From an artistic point of view, Arabic calligraphy has been known and appreciated for its diversity and great potential for development. In fact, it has been linked in the Arabic culture to various fields such as religion, art, architecture, education and craftsmanship, which in return have played an important role in its advancement.[3]
Although most Islamic calligraphy is in Arabic and most Arabic calligraphy is Islamic, the two are not identical. Coptic or other Christian manuscripts in Arabic, for example, have made use of calligraphy. Likewise, there is Islamic calligraphy in Persian or the historic Ottoman language.
The Arabic alphabet is one of the most widely used scripts in the world. Many scholars believe that the alphabet was created around the 4th century CE.[4] The alphabet consists of 28 letters written from right to left. Each letter can be written in four ways, depending on where the letter is placed in a word. These four locations are also known as initial, medial, final and isolated.
Implements
The pens used for Arabic calligraphy vary from Latin calligraphy. The tools used for calligraphy are different assortments of pens and calligraphy ink. The most common calligraphy pen used is Qalam.[5]
Khamish pen
The Khamish pen also known as a reed pen is used by Arab, Turkish, and Iranian calligraphers. The reed of the pen is grown along rivers. Although this pen has been used for over 500 years, preparing the pen is a lengthy process.
Java pen
The Java pen is known for the tool's hardness and ability to create sharp edges. The pen is good to use for small scripts.
Handam pen
The Handam pen consists of the same strength that the Java pen has. The pen is good to use for all kinds of scripts.
Celi pen
The Celi pen is used for large writing in Arabic calligraphy. These pens are made from hardwood and cut and drilled.
Scripts
Popular scripts
The two most popular scripts used for Arabic calligraphy are Kufic and Naskh. Kūfic was derived from Iraq and initially used for inscription on stone and metal. Naskhī originated from Mecca and Medina. The script is used as a cursive script, for example on papyrus and paper.
Other scripts
The Thuluth and Nasta'liq and Diwani script are other scripts used for Arabic scripting.
The Thuluth script used during the medieval times is known as one of the oldest scripts to exist. The script was used on mosques and for Quranic text due to the appearance of the text.
The Nasta'liq script is used more for Persian than Arabic scripting. Because of the upward slant to the left,[6] the script is seen as different from the other scripts. The cursive look creates an elegant look when creating.
The Diwani Script was created during the Ottoman era. The lining and lettering of this script creates a sense of closeness when writing. Due to this reason, it's difficult to read since the letters intertwine.[6]
Arabic calligraphy serves as a major source of inspiration for Arabic typography. For example, the Amiri typeface is inspired by the Naskh script used at the Amiri Press in Cairo.[8]
The shift from Arabic calligraphy to Arabic typography presents technical challenges, as Arabic is essentially a cursive script with contextual shapes.
Art
EL Seed, a French-Tunisian graffiti artist, makes use of Arabic calligraphy in his various art projects, in a style called calligraffiti.[9]
The Hurufiyya (الحروفيةletters) movement, since its beginnings in the early 20th century, uses the artistic manipulation of Arabic calligraphy and typography in abstraction.[10]
Taking Shape: Abstraction From the Arab World, 1950s-1980s, a 2020 installation at New York University's Grey Art Gallery, explored how Arabic calligraphy, with its ancient presence in visual art, influenced abstract art in the Arab world.[11] For Madiha Omar, the Arabic alphabet was a means of expressing a secular identity and appropriating Western painting, while Omar El-Nagdi explored the inherent divinity of Arabic calligraphy.[11]
Modern examples
The Emirates logo is written in traditional Arabic calligraphy
The instruments and work of a student calligrapher. The phrase written on the top of the paper shows the Shiite saying "Every day is Ashura and every land is Karbala."
^Julia Kaestle (10 July 2010). "Arabic calligraphy as a typographic exercise".
^Stefan Widany (June 2011). The History of Arabic Calligraphy: An Essay on Its Greatest Artists and Its Development. GRIN Verlag. ISBN978-3-640-93875-9.
