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Banded sugar ant

February 12, 2024

The banded sugar ant (Camponotus consobrinus), also known as the sugar ant, is a species of ant native to Australia. A member of the genus Camponotus in the subfamily Formicinae, it was described by German entomologist Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson in 1842. Its common name refers to the ant's liking for sugar and sweet food, as well as the distinctive orange-brown band that wraps around its gaster.

Banded sugar ant
Worker with cocoon
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Genus: Camponotus
Species:
C. consobrinus
Binomial name
Camponotus consobrinus
(Erichson, 1842)
Distribution of the banded sugar ant
Synonyms[1][2]
  • Camponotus dimidiatus Roger, 1863
  • Camponotus nigriceps obniger Forel, 1902
  • Formica consobrina Erichson, 1842

The ant is polymorphic and relatively large, with two different castes of workers: major workers (also known as soldiers), and minor workers. These two group of workers measure around 5 to 15 millimetres (0.2 to 0.6 in) in length, while the queen ants are even larger. Mainly nocturnal, banded sugar ants prefer a mesic habitat, and are commonly found in forests and woodlands. They also occur in urban areas, where they are considered a household pest. The ant's diet includes sweet secretions that are retrieved from aphids and other insects that it tends. This species is a competitor of the meat ant (Iridomyrmex purpureus), and food robbery and nest-plugging is known to occur between these two ants. Workers prey on insects, killing them with a spray of formic acid. Banded sugar ants are preyed upon by other ants, echidnas, and birds. The eggs of this species were consumed by Indigenous Australians.

Taxonomy edit

The banded sugar ant was first described by German entomologist Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson, who named it Formica consobrina in 1842. The holotype specimen is a queen collected from Tasmania, which is now housed in the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin.[3] Formica consobrina was later moved to the genus Camponotus as Camponotus consobrinus, by entomologist Julius Roger in 1863.[4] In 1933, American entomologist William Morton Wheeler described some subspecies and variants of the banded sugar ant. These subspecies were C. consobrinus lividipes and C. consobrinus nigriceps, while the variants were C. consobrinus var. obniger and C. consobrinus var. perthianus.[5] Some of these classifications were short-lived; C. consobrinus nigriceps was later revived as a full species in 1934 as C. nigriceps, while C. consobrinus lividipes was synonymised with C. consobrinus.[6] C. consobrinus lividipes was treated as a subspecies for C. nigriceps in 1985, now known as C. nigriceps lividipes.[7] In 1996 C. consobrinus perthianus was synonymised with C. nigriceps, and C. consobrinus var. obniger was synonymised with C. consobrinus.[8]

The specific name is derived from the Latin word consobrina, meaning "cousin".[9] This is in reference to its similar appearance with the species C. herculeanus.[8]

The ant is a member of the Camponotus nigriceps species group, which also includes C. clarior, C. dryandrae, C. eastwoodi, C. loweryi, C. longideclivis, C. nigriceps, C. pallidiceps and C. prostans.[8] The species is commonly known as the banded sugar ant or sugar ant due to its attraction to sweet food and the orange-brown band that is present on its gaster.[10]

Description edit

 
 
 
Worker specimens. Banded sugar ants come in a variety of colours as shown. There is a distinctive orange-brown band around their gasters.

Banded sugar ants appear in different forms, varying from 4 to 16 millimetres (0.2 to 0.6 in) in length, making them a large species.[10] Banded sugar ants are polymorphic, and colonies have two types of workers: minor workers and major workers that have different size ranges. The two castes can be identified easily, due to the workers being smaller and more slender, while the soldiers are larger and more robust. Both castes carry a set of powerful mandibles.[8] Queen ants are the largest ants in the colony. Banded sugar ants come in a large variety of colours, possibly due to ecological rather than genetic influences. For example, humidity, insolation and temperature may all affect the colour of an individual.[11]

Female banded sugar ants are easily recognised by their black head, orange thorax and the orange-brown band that wraps around their gaster. Males of the species are completely black.[12] The dark sides of the thorax and legs are ferruginous (rusty in colour).[3] The scape (the base of the antenna) and mandibles are black, and the head is wider than the thorax. The thorax is longer than its total width and slightly compressed, and the gaster is covered with tiny black dots.[3] Erect setae are golden in colour and absent under the head but present on the mesosoma. The setae on the tibia and scape are shorter than those on the mesosoma.[13] The anterior of the gaster is lighter in colour compared to the posterior, and the dorsum of the mesosoma is outlined and curved.[13] A worker's metanotum is absent and the eyes are bulging, while a soldier's metanotum is noticeable and the eyes are flat. The wings on the queen are dark, and the stigmata and nerves are yellow.[3] While many ant species have a metapleural gland, the gland is not present in the banded sugar ant;[14] the number of malpighian tubules in workers is 21.[15]

