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The Archives of the Planet

February 15, 2024

The Archives of the Planet (French: Les archives de la planète) was a project undertaken from 1908 to 1931 to photograph human cultures around the world. It was sponsored by French banker Albert Kahn and resulted in 183,000 meters of film and 72,000 color photographs from 50 countries. Beginning on a round-the-world trip that Kahn took with his chauffeur, the project grew to encompass expeditions to Brazil, rural Scandinavia, the Balkans, North America, the Middle East, Asia, and West Africa, among other destinations, and documented historical events such as the aftermath of the Second Balkan War, World War I in France, and the Turkish War of Independence. It was inspired by Kahn's internationalist and pacifist beliefs. The project was halted in 1931 after Kahn lost most of his fortune in the stock market crash of 1929. Since 1990, the collection has been administered by the Musée Albert-Kahn, and most of the images are available online.

The Great Pyramid of Giza and the Sphinx, 1914

History edit

 
Buddhist lama (Beijing, China, 1913)

In November 1908, Albert Kahn, a French banker from a Jewish family who had made a fortune by speculating on emerging markets,[1] set off on a round-the-world-trip with his chauffeur, Alfred Dutertre.[2] Dutertre took photographs of the places they visited using a technique called stereography, which was popular with travelers as its photographic plates were small and required short exposure times.[1] He also brought a Pathé film camera and a few hundred color plates.[2] They stopped first in New York City, followed by Niagara Falls and Chicago. After a brief stay in Omaha, Nebraska, Dutertre and Kahn went on to California, where Dutertre captured images of the ruins from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.[3] On 1 December, the two boarded a steamship to Yokohama in Japan. On the way, they spent nineteen hours on a layover in Honolulu, Hawaii.[4] They crossed the International Date Line on 12 December and arrived at Yokohama six days later.[5] After Japan, their voyage in Asia took them through China, Singapore, and Sri Lanka.[6]

When he returned to France, Kahn hired two professional photographers, Stéphane Passet and Auguste Léon, the latter of whom likely[7] came with Kahn on a trip to South America in 1909,[1] on which Rio de Janeiro and Petrópolis were photographed in color.[7] Other early expeditions included a visit by Léon to rural Norway and Sweden in 1910.[8]

The Archives of the Planet officially began in 1912, when Kahn appointed geographer Jean Brunhes to direct the project, in exchange for a chair at the Collège de France endowed by Kahn. Stereography was replaced with the autochrome process, which yielded color photographs but demanded long exposure times, and motion pictures were added.[9] Kahn conceived of the project as an "inventory of the surface of the globe inhabited and developed by man as it presents itself at the start of the 20th Century",[10] and hoped that the project would further his internationalist and pacifist ideals, as well as document disappearing cultures.[11] The philosopher Henri Bergson, a close friend of Kahn's, was a strong influence on the project.[12]

In 1912, Passet was sent to China (the first official mission of the project)[13] and Morocco, while Brunhes went with Léon to Bosnia-Herzegovina and then to Macedonia in 1913. The expedition was interrupted by the Second Balkan War; when the war ended, Passet traveled to the region to document its aftermath.[14]

Léon, the longest-serving photographer on the project, went on two trips to Great Britain in 1913, photographing London landmarks such as Buckingham Palace and St. Paul's Cathedral, as well as scenes in rural Cornwall. In the same year, Marguerite Mespoulet, the only woman to serve as a photographer for the Archives, travelled to the west of Ireland.[15] After Britain, Léon went on to Italy, accompanied by Brunhes.[16] In the same year, Passet returned to Asia. He went to Mongolia first, and then on to India, where in January 1914 the British authorities denied him passage through the Khyber Pass to Afghanistan, where he wanted to photograph the Afridi people.[17] Later that year, army officer and volunteer photographer Léon Busy arrived in French Indochina, where he would stay until 1917.[18]

The outbreak of World War I forced a change in the project's focus; Kahn, a French patriot despite his internationalist leanings, sent his photographers to capture the effects of the war on France and allowed the photographs to be used as propaganda,[19] although most of the photographers were kept away from the frontline.[20] Kahn negotiated a deal in 1917 with the army for two of their photographers to help capture images for his archive. Photographs from the war would eventually make up 20% of the collection.[21]

