The top of the Norian (the base of the Rhaetian) is at the first appearance of ammonite species Cochloceras amoenum. The base of the Rheatian is also close to the first appearance of conodont species Misikella spp. and Epigondolella mosheri and the radiolarid species Proparvicingula moniliformis.
In the Tethys domain, the Norian Stage contains six ammonite biozones:
^Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; et al. (2020). "Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8 (196): 196. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..196W. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00196.
^McElwain, J. C.; Punyasena, S. W. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 22 (10): 548–557. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003. PMID 17919771.
^ Retallack, G. J.; Veevers, J.; Morante, R. (1996). "Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants". GSA Bulletin. 108 (2): 195–207. Bibcode:1996GSAB..108..195R. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
^Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M. J.; Schrag, D. P.; Knoll, A. H. (2004). "Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction". Science. 305 (5683): 506–9. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..506P. doi:10.1126/science.1097023. PMID 15273391. S2CID 35498132.
^Ogg, James G.; Ogg, Gabi M.; Gradstein, Felix M. (2016). "Triassic". A Concise Geologic Time Scale: 2016. Elsevier. pp. 133–149. ISBN978-0-444-63771-0.
^ abcdefghijk"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point". International Commission of Stratigraphy. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
^Rigo, Manuel; Bertinelli, Angela; Concheri, Giuseppe; Gattolin, Giovanni; Godfrey, Linda; Katz, Miriam E.; Maron, Matteo; Mietto, Paolo; Muttoni, Giovanni; Sprovieri, Mario; Stellin, Fabio; Mariachiara, Zaffani (2016). "The Pignola-Abriola section (southern Apennines, Italy): a new GSSP candidate for the base of the Rhaetian Stage". Lethaia. 49 (3): 287–306. doi:10.1111/let.12145. hdl:11577/3157425. ISSN 1502-3931.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^According to Gradstein et al. (2004). Brack et al. (2005) give 226 to 207 million years
^Spielmann, J.A.; Lucas, S.G.; Hunt, A.P. (2013). "The first Norian (Revueltian) rhynchosaur: Bull Canyon Formation, New Mexico, USA" (PDF). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 61: 562. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
Literatureedit
Brack, P.; Rieber, H.; Nicora, A. & Mundil, R.; 2005: The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale, Episodes 28(4), pp. 233–244.
Martz, J.W.; 2008: Lithostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy, and vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Dockum Group (Upper Triassic), of southern Garza County, West Texas, Doctoral Dissertation, Texas Tech.
External linksedit
GeoWhen Database - Norian
Upper Triassic timescale, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy: Stratigraphic charts for the Triassic, and
January 01, 1970
norian, division, triassic, period, rank, geochronology, stage, chronostratigraphy, lasted, from, million, years, preceded, carnian, succeeded, rhaetian, preꞒ, nchronology, pzmesozoicptriassicjearmiddlelateejchanghsing, olenekianinduananisianladiniancarnianrha. The Norian is a division of the Triassic Period It has the rank of an age geochronology or stage chronostratigraphy It lasted from 227 to 208 5 million years ago 8 It was preceded by the Carnian and succeeded by the Rhaetian 9 Norian 227 208 5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NChronology 255 250 245 240 235 230 225 220 215 210 205 200 PzMesozoicPTriassicJEarMiddleLateEJChanghsing OlenekianInduanAnisianLadinianCarnianNorianRhaetianHettangian Permian Triassic extinction event Smithian Spathian boundary event 1 Carnian pluvial episode Full recovery of woody trees 2 Coals return 3 Scleractiniancorals amp calcified sponges 4 Triassic Jurassic extinction event Manicouagan impactSubdivision of the Triassic according to the ICS as of 2021 5 Vertical axis scale millions of years ago EtymologyName formalityFormalUsage informationCelestial bodyEarthRegional usageGlobal ICS Time scale s usedICS Time ScaleDefinitionChronological unitAgeStratigraphic unitStageTime span formalityFormalLower boundary definitionNot formally defined 6 Lower boundary definition candidatesBase of Stikinoceras kerri ammonoid zone and near FAD of Metapolygnathus echinatus within the M communisti Conodont zones 6 Lower boundary GSSP candidate section s Black Bear Ridge British Columbia Canada 6 Pizzo Mondello Sicily Italy 6 Upper boundary definitionNot formally defined 6 Upper boundary definition candidatesFAD of the Conodont Misikella posthernsteini Near FAD of the Ammonite genus Cochloceras 6 Near FAD of the Conodont Epigondolella mosheri 6 Near FAD of the Radiolarian Proparvicingula moniliformis 6 Upper boundary GSSP candidate section s Steinbergkogel Austria 6 Pignola Abriola Italy 7 Turkey 6 British Columbia Canada 6 Contents 1 Stratigraphic definitions 1 1 Subages 2 