The related black-headed sugar ant (Camponotus nigriceps) has a similar appearance and may be mistaken for a banded sugar ant. Black-headed sugar ants are lighter in colour than banded sugar ants and the orange-brown band is absent from their gaster.[12]

Distribution and habitat edit

 
Banded sugar ants rebuild their nest entrance following rain

The banded sugar ant is one of the most widely distributed ants in Australia, but is most commonly found in south-east Australia.[12][16] It occurs along the north-east coast of Queensland, from Charters Towers in the north to Brisbane in the south. The ant is widespread in New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, Victoria and Tasmania.[8][17] In South Australia, it is a common household pest in Adelaide, and populations are mostly found in the south-east of the state while the species is absent in the north-west.[8] The banded sugar ant's presence in Western Australia has yet to be verified.[18] These ants are found in urban areas, eucalypt forests, dry sclerophyll woodland, grasslands and heaths, preferring a mesic habitat.[10][12][19][20] In the drier regions of Australia, the banded sugar ant is absent and is usually replaced by Camponotus nigriceps.[12] Banded sugar ants have been recorded from elevations ranging from 170 to 853 metres (558 to 2,800 ft).[19]

Nests are found in a variety of sites, including holes in wood, roots of plants, twigs of trees and shrubs, between rocks, in the soil, and under paving stones.[21][22] Sometimes, banded sugar ant colonies form small mounds, which are less than 20 cm (8 in) in diameter and usually funnel-shaped and ephemeral.[23] Mounds are not constructed in undisturbed regions where land degradation has not occurred.[24] Instead, the entrance of a nest consists of a smooth-walled vertical shaft that is 15 to 17 millimetres (0.59 to 0.67 in) in diameter. Chambers in the nest have a similar appearance to the nest entrance (shaft-like walls), and the floors within the chambers are typically 20 to 30 millimetres (0.8 to 1.2 in) in length with an arched roof that is 10 millimetres (0.4 in) in height.[24] Excavated meat ant nests show that banded sugar ants will also inhabit them.[25]

Behaviour and ecology edit

 
Workers recruit additional nestmates to exploit newly discovered food sources by the method of tandem running. The lead worker (on the left) has returned to the nest and is leading the remaining workers back to the food source.

Banded sugar ants are the dominant group of nocturnal ants in their range. Workers are mostly encountered at dusk when they are foraging for food on marked trails or on Casuarina and Eucalyptus trees.[26][27] These ants also forage during the day, but they are more frequently seen at night.[28] They are also more active during the warmer seasons, especially summer.[10] Banded sugar ants use multiple social techniques to make other ants follow them to a food source; this includes a worker carrying another worker, tandem running, or simply leaving a pheromone trail to the source.[29] Around 2–35% of foraging workers engage in tandem running.[27]

Banded sugar ants will often attack the nests of other ant species at random, while ignoring other ants nearby. They use their mandibles to hold opponents, and use formic acid to kill them.[30] Foraging workers use visual cues to help them find their way around, or to let them determine that they are lost; workers will identify landmarks they are familiar with to orientate themselves.[31] When provoked, an individual banded sugar ant will lift up its abdomen and use its large mandibles to fend off an attacker. If further provoked, it can defend itself by spraying formic acid from its abdomen to deter predators.[32]

 
The meat ant, a known competitor of the banded sugar ant

A common competitor of sugar ants are meat ants, which have been observed blocking banded sugar ant nesting holes with pebbles and soil to prevent them from leaving their nest during the early hours of the day. The ants counter this by preventing meat ants from leaving their nest by blocking their nesting holes with debris, a behaviour known as nest-plugging.[33][34] If meat ant nests are encroached by trees or other shade, banded sugar ants may invade and take over the nest, since the health of the colony may deteriorate from overshadowing.[35] Members of an affected meat ant colony later move to a nearby satellite nest that is placed in a suitable area, while invading banded sugar ants fill nest galleries up with a black resinous material.[36] In a 1999 study, Pogonoscopus myrmex leafhoppers were placed in a banded sugar ant colony to test the reaction of non-host ants. These leafhoppers were attacked, suggesting no symbiotic relationship between the two.[37]

Starlings have been observed to rub banded sugar ants on their feathers and skin, a behaviour known as anting.[38]