In the 1920s, photographers were sent to Lebanon, Palestine, and Turkey in the Middle East, where they documented the French occupation of Lebanon and the Turkish War of Independence.[22] Frédéric Gadmer was sent to Weimar Germany in 1923; among the scenes he shot was the aftermath of a failed separatist insurrection in Krefeld.[23] The last trip to India was made in 1927, where photographer Roger Dumas captured the golden jubilee of Jagatjit Singh, the ruler of Kapurthala State. The previous December, Dumas had been in Japan for the funeral of Emperor Yoshihito.[24]

Kahn's photographers returned to the Americas several times in the 1920s. Lucien Le Saint made films of French fisherman in the North Atlantic in 1923, and Brunhes and Gadmer travelled for three months across Canada in 1926, visiting Montreal, Winnipeg, Calgary, Edmonton and Vancouver, among other places.[25] In 1930, Gadmer mounted the project's first and only major expedition to sub-Saharan Africa, to the French colony of Dahomey (modern-day Benin).[26]

By the time that the project was halted in 1931, in the aftermath of the stock market crash of 1929 that bankrupted Kahn, Kahn's cameramen had visited 50 countries and collected 183,000 meters of film, 72,000 autochrome color photographs, 4,000 stereographs, and 4,000 black-and-white photographs.[10][27]

Contents edit

 
Le Moulin Rouge (Paris, 1914)

David Okuefuna describes the Archive as a "monumentally ambitious attempt to produce a photographic record of human life on Earth",[28] and the contents of the Archive are highly varied in subject.[15] On the early expeditions to Europe, Brunhes instructed the photographers to capture the geography, architecture, and local culture of the places they visited, but also gave them the freedom to photograph other things that caught their eyes.[29] Images in the Archive include landmarks like the Eiffel Tower,[30] the Great Pyramid of Giza,[31] Angkor Wat,[32] and the Taj Mahal,[33] as well as numerous portraits of working-class people in Europe[34] and of members of traditional societies in Asia and Africa.[35] In many cases, Kahn's operators captured some of the earliest color photographs of their destinations.[36] Due to the long exposure time required by the autochrome process, the photographers were largely limited to shooting stationary or posed subjects.[37]

About a fifth of the photographs in the Archive were concerned with the First World War.[21] These included images of the home front, military technology like artillery guns and ships, portraits of individual soldiers (including some from France's colonial empire), and buildings damaged by shelling.[38] Only a handful of images explicitly depict dead soldiers.[39]

Some of the content in the Archives was controversial, in particular a film shot by Léon Busy of an adolescent Vietnamese girl undressing.[40] Busy had instructed the girl to go through her daily dressing ritual; he shot the film out of focus to obscure her nudity.[41] Other footage shot in Casablanca in 1926 featured prostitutes baring their breasts.[42]

The Archives also include thousands of portrait photographs, mostly shot at Kahn's estate in Boulogne-Billancourt. Subjects include statesmen such as British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald and French prime minister Léon Bourgeois, British physicist J. J. Thomson, French writers Colette and Anatole France, Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore, and American aviator Wilbur Wright, among many others.[43]

The collection has been administered by the Musée Albert-Kahn since 1990, which has made most of images available to the public online.[44]

Photographers edit

  • Léon Busy (1874–1950) was a French army officer who volunteered for the Archives on the strength of winning first prize in the Société française de photographie's photography competition.[45]
  • Paul Castelnau (1880–1944) and Fernand Cuville (1887–1927) were French soldiers who served as photographers during World War I.[46] Castelnau later became a member of the French Geographic Society.[47]
  • Roger Dumas (1891–1972) took photographs and films in Japan and India in 1926 and 1927.[48]
  • Alfred Dutertre was Kahn's chauffeur who accompanied him on his first round-the-world trip in 1908, taking the earliest photographs in the Archives.[2]
  • Frédéric Gadmer (1878–1954) was sent to Germany in 1923,[23] and to Canada in 1926,[49] ultimately becoming one of the Archives' most experienced photographers.[50]
  • Lucien Le Saint (1881–1931) was a cinematographer who shot motion picture films for the project.[49]
  • Auguste Léon (1857–1942) was the longest-serving photographer on the project.[29] From Bordeaux, he had previously worked as a postcard photographer.[7] He also oversaw work at the photocinematographic laboratory for the project.[51]
  • Marguerite Mespoulet (1880–1965) was an academic and amateur photographer who was the only woman to take pictures for the Archives.[52]
  • Stéphane Passet (1875 – c. 1943[53]) was one of the first photographers hired by Kahn,[1] and undertook an expedition to the Balkans.[54]
  • Camille Sauvageot was a motion-picture operator who served between 1919 and 1932. He later worked on the 1949 film Jour de fête.[55]

