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Bahmani Sultanate

May 19, 2023

"Bahmani" redirects here. For places in Iran, see Bahmani, Iran.

The Bahmani Sultanate was a Sunni Deccani Muslim empire that ruled the Deccan Plateau in South India.[5][6][7][8][9][2] With its origins in North Indian immigrants identified as the Deccanis,[10][11][12] and its patronization of an Indo-Persian culture,[13][14] it was the first independent Muslim kingdom of the Deccan,[15] and was known for its perpetual wars with its rival Vijayanagara, which would outlast the Sultanate.[16]

Bahmani Sultanate
1347–1527
Coinage of Bahmani ruler Ala al-Din Ahmad Shah II (1435-1457)
Bahmani Sultanate, 1470 CE.[1]
StatusSultanate
Capital
Common languagesPersian (official) [2]
Marathi
Deccani Urdu
Telugu
Kannada
Religion
Sunni Islam[3][4]
GovernmentMonarchy
Sultan 
• 1347–1358
Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah
• 1525–1527
Kalim-Allah Shah
Historical eraLate Medieval
• Established
3 August 1347
• Disestablished
1527
CurrencyTaka
Today part ofIndia

The Sultanate was founded in 1347 by Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah. It later split into five successor states that were collectively known as the Deccan sultanates.

Origin

Nothing is definitely known about the origin of Hasan Gangu, the founder of the dynasty, but he was probably of humble origin.[17] According to the historian Ferishta, Zafar Khan had earlier been a servant of a Brahmin astrologer at Delhi named Gangu (hence the name Hasan Gangu),[18][19][20] and says that he from North India.[21][22] Historians have not found any corroboration for the legend,[23][24] but Barani, who was the court chronicler of Sultan Firuz Shah, as well as some other scholars have also called him as Hasan Gangu.[25][26] Another legend traces the ancestry of Bahmanids to the mythological Persian hero Bahman Shah, which seems implausible. The claim of his descent from this half-mythical hero was an attempt to mark him out for the honour of royalty by later poets and historians, but it was not Hasan Gangu himself who claimed this.[27] According to a third version, Bahman is a corrupted persianized form of Brahman,[28] and Hasan Gangu was a Brahman who became Muslim.[29][30][31]

History

Further information: History of the Bahmani Sultanate

Barani states that Hasan Gangu was "born in very humble circumstances. For the first thirty years of his life he was nothing more than a field laborer."[32] He was made a commander of a hundred horsemen by the Sultan who was pleased with his honesty. This sudden rise in the military and socio-economic ladder was common in this era of Muslim India.[33]

Zafar Khan was one of the native inhabitants of Dehli who were forced to migrate to the Deccan, with the purpose of building a large Muslim urban centre in Daulatabad.[34] Although the transfer was successful in spreading northern culture to the south, the Muslim nobles had long resented the Sultan for his cruelty in forcing the Muslim population to migrate to his new city of Daulatabad.[35] Zafar Khan was a man of ambition and looked forward to adventure. He had long hoped to employ his body of horsemen in the Deccan region for slaying and plundering Hindus, as the Deccan was seen as the place of bounty in Muslim imagination at the time.[36] He was rewarded with an Iqta for taking part in the conquest of Kampili.[37] He made various raids against neighboring Hindus until he could gain influence and wealth and became a powerful military chief.[38]

Rise

class=notpageimage|
The Bahmani Sultanate and main South Asian polities in 1400 CE.[39]

Before the establishment of his kingdom, he was Governor of Deccan and a commander on behalf of Tughlaq's. On 3 August 1347, the elderly Nazir Uddin Ismail Shah (Ismail Mukh) who had revolted against the Delhi Sultanate, voluntarily stepped down in favour of Bahman Shah, a native of Delhi.[40] His revolt was successful, and he established an independent state on the Deccan within the Delhi Sultanate's southern provinces with its headquarters at Hasanabad (Gulbarga) and all his coins were minted at Hasanabad.[41][42] The majority of the Bahmanid army that conquered the Deccan consisted of Urdu-speaking Indian Muslims indigenous to North India.[43][44] In the 14th century, these North Indian immigrants opposed to Tughlaq rule were referred to as Deccanis.[45] With the support of the influential Indian Chishti Sufi Shaikhs, he was crowned "Alauddin Bahman Shah Sultan – Founder of the Bahmani Dynasty".[46] They bestowed upon him a robe allegedly worn by the Prophet. The extension of the Sufi's notion of spiritual sovereignty lent legitimacy to the planting of the Sultanate's political authority, where the land, people, and produce of the Deccan were merited state protection, no longer available for plunder with impunity. These Sufis legitimized the transplantation of Indo-Muslim rulership from one region in South Asia to another, converting the land of the Bahmanids into being recognized as Dar ul-Islam, while it was previously considered Dar ul-Harb.[47] Abdul Malik Isami, in the context of his writing, explained in his view of the rebellion as pious Deccani Muslims revolting against the northern tyrant of the Delhi Sultanate.[48]

 
Farman of Feroz Shah Bahmani

Alauddin was succeeded by his son Mohammed Shah I.[49] His conflicts with the Vijayangar empire were singularly savage wars, as according to the historian Ferishta, "the population of the Carnatic was so reduced that it did not recover for several ages."[50] The Bahmanids' aggressive confrontation with the two main Hindu kingdoms of the southern Deccan, Warangal and Vijayanagara, made them renowned among Muslims as warriors of the faith.[51] The Vijayanagara empire and the Bahmanids fought over the control of the Godavari-basin, Tungabadhra Doab, and the Marathwada country, although they seldom required a pretext for declaring war,[52] as military conflicts were almost a regular feature and lasted as long as these kingdoms continued.[53] Military slavery involved captured slaves from Vijayanagara and having them embrace a Deccani identity by converting them to Islam and integrating into the host society, so they could begin military careers within the Bahmanid empire.[54][55]

Ghiyasuddin succeeded his father Muhammad II at the age of seventeen, but was blinded and imprisoned by a Turkic slave called Taghalchin,[56][57] who had held a grudge on the Sultan for the latter's refusal to appoint him as a governor. He had lured the Sultan into putting himself in the former's power, using the beauty of his daughter, who was accomplished in music and arts, and had introduced her to the Sultan at a feast.[58][59] He was succeeded by Shamsuddin, who was a puppet king under Taghalchin. Firuz and Ahmed, the sons of the fourth sultan Daud, marched to Gulbarga to avenge Ghiyasuddin. Firuz declared himself the sultan, and defeated Taghalchin's forces. Taghalchin was killed and Shamsuddin was blinded.[60]

 
Dakhani Horseman

Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah became the sultan in 1397.[61] Firuz Shah fought against the Vijayanagara Empire on many occasions and the rivalry between the two dynasties continued unabated throughout his reign, with victories in 1398 and 1406, but a defeat in 1419. One of his victories resulted in his marriage to Deva Raya's daughter. In his reign, Sufis such as Gesudaraz, a Chishti saint who had immigrated from Dehli to Daulatabad, were prominent in court and daily life.[62] He was the first author to write in the Dakhni dialect of Urdu.[63] The Dakhni language became widespread, practised by various milieus from the court to the Sufis. It was established as a lingua franca of the Muslims of the Deccan, as not only the aspect of a dominant urban elite, but an expression of the regional religious identity.[64]