Diet and predators edit

Banded sugar ants are omnivores and feed on sweet substances.[10][39] They tend plant-eating insects such as aphids, and feed on the fluids they secrete.[10] Honeydew secretions are produced from the anus of the aphid, which is later provided to the ants.[40] This behaviour is mutually beneficial to both organisms, as the ants protect the aphids from predation and the aphids provides a nutritious liquid to the ants. Banded sugar ants also tend the larvae of the southern purple azure butterfly (Ogyris genoveva).[41][42] They are visitors to flowers of Eucalyptus globulus trees, where they can act as pollinators.[43] They may be seen at night foraging under lights in urban areas for arthropod prey, such as termites and the southern cattle tick (Rhipicephalus microplus).[12][44][45] During the night, banded sugar ants are known to "rob" food sources excreted by Hemiptera insects that are fed on by meat ants during the day.[46][47] Banded sugar ants and meat ants tend to nest near one another, and areas where the two ants forage have shorter foraging periods due to interference between the species.[33] Banded sugar ants are nocturnal while meat ants are not, so foraging periods are extended by one or two hours if no interference occurs.[48]

Banded sugar ants have been found in the feces of the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus),[49] and non-passerine birds are known to predate them.[50] The blackish blindsnake (Ramphotyphlops nigrescens) follows trails laid by banded sugar ants, possibly to locate them as potential prey. Blindsnakes are also known to consume the brood of this species.[51] Nematodes are a parasite to banded sugar ant larvae, as several mermithergate larvae were described.[52] Infected individuals are recognisable by their swollen gasters; for example, uninfected ants measuring 13 to 14 millimetres (0.51 to 0.55 in) in length have a gaster length of 4 to 5 millimetres (0.16 to 0.20 in) while the gaster of infected individuals who are similar in size is 6 to 7 millimetres (0.24 to 0.28 in). Some specimens collected had gasters so swollen that the intersegmental-membrane was exposed.[5]

Life cycle and reproduction edit

 
Queens exiting a nest for nuptial flight

Like all ants, banded sugar ants begin life as eggs. If the egg is fertilised, the ant becomes a female; if not, it will become a male.[53] They develop through complete metamorphosis, meaning that they pass through a larval and pupal stage before emerging as adults.[54]

Although most banded sugar ant colonies are monogynous (a nest that contains a single queen), some have been found to be polygynous, where a colony will have multiple queens; this is the fourth Camponotus species that is recognized as exhibiting polygyny. In polygynous colonies, queens are not territorial and free-mixing of offspring is observed. Despite the homogeneous environmental factors, different family lineages are strongly correlated with ant caste, suggesting caste is largely genetically determined.[55] Nests containing a single queen are monandrous, where a queen will only mate once with a male.[55][56] Not much is known about their nuptial flight, although virgin queens and males (alates) were observed mating in South Australia in January; and in early December in Southeast Queensland (2017).[8] This hints that banded sugar ants will mate during mid-summer, and colony foundation occurs at this time. Ideal conditions for nuptial flight is on warm days during the afternoon at temperatures of 20–25 °C (68–77 °F), which is when the alates begin to swarm.[57] A colony can be long-lived, with queens living for seven years or more.[58] The black carpenter ant (Camponotus pennsylvanicus) is known to adopt larvae and pupae from banded sugar ant colonies.[59]

Workers that belong to different matrilines (female ancestry) appear significantly different from each other in size.[60] Matrilines are also said to influence caste determination within the species.[61]

Interaction with humans edit

The banded sugar ant is considered a household pest and is occasionally seen in houses at night. It is capable of damaging furniture and fittings by chewing the wood.[62] Carbon disulphide can be used to treat and remove a banded sugar ant nest.[21] The ants do not pose any threat to humans, because they are incapable of stinging and can only spray formic acid. However, the larger soldiers can inflict a painful bite with their powerful jaws, and the formic acid they spray is corrosive to human skin.[28][32][63][64] The eggs of the species were consumed by the Australian Aborigines.[65]

See also edit

References edit

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Cited text edit

External links edit

  • Camponotus consobrinus in the Catalogue of Life
  • Camponotus consobrinus in the Universal Protein Resource
  •   Media related to Camponotus consobrinus at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Camponotus consobrinus at Wikispecies

