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Aksu City

Aksu is a city in and the seat of Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang, lying at the northern edge of the Tarim Basin. The name Aksu literally means "white water" (in Turkic) and is used for both the oasis town and the Aksu River.

Aksu
ئاقسۇ شەھىرى
阿克苏市
Aksu pedestrian street
Location of Aksu City (pink) in Aksu Prefecture and Xinjiang
Aksu
Location of the city centre in Xinjiang##Location of Aksu in China
Coordinates (Aksu City government): 41°11′06″N 80°17′25″E / 41.1850°N 80.2904°E / 41.1850; 80.2904Coordinates: 41°11′06″N 80°17′25″E / 41.1850°N 80.2904°E / 41.1850; 80.2904
CountryPeople's Republic of China
RegionXinjiang
PrefectureAksu
Township-level divisions7 subdistricts, 2 towns, 4 townships, 5 other areas
Area
 • Total14,668 km2 (5,663 sq mi)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total695,000[1]
Ethnic groups
 • Major ethnic groupsUyghurs, Han Chinese
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code
843000
Area code0997
GDP (2020)[2]CNY¥ 25.125 billion
US $3.64 billion
GDP per capitaCNY ¥36,151
US $5,239
 - Growth 5.8%
Websiteakss.gov.cn (in Chinese)
Aksu City
Uyghur name
Uyghurئاقسۇ
Transcriptions
Latin YëziqiAqsu
Yengi YeziⱪAk̡su
SASM/GNCAksu
Siril YëziqiАқсу
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese阿克苏市
Traditional Chinese阿克蘇市
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinĀkèsū Shì

The economy of Aksu is mostly agricultural, with cotton, in particular long-staple cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), as the main product. Also produced are grain, fruits, oils and beets. The industry mostly consists of weaving, cement and chemical industries.

The land currently under the administration of the Aksu City is divided in two parts, separated by the Aral City. The northern part hosts the city center, while the southern part is occupied by the Taklamakan Desert.

Aksu airport is considered a military airport in China (although also available for civil usage). Only aircraft registered in China can land in Aksu. This means if you are flying to Aksu from international origins you have to land in a major airport in China like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and change to China registered aircraft which tail number starts with B. [3]

Etymology

The name Aksu comes from the name of the Aksu River[4] which is the Uyghur word for "white water".[5] It is transliterated as Akesu in Chinese Pinyin.

History

Gumo

From the Former Han dynasty (125 BCE to 23 CE) at least until the early Tang dynasty (618–907 CE), Aksu was known as Gumo 姑墨 [Ku-mo].[6][7] The ancient capital town of Nan ("Southern Town") was likely well south of the present town.

During the Han dynasty, Gumo is described as a "kingdom" (guo) containing 3,500 households and 24,500 individuals, including 4,500 people able to bear arms. It is said to have produced copper, iron and orpiment.[8] The territory of Gumo was roughly situated in the counties of Baicheng and Wensu and the city of Aksu of nowadays.[9]

Baluka

During the Buddhist era, it was known as Bharuka,[10] Bohuan and Baluka,[11] Bolujia (in pinyin), Po-lu-chia (in Wade–Giles).

The Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang visited this "kingdom" in 629 CE and referred to it as Baluka.[12] He recorded that there were tens of Sarvastivadin vihāras in the kingdom and over 1000 Buddhist monks. He said the kingdom was 600 li from east to west, and 300 li from north to south. Its capital was said to be six li in circumference. Xuanzang reported that the "native products, climate, temperament of the people, customs, written language and law are the same as in the country of Kuci or modern Kucha", some 300 km or 190 mi to the east, "but the spoken language is somewhat different" from the Kuchean language, which is also known as Tocharian B and West Tocharian. He also stated that fine cotton and hemp cloth made in the area was traded in neighbouring countries.[13]

Contested period

In the 7th, 8th, and early 9th centuries, control of the entire region was often contested by Tang China, the Tibetan Empire, and the Uyghur Khaganate; cities frequently changed hands. Tibet seized Aksu in 670, but Tang forces reconquered the region in 692.

