It is commonly known as the red cedar (a name shared by other trees), tone, toon or toona (also applied to other members of the genus Toona), Australian red cedar,[5]Burma cedar, Indian cedar, Moulmein cedar or the Queensland red cedar. It is also known as Indian mahogany.[6]Indigenous Australian names include Polai in the Illawarra. Woolia on the Richmond River, Mamin & Mugurpul near Brisbane, and Woota at Wide Bay.[7] Also called Ai saria in Timor-Leste.[8]
Descriptionedit
The tree has extended compound leaves up to 90 cm with 10-14 pairs of leaflets which are narrow and taper towards the tip. Each leaflet is between 4.5 and 16 cm long. The species can grow to around 60 m (200 ft) in height and its trunk can reach 3 m (10 ft) in girth with large branches that create a spreading crown. It is one of Australia's few native deciduous trees, with the leaves falling in autumn (late March) and growing back in spring (early September). The new leaf growth is reddish pink in colour.[citation needed]
The tree produces masses of white flowers that are very small and tubular in shape. The fruits are green capsules which senesces to a brown colour and tear open into star shape to release seeds, which are small and winged.[9]
Habitatedit
In Australia, the tree's natural habitat is subtropicalforests of New South Wales and Queensland, much of which has been extensively cleared. The Australian population was formerly treated as a distinct species under the name Toona australis.[10] The southernmost limit of natural distribution is on basaltic soils, growing west of the Princes Highway near the village of Termeil, south of Ulladulla, southern Illawarra, New South Wales.[11] It also occurs naturally at Norfolk Island.[12] The largest recorded T. ciliata tree in Australia grew near Nulla Nulla Creek, west of Kempsey, New South Wales and was felled in 1883.[13]
It grows best in an environment with high light levels, however in the relative darkness of the rainforest understorey, it is less susceptible to attack by the cedar tip moth. The cedar tip moth lays its eggs on the tree's leading shoot, allowing the larvae to burrow into the stem. This causes dieback and a multi-branched tree with little commercial value.[14] The tree exudes a chemical that the female cedar tip moth seeks out. This moth does not attack commercial plantings of Asian/African/Australian native meliaceas in South America. As a result, successful planting of Toona ciliata is being observed in many parts of Brazil, including genetic improvement and clonal production.[citation needed]
Usesedit
The timber is red in colour, easy to work and very highly valued. It was used extensively for furniture, wood panelling and construction, including shipbuilding, and was referred to as "red gold" by Australian settlers.[15] Heavily and unsustainably exploited in the 19th and early 20th centuries, almost all the large trees have been cut out and the species is essentially commercially extinct.[16] Availability of this timber is now limited.[17] Timber is currently also harvested in New Guinea.[18] Although it is not generally a viable plantation species, trees are regularly harvested by Forestry in the Atherton region of Queensland.[citation needed]
Other areasedit
The red cedar is widely planted in subtropical and tropical parts of the world as a shade tree and for its fast-growing aspect. It is grown in the Hawaiian Islands of the United States, and southern and eastern Africa. In parts of Zimbabwe and South Africa, it has naturalised; growing to maturity and spreading from seed.[19]
Reproduction and dispersaledit
Toona ciliata reproduces by seed. It is a prolific seed producer and establishes readily.[6][20]
^USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Toona ciliata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
^ ab"Toona ciliata (Toon Tree)". BioNET-EAFRINET. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
^Cedar & the Cedar Getters - James Jervis. Abridged from the J & Proc. of Roy. Austr. Hist. Soc. 25 (2), 1940. Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol.2, page 283. Forestry Commission of New South Wales
toona, ciliata, forest, tree, mahogany, family, which, grows, throughout, south, asia, from, afghanistan, papua, guinea, australia, small, specimen, conservation, status, least, concern, iucn, scientific, classification, kingdom, plantae, clade, tracheophytes,. Toona ciliata is a forest tree in the mahogany family which grows throughout South Asia from Afghanistan to Papua New Guinea and Australia 3 4 Toona ciliata Small specimen of Toona ciliata Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Sapindales Family Meliaceae Genus Toona Species T ciliata Binomial name Toona ciliataM Roem Synonyms 2 Cedrela febrifuga Blume Cedrela kingii var birmanica C DC Cedrela serrulata Miq Cedrela toona Roxb ex Rottler Cedrela toona var gamblei C DC Cedrela toona var grandiflora C DC Cedrela toona var multijuga Haines Cedrela toona var puberula C DC Cedrela toona var pubescens Franch Cedrela toona var stracheyi C DC Cedrela toona var talbotii C DC Surenus australis Kuntze Surenus microcarpa C DC Kuntze Surenus toona Roxb ex Rottler Kuntze Swietenia toona Roxb ex Rottler Stokes Toona ciliata var pubescens Franch Hand Mazz Toona ciliata var sublaxiflora C DC C Y Wu Toona ciliata var vestita C T White Harms Toona ciliata var yunnanensis C DC Harms Toona febrifuga var cochinchinensis Pierre Toona febrifuga var griffithiana Pierre Toona febrifuga var ternatensis Pierre Toona hexandra M Roem Toona kingii C DC Harms Toona longifolia M Roem Toona microcarpa C DC Harms Toona mollis Hand Mazz A Chev Toona sureni var cochinchinensis Pierre Bahadur Toona sureni var pubescens Franch Chun ex F C How amp T C Chen Freshly cut Toona ciliata plank Contents 1 Names 2 Description 3 Habitat 4 Uses 5 Other areas 6 Reproduction and dispersal 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksNames editIt is commonly known as the red cedar a name shared by other trees tone toon or toona also applied to other members of the genus Toona Australian red