February 12, 2024
banded, sugar, banded, sugar, camponotus, consobrinus, also, known, sugar, species, native, australia, member, genus, camponotus, subfamily, formicinae, described, german, entomologist, wilhelm, ferdinand, erichson, 1842, common, name, refers, liking, sugar, s. The banded sugar ant Camponotus consobrinus also known as the sugar ant is a species of ant native to Australia A member of the genus Camponotus in the subfamily Formicinae it was described by German entomologist Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson in 1842 Its common name refers to the ant s liking for sugar and sweet food as well as the distinctive orange brown band that wraps around its gaster Banded sugar antWorker with cocoonScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder HymenopteraFamily FormicidaeSubfamily FormicinaeGenus CamponotusSpecies C consobrinusBinomial nameCamponotus consobrinus Erichson 1842 Distribution of the banded sugar antSynonyms 1 2 Camponotus dimidiatus Roger 1863 Camponotus nigriceps obniger Forel 1902 Formica consobrina Erichson 1842The ant is polymorphic and relatively large with two different castes of workers major workers also known as soldiers and minor workers These two group of workers measure around 5 to 15 millimetres 0 2 to 0 6 in in length while the queen ants are even larger Mainly nocturnal banded sugar ants prefer a mesic habitat and are commonly found in forests and woodlands They also occur in urban areas where they are considered a household pest The ant s diet includes sweet secretions that are retrieved from aphids and other insects that it tends This species is a competitor of the meat ant Iridomyrmex purpureus and food robbery and nest plugging is known to occur between these two ants Workers prey on insects killing them with a spray of formic acid Banded sugar ants are preyed upon by other ants echidnas and birds The eggs of this species were consumed by Indigenous Australians Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behaviour and ecology 4 1 Diet and predators 4 2 Life cycle and reproduction 5 Interaction with humans 6 See also 7 References 7 1 Cited text 8 External linksTaxonomy editThe banded sugar ant was first described by German entomologist Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson who named it Formica consobrina in 1842 The holotype specimen is a queen collected from Tasmania which is now housed in the Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin 3 Formica consobrina was later moved to the genus Camponotus as Camponotus consobrinus by entomologist Julius Roger in 1863 4 In 1933 American entomologist William Morton Wheeler described some subspecies and variants of the banded sugar ant These subspecies were C consobrinus lividipes and C consobrinus nigriceps while the variants were C consobrinus var obniger and C consobrinus var perthianus 5 Some of these classifications were short lived C consobrinus nigriceps was later revived as a full species in 1934 as C nigriceps while C consobrinus lividipes was synonymised with C consobrinus 6 C consobrinus lividipes was treated as a subspecies for C nigriceps in 1985 now known as C nigriceps lividipes 7 In 1996 C consobrinus perthianus was synonymised with C nigriceps and C consobrinus var obniger was synonymised with C consobrinus 8 The specific name is derived from the Latin word consobrina meaning cousin 9 This is in reference to its similar appearance with the species C herculeanus 8 The ant is a member of the Camponotus nigriceps species group which also includes C clarior C dryandrae C eastwoodi C loweryi C longideclivis C nigriceps C pallidiceps and C prostans 8 The species is commonly known as the banded sugar ant or sugar ant due to its attraction to sweet food and the orange brown band that is present on its gaster 10 Description edit nbsp nbsp nbsp Worker specimens Banded sugar ants come in a variety of colours as shown There is a distinctive orange brown band around their gasters Banded sugar ants appear in different forms varying from 4 to 16 millimetres 0 2 to 0 6 in in length making them a large species 10 Banded sugar ants are polymorphic and colonies have two types of workers minor workers and major workers that have different size ranges The two castes can be identified easily due to the workers being smaller and more slender while the soldiers are larger and more robust Both castes carry a set of powerful mandibles 8 Queen ants are the largest ants in the colony Banded sugar ants come in a large variety of colours possibly due to ecological rather than genetic influences For example humidity insolation and temperature may all affect the colour of an individual 11 Female banded sugar ants are easily recognised by their black head orange thorax and the orange brown band that wraps around their gaster Males of the species are completely black 12 The dark sides of the thorax and legs are ferruginous rusty in colour 3 The scape the base of the antenna and mandibles are black and the head is wider than the thorax The thorax is longer than its total width and slightly compressed and the gaster is covered with tiny black