Firuz Shah was succeeded by his younger brother Ahmad Shah I Wali. Bidar was made capital of the sultanate in 1429.[65] Ahmad Shah's reign was marked with relentless military campaigns and expansionism. He imposed destruction and slaughter on Vijayanagara and finally captured the remnants of Warangal.[66]

Alauddin Ahmad II succeeded his father to the throne in 1436.[67] He ordered the construction of the Chand Minar. For the first half century after the establishment of the Bahmanids, the original North Indian colonists and their sons had administered the empire quite independent of either the non-Muslim Hindus, or the Muslim foreign immigrants. However, the later Bahmani Sultans, mainly starting from his father Ahmad Shah Wali I, began to recruit foreigners from overseas, whether because of depletion among the ranks of the original settlers, or the feelings of dependency upon the Persian courtly model, or both.[68] This resulted in factional strife that first became acute in the reign of his son Alauddin Ahmad Shah II.[69] In 1446, the powerful Dakhani nobles persuaded the Sultan that the Persians were responsible for the failure of the Konkan invasion.[70] The Sultan, drunk, condoned a terrible massacre of Persian Shi'a Sayyids by the Sunni Dakhani nobles and their Sunni Abyssinian slaves.[71] A few survivors escaped the massacre dressed in women's clothing and convinced the Sultan of their innocence.[72] Ashamed of his own folly, the Sultan punished the Dakhani leaders who were responsible for the massacre, putting them to death or throwing them in prison, and reduced their families to beggary.[73] It is noteworthy that the accounts of the violent events included exaggerations as it came from the pen of the chroniclers who were themselves mainly foreigners and products of Safavid Persia.[74]

 
Mahmud Gawan Madrasa was built by Mahmud Gawan, the Wazir of the Bahmani Sultanate as the centre of religious as well as secular education.[75]

The eldest sons of Humayun Shah, Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III and Muhammad Shah III Lashkari ascended the throne successively, while they were young boys. The vizier Mahmud Gawan ruled as regent during this period, until Muhammad Shah reached age. Mahmud Gawan is known for setting up the Mahmud Gawan Madrasa, a center of religious as well as secular education.[75] Gawan was considered a great statesman, and a poet of repute. Mahmud Gawan was caught in a struggle between a rivalry between two groups of nobles, the Dakhanis and the Afaqis. The Dakhanis made the ruling indigenous Muslim elite of the Bahmanid dynasty, being descendants of Sunni immigrants from Northern India, while the Afaqis were foreign newcomers from the west such as Gawan, who were mostly Shi'is.[76][77] The Dakhanis believed that the privileges, patronage and positions of power in the Sultanate should have been reserved solely for them, based on their ethnic origin and their sense of pride of having launched the Bahmanid empire.[78][79] The divisions included sectarian religious divisions where the Afaqis were looked upon heretics by the Sunnis as the former were Shi'as,[80] while Eaton cites a linguistic divide where the Dakhanis spoke Dakhni while the Afaqis favored the Persian language.[81] Although Mahmud Gawan was a foreigner, he attempted to reconcile the factions and strengthen the Sultanate by allotting offices to the Dakhanis. Nonetheless, Mahmud Gawan found it difficult to win their confidence; the party strife could not be stopped and his opponents eventually managed to poison the ears of the Sultan.[82] Mahmud Gawan was executed by Muhammad Shah III, an act that the latter regretted until he died in 1482.[83] Upon his death, Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri, the father of the founder of the Nizam Shahi dynasty became the regent of the king.[84] Nizam-ul-Mulk, as leader of the Dakhani party, led a cold-blooded massacre of Iranian Georgians and Turkmens in the capital of Bidar.[85][86]

Later rulers and decline

Muhammad Shah II was succeeded by his son Mahmood Shah Bahmani II, the last Bahmani ruler to have real power.[87] In 1501, Mahmud Shah Bahmani united his amirs and wazirs in an agreement to wage annual Jihad against Vijayanagara. The expeditions were financially ruinous.[88]

 
The independent Nizam Shahi Sultanate was founded by the son of the regent of Muhammad Shah II, Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri

The last Bahmani Sultans were puppet monarchs under their Barid Shahi Prime Ministers, who were de facto rulers. After 1518 the sultanate broke up into five states: Nizamshahi of Ahmednagar, Qutb Shahi of Golconda (Hyderabad), Barid Shahi of Bidar, Imad Shahi of Berar, Adil Shahi of Bijapur. They are collectively known as the "Deccan Sultanates".[89]

The south Indian Emperor Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire defeated the last remnant of Bahmani Sultanate power after which the Bahmani Sultanate collapsed.[90]

Historiography

Modern scholars like Sherwani, Eaton have based their accounts of the Bahmani dynasty mainly upon the medieval chronicles of Firishta, and Syed Ali Tabatabai. Other contemporary works were Sivatatva Chintamani and Guru Charitra. Athanasius Nikitin traveled this kingdom. He contrasts the huge "wealth of the nobility with the wretchedness of the peasantry and the frugality of the Hindus".[91]

Culture

The dynasty derived its Indo-Muslim and Persianate culture from Northern India and the Middle East, and used Urdu/Dakhani and Persian literature to differentiate from its overwhelmingly non-Muslim subjects.[92] According to Khafi Khan and Ferishta, musicians flocked to the court from Lahore, Delhi, Persia and Khorasan.[93]

The Bahmani Sultans were patrons of the Persian language, culture and literature, and some members of the dynasty became well-versed in that language and composed its literature in that language.[15]

 
Bahmani Tombs in Bidar district

The first sultan, Alauddin Bahman Shah is noted to have captured 1,000 singing and dancing girls from Hindu temples after he battled the northern Carnatic chieftains. The later Bahmanis also enslaved civilian women and children in wars; many of them were converted to Islam in captivity.[94][95] The craftspersons of Bidar were so famed for their inlay work on copper and silver that it came to be known as Bidri.[96] Firuz Shah, having a passion for languages, married a large number of Indians of various ethnicities, Georgians, Iranians and Arabs, in order to practise speaking their own languages with them. In addition he was known for speaking several Indian languages.[97][98]


Architecture

 
Haft Gumbaz, tomb of Taj-ud-Din Firuz Shah

The Persianate Indo-Islamic style of architecture developed during this period was later adopted by the Deccan Sultanates as well.

The Gulbarga Fort, Haft Gumbaz, and Jama Masjid in Gulbarga, Bidar Fort and Madrasa Mahmud Gawan[75] in Bidar, are the major architectural contributions.