^Hosny, Khaled (2012). "The Amiri typeface" (PDF). TUGboat. 33: 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
^PopTech (2011), eL Seed: The Art of Calligraffiti, retrieved 2020-02-24
^"NYU Grey Art Gallery Spotlights Pioneers of Arab Art". 2020-02-07. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
^ abHeinrich, Will (2020-02-20). "How the Arabic Alphabet Inspired Abstract Art". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-02-24.
External links
Media related to Arabic calligraphy at Wikimedia Commons
May 05, 2023
arabic, calligraphy, artistic, practice, handwriting, calligraphy, based, arabic, alphabet, known, arabic, khatt, arabic, خط, derived, from, word, line, design, construction, kufic, oldest, form, arabic, script, copy, bawwab, year, 1000, 1001, thought, earlies. Arabic calligraphy is the artistic practice of handwriting and calligraphy based on the Arabic alphabet It is known in Arabic as khatt Arabic خط derived from the word line design or construction 1 2 Kufic is the oldest form of the Arabic script A copy of the Qur an by Ibn al Bawwab in the year 1000 1001 CE thought to be the earliest existing example of a Qur an written in a cursive script The stylized signature of Sultan Abdul Hamid I of the Ottoman Empire was written in an expressive calligraphy From an artistic point of view Arabic calligraphy has been known and appreciated for its diversity and great potential for development In fact it has been linked in the Arabic culture to various fields such as religion art architecture education and craftsmanship which in return have played an important role in its advancement 3 Although most Islamic calligraphy is in Arabic and most Arabic calligraphy is Islamic the two are not identical Coptic or other Christian manuscripts in Arabic for example have made use of calligraphy Likewise there is Islamic calligraphy in Persian or the historic Ottoman language Contents 1 Arabic alphabet 2 Implements 2 1 Khamish pen 2 2 Java pen 2 3 Handam pen 2 4 Celi pen 3 Scripts 3 1 Popular scripts 3 2 Other scripts 4 List of calligraphers 4 1 Medieval 4 2 Ottoman era 4 3 Contemporary 5 Legacy 5 1 Typography 5 2 Art 6 Modern examples 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksArabic alphabet EditMain article Arabic alphabet The Arabic alphabet is one of the most widely used scripts in the world Many scholars believe that the alphabet was created around the 4th century CE 4 The alphabet consists of 28 letters written from right to left Each letter can be written in four ways depending on where the letter is placed in a word These four locations are also known as initial medial final and isolated Implements EditThe pens used for Arabic calligraphy vary from Latin calligraphy The tools used for calligraphy are different assortments of pens and calligraphy ink The most common calligraphy pen used is Qalam 5 Khamish pen Edit The Khamish pen also known as a reed pen is used by Arab Turkish and Iranian calligraphers The reed of the pen is grown along rivers Although this pen has been used for over 500 years preparing the pen is a lengthy process Java pen Edit The Java pen is known for the tool s hardness and ability to create sharp edges The pen is good to use for small scripts Handam pen Edit The Handam pen consists of the same strength that the Java pen has The pen is good to use for all kinds of scripts Celi pen Edit The Celi pen is used for large writing in Arabic calligraphy These pens are made from hardwood and cut and drilled Scripts EditPopular scripts Edit The two most popular scripts used for Arabic calligraphy are Kufic and Naskh Kufic was derived from Iraq and initially used for inscription on stone and metal Naskhi originated from Mecca and Medina The script is used as a cursive script for example on papyrus and paper Other scripts Edit The Thuluth and Nasta liq and Diwani script are other scripts used for Arabic scripting The Thuluth script used during the medieval times is known as one of the oldest scripts to exist The script