Notable formations 3 References 3 1 Notes 3 2 Literature 4 External linksStratigraphic definitions edit nbsp Cast of a tridactyl footprint of a theropod dinosaur from the Norian of the Czech Republic The Norian was named after the Noric Alps in Austria The stage was introduced into scientific literature by Austrian geologist Edmund Mojsisovics von Mojsvar in 1869 The Norian Stage begins at the base of the ammonite biozones of Klamathites macrolobatus and Stikinoceras kerri and at the base of the conodont biozones of Metapolygnathus communisti and Metapolygnathus primitius A global reference profile for the base a GSSP had in 2009 not yet been appointed The top of the Norian the base of the Rhaetian is at the first appearance of ammonite species Cochloceras amoenum The base of the Rheatian is also close to the first appearance of conodont species Misikella spp and Epigondolella mosheri and the radiolarid species Proparvicingula moniliformis In the Tethys domain the Norian Stage contains six ammonite biozones zone of Halorites macer zone of Himavatites hogarti zone of Cyrtopleurites bicrenatus zone of Juvavites magnus zone of Malayites paulckei zone of Guembelites jandianus Subages edit The Norian is divided into three global subages or substages Lacian lower Norian Alaunian middle Norian Sevatian upper Norian Many older studies considered the Rhaetian to be the uppermost substage of the Norian though it has subsequently been raised to its own stage The Revueltian land vertebrate faunachron corresponds to part of the Norian 10 Notable formations editCalcare di Zorzino Italy Caturrita Formation Rio Grande do Sul Brazil Chinle Formation SW USA Cow Branch Formation North Carolina and Virginia USA Dockum Group Carnian Norian SW USA Dolomia di Forni Italy Fleming Fjord Formation Greenland Lisowice Poland Los Colorados Formation Argentina Upper Maleri Formation India Stubensandstein Germany Trossingen Formation Norian Rhaetian Switzerland and Germany Tentatively assigned to the Norian age estimated primarily via terrestrial tetrapod biostratigraphy see Triassic land vertebrate faunachrons References editNotes edit Widmann Philipp Bucher Hugo Leu Marc et al 2020 Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery Frontiers in Earth Science 8 196 196 Bibcode 2020FrEaS 8 196W doi 10 3389 feart 2020 00196 McElwain J C Punyasena S W 2007 Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record Trends in Ecology amp Evolution 22 10 548 557 doi 10 1016 j tree 2007 09 003 PMID 17919771 Retallack G J Veevers J Morante R 1996 Global coal gap between Permian Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants GSA Bulletin 108 2 195 207 Bibcode 1996GSAB 108 195R doi 10 1130 0016 7606 1996 108 lt 0195 GCGBPT gt 2 3 CO 2 Retrieved 2007 09 29 Payne J L Lehrmann D J Wei J Orchard M J Schrag D P Knoll A H 2004 Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End Permian Extinction Science 305 5683 506 9 Bibcode 2004Sci 305 506P doi 10 1126 science 1097023 PMID 15273391 S2CID 35498132 Ogg James G Ogg Gabi M Gradstein Felix M 2016 Triassic A Concise Geologic Time Scale 2016 Elsevier pp 133 149 ISBN 978 0 444 63771 0 a b c d e f g h i j k Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point International Commission of Stratigraphy Retrieved 23 December 2020 Rigo Manuel Bertinelli Angela Concheri Giuseppe Gattolin Giovanni Godfrey Linda Katz Miriam E Maron Matteo Mietto Paolo Muttoni Giovanni Sprovieri Mario Stellin Fabio Mariachiara Zaffani 2016 The Pignola Abriola section southern Apennines Italy a new GSSP candidate for the base of the Rhaetian Stage Lethaia 49 3 287 306 doi 10 1111 let 12145 hdl 11577 3157425 ISSN 1502 3931 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link According to Gradstein et al 2004 Brack et al 2005 give 226 to 207 million years See for a detailed geologic timescale Gradstein et al 2004 Spielmann J A Lucas S G Hunt A P 2013 The first Norian Revueltian rhynchosaur Bull Canyon Formation New Mexico USA PDF New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 61 562 Retrieved 17 November 2021 Literature edit Brack P Rieber H Nicora A amp Mundil R 2005 The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point GSSP of the Ladinian Stage Middle Triassic at Bagolino Southern Alps Northern Italy and its implications for the Triassic time scale Episodes 28 4 pp 233 244 Gradstein F M Ogg J G amp Smith A G 2004 A Geologic Time Scale 2004 Cambridge University Press Kielan Jaworowska Z Cifelli R L Luo Zhe Xi 2004 Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs Columbia University Press Martz J W 2008 Lithostratigraphy chemostratigraphy and vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Dockum Group Upper Triassic of southern Garza County West Texas Doctoral Dissertation Texas Tech External links editGeoWhen Database Norian Upper Triassic timescale at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy Stratigraphic charts for the Triassic 1 and 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Norian amp oldid 1137929529 Subages, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