The later rulers are buried in an elaborate tomb complex, known as the Bahmani Tombs.[99] The exterior of one of the tombs is decorated with coloured tiles. Arabic, Persian and Urdu inscriptions are inscribed inside the tombs.[99][100]

The Bahmani rulers made some beautiful tombs and mosques in Bidar and Gulbarga. They also built many forts at Daulatabad, Golconda and Raichur. The architecture was highly influenced by Persian architecture. They invited architects from Persia, Turkey and Arabia. Some of the magnificent structures built by the Bahmanis were the Jami Masjid at Gulbarga, Chandand Minar and the Mahmud Gawan Madrasa at Bidar.

Turquoise Throne

Main article: Takht-i-Firoza

The Turquoise Throne (Hindustani: Takht-e-firozā, Hindi: तख़्त-ए-फ़िरोज़ा) was a famous jeweled royal throne that mentioned by Firishta. It was the seat of the Sultans of the Bahmani Empire of Deccan in India since Mohammed Shah I (reigned 1358CE–1375CE). It was a gift by Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka, then Rai (i.e. king) of Telingana.[101]: 77–78  It was mentioned by Firishta that on March 23rd, 1363CE,[a] this throne replaced the earlier Throne made of silver on which Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, the first Bahmani sultan used to sit.

List of Bahmani Shahs

Titular Name Personal Name Reign
Independence from Sultan of Delhi, Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
Shah
شاہ
Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah
علاء الدین حسن بہمن شاہ 		Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah I
حسن گنگو 		3 August 1347 – 11 February 1358
Shah
شاہ
 Mohammad Shah I
محمد شاہ بہمنی 		11 February 1358 – 21 April 1375
Shah
شاہ
Ala-ud-Din Mujahid Shah
علاء الدین مجاہد شاہ 		Mujahid Shah 21 April 1375 – 16 April 1378
Shah
شاہ 		Dawood Shah
داود شاہ بہمنی 		16 April 1378 – 22 May 1378
Shah
شاہ 		Mohammad Shah II
محمود شاہ بہمنی 		21 May 1378 – 20 April 1397
Shah
شاہ 		Ghiyath-ad-din Shah
عیاث الدین شاہ بہمنی
 20 April 1397 – 14 June 1397
Shah
شاہ 		Shams-ad-din Shah
شمس الدین شاہ بہمنی
Puppet King Under Lachin Khan Turk 		14 June 1397 – 15 November 1397
Shah
شاہ
Taj-ud-Din Feroze Shah
تاج الدین فیروز شاہ 		Feroze Shah
فیروز خان 		24 November 1397 – 1 October 1422
Shah
شاہ 		Ahmed Shah Wali Bahmani
احمد شاہ ولی بہمنی 		1 October 1422 – 17 April 1436
Shah
شاہ
Ala-ud-Din Ahmed Shah
علاء الدین احمد شاہ 		Ala-ud-Din Ahmed Shah Bahmani
علاء الدین احمد شاہ بہمنی 		17 April 1436 – 6 May 1458
Shah
شاہ
Ala-ud-Din Humayun Shah
علاء الدین ھمایوں شاہ 		Humayun Shah Zalim Bahmani
ھمایوں شاہ ظالم بہمنی 		7 May 1458 – 4 September 1461
Shah
شاہ 		Nizam Shah Bahmani
نظام شاہ بہمنی 		4 September 1461 – 30 July 1463
Shah
شاہ
Muhammad Shah Lashkari
محمد شاہ لشکری 		Muhammad Shah Bahmani III
محمد شاہ بہمنی دوئم 		30 July 1463 – 26 March 1482
Vira Shah
ویرا شاہ 		Mahmood Shah Bahmani II
محمود شاہ بہمنی دوئم
Puppet King Under Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri 		26 March 1482 – 27 December 1518
Shah
شاہ 		Ahmed Shah Bahmani II
احمد شاہ بہمنی دوئم
Puppet King Under Amir Barid I 		27 December 1518 – 15 December 1520
Shah
شاہ
Ala-ud-Din Shah
علاء الدین شاہ 		Ala-ud-Din Shah Bahmani II
علاء الدین شاہ بہمنی دوئم
Puppet King Under Amir Barid I 		28 December 1520 – 5 March 1523
Shah
شاہ 		Waliullah Shah Bahmani
ولی اللہ شاہ بہمنی
Puppet King Under Amir Barid I 		5 March 1522 – 1526
Shah
شاہ 		Kaleemullah Shah Bahmani
کلیم اللہ شاہ بہمنی
Puppet King Under Amir Barid I 		1525–1527
Dissolution of the Sultanate into 5 Kingdoms namely; Bidar Sultanate; Ahmednagar Sultanate; Bijapur Sultanate; Golconda Sultanate and Berar Sultanate.

Family tree

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Firishta mentioned that the Sultan Bahman Shah first sat on the new throne (i.e. takht-e-firoza) on Nowruz, the Persian new year following the autumnal solstice in 764AH.[101]: 102 

Citations

  1. ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.3 (k). ISBN 0226742210.
  2. ^ a b Ansari 1988, pp. 494–499.
  3. ^ Farooqui Salma Ahmed (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 9788131732021.
  4. ^ Rā Kulakarṇī, A.; Nayeem, M. A.; De Souza, Teotonio R. (1996). Medieval Deccan History: Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi. p. 40. ISBN 9788171545797.
  5. ^ Richard eaton (2005). A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 Eight Indian Lives. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. "The emergence of a distinct Deccani regional identity, already visible in the mid-fourteenth century as both cause and consequence of the Bahmanis' successful revolution against North Indian Tughluq rule
  6. ^ Yaaminey Mubayi · (2022). Water and Historic Settlements The Making of a Cultural Landscape. The Deccanis were a legitimate group who had supported the rebellion against Delhi and enabled the founding of the kingdom.
  7. ^ Richard Maxwell Eaton (2015). The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India. Princeton University Press. p. 49. As the founder of a rebel kingdom in the Deccan detached from his ancestral roots in North India...
  8. ^ Roy S. Fischel (2020). Local States in an Imperial World:Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan. Edinburgh University Press. p. 94. The attitudes of the Deccan Sultanates towards their neighbours reflect some of the sensitivities of the Deccanis within the local political system. More than any other group, the Deccanis were associated with the Deccan Sultanates....This framing enables us to locate the Deccanis within their environment as the most dominant group when it comes to determining the direction of the sultanates. As dominant as they were, however, other elites continued to contribute greatly to the development of the Sultanates.
  9. ^ Navina Najat Haidar, Marika Sardar (2015). Sultans of Deccan India, 1500-1700: Opulence and Fantasy. Original Muslim settlers who had migrated from Northern India in the previous century and launched the Bahmani state. These "Deccanis", people who had been born in the Deccan.
  10. ^ Jamal Malik (2008). Islam in South Asia: A Short History. Brill. p. 134. change of capital to Daulatabad(1337) proved to be the most important vehicle by which North Indian Muslim ideas and institutions crossed the Narmada. The status of being a tributary to the Sultanate was deeply resented by the local Muslims, culminating in the revolt by Deccani nobles led by Ala al-Din Hasan Bahman Shah in 1347, eventually establishing an independent kingdom called the Bahmani kingdom
  11. ^ Richard Eaton (2005). A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives · Part 1, Volume 8. p. 76. On the one hand, the court was obliged to patronize the descendants of those North Indian settlers who had immigrated to the Deccan in the fourteenth century and who, rebelling against Delhi, had launched the dynasty
  12. ^ Richard Eaton. India in the Persianate Age:1000-1765. Descended from North Indian immigrants who, such as Gisudaraz's parents, had settled in the Deccan from the 1320s, when the Tughluqs established Daulatabad as their empire-to-wide capital. Born in the Deccan, this class spoke indigenous languages in an addition to an early form of Hindavi called Dakani.
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External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Bahmani Sultanate.
  • Overton, Keelan (2016). "Bahmanī dynasty". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
  • Library of Congress – A Country Study: India

