yield Strength Thermal Conductivity Modulus of Elasticity Equivalent Material The World Material Retrieved 2020 08 03 6061 3 3214 H20 A96061 Aluminum Retrieved on 2014 11 14 Further reading Edit Properties of Wrought Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 6061 Alclad 6061 Properties and Selection Nonferrous Alloys and Special Purpose Materials Vol 2 ASM Handbook ASM International 1990 p 102 103 External links EditAluminum 6061 PropertiesAluminium alloy table Edit Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 6061 aluminium alloy amp oldid 1133178295, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