dots 3 Erect setae are golden in colour and absent under the head but present on the mesosoma The setae on the tibia and scape are shorter than those on the mesosoma 13 The anterior of the gaster is lighter in colour compared to the posterior and the dorsum of the mesosoma is outlined and curved 13 A worker s metanotum is absent and the eyes are bulging while a soldier s metanotum is noticeable and the eyes are flat The wings on the queen are dark and the stigmata and nerves are yellow 3 While many ant species have a metapleural gland the gland is not present in the banded sugar ant 14 the number of malpighian tubules in workers is 21 15 The related black headed sugar ant Camponotus nigriceps has a similar appearance and may be mistaken for a banded sugar ant Black headed sugar ants are lighter in colour than banded sugar ants and the orange brown band is absent from their gaster 12 Distribution and habitat edit nbsp Banded sugar ants rebuild their nest entrance following rainThe banded sugar ant is one of the most widely distributed ants in Australia but is most commonly found in south east Australia 12 16 It occurs along the north east coast of Queensland from Charters Towers in the north to Brisbane in the south The ant is widespread in New South Wales the Australian Capital Territory Victoria and Tasmania 8 17 In South Australia it is a common household pest in Adelaide and populations are mostly found in the south east of the state while the species is absent in the north west 8 The banded sugar ant s presence in Western Australia has yet to be verified 18 These ants are found in urban areas eucalypt forests dry sclerophyll woodland grasslands and heaths preferring a mesic habitat 10 12 19 20 In the drier regions of Australia the banded sugar ant is absent and is usually replaced by Camponotus nigriceps 12 Banded sugar ants have been recorded from elevations ranging from 170 to 853 metres 558 to 2 800 ft 19 Nests are found in a variety of sites including holes in wood roots of plants twigs of trees and shrubs between rocks in the soil and under paving stones 21 22 Sometimes banded sugar ant colonies form small mounds which are less than 20 cm 8 in in diameter and usually funnel shaped and ephemeral 23 Mounds are not constructed in undisturbed regions where land degradation has not occurred 24 Instead the entrance of a nest consists of a smooth walled vertical shaft that is 15 to 17 millimetres 0 59 to 0 67 in in diameter Chambers in the nest have a similar appearance to the nest entrance shaft like walls and the floors within the chambers are typically 20 to 30 millimetres 0 8 to 1 2 in in length with an arched roof that is 10 millimetres 0 4 in in height 24 Excavated meat ant nests show that banded sugar ants will also inhabit them 25 Behaviour and ecology edit nbsp Workers recruit additional nestmates to exploit newly discovered food sources by the method of tandem running The lead worker on the left has returned to the nest and is leading the remaining workers back to the food source Banded sugar ants are the dominant group of nocturnal ants in their range Workers are mostly encountered at dusk when they are foraging for food on marked trails or on Casuarina and Eucalyptus trees 26 27 These ants also forage during the day but they are more frequently seen at night 28 They are also more active during the warmer seasons especially summer 10 Banded sugar ants use multiple social techniques to make other ants follow them to a food source this includes a worker carrying another worker tandem running or simply leaving a pheromone trail to the source 29 Around 2 35 of foraging workers engage in tandem running 27 Banded sugar ants will often attack the nests of other ant species at random while ignoring other ants nearby They use their mandibles to hold opponents and use formic acid to kill them 30 Foraging workers use visual cues to help them find their way around or to let them determine that they are lost workers will identify landmarks they are familiar with to orientate themselves 31 When provoked an individual banded sugar ant will lift up its abdomen and use its large mandibles to fend off an attacker If further provoked it can defend itself by spraying formic acid from its abdomen to deter predators 32 nbsp The meat ant a known competitor of the banded sugar antA common competitor of sugar ants are meat ants which have been observed blocking banded sugar ant nesting holes with pebbles and soil to prevent them from leaving their nest during the early hours of the day The ants counter this by preventing meat ants from leaving their nest by blocking their nesting holes with debris a behaviour known as nest plugging 33 34 If meat ant nests are encroached by trees or other shade banded sugar ants may invade and take over the nest since the health of the colony may deteriorate from overshadowing 35 Members of an affected meat ant colony later move to a nearby satellite nest that is placed in a suitable area while invading banded sugar ants fill nest galleries up with a black resinous material 36 In a 1999 study Pogonoscopus myrmex leafhoppers were placed in a banded