May 19, 2023
bahmani, sultanate, bahmani, redirects, here, places, iran, bahmani, iran, sunni, deccani, muslim, empire, that, ruled, deccan, plateau, south, india, with, origins, north, indian, immigrants, identified, deccanis, patronization, indo, persian, culture, first,. Bahmani redirects here For places in Iran see Bahmani Iran The Bahmani Sultanate was a Sunni Deccani Muslim empire that ruled the Deccan Plateau in South India 5 6 7 8 9 2 With its origins in North Indian immigrants identified as the Deccanis 10 11 12 and its patronization of an Indo Persian culture 13 14 it was the first independent Muslim kingdom of the Deccan 15 and was known for its perpetual wars with its rival Vijayanagara which would outlast the Sultanate 16 Bahmani Sultanate1347 1527Coinage of Bahmani ruler Ala al Din Ahmad Shah II 1435 1457 Bahmani Sultanate 1470 CE 1 StatusSultanateCapitalGulbarga 1347 1425 Bidar 1425 1527 Common languagesPersian official 2 Marathi Deccani Urdu Telugu KannadaReligionSunni Islam 3 4 GovernmentMonarchySultan 1347 1358Ala ud Din Bahman Shah 1525 1527Kalim Allah ShahHistorical eraLate Medieval Established3 August 1347 Disestablished1527CurrencyTakaPreceded by Succeeded byDelhi SultanateMusunuri Nayaks Vijayanagara EmpireDeccan sultanatesPortuguese IndiaToday part ofIndiaThe Sultanate was founded in 1347 by Ala ud Din Bahman Shah It later split into five successor states that were collectively known as the Deccan sultanates Contents 1 Origin 2 History 2 1 Rise 2 2 Later rulers and decline 3 Historiography 4 Culture 4 1 Architecture 4 2 Turquoise Throne 5 List of Bahmani Shahs 6 Family tree 7 See also 8 References 8 1 Notes 8 2 Citations 8 3 Sources 9 External linksOrigin EditNothing is definitely known about the origin of Hasan Gangu the founder of the dynasty but he was probably of humble origin 17 According to the historian Ferishta Zafar Khan had earlier been a servant of a Brahmin astrologer at Delhi named Gangu hence the name Hasan Gangu 18 19 20 and says that he from North India 21 22 Historians have not found any corroboration for the legend 23 24 but Barani who was the court chronicler of Sultan Firuz Shah as well as some other scholars have also called him as Hasan Gangu 25 26 Another legend traces the ancestry of Bahmanids to the mythological Persian hero Bahman Shah which seems implausible The claim of his descent from this half mythical hero was an attempt to mark him out for the honour of royalty by later poets and historians but it was not Hasan Gangu himself who claimed this 27 According to a third version Bahman is a corrupted persianized form of Brahman 28 and Hasan Gangu was a Brahman who became Muslim 29 30 31 History EditFurther information History of the Bahmani Sultanate Barani states that Hasan Gangu was born in very humble circumstances For the first thirty years of his life he was nothing more than a field laborer 32 He was made a commander of a hundred horsemen by the Sultan who was pleased with his honesty This sudden rise in the military and socio economic ladder was common in this era of Muslim India 33 Zafar Khan was one of the native inhabitants of Dehli who were forced to migrate to the Deccan with the purpose of building a large Muslim urban centre in Daulatabad 34 Although the transfer was successful in spreading northern culture to the south the Muslim nobles had long resented the Sultan for his cruelty in forcing the Muslim population to migrate to his new city of Daulatabad 35 Zafar Khan was a man of ambition and looked forward to adventure He had long hoped to employ his body of horsemen in the Deccan region for slaying and plundering Hindus as the Deccan was seen as the place of bounty in Muslim imagination at the time 36 He was rewarded with an Iqta for taking part in the conquest of Kampili 37 He made various raids against neighboring Hindus until he could gain influence and wealth and became a powerful military chief 38 Rise Edit South Asia1400 CE DELHISULTANATE TUGHLAQS TIMURIDEMPIRESHAH MIRSULTANATEPHAGMODRUPASSAMMASMARYULGUGEKUMAONKALMATGUJARATGOVERNORATEBAHMANISULTANATEKHANDESHSULTANATETOMARASTRIPWAEASTERNGANGASCHEROSNAGVANSISAHOMKAMATASCHUTIABENGALSULTANATEVIJAYANAGARAEMPIREREDDIMALWASULTANATEJAISALMERMEWARMARWARKARAULIAMBERSIROHIMEWATJAUNPURSULTANATEGONDWANA class notpageimage The Bahmani Sultanate and main South Asian polities in 1400 CE 39 Before the establishment of his kingdom he was Governor of Deccan and a commander on behalf of Tughlaq s On 3 August 1347 the elderly Nazir Uddin Ismail Shah Ismail Mukh who had revolted against the Delhi Sultanate voluntarily stepped down in favour of Bahman Shah a native of Delhi 40 His revolt was successful and he established an independent state on the Deccan within the Delhi Sultanate s southern provinces with its headquarters at Hasanabad Gulbarga and all his coins were minted at Hasanabad 41 42 The majority of the Bahmanid army that conquered the Deccan consisted of Urdu speaking Indian Muslims indigenous to North India 43 44 In the 14th century these North Indian immigrants opposed to Tughlaq rule were referred to as Deccanis 45 With the support of the influential Indian Chishti Sufi Shaikhs he was crowned Alauddin Bahman Shah Sultan Founder of the Bahmani Dynasty 46 They bestowed upon him a robe allegedly worn by the Prophet The extension of the Sufi s notion of spiritual sovereignty lent legitimacy to the planting of the Sultanate s political authority where the land people and produce of the Deccan were merited state protection no longer available for plunder with impunity These Sufis legitimized the transplantation of Indo Muslim rulership from one region in South Asia to another converting the land of the Bahmanids into being recognized as Dar ul Islam while it was previously considered Dar ul Harb 47 Abdul Malik Isami in the context of his writing explained in his view of the rebellion as pious Deccani Muslims revolting against the northern tyrant of the Delhi Sultanate 48 Farman of Feroz Shah Bahmani Alauddin was succeeded by his son Mohammed Shah I 49 His conflicts with the Vijayangar empire were singularly savage wars as according to the historian Ferishta the population of the Carnatic was so reduced that it did not recover for several ages 50 The Bahmanids aggressive confrontation with the two main Hindu kingdoms of the southern Deccan Warangal and Vijayanagara made them renowned among Muslims as warriors of the faith 51 The Vijayanagara empire and the Bahmanids fought over the control of the Godavari basin Tungabadhra Doab and the Marathwada