Gallery edit

  •  
    Eiffel Tower and the Trocadéro (Paris, 1912)
  •  
    Porte Saint-Denis (Paris, 1914)
  •  
    Family (Paris, 1914)
  •  
    Senegalese sniper (Fez, Morocco, 1913)
  •  
    Market scene (Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1912)
  •  
    Market scene (Krusevac, Serbia, 1913)
  •  
    Wooden houses in Beyoğlu (Istanbul, Turkey, 1912)
  •  
    Inner Mongolia, 1912
  •  
    Buddhist lama (Mongolia, 1913)
  •  
    Prisoner (Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 1913)
  •  
    Sadhus (Bombay, India, 1913)
  •  
    Sadhu and brahmin (Lahore, Pakistan, 1914)
  •  
    Temple officiant (Ahmedabad, India, 1913)
  •  
    Bull statue (Varanasi, India, 1914)

See also edit

  • Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, a photographer who made color photographs of the Russian Empire in the early 20th century

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d de Luca 2022, pp. 265–267.
  2. ^ a b c Okuefuna 2008, p. 81.
  3. ^ Okuefuna 2008, pp. 82–83.
  4. ^ Okuefuna 2008, p. 84.
  5. ^ Okuefuna 2008, p. 185.
  6. ^ de Luca 2022, p. 267.
  7. ^ a b c Okuefuna 2008, p. 85.
  8. ^ de Luca 2022, p. 273.
  9. ^ de Luca 2022, pp. 267–268.
  10. ^ a b Lundemo 2017, pp. 218–219.
  11. ^ de Luca 2022, p. 261.
  12. ^ Amad 2010, pp. 99–101.
  13. ^ Amad 2010, p. 51.
  14. ^ de Luca 2022, pp. 275–276.
  15. ^ a b Okuefuna 2008, pp. 20–21.
  16. ^ Okuefuna 2008, pp. 24–25.
  17. ^ Okuefuna 2008, pp. 191–194.
  18. ^ Okuefuna 2008, pp. 229–233.
  19. ^ de Luca 2022, pp. 262–263.
  20. ^ Okuefuna 2008, p. 131.
  21. ^ a b de Luca 2022, pp. 276–277.
  22. ^ Johnson 2012, p. 92.
  23. ^ a b Okuefuna 2008, pp. 26–27.
  24. ^ Okuefuna 2008, pp. 194–195.
  25. ^ Okuefuna 2008, pp. 87–87.
  26. ^ Okuefuna 2008, pp. 286–287.
  27. ^ de la Bretèque 2001, p. 156.
  28. ^ Okuefuna 2008, p. 13.
  29. ^ a b Okuefuna 2008, p. 20.
  30. ^ Okuefuna 2008, pp. 29.
  31. ^ Okuefuna 2008, p. 300.
  32. ^ Okuefuna 2008, p. 258.
  33. ^ Okuefuna 2008, p. 222.
  34. ^ Okuefuna 2008, pp. 28–80.
  35. ^ Okuefuna 2008, pp. 208–211, 242–253, 306–309.
  36. ^ Okuefuna 2008, pp. 222, 287, 300.
  37. ^ Amad 2010, p. 55.
  38. ^ Okuefuna 2008, pp. 140–179.
  39. ^ Okuefuna 2008, p. 175.
  40. ^ Okuefuna 2008, p. 232.
  41. ^ Amad 2010, pp. 283–284.
  42. ^ Okuefuna 2008, pp. 283–284.
  43. ^ Okuefuna 2008, pp. 310–319.
  44. ^ de Luca 2022, p. 263.
  45. ^ Okuefuna 2008, p. 229.
  46. ^ Okuefuna 2008, p. 134.
  47. ^ Bloom 2008, p. 169.
  48. ^ Okuefuna 2008, p. 194.
  49. ^ a b Okuefuna 2008, p. 86.
  50. ^ Okuefuna 2008, p. 286.
  51. ^ Bloom 2008, p. 168.
  52. ^ Okuefuna 2008, p. 21.
  53. ^ Okuefuna 2008, p. 99.
  54. ^ Okuefuna 2008, pp. 99–101.
  55. ^ Amad 2010, p. 307.

