Thuluth (Arabic: ثُلُث, Ṯuluṯ or Arabic: خَطُّ الثُّلُثِ, Ḵaṭṭ-uṯ-Ṯuluṯ; Persian: ثلث, Sols; Turkish: Sülüs, from thuluth "one-third") is an Arabic script variety of Islamic calligraphy. The straight angular forms of Kufic were replaced in the new script by curved and oblique lines. In Thuluth, one-third of each letter slopes, from which the name (meaning "a third" in Arabic) comes. An alternative theory to the meaning is that the smallest width of the letter is one third of the widest part. It is an elegant, cursive script, used in medieval times on mosque decorations. Various calligraphic styles evolved from Thuluth through slight changes of form.
Calligraphic panel with prayer in thuluth, which reads: the grasping of God brings the knowledge of His comfort. The later inscription attributed this work to Alaeddin Tabrizi. Library of Congress.
The greatest contributions to the evolution of the Thuluth script occurred in the Ottoman Empire in three successive steps that Ottoman art historians call "calligraphical revolutions":
The first revolution occurred in the 15th century and was initiated by the master calligrapher Sheikh Hamdullah.[1][2]
The second revolution resulted from the work of the Ottoman calligrapher Hâfız Osman in the 17th century.[3][4]
Finally, in the late 19th century, Mehmed Şevkî Efendi gave the script the distinctive shape it has today.[5][6][7]
Artistsedit
The best known artist to write the Thuluth script at its zenith is said to be Mustafa Râkım Efendi (1757–1826), a painter who set a standard in Ottoman calligraphy which many believe has not been surpassed to this day.[8]
Usageedit
Thuluth was used to write the headings of surahs, Qur'anic chapters. Some of the oldest copies of the Qur'an were written in Thuluth. Later copies were written in a combination of Thuluth and either Naskh or Muhaqqaq. After the 15th century Naskh came to be used exclusively.
The script is used in the Flag of Saudi Arabia where its text, Shahada al Tawhid, is written in Thuluth.
Styleedit
An important aspect of Thuluth script is the use of harakat ("hareke" in Turkish) to represent vowel sounds and of certain other stylistic marks to beautify the script. The rules governing the former are similar to the rules for any Arabic script. The stylistic marks have their own rules regarding placement and grouping which allow for great creativity as to shape and orientation. For example, one grouping technique is to separate the marks written below letters from those written above.
Scripts developed from Thuluthedit
Since its creation, Thuluth has given rise to a variety of scripts used in calligraphy and over time has allowed numerous modifications. JeliThuluth was developed for use in large panels, such as those on tombstones. Muhaqqaq script was developed by widening the horizontal sections[clarification needed] of the letters in Thuluth. Naskh script introduced a number of modifications resulting in smaller size and greater delicacy. Tawqi is a smaller version of Thuluth.
Ruq'ah was probably derived from the Thuluth and Naskh styles, the latter itself having originated from Thuluth.
Mihrab in the winter prayer hall of the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan with inscription in carved stucco in thuluth designed by Haydar (d. 1325/1326)
Mamluk enamelled flask. Its shoulder bears a wide band with a dedication to an unnamed sultan in thuluth. Egypt or Syria, first half of the 14th century. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art.
Opening pages from the Mamluk Qur'an with first verse of Al-Fatiha in monumental thuluth script. Egypt, late 1350s. Egyptian National Library.
^"Hüseyin Kutlu: Hat sanatı kalemi şevk edebilmektir - Kalem Güzeli". www.kalemguzeli.net. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
^Pritchett, Frances. "hamdullah1500s". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
^Üniversitesi, İstanbul. "İstanbul Üniversitesi - Tarihten Geleceğe Bilim Köprüsü - 145". www.istanbul.edu.tr. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
^Ali, Wijdan. "From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art 2004-12-03 at the Wayback Machine". In Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Turkish Art, eds. M. Kiel, N. Landman, and H. Theunissen. No. 7, 1–24. Utrecht, The Netherlands, August 23–28, 1999, p. 7
^"Mehmed Şevki Efendi". wordpress.com. 1 October 2006. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
^. www.bilgininadresi.net. Archived from the original on 5 March 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^Türk Ýslam Sanatlarý - Tezyini Sanatlar Archived 2012-06-30 at archive.today
^Journal of Ottoman Calligraphy :: RAKIM: “Mustafa Rakim” (1757 - 1826) :: April :: 2006 2008-03-06 at the Wayback Machine
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thuluth style.