sugar ant colony to test the reaction of non host ants These leafhoppers were attacked suggesting no symbiotic relationship between the two 37 Starlings have been observed to rub banded sugar ants on their feathers and skin a behaviour known as anting 38 Diet and predators edit Banded sugar ants are omnivores and feed on sweet substances 10 39 They tend plant eating insects such as aphids and feed on the fluids they secrete 10 Honeydew secretions are produced from the anus of the aphid which is later provided to the ants 40 This behaviour is mutually beneficial to both organisms as the ants protect the aphids from predation and the aphids provides a nutritious liquid to the ants Banded sugar ants also tend the larvae of the southern purple azure butterfly Ogyris genoveva 41 42 They are visitors to flowers of Eucalyptus globulus trees where they can act as pollinators 43 They may be seen at night foraging under lights in urban areas for arthropod prey such as termites and the southern cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus 12 44 45 During the night banded sugar ants are known to rob food sources excreted by Hemiptera insects that are fed on by meat ants during the day 46 47 Banded sugar ants and meat ants tend to nest near one another and areas where the two ants forage have shorter foraging periods due to interference between the species 33 Banded sugar ants are nocturnal while meat ants are not so foraging periods are extended by one or two hours if no interference occurs 48 Banded sugar ants have been found in the feces of the short beaked echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus 49 and non passerine birds are known to predate them 50 The blackish blindsnake Ramphotyphlops nigrescens follows trails laid by banded sugar ants possibly to locate them as potential prey Blindsnakes are also known to consume the brood of this species 51 Nematodes are a parasite to banded sugar ant larvae as several mermithergate larvae were described 52 Infected individuals are recognisable by their swollen gasters for example uninfected ants measuring 13 to 14 millimetres 0 51 to 0 55 in in length have a gaster length of 4 to 5 millimetres 0 16 to 0 20 in while the gaster of infected individuals who are similar in size is 6 to 7 millimetres 0 24 to 0 28 in Some specimens collected had gasters so swollen that the intersegmental membrane was exposed 5 Life cycle and reproduction edit nbsp Queens exiting a nest for nuptial flightLike all ants banded sugar ants begin life as eggs If the egg is fertilised the ant becomes a female if not it will become a male 53 They develop through complete metamorphosis meaning that they pass through a larval and pupal stage before emerging as adults 54 Although most banded sugar ant colonies are monogynous a nest that contains a single queen some have been found to be polygynous where a colony will have multiple queens this is the fourth Camponotus species that is recognized as exhibiting polygyny In polygynous colonies queens are not territorial and free mixing of offspring is observed Despite the homogeneous environmental factors different family lineages are strongly correlated with ant caste suggesting caste is largely genetically determined 55 Nests containing a single queen are monandrous where a queen will only mate once with a male 55 56 Not much is known about their nuptial flight although virgin queens and males alates were observed mating in South Australia in January and in early December in Southeast Queensland 2017 8 This hints that banded sugar ants will mate during mid summer and colony foundation occurs at this time Ideal conditions for nuptial flight is on warm days during the afternoon at temperatures of 20 25 C 68 77 F which is when the alates begin to swarm 57 A colony can be long lived with queens living for seven years or more 58 The black carpenter ant Camponotus pennsylvanicus is known to adopt larvae and pupae from banded sugar ant colonies 59 Workers that belong to different matrilines female ancestry appear significantly different from each other in size 60 Matrilines are also said to influence caste determination within the species 61 Interaction with humans editThe banded sugar ant is considered a household pest and is occasionally seen in houses at night It is capable of damaging furniture and fittings by chewing the wood 62 Carbon disulphide can be used to treat and remove a banded sugar ant nest 21 The ants do not pose any threat to humans because they are incapable of stinging and can only spray formic acid However the larger soldiers can inflict a painful bite with their powerful jaws and the formic acid they spray is corrosive to human skin 28 32 63 64 The eggs of the species were consumed by the Australian Aborigines 65 See also editList of ants of Australia List of Camponotus speciesReferences edit Johnson Norman F 19 December 2007 Camponotus consobrinus Erichson Hymenoptera Name Server version 1 5 Columbus Ohio USA Ohio State University Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 1 April 2015 Forel Auguste H 1902 Fourmis nouvelles d Australie PDF Revue Suisse de Zoologie 10 