Works cited edit

  • Amad, Paula (2010). Counter-Archive: Film, the Everyday, and Albert Kahn's Archives de la Planète. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13500-9.
  • de la Bretèque, François (April–June 2001). "Les archives de la planète d'Albert Kahn". Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire (in French) (70): 156–158. doi:10.2307/3771719. JSTOR 3771719.
  • Bloom, Peter J. (2008). French Colonial Documentary: Mythologies of Humanitarianism. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4628-9.
  • Johnson, Brian (Summer 2012). "Review: Middle East: the Birth of Nations—Albert Kahn's Archive of the Planet". Review of Middle East Studies. 46 (1): 92–93. doi:10.1017/S2151348100003062. JSTOR 41762489.
  • de Luca, Tiago (2022). "A Disappearing Planet". Planetary Cinema: Film, Media and the Earth. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 259–298. doi:10.2307/j.ctv25wxbjs.11. JSTOR j.ctv25wxbjs.11. S2CID 245373654.
  • Lundemo, Trond (2017). "Mapping the World: Les Archives de la Planète and the Mobilization of Memory". Memory in Motion: Archives, Technology and the Social. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 213–236. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1jd94f0.12. ISBN 9789462982147. JSTOR j.ctt1jd94f0.12.
  • Okuefuna, David (2008). The Dawn of the Color Photograph: Albert Kahn's Archives of the Planet. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13907-4.

Further reading edit

  • Amad, Paula (2001). "Cinema's 'Sanctuary': From Pre-Documentary to Documentary Film in Albert Kahn's "Archives de la Planète" (1908–1931)". Film History. 13 (2): 138–159. doi:10.2979/FIL.2001.13.2.138. JSTOR 3815422.
  • Bourguignon, Hélène (January–March 2009). "Les Archives de la planète". Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire (in French) (101): 203–207. JSTOR 20475560.
  • Jakobsen, Kjetil Ansgar; Bjorli, Trond Erik, eds. (2020). Cosmopolitics of the Camera: Albert Kahn's Archives of the Planet. Intellect Books. ISBN 978-1-78938-190-0.
  • McGrath, Jacqueline (30 March 1997). "A Philosophy in Bloom". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  • Winter, Jay (2006). Dreams of Peace and Freedom: Utopian Moments in the Twentieth Century. Yale University Press.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Archives de la planète Albert Kahn.
  • Les Archives de la Planète at the Musée Albert-Kahn