The Tang general Tang Jiahui led the Chinese to defeat an Arab-Tibetan attack in the Battle of Aksu (717).[14] The attack on Aksu was joined by Türgesh Khan Suluk.[15][16] Both Uch Turfan and Aksu were attacked by the Turgesh, Arab, and Tibetan force on 15 August 717. Qarluqs serving under Chinese command, under Arsila Xian, a Western Turkic Qaghan serving under the Chinese Assistant Grand Protector General Tang Jiahui defeated the attack. Al-Yashkuri, the Arab commander and his army fled to Tashkent after they were defeated.[17][18]

Tibet regained the Tarim Basin in the late 720s, and the Tang dynasty again annexed the region in the 740s. The Battle of Talas led to the gradual withdrawal of Chinese forces, and the region was then contested between the Uyghurs and Tibetans.

Aksu was positioned on a junction of trade routes: the northern Tarim route Silk Road, and the dangerous route north via the Tian Shan's Muzart Pass to the fertile Ili Valley.[19]

Mongol era

In 1207–08, they submitted to Genghis Khan. Around 1220, Aksu became the capital of the Kingdom of Mangalai. The area had been part of the whole Mongol Empire before it was occupied by the independent-minded Chagatai Khanate under the House of Ögedei in 1286 from the hands of Kublai's Yuan dynasty. After the decline of the Yuan in the mid-14th century and subsequently the Chagatai Khanate in the late 14th century, Aksu fell under the power of Turkic and Mongol warlords.

Along with most of Xinjiang, Aksu fell under the control of the Khojas, and later that of Yaqub Beg, during the Dungan Revolt of 1864–1877. Yakub Beg seized Aksu from Chinese Muslim forces.[20] After the defeat of the rebellion, a learned cleric named Musa Sayrami (1836–1917), who had occupied positions of importance in Aksu under both rebel regimes, authored Tārīkh-i amniyya (History of Peace), which is considered by modern historians as one of the most important historical sources on the period.[21]

Modern era

 
Baron C. G. E. Mannerheim (in the middle) in Aksu, 1907

British Army officer Francis Younghusband visited Aksu in 1887 on his overland journey from Beijing to India. He described it as being the largest town he had seen on his way from the Chinese capital, with a population of about 20,000, besides other inhabitants of the district and a garrison of about 2,000 soldiers. "There were large bazaars and several inns—some for travellers, others for merchants wishing to make a prolonged stay to sell goods."[22]

In 1913, Aksu County (阿克蘇縣) was established.[4]

The Battle of Aksu (1933) occurred here on 31 May 1933.[23] Isma'il Beg, a Uighur, became the rebel Tao-yin of Aksu.[24] After the outbreak of the Ili Rebellion, the Ili National Army forces led by Abdulkerim Abbas attempting to take Aksu were repelled by National Revolutionary Army defenders commanded by Zhao Hanqi after two bitter sieges in September 1945.

On 19 August 1983, Aksu County became Aksu City (阿克苏市).[4][25] The city government began operation on 7 May 1984.[25]

Aksu was the site of a bombing in 2010.

On 23 January 2013, 802.733 km2 (309.937 sq mi) of territory was transferred from Aksu city to Aral city.[25]

Timeline

Geography

Aksu City is divided into two non-contiguous areas. The northern area is inhabited and the southern area is in the Taklamakan Desert. The southern area ends at a strait line in the desert along the 39°28′57″N parallel that divides it from Lop County (Luopu) and Qira County (Cele) in Hotan Prefecture (Hetian).[26][27]

Neighbours

The kingdom bordered Kashgar to the south-west, and Kucha, Karasahr then Turpan to the east. Across the desert to the south was Khotan.

Climate

Aksu has a cold desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWk) with extreme seasonal variation in temperature. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −7.2 °C (19.0 °F) in January to 24.1 °C (75.4 °F), and the annual mean is 10.8 °C (51.4 °F). Precipitation totals only 80.6 mm (3.17 in) annually, and mostly falls in summer, as compared to an annual evaporation rate of about 1,200 to 1,500 mm (47 to 59 in); there are about 2,800–3,000 hours of bright sunshine annually. The frost-free period averages 200–220 days.