405 548 doi 10 5281 ZENODO 14495 a b c d Erichson Wilhelm F 1842 Beitrag zur Insecten Fauna von Vandiemensland mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der geographischen Verbreitung der Insecten PDF Archiv fur Naturgeschichte in German 8 83 287 doi 10 5962 bhl part 21657 Roger Julius 1863 Verzeichniss der Formiciden Gattungen und Arten Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift 7 1 2 i ii doi 10 1002 mmnd 18630070123 a b Wheeler William Morton 1933 Mermis parasitism in some Australian and Mexican ants PDF Psyche A Journal of Entomology 40 1 20 31 doi 10 1155 1933 36308 Clark John 1934 Ants from the Otway Ranges Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 8 48 73 doi 10 24199 j mmv 1934 8 03 Taylor Robert W Brown D R Cardale Josephine C 1985 Hymenoptera Formicoidea Vespoidea and Sphecoidea Zoological catalogue of Australia Vol 2 Canberra Australian Government Publishing Service p 117 ISBN 978 0 644 03922 2 a b c d e f g McArthur A J Adams M 1996 A morphological and molecular revision of the Camponotus nigriceps group Hymenoptera Formicidae from Australia Invertebrate Systematics 10 1 1 46 doi 10 1071 IT9960001 Crane Gregory R Latin Word Study Tool Perseus Digital Library Tufts University Retrieved 3 April 2015 a b c d e f Animal species Sugar Ant Australian Museum 20 May 2009 Retrieved 28 January 2015 Brown William 1953 Revisionary notes on the ant genus Myrmecia of Australia PDF Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University 111 6 1 35 a b c d e f Andersen Alan Neil 1991 The Ants of Southern Australia A Guide to the Bassian Fauna Melbourne Victoria CSIRO Publishing pp 46 47 ISBN 978 0 643 05152 2 a b McArthur A J 2007 A key to Camponotus Mayr of Australia PDF Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80 290 351 doi 10 15468 leh8vw Holldobler Bert Engel Siegel Hiltrud 1984 On the Metapleural Gland of Ants PDF Psyche A Journal of Entomology 91 3 4 201 224 doi 10 1155 1984 70141 Trager James C 1988 Advances in myrmecology 1st ed Leiden Netherlands E J Brill p 25 ISBN 978 0 916846 38 1 Formicidae Family CSIRO Entomology Retrieved 3 April 2015 Clark John 1941 Notes on the Argentine ant and other exotic ants introduced into Australia Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 12 59 70 doi 10 24199 j mmv 1941 12 05 Sugar ant Camponotus consobrinus Erichson CSIRO Publishing 18 September 2004 Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 29 January 2015 a b Species Camponotus consobrinus AntWeb The California Academy of Sciences Retrieved 3 April 2015 Miller L J New T R 1997 Mount Piper grasslands pitfall trapping of ants and interpretation of habitat variability Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 56 2 377 381 doi 10 24199 j mmv 1997 56 27 ISSN 0814 1827 LCCN 90644802 OCLC 11628078 a b The Control of Ants The Chronicle Adelaide SA National Library of Australia 1 May 1941 p 11 Retrieved 2 April 2015 Sugar Ants Camponotus species Queensland Museum Retrieved 29 January 2015 Conacher A J 2001 Land Degradation Papers selected from Contributions to the Sixth Meeting of the International Geographical Union s Commission on Land Degradation and Desertification Perth Western Australia 20 28 September 1999 Vol 58 2002nd ed Dordrecht Springer Netherlands p 269 ISBN 978 94 017 2033 5 a b Humphreys G S Ringrose Voase A J 1994 Soil micromorphology studies in management and genesis Amsterdam Elsevier p 423 ISBN 978 0 08 086990 2 Greaves T Hughes R D 1974 The Population Biology of the Meat Ant Australian Journal of Entomology 13 4 329 351 doi 10 1111 j 1440 6055 1974 tb02212 x McQuillan Peter B 1997 Invertebrates of the domain a brief survey and implications for management PDF Tasmanian Naturalist 119 2 9 3 72 ISSN 0819 6826 Archived from the original PDF on 29 March 2015 a b Schultheiss Patrick Raderschall Chloe A Narendra Ajay 2015 Follower ants in a tandem pair are not always naive Scientific Reports 5 10747 Bibcode 2015NatSR 510747S doi 10 1038 srep10747 PMC 4448225 PMID 26021611 a b Camponotus consobrinus sugar ant CSIRO Entomology Archived from the original on 16 August 2007 Holldobler amp Wilson 1990 p 281 Naturalist note 2001 Ant Behaviour Part 2 The Victorian Naturalist 118 3 100 ISSN 0042 5184 LCCN sf81002054 OCLC 1586391 Egan Joanna 15 November 2012 Lost ants use visual cues to quickly navigate Australian Geographic Retrieved 3 April 2015 a b Chisholm Alec H 1935 Bird wonders of Australia 2nd ed Sydney Angus amp Robertson p 155 a b Holldobler amp Wilson 1990 p 424 Gordon Deborah M 1988 Nest plugging interference competition in desert ants Novomessor cockerelli and Pogonomyrmex barbatus Oecologia 75 1 114 118 Bibcode 1988Oecol 75 114G doi 10 1007 BF00378823 ISSN 1432 1939 PMID 28311843 S2CID 18989762 Cowan J A Humphreys G S Mitchell P B Murphy C L 1985 An assessment of pedoturbation by two species of mound building ants Camponotus intrepidus Kirby and Iridomyrmex purpureus F Smith Australian Journal of Soil Research 23 1 95 doi 10 1071 SR9850095 Ettershank G 1968 The three dimensional gallery structure of the nest of the meat ant Iridomyrmex purpureus SM Hymenoptera Formicidae Australian