country although they seldom required a pretext for declaring war 52 as military conflicts were almost a regular feature and lasted as long as these kingdoms continued 53 Military slavery involved captured slaves from Vijayanagara and having them embrace a Deccani identity by converting them to Islam and integrating into the host society so they could begin military careers within the Bahmanid empire 54 55 Ghiyasuddin succeeded his father Muhammad II at the age of seventeen but was blinded and imprisoned by a Turkic slave called Taghalchin 56 57 who had held a grudge on the Sultan for the latter s refusal to appoint him as a governor He had lured the Sultan into putting himself in the former s power using the beauty of his daughter who was accomplished in music and arts and had introduced her to the Sultan at a feast 58 59 He was succeeded by Shamsuddin who was a puppet king under Taghalchin Firuz and Ahmed the sons of the fourth sultan Daud marched to Gulbarga to avenge Ghiyasuddin Firuz declared himself the sultan and defeated Taghalchin s forces Taghalchin was killed and Shamsuddin was blinded 60 Dakhani Horseman Taj ud Din Firuz Shah became the sultan in 1397 61 Firuz Shah fought against the Vijayanagara Empire on many occasions and the rivalry between the two dynasties continued unabated throughout his reign with victories in 1398 and 1406 but a defeat in 1419 One of his victories resulted in his marriage to Deva Raya s daughter In his reign Sufis such as Gesudaraz a Chishti saint who had immigrated from Dehli to Daulatabad were prominent in court and daily life 62 He was the first author to write in the Dakhni dialect of Urdu 63 The Dakhni language became widespread practised by various milieus from the court to the Sufis It was established as a lingua franca of the Muslims of the Deccan as not only the aspect of a dominant urban elite but an expression of the regional religious identity 64 Firuz Shah was succeeded by his younger brother Ahmad Shah I Wali Bidar was made capital of the sultanate in 1429 65 Ahmad Shah s reign was marked with relentless military campaigns and expansionism He imposed destruction and slaughter on Vijayanagara and finally captured the remnants of Warangal 66 Alauddin Ahmad II succeeded his father to the throne in 1436 67 He ordered the construction of the Chand Minar For the first half century after the establishment of the Bahmanids the original North Indian colonists and their sons had administered the empire quite independent of either the non Muslim Hindus or the Muslim foreign immigrants However the later Bahmani Sultans mainly starting from his father Ahmad Shah Wali I began to recruit foreigners from overseas whether because of depletion among the ranks of the original settlers or the feelings of dependency upon the Persian courtly model or both 68 This resulted in factional strife that first became acute in the reign of his son Alauddin Ahmad Shah II 69 In 1446 the powerful Dakhani nobles persuaded the Sultan that the Persians were responsible for the failure of the Konkan invasion 70 The Sultan drunk condoned a terrible massacre of Persian Shi a Sayyids by the Sunni Dakhani nobles and their Sunni Abyssinian slaves 71 A few survivors escaped the massacre dressed in women s clothing and convinced the Sultan of their innocence 72 Ashamed of his own folly the Sultan punished the Dakhani leaders who were responsible for the massacre putting them to death or throwing them in prison and reduced their families to beggary 73 It is noteworthy that the accounts of the violent events included exaggerations as it came from the pen of the chroniclers who were themselves mainly foreigners and products of Safavid Persia 74 Mahmud Gawan Madrasa was built by Mahmud Gawan the Wazir of the Bahmani Sultanate as the centre of religious as well as secular education 75 The eldest sons of Humayun Shah Nizam Ud Din Ahmad III and Muhammad Shah III Lashkari ascended the throne successively while they were young boys The vizier Mahmud Gawan ruled as regent during this period until Muhammad Shah reached age Mahmud Gawan is known for setting up the Mahmud Gawan Madrasa a center of religious as well as secular education 75 Gawan was considered a great statesman and a poet of repute Mahmud Gawan was caught in a struggle between a rivalry between two groups of nobles the Dakhanis and the Afaqis The Dakhanis made the ruling indigenous Muslim elite of the Bahmanid dynasty being descendants of Sunni immigrants from Northern India while the Afaqis were foreign newcomers from the west such as Gawan who were mostly Shi is 76 77 The Dakhanis believed that the privileges patronage and positions of power in the Sultanate should have been reserved solely for them based on their ethnic origin and their sense of pride of having launched the Bahmanid empire 78 79 The divisions included sectarian religious divisions where the Afaqis were looked upon heretics by the Sunnis as the former were Shi as 80 while Eaton cites a linguistic divide where the Dakhanis spoke Dakhni while the Afaqis favored the Persian language 81 Although Mahmud Gawan was a foreigner he attempted to reconcile the factions and strengthen the Sultanate by allotting offices to the Dakhanis Nonetheless Mahmud Gawan found it difficult to win their confidence the party strife could not be stopped and his opponents eventually managed to poison the ears of the Sultan 82 Mahmud Gawan was executed by Muhammad Shah III an act that the latter regretted until he died in 1482 83 Upon his death Nizam ul Mulk Bahri the father of the founder of the Nizam Shahi dynasty became the regent of the king 84 Nizam ul Mulk as leader of the Dakhani party led a cold blooded massacre of Iranian Georgians and Turkmens in the capital of Bidar 85 86 Later rulers and decline EditMuhammad Shah II was succeeded by his son Mahmood Shah Bahmani II the last Bahmani ruler to have real power 87 In 1501 Mahmud Shah Bahmani united his amirs and wazirs in an agreement to wage annual Jihad against Vijayanagara The expeditions were financially ruinous 88 The independent Nizam Shahi Sultanate was founded by the son of the regent of Muhammad Shah II Nizam ul Mulk Bahri The last Bahmani Sultans were puppet monarchs under their Barid Shahi Prime Ministers who were de facto rulers After 1518 the sultanate broke up into five states Nizamshahi of Ahmednagar Qutb Shahi of Golconda Hyderabad Barid Shahi of Bidar Imad Shahi of Berar Adil Shahi of Bijapur They are collectively known as the Deccan Sultanates 89 The south Indian