February 15, 2024
archives, planet, french, archives, planète, project, undertaken, from, 1908, 1931, photograph, human, cultures, around, world, sponsored, french, banker, albert, kahn, resulted, meters, film, color, photographs, from, countries, beginning, round, world, trip,. The Archives of the Planet French Les archives de la planete was a project undertaken from 1908 to 1931 to photograph human cultures around the world It was sponsored by French banker Albert Kahn and resulted in 183 000 meters of film and 72 000 color photographs from 50 countries Beginning on a round the world trip that Kahn took with his chauffeur the project grew to encompass expeditions to Brazil rural Scandinavia the Balkans North America the Middle East Asia and West Africa among other destinations and documented historical events such as the aftermath of the Second Balkan War World War I in France and the Turkish War of Independence It was inspired by Kahn s internationalist and pacifist beliefs The project was halted in 1931 after Kahn lost most of his fortune in the stock market crash of 1929 Since 1990 the collection has been administered by the Musee Albert Kahn and most of the images are available online The Great Pyramid of Giza and the Sphinx 1914 Contents 1 History 2 Contents 3 Photographers 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Works cited 7 Further reading 8 External linksHistory edit nbsp Buddhist lama Beijing China 1913 In November 1908 Albert Kahn a French banker from a Jewish family who had made a fortune by speculating on emerging markets 1 set off on a round the world trip with his chauffeur Alfred Dutertre 2 Dutertre took photographs of the places they visited using a technique called stereography which was popular with travelers as its photographic plates were small and required short exposure times 1 He also brought a Pathe film camera and a few hundred color plates 2 They stopped first in New York City followed by Niagara Falls and Chicago After a brief stay in Omaha Nebraska Dutertre and Kahn went on to California where Dutertre captured images of the ruins from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake 3 On 1 December the two boarded a steamship to Yokohama in Japan On the way they spent nineteen hours on a layover in Honolulu Hawaii 4 They crossed the International Date Line on 12 December and arrived at Yokohama six days later 5 After Japan their voyage in Asia took them through China Singapore and Sri Lanka 6 When he returned to France Kahn hired two professional photographers Stephane Passet and Auguste Leon the latter of whom likely 7 came with Kahn on a trip to South America in 1909 1 on which Rio de Janeiro and Petropolis were photographed in color 7 Other early expeditions included a visit by Leon to rural Norway and Sweden in 1910 8 The Archives of the Planet officially began in 1912 when Kahn appointed geographer Jean Brunhes to direct the project in exchange for a chair at the College de France endowed by Kahn Stereography was replaced with the autochrome process which yielded color photographs but demanded long exposure times and motion pictures were added 9 Kahn conceived of the project as an inventory of the surface of the globe inhabited and developed by man as it presents itself at the start of the 20th Century 10 and hoped that the project would further his internationalist and pacifist ideals as well as document disappearing cultures 11 The philosopher Henri Bergson a close friend of Kahn s was a strong influence on the project 12 In 1912 Passet was sent to China the first official mission of the project 13 and Morocco while Brunhes went with Leon to Bosnia Herzegovina and then to Macedonia in 1913 The expedition was interrupted by the Second Balkan War when the war ended Passet traveled to the region to document its aftermath 14 Leon the longest serving photographer on the project went on two trips to Great Britain in 1913 photographing London landmarks such as Buckingham Palace and St Paul s Cathedral as well as scenes in rural Cornwall In the same year Marguerite Mespoulet the only woman to serve as a photographer for the Archives travelled to the west of Ireland 15 After Britain Leon went on to Italy accompanied by Brunhes 16 In the same year Passet returned to Asia He went to Mongolia first and then on to India where in January 1914 the British authorities denied him passage through the Khyber Pass to Afghanistan where he wanted to photograph the Afridi people 17 Later that year army officer and volunteer photographer Leon Busy arrived in French Indochina where he would stay until 1917 18 The outbreak of World War I forced a change in the project s focus Kahn a French patriot despite his internationalist leanings sent his photographers to capture the effects of the war on France