cedar 5 Burma cedar Indian cedar Moulmein cedar or the Queensland red cedar It is also known as Indian mahogany 6 Indigenous Australian names include Polai in the Illawarra Woolia on the Richmond River Mamin amp Mugurpul near Brisbane and Woota at Wide Bay 7 Also called Ai saria in Timor Leste 8 Description editThe tree has extended compound leaves up to 90 cm with 10 14 pairs of leaflets which are narrow and taper towards the tip Each leaflet is between 4 5 and 16 cm long The species can grow to around 60 m 200 ft in height and its trunk can reach 3 m 10 ft in girth with large branches that create a spreading crown It is one of Australia s few native deciduous trees with the leaves falling in autumn late March and growing back in spring early September The new leaf growth is reddish pink in colour citation needed The tree produces masses of white flowers that are very small and tubular in shape The fruits are green capsules which senesces to a brown colour and tear open into star shape to release seeds which are small and winged 9 Habitat editIn Australia the tree s natural habitat is subtropical forests of New South Wales and Queensland much of which has been extensively cleared The Australian population was formerly treated as a distinct species under the name Toona australis 10 The southernmost limit of natural distribution is on basaltic soils growing west of the Princes Highway near the village of Termeil south of Ulladulla southern Illawarra New South Wales 11 It also occurs naturally at Norfolk Island 12 The largest recorded T ciliata tree in Australia grew near Nulla Nulla Creek west of Kempsey New South Wales and was felled in 1883 13 It grows best in an environment with high light levels however in the relative darkness of the rainforest understorey it is less susceptible to attack by the cedar tip moth The cedar tip moth lays its eggs on the tree s leading shoot allowing the larvae to burrow into the stem This causes dieback and a multi branched tree with little commercial value 14 The tree exudes a chemical that the female cedar tip moth seeks out This moth does not attack commercial plantings of Asian African Australian native meliaceas in South America As a result successful planting of Toona ciliata is being observed in many parts of Brazil including genetic improvement and clonal production citation needed Uses editThe timber is red in colour easy to work and very highly valued It was used extensively for furniture wood panelling and construction including shipbuilding and was referred to as red gold by Australian settlers 15 Heavily and unsustainably exploited in the 19th and early 20th centuries almost all the large trees have been cut out and the species is essentially commercially extinct 16 Availability of this timber is now limited 17 Timber is currently also harvested in New Guinea 18 Although it is not generally a viable plantation species trees are regularly harvested by Forestry in the Atherton region of Queensland citation needed Other areas editThe red cedar is widely planted in subtropical and tropical parts of the world as a shade tree and for its fast growing aspect It is grown in the Hawaiian Islands of the United States and southern and eastern Africa In parts of Zimbabwe and South Africa it has naturalised growing to maturity and spreading from seed 19 Reproduction and dispersal editToona ciliata reproduces by seed It is a prolific seed producer and establishes readily 6 20 Gallery edit nbsp Toona ciliata capsules and seeds nbsp Toona ciliata germinating seeds nbsp Toona ciliata seedlings nbsp Toona ciliata red leaves nbsp Toona ciliata red leaves in September Mount Keira Illawarra NSW nbsp Toona ciliata bark tree near Macksville New South Wales Australia nbsp Stand of approximately 10 mature Toona ciliata south of Drake New South Wales a rare sighting in this area nbsp Two year old red cedar growing in a backyard Casino Australia nbsp A 60 year old Toona ciliata var pubescens in Hunan China nbsp A stand of Toona ciliata near Kempsey New South Wales nbsp 40 metre Toona ciliata leafless in August with epiphytic Dendrobium orchids at Barrington Tops Australia nbsp Eight year old seedling planted Toona ciliata Campo Belo southeast Brazil nbsp Four year old 17 meter cloned Toona ciliata Campo Belo southeast Brazil nbsp Clones production Toona ciliata Campo Belo southeast BrazilSee also editCedar wood Macleay River Toona sureniReferences edit Barstow M 2018 Toona ciliata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T31332A68105144 Retrieved 2 February 2023 Toona ciliata M Roem The Plant List Retrieved 10 June 2017 PlantNET FloraOnline Retrieved 4 November 2016 Toona ciliata Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 14 December 2017 USDA NRCS n d Toona ciliata The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Retrieved 11 December 2015 a b Toona ciliata Toon Tree BioNET EAFRINET Retrieved January 27 2015 Cedar amp the Cedar Getters James Jervis Abridged from the J amp Proc of Roy Austr Hist Soc 25 2 1940 Historical Records of New South Wales Vol 2 page 283 Forestry Commission of New South Wales Timorese Plant Names and their Origins Toona ciliata M Roem BioNET EAFRINET Keys and Factsheets PlantNET FloraOnline plantnet rbgsyd nsw gov au Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney Retrieved 2021 11 20 Eurobodalla Regional Botanic Gardens Red cedar tree in Lindsay Street Toowoomba Regional Council Retrieved 2015 01 27 NSW Wilderness Red Index Archived from the original on 2009 09 30 Australian Red Cedar Types of Timber Time 4 Timber Archived from the original on 2009 01 20 Retrieved 2009 01 21 Vader John 1987 Red Cedar The Tree of Australia s History Reed Sydney ISBN 0 7301 0151 7 Red cedar DAFF PNGTreesKey Toona ciliata Guide to the Trees of Papua New Guinea Retrieved 2009 01 21 Flora of Zimbabwe Jagdev Saw MillsExternal links editAustralian timbers National Register of Big Trees Distribution Map Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Toona ciliata amp oldid 1221285530, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