December 07, 2023
thuluth, arabic, Ṯuluṯ, arabic, الث, Ḵaṭṭ, uṯ, Ṯuluṯ, persian, ثلث, sols, turkish, sülüs, from, thuluth, third, arabic, script, variety, islamic, calligraphy, straight, angular, forms, kufic, were, replaced, script, curved, oblique, lines, third, each, letter,. Thuluth Arabic ث ل ث Ṯuluṯ or Arabic خ ط الث ل ث Ḵaṭṭ uṯ Ṯuluṯ Persian ثلث Sols Turkish Sulus from thuluth one third is an Arabic script variety of Islamic calligraphy The straight angular forms of Kufic were replaced in the new script by curved and oblique lines In Thuluth one third of each letter slopes from which the name meaning a third in Arabic comes An alternative theory to the meaning is that the smallest width of the letter is one third of the widest part It is an elegant cursive script used in medieval times on mosque decorations Various calligraphic styles evolved from Thuluth through slight changes of form Calligraphic panel with prayer in thuluth which reads the grasping of God brings the knowledge of His comfort The later inscription attributed this work to Alaeddin Tabrizi Library of Congress Contents 1 History 2 Artists 3 Usage 4 Style 5 Scripts developed from Thuluth 6 Gallery 7 References 8 External linksHistory editThe greatest contributions to the evolution of the Thuluth script occurred in the Ottoman Empire in three successive steps that Ottoman art historians call calligraphical revolutions The first revolution occurred in the 15th century and was initiated by the master calligrapher Sheikh Hamdullah 1 2 The second revolution resulted from the work of the Ottoman calligrapher Hafiz Osman in the 17th century 3 4 Finally in the late 19th century Mehmed Sevki Efendi gave the script the distinctive shape it has today 5 6 7 Artists editThe best known artist to write the Thuluth script at its zenith is said to be Mustafa Rakim Efendi 1757 1826 a painter who set a standard in Ottoman calligraphy which many believe has not been surpassed to this day 8 Usage editThuluth was used to write the headings of surahs Qur anic chapters Some of the oldest copies of the Qur an were written in Thuluth Later copies were written in a combination of Thuluth and either Naskh or Muhaqqaq After the 15th century Naskh came to be used exclusively The script is used in the Flag of Saudi Arabia where its text Shahada al Tawhid is written in Thuluth Style editAn important aspect of Thuluth script is the use of harakat hareke in Turkish to represent vowel sounds and of certain other stylistic marks to beautify the script The rules governing the former are similar to the rules for any Arabic script The stylistic marks have their own rules regarding placement and grouping which allow for great creativity as to shape and orientation For example one grouping technique is to separate the marks written below letters from those written above Scripts developed from Thuluth editSince its creation Thuluth has given rise to a variety of scripts used in calligraphy and over time has allowed numerous modifications Jeli Thuluth was developed for use in large panels such as those on tombstones Muhaqqaq script was developed by widening the horizontal sections clarification needed of the letters in Thuluth Naskh script introduced a number of modifications resulting in smaller size and greater delicacy Tawqi is a smaller version of Thuluth Ruq ah was probably derived from the Thuluth and Naskh styles the latter itself having originated from Thuluth Gallery edit nbsp Double page from the Qur an in thuluth copied for the Zangid Qutb ad Din Muhammad 1198 1219 Khalili Collection of Islamic Art nbsp Line in thuluth written by Yaqut al Musta simi d 1298 Library of Congress nbsp Mihrab in the winter prayer hall of the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan with inscription in carved stucco in thuluth designed by Haydar d 1325 1326 nbsp Mamluk enamelled flask Its shoulder bears a wide band with a dedication to an unnamed sultan in thuluth Egypt or Syria first half of the 14th century Khalili Collection of Islamic Art nbsp Opening pages from the Mamluk Qur an with first verse of Al Fatiha in monumental thuluth script Egypt late 1350s Egyptian National Library nbsp Album leaf from muraqqa by Sheikh Hamdullah in thuluth upper panel and naskh script Istanbul between 1500 1520 illumination from 18th century Chester Beatty Library nbsp Inscription in thuluth at the Southern Portal of Taj Mahal designed by Amanat Khan Shirazi Agra between 1631 1638 nbsp Album leaf from muraqqa by Hafiz Osman in thuluth upper panel and naskh script Istanbul 1693 1694 Museum of Islamic Art Berlin nbsp Levha calligraphic inscription in jeli thuluth by Mustafa Rakim Istanbul between 1809 1826 Sakip Sabanci Museum nbsp Flag of Saudi Arabia with shahada in thuluthReferences edit Huseyin Kutlu Hat sanati kalemi sevk edebilmektir Kalem Guzeli www kalemguzeli net Retrieved 17 April 2018 Pritchett Frances hamdullah1500s www columbia edu Retrieved 17 April 2018 Universitesi Istanbul Istanbul Universitesi Tarihten Gelecege Bilim Koprusu 145 www istanbul edu tr Retrieved 17 April 2018 Ali Wijdan From the Literal to the Spiritual The Development of Prophet Muhammad s Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art Archived 2004 12 03 at the Wayback Machine In Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Turkish Art eds M Kiel N Landman and H Theunissen No 7 1 24 Utrecht The Netherlands August 23 28 1999 p 7 Mehmed Sevki Efendi wordpress com 1 October 2006 Retrieved 17 April 2018 Archived copy www bilgininadresi net Archived from the original on 5 March 2008 Retrieved 15 January 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Turk Yslam Sanatlary Tezyini Sanatlar Archived 2012 06 30 at archive today Journal of Ottoman Calligraphy RAKIM Mustafa Rakim 1757 1826 April 2006 Archived 2008 03 06 at the Wayback MachineExternal links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thuluth style Thuluth Script Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Thuluth amp oldid 1182949698, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