Emperor Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire defeated the last remnant of Bahmani Sultanate power after which the Bahmani Sultanate collapsed 90 Historiography EditModern scholars like Sherwani Eaton have based their accounts of the Bahmani dynasty mainly upon the medieval chronicles of Firishta and Syed Ali Tabatabai Other contemporary works were Sivatatva Chintamani and Guru Charitra Athanasius Nikitin traveled this kingdom He contrasts the huge wealth of the nobility with the wretchedness of the peasantry and the frugality of the Hindus 91 Culture EditThe dynasty derived its Indo Muslim and Persianate culture from Northern India and the Middle East and used Urdu Dakhani and Persian literature to differentiate from its overwhelmingly non Muslim subjects 92 According to Khafi Khan and Ferishta musicians flocked to the court from Lahore Delhi Persia and Khorasan 93 The Bahmani Sultans were patrons of the Persian language culture and literature and some members of the dynasty became well versed in that language and composed its literature in that language 15 Bahmani Tombs in Bidar district The first sultan Alauddin Bahman Shah is noted to have captured 1 000 singing and dancing girls from Hindu temples after he battled the northern Carnatic chieftains The later Bahmanis also enslaved civilian women and children in wars many of them were converted to Islam in captivity 94 95 The craftspersons of Bidar were so famed for their inlay work on copper and silver that it came to be known as Bidri 96 Firuz Shah having a passion for languages married a large number of Indians of various ethnicities Georgians Iranians and Arabs in order to practise speaking their own languages with them In addition he was known for speaking several Indian languages 97 98 Architecture Edit Haft Gumbaz tomb of Taj ud Din Firuz Shah The Persianate Indo Islamic style of architecture developed during this period was later adopted by the Deccan Sultanates as well The Gulbarga Fort Haft Gumbaz and Jama Masjid in Gulbarga Bidar Fort and Madrasa Mahmud Gawan 75 in Bidar are the major architectural contributions The later rulers are buried in an elaborate tomb complex known as the Bahmani Tombs 99 The exterior of one of the tombs is decorated with coloured tiles Arabic Persian and Urdu inscriptions are inscribed inside the tombs 99 100 The Bahmani rulers made some beautiful tombs and mosques in Bidar and Gulbarga They also built many forts at Daulatabad Golconda and Raichur The architecture was highly influenced by Persian architecture They invited architects from Persia Turkey and Arabia Some of the magnificent structures built by the Bahmanis were the Jami Masjid at Gulbarga Chandand Minar and the Mahmud Gawan Madrasa at Bidar Turquoise Throne Edit Main article Takht i Firoza The Turquoise Throne Hindustani Takht e firoza Hindi तख त ए फ र ज was a famous jeweled royal throne that mentioned by Firishta It was the seat of the Sultans of the Bahmani Empire of Deccan in India since Mohammed Shah I reigned 1358CE 1375CE It was a gift by Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka then Rai i e king of Telingana 101 77 78 It was mentioned by Firishta that on March 23rd 1363CE a this throne replaced the earlier Throne made of silver on which Ala ud Din Bahman Shah the first Bahmani sultan used to sit List of Bahmani Shahs EditTitular Name Personal Name ReignIndependence from Sultan of Delhi Muhammad bin Tughlaq ShahشاہAla ud Din Bahman Shahعلاء الدین حسن بہمن شاہ Ala ud Din Bahman Shah I حسن گنگو 3 August 1347 11 February 1358Shahشاہ Mohammad Shah I محمد شاہ بہمنی 11 February 1358 21 April 1375ShahشاہAla ud Din Mujahid Shahعلاء الدین مجاہد شاہ Mujahid Shah 21 April 1375 16 April 1378Shahشاہ Dawood Shah داود شاہ بہمنی 16 April 1378 22 May 1378Shahشاہ Mohammad Shah II محمود شاہ بہمنی 21 May 1378 20 April 1397Shahشاہ Ghiyath ad din Shah عیاث الدین شاہ بہمنی 20 April 1397 14 June 1397Shahشاہ Shams ad din Shah شمس الدین شاہ بہمنیPuppet King Under Lachin Khan Turk 14 June 1397 15 November 1397ShahشاہTaj ud Din Feroze Shahتاج الدین فیروز شاہ Feroze Shah فیروز خان 24 November 1397 1 October 1422Shahشاہ Ahmed Shah Wali Bahmani احمد شاہ ولی بہمنی 1 October 1422 17 April 1436ShahشاہAla ud Din Ahmed Shahعلاء الدین احمد شاہ Ala ud Din Ahmed Shah Bahmani علاء الدین احمد شاہ بہمنی 17 April 1436 6 May 1458ShahشاہAla ud Din Humayun Shahعلاء الدین ھمایوں شاہ Humayun Shah Zalim Bahmani ھمایوں شاہ ظالم بہمنی 7 May 1458 4 September 1461Shahشاہ Nizam Shah Bahmani نظام شاہ بہمنی 4 September 1461 30 July 1463ShahشاہMuhammad Shah Lashkariمحمد شاہ لشکری Muhammad Shah Bahmani III محمد شاہ بہمنی دوئم 30 July 1463 26 March 1482Vira Shahویرا شاہ Mahmood Shah Bahmani II محمود شاہ بہمنی دوئمPuppet King Under Nizam ul Mulk Bahri 26 March 1482 27 December 1518Shahشاہ Ahmed Shah Bahmani II احمد شاہ بہمنی دوئمPuppet King Under Amir Barid I 27 December 1518 15 December 1520ShahشاہAla ud Din Shahعلاء الدین شاہ Ala ud Din Shah Bahmani II علاء الدین شاہ بہمنی دوئمPuppet King Under Amir Barid I 28 December 1520 5 March 1523Shahشاہ Waliullah Shah Bahmani ولی اللہ شاہ بہمنیPuppet King Under Amir Barid I 5 March 1522 1526Shahشاہ Kaleemullah Shah Bahmani کلیم اللہ شاہ بہمنیPuppet King Under Amir Barid I 1525 1527Dissolution of the Sultanate into 5 Kingdoms namely Bidar Sultanate Ahmednagar Sultanate Bijapur Sultanate Golconda Sultanate and Berar Sultanate Family tree EditBahmani dynastyAla ud DinBahmanShah I 1 r 1347 1358MuhammadShah I 2 r 1358 1375MahmudDawudMujahidShah 3 r 1375 1378Dawud Shah 4 r 1378MuhammadShah II 5 r 1378 1397Taj ud DinFiruz Shah 8 r 1397 1422AhmadShah IWali 9 r 1422 1436Ghiyathud DinShah 6 r 1397Shamsud DinShah 7 r 1397MubarakAla ud DinAhmadShah II 10 r 1436 1458NargisBegumHumayunShah Zalim 11 r 1458 1461Nizam ud DinAhmadShah III 12 r 1461 1463MuhammadShah IIILashkari 13 r 1463 1482Mahmud Shah 14 r 1482 1518AhmedShah IV 15 r 1518 1520WaliullahShah 17 r 1523 1526KalimullahShah 18 r 1526 1527Ala ud DinShah II 16 r 1520 1523 Great Mosque in Gulbarga Fort Taj ud Din Firuz Shah of the Bahmani Sultanate s Firman Ahmad Shah I Wali Tomb of Ahmad Shah I Wali See also EditDeccan sultanatesReferences EditNotes Edit Firishta mentioned that the Sultan Bahman Shah first sat on the new throne i e takht e firoza on Nowruz the Persian new year following the autumnal solstice in 764AH 101 102 Citations Edit Schwartzberg Joseph E 1978 A Historical atlas of South Asia Chicago University of Chicago Press p 147 map XIV 3 k ISBN 0226742210 a b Ansari 1988 pp 494 499 Farooqui Salma Ahmed 2011 A Comprehensive History of Medieval India From