and allowed the photographs to be used as propaganda 19 although most of the photographers were kept away from the frontline 20 Kahn negotiated a deal in 1917 with the army for two of their photographers to help capture images for his archive Photographs from the war would eventually make up 20 of the collection 21 In the 1920s photographers were sent to Lebanon Palestine and Turkey in the Middle East where they documented the French occupation of Lebanon and the Turkish War of Independence 22 Frederic Gadmer was sent to Weimar Germany in 1923 among the scenes he shot was the aftermath of a failed separatist insurrection in Krefeld 23 The last trip to India was made in 1927 where photographer Roger Dumas captured the golden jubilee of Jagatjit Singh the ruler of Kapurthala State The previous December Dumas had been in Japan for the funeral of Emperor Yoshihito 24 Kahn s photographers returned to the Americas several times in the 1920s Lucien Le Saint made films of French fisherman in the North Atlantic in 1923 and Brunhes and Gadmer travelled for three months across Canada in 1926 visiting Montreal Winnipeg Calgary Edmonton and Vancouver among other places 25 In 1930 Gadmer mounted the project s first and only major expedition to sub Saharan Africa to the French colony of Dahomey modern day Benin 26 By the time that the project was halted in 1931 in the aftermath of the stock market crash of 1929 that bankrupted Kahn Kahn s cameramen had visited 50 countries and collected 183 000 meters of film 72 000 autochrome color photographs 4 000 stereographs and 4 000 black and white photographs 10 27 Contents edit nbsp Le Moulin Rouge Paris 1914 David Okuefuna describes the Archive as a monumentally ambitious attempt to produce a photographic record of human life on Earth 28 and the contents of the Archive are highly varied in subject 15 On the early expeditions to Europe Brunhes instructed the photographers to capture the geography architecture and local culture of the places they visited but also gave them the freedom to photograph other things that caught their eyes 29 Images in the Archive include landmarks like the Eiffel Tower 30 the Great Pyramid of Giza 31 Angkor Wat 32 and the Taj Mahal 33 as well as numerous portraits of working class people in Europe 34 and of members of traditional societies in Asia and Africa 35 In many cases Kahn s operators captured some of the earliest color photographs of their destinations 36 Due to the long exposure time required by the autochrome process the photographers were largely limited to shooting stationary or posed subjects 37 About a fifth of the photographs in the Archive were concerned with the First World War 21 These included images of the home front military technology like artillery guns and ships portraits of individual soldiers including some from France s colonial empire and buildings damaged by shelling 38 Only a handful of images explicitly depict dead soldiers 39 Some of the content in the Archives was controversial in particular a film shot by Leon Busy of an adolescent Vietnamese girl undressing 40 Busy had instructed the girl to go through her daily dressing ritual he shot the film out of focus to obscure her nudity 41 Other footage shot in Casablanca in 1926 featured prostitutes baring their breasts 42 The Archives also include thousands of portrait photographs mostly shot at Kahn s estate in Boulogne Billancourt Subjects include statesmen such as British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald and French prime minister Leon Bourgeois British physicist J J Thomson French writers Colette and Anatole France Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore and American aviator Wilbur Wright among many others 43 The collection has been administered by the Musee Albert Kahn since 1990 which has made most of images available to the public online 44 Photographers editLeon Busy 1874 1950 was a French army officer who volunteered for the Archives on the strength of winning first prize in the Societe francaise de photographie s photography competition 45 Paul Castelnau 1880 1944 and Fernand Cuville 1887 1927 were French soldiers who served as photographers during World War I 46 Castelnau later became a member of the French Geographic Society 47 Roger Dumas 1891 1972 took photographs and films in Japan and India in 1926 and 1927 48 Alfred Dutertre was Kahn s chauffeur who accompanied him on his first round the world trip in 1908 taking the earliest photographs in the Archives 2 Frederic Gadmer 1878 1954 was sent to Germany in 1923 23 and to Canada in 1926 49 ultimately becoming one of the Archives most experienced photographers 50 Lucien Le Saint 1881 1931 was a cinematographer who shot motion picture films for the project 49 Auguste Leon 1857 1942 was the longest serving