was used on mosques and for Quranic text due to the appearance of the text The Nasta liq script is used more for Persian than Arabic scripting Because of the upward slant to the left 6 the script is seen as different from the other scripts The cursive look creates an elegant look when creating The Diwani Script was created during the Ottoman era The lining and lettering of this script creates a sense of closeness when writing Due to this reason it s difficult to read since the letters intertwine 6 List of calligraphers EditSome classical calligraphers Medieval Edit Ibn Muqla d 939 940 Ibn al Bawwab d 1022 Fakhr un Nisa 12th century Ottoman era Edit Further information List of Ottoman calligraphers Shaykh Hamdullah 1436 1520 Hamid Aytac 1891 1982 Seyyid Kasim Gubari d 1624 Hafiz Osman 1642 1698 Mustafa Rakim 1757 1826 Mehmed Shevki Efendi 1829 1887 Contemporary Edit Hasan Celebi b 1937 Turkey Ali Adjalli b 1939 Iran Wijdan Ali b 1939 Jordan Hashem Muhammad al Baghdadi Iraq Everitte Barbee b 1988 United States of America Mohammad Hosni Syria Shakkir Hassan Al Sa id 1925 2004 in Iraq Madiha Omar Iraqi American Hassan Massoudy Iraqi French b 1944 Sadequain Naqqash 1930 1987 Pakistan Ibrahim el Salahi b 1930 Sudan Mouneer Al Shaarani b 1952 Syria Mahmoud Taha b 1942 Jordan Mohamed Zakariya b 1942 United States of America Uthman Taha b 1934 Syria Shafiq Uz Zaman Khan Pakistan 7 Legacy EditTypography Edit Arabic calligraphy serves as a major source of inspiration for Arabic typography For example the Amiri typeface is inspired by the Naskh script used at the Amiri Press in Cairo 8 The shift from Arabic calligraphy to Arabic typography presents technical challenges as Arabic is essentially a cursive script with contextual shapes Art Edit EL Seed a French Tunisian graffiti artist makes use of Arabic calligraphy in his various art projects in a style called calligraffiti 9 The Hurufiyya الحروفية letters movement since its beginnings in the early 20th century uses the artistic manipulation of Arabic calligraphy and typography in abstraction 10 Taking Shape Abstraction From the Arab World 1950s 1980s a 2020 installation at New York University s Grey Art Gallery explored how Arabic calligraphy with its ancient presence in visual art influenced abstract art in the Arab world 11 For Madiha Omar the Arabic alphabet was a means of expressing a secular identity and appropriating Western painting while Omar El Nagdi explored the inherent divinity of Arabic calligraphy 11 Modern examples Edit The Emirates logo is written in traditional Arabic calligraphy The instruments and work of a student calligrapher The phrase written on the top of the paper shows the Shiite saying Every day is Ashura and every land is Karbala See also EditIslamic calligraphy Abu SaymehReferences Edit Julia Kaestle 10 July 2010 Arabic calligraphy as a typographic exercise Stefan Widany June 2011 The History of Arabic Calligraphy An Essay on Its Greatest Artists and Its Development GRIN Verlag ISBN 978 3 640 93875 9 Afa ʻUmar افا عمر 2007 al Khaṭṭ al Maghribi tarikh wa waqiʻ wa afaq Maghrawi Muḥammad مغراوي محمد al Ṭabʻah 1 ed al Dar al Bayḍaʼ Wizarat al Awqaf wa al Shuʼun al Islamiyah ISBN 978 9981 59 129 5 OCLC 191880956 Arabic alphabet Chart Letters amp Calligraphy Lettering Pens Huge overview 2018 05 15 Retrieved 2019 04 25 a b Arabic Writing and Scripts A Brief Guide Shutterstock 24 July 2014 Islamic calligraphy Hosny Khaled 2012 The Amiri typeface PDF TUGboat 33 12 Archived PDF from the original on 2022 10 09 PopTech 2011 eL Seed The Art of Calligraffiti retrieved 2020 02 24 NYU Grey Art Gallery Spotlights Pioneers of Arab Art 2020 02 07 Retrieved 2020 02 25 a b Heinrich Will 2020 02 20 How the Arabic Alphabet Inspired Abstract Art The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2020 02 24 External links Edit Media related to Arabic calligraphy at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Arabic calligraphy amp oldid 1150920515, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