Twelfth to the Mid Eighteenth Century Dorling Kindersley Pvt Ltd ISBN 9788131732021 Ra Kulakarṇi A Nayeem M A De Souza Teotonio R 1996 Medieval Deccan History Mediaeval Deccan History Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi p 40 ISBN 9788171545797 Richard eaton 2005 A Social History of the Deccan 1300 1761 Eight Indian Lives Cambridge University Press p 112 The emergence of a distinct Deccani regional identity already visible in the mid fourteenth century as both cause and consequence of the Bahmanis successful revolution against North Indian Tughluq rule Yaaminey Mubayi 2022 Water and Historic Settlements The Making of a Cultural Landscape The Deccanis were a legitimate group who had supported the rebellion against Delhi and enabled the founding of the kingdom Richard Maxwell Eaton 2015 The Sufis of Bijapur 1300 1700 Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India Princeton University Press p 49 As the founder of a rebel kingdom in the Deccan detached from his ancestral roots in North India Roy S Fischel 2020 Local States in an Imperial World Identity Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan Edinburgh University Press p 94 The attitudes of the Deccan Sultanates towards their neighbours reflect some of the sensitivities of the Deccanis within the local political system More than any other group the Deccanis were associated with the Deccan Sultanates This framing enables us to locate the Deccanis within their environment as the most dominant group when it comes to determining the direction of the sultanates As dominant as they were however other elites continued to contribute greatly to the development of the Sultanates Navina Najat Haidar Marika Sardar 2015 Sultans of Deccan India 1500 1700 Opulence and Fantasy Original Muslim settlers who had migrated from Northern India in the previous century and launched the Bahmani state These Deccanis people who had been born in the Deccan Jamal Malik 2008 Islam in South Asia A Short History Brill p 134 change of capital to Daulatabad 1337 proved to be the most important vehicle by which North Indian Muslim ideas and institutions crossed the Narmada The status of being a tributary to the Sultanate was deeply resented by the local Muslims culminating in the revolt by Deccani nobles led by Ala al Din Hasan Bahman Shah in 1347 eventually establishing an independent kingdom called the Bahmani kingdom Richard Eaton 2005 A Social History of the Deccan 1300 1761 Eight Indian Lives Part 1 Volume 8 p 76 On the one hand the court was obliged to patronize the descendants of those North Indian settlers who had immigrated to the Deccan in the fourteenth century and who rebelling against Delhi had launched the dynasty Richard Eaton India in the Persianate Age 1000 1765 Descended from North Indian immigrants who such as Gisudaraz s parents had settled in the Deccan from the 1320s when the Tughluqs established Daulatabad as their empire to wide capital Born in the Deccan this class spoke indigenous languages in an addition to an early form of Hindavi called Dakani Muzaffar Alam Sanjay Subrahmanyam 2007 Indo Persian Travels in the Age of Discoveries 14001800 p 47 Salma Ahmed Farooqui Pearson India Education Services 2011 a b Ansari N H Bahmanid Dynasty Archived 19 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopaedia Iranica George C Kohn 2006 Dictionary of Wars Infobase Publishing ISBN 9781438129167 Chopdar History and Culture of the Indian People Volume 06 The Delhi Sultanate p 248 Bhattacharya Sachchidananada A Dictionary of Indian History Westport Greenwood Press 1972 p 100 Cathal J Nolan 2006 The Age of Wars of Religion 1000 1650 An Encyclopedia of Global Volym 1 pp 437 The Discovery of India J L Nehru Chopdar 1951 The History and Culture of the Indian People The Delhi sultanate p 248 The Dacca University Studies Volumes 1 2 the University of Dacca 1935 p 138 Chandra 2004 p 177 Majumdar 1967 p 248 The Dacca University Studies Volumes 1 2 the University of Dacca 1935 p 139 Chopdar History and Culture of the Indian People Volume 06 The Delhi Sultanate Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan p 248 Prashad Baini 1939 The Tabaqat i akbari Of Khwajah Nizamuddin Ahmad Vol iii Banasthali p 3 McCann Michael W 15 July 1994 Rights at Work Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 55571 3 Suvorova 2000 Masnavi p 3 ISBN 978 0 19 579148 8 Husaini Saiyid Abdul Qadir 1960 Bahman Shah the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom Firma K L Mukhopadhyay pp 59 60 Jayanta Gaḍakari 2000 Hindu Muslim Communalism a Panchnama p 140 Gribble 1896 A History of the Deccan Volume 1 Luzac and Company p 16 history of the decan Mittal Publications 1990 p 16 A Ra Kulakarṇi M A Nayeem Teotonio R De Souza 1996 Mediaeval Deccan History Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi Popular Prakashan p 34 ISBN 9788171545797 Aniruddha Ray 2019 The Sultanate of Delhi 1206 1526 Polity Economy Society and Culture Taylor amp Francis ISBN 9781000007299 Gribble 1896 A History of the Deccan Volume 1 Luzac and Company p 17 Richard Eaton 2005 A Social History of the Deccan 1300 1761 Eight Indian Lives Part 1 Volume 8 Cambridge University Press p 41 ISBN 9780521254847 Gribble 1896 A History of the Deccan Volume 1 Luzac and Company p 17 Schwartzberg Joseph E 1978 A Historical atlas of South Asia Chicago University of Chicago Press p 39 147 ISBN 0226742210 Ibrahim Khan 1960 Anecdotes from Islam M Ashraf Mahajan V D 1991 History of Medieval India Part I New Delhi S Chand ISBN 81 219 0364 5 pp 279 80 Sen Sailendra 2013 A Textbook of Medieval Indian History Primus Books pp 106 108 117 ISBN 978 9 38060 734 4 M L Bhagi 1965 Medieval India Culture and Thought p 401 The soldiers who conquered Deccan spoke Urdu W W Hunter 2013 The Indian Empire Its People History and Products Taylor amp Francis ISBN 9781136383083 Muhammadan Bahmani troops on the other hand were led by converted Hindus Emma J Flatt 2019 The Courts of the Deccan Sultanates Living Well in the Persian Cosmopolis p 81 Burjor Avari 2013 Islamic Civilization in South Asia A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent Routledge p 88 ISBN 9780415580618 Richard M Eaton 2019 India in the Persianate Age 1000 1765 Penguin Books Limited ISBN 9780141966557 Audrey Truschke 2021 The Language of History Sanskrit Narratives of Indo Muslim Rule Prasad 1933 p 417 Abraham Elahy 2015 the Age of Wrath A History of the Delhi Sultanate Penguin Books Limited Sheila Blair Sheila S Blair Jonathan M Bloom 25 September 1996 