Journal of Zoology 16 4 715 723 doi 10 1071 ZO9680715 Day M F Pullen K R 1999 Leafhoppers in ant nests some aspects of the behaviour of Pogonoscopini Hemiptera Eurymelidae PDF The Victorian Naturalist 116 1 12 15 ISSN 0042 5184 Archived from the original PDF on 2 April 2015 Groskin Horace 1950 Additional Observations and Comments on Anting by Birds PDF The Auk 67 2 201 209 doi 10 2307 4081213 JSTOR 4081213 Archived from the original PDF on 14 July 2015 Retrieved 5 April 2015 Hadlington Phillip W Johnston Judith A 1998 An Introduction to Australian Insects Sydney N S W UNSW Press p 87 ISBN 978 0 86840 465 3 Holldobler amp Wilson 1990 p 425 Britton D R T R T R Jelinek A 1995 Rare Lepidoptera at Mount Piper Victoria The role of a threatened butterfly community in advancing understanding of insect conservation Journal of the Lepidopterists Society 49 2 97 113 ISSN 0024 0966 LCCN 56023725 r86 OCLC 7654420 Holldobler amp Wilson 1990 p 518 Hingston A B Potts B M 1998 Floral visitors of Eucalyptus globulus subsp globulus in eastern Tasmania PDF Tasforests 10 125 139 Sutherst R W Wilson L J Cook I M 2000 Predation of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus Canestrini Acarina Ixodidae in three Australian pastures Australian Journal of Entomology 39 2 70 77 doi 10 1046 j 1440 6055 2000 00148 x Wheeler William M 1933 Colony founding among ants with an account of some primitive Australian species PDF Cambridge Mass Harvard University Press p 97 OCLC 1411297 Orr Matthew R Dahlsten Donald L Benson Woodruff W 2003 Ecological interactions among ants in the genus Linepithema their phorid parasitoids and ant competitors Ecological Entomology 28 2 203 210 doi 10 1046 j 1365 2311 2003 00506 x S2CID 83873110 Holldobler Bert 1986 Food robbing in ants a form of interference competition Oecologia 69 1 12 15 Bibcode 1986Oecol 69 12H doi 10 1007 BF00399031 ISSN 1432 1939 JSTOR 4217900 PMID 28311678 S2CID 22881495 Rockwood Larry L 2015 Introduction to Population Ecology 2nd ed Chichester West Sussex John Wiley amp Sons p 201 ISBN 978 1 118 94756 2 Griffiths Mervyn 2013 Kerkut G A ed Echidnas International Series of Monographs in Pure and Applied Biology Zoology Vol 38 1st ed Canberra Elsevier p 27 ISBN 978 1 4831 5040 6 Barker Robin Vestjens Wilhelmus 1989 Food of Australian Birds 1 Non passerines Kindle ed Melbourne Victoria CSIRO Publishing p 237 ISBN 978 0 643 10296 5 Webb Jonathan K Shine Richard 1992 To find an ant trail following in Australian blindsnakes Typhlopidae Animal Behaviour 43 6 941 948 doi 10 1016 S0003 3472 06 80007 2 S2CID 53165253 Wheeler George C Wheeler Jeanette 1953 The Ant Larvae of the Subfamily Formicinae Part II Annals of the Entomological Society of America 46 2 175 217 doi 10 1093 aesa 46 2 175 Holldobler amp Wilson 1990 p 183 Hadlington Phillip W Beck Louise 1996 Australian Termites and Other Common Timber Pests Kensington N S W UNSW Press p 102 ISBN 978 0 86840 399 1 a b Fraser V S Kaufmann B Oldroyd B P Crozier R H 1 February 2000 Genetic influence on caste in the ant Camponotus consobrinus Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 47 3 188 194 doi 10 1007 s002650050010 ISSN 1432 0762 S2CID 40677875 Crozier R H Kaufmann B Carew M E Crozier Y C 1999 Mutability of microsatellites developed for the ant Camponotus consobrinus Molecular Ecology 8 2 271 276 doi 10 1046 j 1365 294X 1999 00565 x PMID 10065542 S2CID 20931342 Perkins Harvey 2000 Canberra Bird Notes Canberra Ornithologists Group 25 1 1 47 ISSN 0314 8211 Holldobler amp Wilson 1990 p 169 Holldobler amp Wilson 1990 p 203 Leniaud L Pearcy M Aron S 2013 Sociogenetic organisation of two desert ants PDF Insectes Sociaux 60 3 337 344 doi 10 1007 s00040 013 0298 2 ISSN 1420 9098 S2CID 15380096 Fournier Denis Battaille Geraldine Timmermans Iris Aron Serge 2008 Genetic diversity worker size polymorphism and division of labour in the polyandrous ant Cataglyphis cursor PDF Animal Behaviour 75 1 151 158 doi 10 1016 j anbehav 2007 04 023 S2CID 53184528 Hockings David F 2014 Pests diseases and beneficials friends and foes of Australian gardens Collingwood Victoria CSIRO Publishing p 21 ISBN 978 1 4863 0022 8 Camponotus consobrinus Erichson 1842 Atlas of Living Australia Government of Australia Retrieved 3 April 2015 Reutemann Werner Heinz Kieczka 2000 Formic Acid Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry doi 10 1002 14356007 a12 013 ISBN 978 3527306732 Noetling Fritz 1910 The food of the Tasmanian Aborigines Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 279 305 ISSN 0080 4703 Cited text edit Holldobler Bert Wilson Edward O 1990 The Ants Cambridge Mass Belknap Press of Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 04075 5 External links editCamponotus consobrinus in the Catalogue of Life Camponotus consobrinus in the Universal Protein Resource nbsp Media related to Camponotus consobrinus at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Camponotus consobrinus at Wikispecies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Banded sugar ant amp oldid 1183921302, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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