photographer on the project 29 From Bordeaux he had previously worked as a postcard photographer 7 He also oversaw work at the photocinematographic laboratory for the project 51 Marguerite Mespoulet 1880 1965 was an academic and amateur photographer who was the only woman to take pictures for the Archives 52 Stephane Passet 1875 c 1943 53 was one of the first photographers hired by Kahn 1 and undertook an expedition to the Balkans 54 Camille Sauvageot was a motion picture operator who served between 1919 and 1932 He later worked on the 1949 film Jour de fete 55 Gallery edit nbsp Eiffel Tower and the Trocadero Paris 1912 nbsp Porte Saint Denis Paris 1914 nbsp Family Paris 1914 nbsp Senegalese sniper Fez Morocco 1913 nbsp Market scene Sarajevo Bosnia Herzegovina 1912 nbsp Market scene Krusevac Serbia 1913 nbsp Wooden houses in Beyoglu Istanbul Turkey 1912 nbsp Inner Mongolia 1912 nbsp Buddhist lama Mongolia 1913 nbsp Prisoner Ulaanbaatar Mongolia 1913 nbsp Sadhus Bombay India 1913 nbsp Sadhu and brahmin Lahore Pakistan 1914 nbsp Temple officiant Ahmedabad India 1913 nbsp Bull statue Varanasi India 1914 See also editSergey Prokudin Gorsky a photographer who made color photographs of the Russian Empire in the early 20th centuryReferences edit a b c d de Luca 2022 pp 265 267 a b c Okuefuna 2008 p 81 Okuefuna 2008 pp 82 83 Okuefuna 2008 p 84 Okuefuna 2008 p 185 de Luca 2022 p 267 a b c Okuefuna 2008 p 85 de Luca 2022 p 273 de Luca 2022 pp 267 268 a b Lundemo 2017 pp 218 219 de Luca 2022 p 261 Amad 2010 pp 99 101 Amad 2010 p 51 de Luca 2022 pp 275 276 a b Okuefuna 2008 pp 20 21 Okuefuna 2008 pp 24 25 Okuefuna 2008 pp 191 194 Okuefuna 2008 pp 229 233 de Luca 2022 pp 262 263 Okuefuna 2008 p 131 a b de Luca 2022 pp 276 277 Johnson 2012 p 92 a b Okuefuna 2008 pp 26 27 Okuefuna 2008 pp 194 195 Okuefuna 2008 pp 87 87 Okuefuna 2008 pp 286 287 de la Breteque 2001 p 156 Okuefuna 2008 p 13 a b Okuefuna 2008 p 20 Okuefuna 2008 pp 29 Okuefuna 2008 p 300 Okuefuna 2008 p 258 Okuefuna 2008 p 222 Okuefuna 2008 pp 28 80 Okuefuna 2008 pp 208 211 242 253 306 309 Okuefuna 2008 pp 222 287 300 Amad 2010 p 55 Okuefuna 2008 pp 140 179 Okuefuna 2008 p 175 Okuefuna 2008 p 232 Amad 2010 pp 283 284 Okuefuna 2008 pp 283 284 Okuefuna 2008 pp 310 319 de Luca 2022 p 263 Okuefuna 2008 p 229 Okuefuna 2008 p 134 Bloom 2008 p 169 Okuefuna 2008 p 194 a b Okuefuna 2008 p 86 Okuefuna 2008 p 286 Bloom 2008 p 168 Okuefuna 2008 p 21 Okuefuna 2008 p 99 Okuefuna 2008 pp 99 101 Amad 2010 p 307 Works cited edit Amad Paula 2010 Counter Archive Film the Everyday and Albert Kahn s Archives de la Planete Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 13500 9 de la Breteque Francois April June 2001 Les archives de la planete d Albert Kahn Vingtieme Siecle Revue d histoire in French 70 156 158 doi 10 2307 3771719 JSTOR 3771719 Bloom Peter J 2008 French Colonial Documentary Mythologies of Humanitarianism University of Minnesota Press ISBN 978 0 8166 4628 9 Johnson Brian Summer 2012 Review Middle East the Birth of Nations Albert Kahn s Archive of the Planet Review of Middle East Studies 46 1 92 93 doi 10 1017 S2151348100003062 JSTOR 41762489 de Luca Tiago 2022 A Disappearing Planet Planetary Cinema Film Media and the Earth Amsterdam University Press pp 259 298 doi 10 2307 j ctv25wxbjs 11 JSTOR j ctv25wxbjs 11 S2CID 245373654 Lundemo Trond 2017 Mapping the World Les Archives de la Planete and the Mobilization of Memory Memory in Motion Archives Technology and the Social Amsterdam University Press pp 213 236 doi 10 2307 j ctt1jd94f0 12 ISBN 9789462982147 JSTOR j ctt1jd94f0 12 Okuefuna David 2008 The Dawn of the Color Photograph Albert Kahn s Archives of the Planet Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 13907 4 Further reading editAmad Paula 2001 Cinema s Sanctuary From Pre Documentary to Documentary Film in Albert Kahn s Archives de la Planete 1908 1931 Film History 13 2 138 159 doi 10 2979 FIL 2001 13 2 138 JSTOR 3815422 Bourguignon Helene January March 2009 Les Archives de la planete Vingtieme Siecle Revue d histoire in French 101 203 207 JSTOR 20475560 Jakobsen Kjetil Ansgar Bjorli Trond Erik eds 2020 Cosmopolitics of the Camera Albert Kahn s Archives of the Planet Intellect Books ISBN 978 1 78938 190 0 McGrath Jacqueline 30 March 1997 A Philosophy in Bloom The New York Times Retrieved 11 April 2022 Winter Jay 2006 Dreams of Peace and Freedom Utopian Moments in the Twentieth Century Yale University Press External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Archives de la planete Albert Kahn Les Archives de la Planete at the Musee Albert Kahn Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title The Archives of the Planet amp oldid 1196239594 Photographers, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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