The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250 1800 Yale University Press p 159 ISBN 0300064659 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link E J Brill 1993 E J Brill s First Encyclopaedia of Islam Brill p 1072 ISBN 9789004097940 MEDIEVAL INDIA UPSC PREPARATION BOOKS HISTORY SERIES Mocktime Publication 2011 Richard M Eaton 17 November 2005 A Social History of the Deccan 1300 1761 Eight Indian Lives Part 1 Volume 8 p 126 ISBN 9780521254847 Roy S Fischel 2020 Local States in an Imperial World p 72 ISBN 9781474436090 The Cambridge Shorter History of India CUP Archive p 285 Sherwani 1946 p 129 Ramesh Chandra Majumdar 1951 The History and Culture of the Indian People The Delhi sultanate Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Haroon Khan Sherwani 1985 The Bahmanis of the Deccan Munshiram Manoharlal p 93 Sherwani 1946 p 132 Prasad 1933 p 423 Jamal Malik 2020 Islam in South Asia Revised Enlarged and Updated Second Edition Brill p 168 ISBN 9789004422711 Annemarie Schimmel 1975 Classical Urdu Literature from the Beginning to Iqbal Harrassowitz p 132 Roy S Fischel 2020 Local States in an Imperial World Identity Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan ISBN 9781474436090 Yazdani 1947 pp 23 Bowman John Bowman John Stewart 2000 Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture p 275 ISBN 9780231110044 Knut A Jacobsen Kristina Myrvold Mikael Aktor 2014 Objects of Worship in South Asian Religions Forms Practices and Meanings In 1450 Taylor amp Francis ISBN 9781317675945 Richard Maxwell Eaton 2015 The Sufis of Bijapur 1300 1700 Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India p 42 ISBN 9781400868155 Sir Wolseley Haig 1907 Historic Landmarks of the Deccan Pioneer Press p 4 John Bowman 2000 Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture Columbia University Press ISBN 9780231500043 Annemarie Schimmel 2022 Islam in the Indian Subcontinent Brill ISBN 9789004492998 Shanti Sadiq Ali 1996 The African Dispersal in the Deccan From Medieval to Modern Times Orient Longman p 46 ISBN 9788125004851 Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan Volumes 2 3 Issues 1 2 Research Society of Pakistan 1965 p 10 Muhammad Suleman Siddiqi SUFI STATE RELATIONSHIP UNDER THE BAHMANIDS A D 1348 1538 p 91 Firishta and Tabatabai presents a very grim picture of the locals and refer to them as permanent enemies of the Sadat There is some exaggeration in their account but one must not forget that these accounts of unfortunate affairs are all from the pen of the aliens who are the products of Safavid Persia a b c Yazdani 1947 pp 91 98 Jamal Malik 2020 Islam in South Asia Revised Enlarged and Updated Second Edition Brill p 168 ISBN 9789004422711 Burjor Avari 2013 Islamic Civilization in South Asia A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent Routledge p 89 ISBN 9780415580618 Indian History Allied Publishers 1988 p 137 ISBN 9788184245684 Marika Sardar Navina Najat Haidar 2011 Sultans of the South Arts of India s Deccan Courts 1323 1687 Metropolitan Museum of Art ISBN 9781588394385 Wilhelm von Pochhammer 2005 India s Road to Nationhood A Political History of the Subcontinent Allied p 219 ISBN 9788177647150 Sanjay Subrahmanyam 1996 Merchant Networks in the Early Modern World Variorum p 75 ISBN 9780860785071 Satish Chandra 2004 Medieval India From Sultanat to the Mughals Delhi Sultanat 1206 1526 Part One Har Anand Publications p 187 ISBN 9788124110645 Yazdani 1947 pp 10 Radhey Shyam 1966 The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar Motilal Banarsidass p 17 ISBN 9788120826519 Dr Shivakumar V Uppe 2022 BRIEF CULTURAL HISTORY OF BASAVAKALYANA ISBN 9781387847860 Pran Nath Chopra T K Ravindran N Subrahmanian 1979 History of South India Medieval period S Chand p 75 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Yazdani 1947 pp 10 11 John Bowman 2000 Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture Columbia University Press p 276 Haig 1925 pp 425 426 Eaton Richard M A Social History of the Deccan 1300 1761 Eight Indian Lives p 88 P M Kemp 1958 Bharat Rus An Introduction to Indo Russian Contracts and Travels from Mediaeval Times to the October Revolution ISCUS p 20 Victor Lieberman 2003 Strange Parallels Volume 2 Mainland Mirrors Europe Japan China South Asia and the Islands p 730 ISBN 9780521823524 Annual Report Archaeological Survey of India 1916 p 138 Haig 1925 pp 391 397 398 Sewell Robert A Forgotten Empire Vijayanagar pp 57 58 Proving their mettle in metal craft The Times of India 2 January 2012 Archived from the original on 8 May 2013 Retrieved 2 January 2012 N H Ansari 24 August 2011 Encyclopaedia Iranica BAHMANID DYNASTY Emma J Flatt 2019 The Courts of the Deccan Sultanates p 80 ISBN 9781108481939 a b Yazdani 1947 pp 114 142 Sara Mondini 2016 The Use of Quranic Inscriptions in the Bahmani Royal Mausoleums The Case of Three Tombstones from Ashtur Eurasiatica 4 doi 10 14277 6969 085 3 EUR 4 12 a b Haroon Khan Sherwani 1946 The Bahmanis Of The Deccan An Objective Study Krishnavas International Printers Hyderabad Deccan Sources Edit Avari Burjor 2013 Islamic Civilization in South Asia A history of Muslim power and presence in the Indian subcontinent Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 58061 8 Ansari N H 1988 Bahmanid dynasty Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol III Fasc 5 pp 494 499 Chandra Satish 2004 Medieval India From Sultanat to the Mughals Delhi Sultanat 1206 1526 Part One Har Anand Publications ISBN 978 81 241 1064 5 Haig Sir Thomas Wolseley 1925 The Cambridge History of India Volume III Cambridge University Press Kulke Hermann Rothermund Dietmar 2004 A History of India Fourth ed Routledge ISBN 9780415329194 Majumdar Ramesh Chandra 1967 The Delhi Sultanate Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Meri Josef W 2005 Medieval Islamic Civilization An Encyclopedia Routledge pp 1 1088 ISBN 9781135455965 Prasad Ishwari 1933 History Of Mediaeval India Allahabad The Indian Press Ltd Sherwani Haroon Khan 1946 The Bahmanis of the Deccan Yazdani Ghulam 1947 Bidar Its History and Monuments External links Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Bahmani Sultanate Overton Keelan 2016 Bahmani dynasty In Fleet Kate Kramer Gudrun Matringe Denis Nawas John Stewart Devin J eds Encyclopaedia of Islam THREE Brill Online ISSN 1873 9830 Library of Congress A Country Study India Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bahmani Sultanate amp oldid 1154308494, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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