Climate data for Aksu (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1971–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.8
(47.8)
14.4
(57.9)
27.9
(82.2)
34.5
(94.1)
36.0
(96.8)
37.4
(99.3)
39.6
(103.3)
38.6
(101.5)
34.6
(94.3)
29.4
(84.9)
22.4
(72.3)
9.8
(49.6)
39.6
(103.3)
Average high °C (°F) −0.6
(30.9)
5.3
(41.5)
13.6
(56.5)
22.1
(71.8)
26.9
(80.4)
30.2
(86.4)
31.5
(88.7)
30.6
(87.1)
26.2
(79.2)
19.2
(66.6)
9.5
(49.1)
0.8
(33.4)
17.9
(64.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −7.2
(19.0)
−1.3
(29.7)
7.1
(44.8)
15.0
(59.0)
19.7
(67.5)
22.8
(73.0)
24.1
(75.4)
23.1
(73.6)
18.3
(64.9)
10.9
(51.6)
2.5
(36.5)
−5.1
(22.8)
10.8
(51.5)
Average low °C (°F) −12.3
(9.9)
−6.7
(19.9)
1.1
(34.0)
8.1
(46.6)
12.7
(54.9)
15.6
(60.1)
17.2
(63.0)
16.3
(61.3)
11.6
(52.9)
4.4
(39.9)
−2.3
(27.9)
−9.3
(15.3)
4.7
(40.5)
Record low °C (°F) −25.2
(−13.4)
−24.4
(−11.9)
−10.9
(12.4)
−3.1
(26.4)
2.7
(36.9)
6.0
(42.8)
8.7
(47.7)
8.3
(46.9)
1.4
(34.5)
−4.5
(23.9)
−12.9
(8.8)
−23.4
(−10.1)
−25.2
(−13.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 1.8
(0.07)
2.7
(0.11)
4.3
(0.17)
3.8
(0.15)
9.9
(0.39)
12.6
(0.50)
16.2
(0.64)
12.1
(0.48)
8.7
(0.34)
4.7
(0.19)
1.0
(0.04)
2.8
(0.11)
80.6
(3.19)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 2.3 2.2 1.6 1.5 3.1 5.3 6.6 6.3 3.3 1.1 0.7 1.9 35.9
Average relative humidity (%) 69 59 49 41 45 48 53 56 61 63 68 74 57
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[28]
Source 2: Weather China (precipitation days 1971–2000)[29]

Administrative divisions

As of 2019, Aksu City included seven subdistricts, two towns, four townships and five other areas:[5][25][30]

Subdistricts (كوچا باشقارمىسى / 街道)

  • Lengger Subdistrict (Langan; لەڭگەر كوچا باشقارمىسى / 栏杆街道), Yengibazar Subdistrict (Yingbazha; يېڭىبازار كوچا باشقارمىسى / 英巴扎街道), Qizil Kowruk Subdistrict (Hongqiao; قىزىل كۆۋرۈك كوچا باشقارمىسى / 红桥街道), Yengisheher Subdistrict (Xincheng; يېڭىشەھەر كوچا باشقارمىسى / 新城街道), Nancheng Subdistrict (جەنۇبىي شەھەر كوچا باشقارمىسى / 南城街道), Kokyar Subdistrict (Kekeya; كۆكيار كوچا باشقارمىسى / 柯柯牙街道), Dolan Subdistrict (Duolang; كۆكيار كوچا باشقارمىسى / 多浪街道)

Towns (بازىرى / )

  • Qaratal (Kara Tal,[31] Kaletale; قاراتال بازىرى[32] / 喀勒塔勒镇), Aykol[33][34] (Ayikule; ئايكۆل بازىرى / 阿依库勒镇)

Townships (يېزىسى / )

  • Egerchi Township (Igerchi,[35] Yiganqi; ئېگەرچى يېزىسى[36] / 依干其乡), Bextügman Township[37] (Baishitugeman, Beshtugmen; بەشتۈگمەن يېزىسى[38] / 拜什吐格曼乡), Topluq Township[39] (Tuopuluke; توپلۇق يېزىسى[40] / 托普鲁克乡), Qumbash Township (Kum Bash, Kumubaxi; قۇمباش يېزىسى[41] / 库木巴希乡), Tuokayi Township (托喀依乡)

Other areas

  • Hongqipo Farm (红旗坡农场), Experimental Forestry Area (实验林场), Textile Factory City (纺织工业城), Economic and Technological Development Zone (经济技术开发区), Speciality Product Park (特色产业园区)

Economy

Industries in the city include textiles, construction, chemicals and others. Agricultural products include rice, wheat, corn and cotton. The local speciality is thin-shelled walnuts.[4]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
2000561,822—    
2010535,657−0.48%
2015513,682−0.83%
[25]

Although the Tarim Basin is largely dominated by the Uyghurs, there are many Han Chinese in Aksu due to the presence of bingtuan state farms here.[42] The Chinese government had encouraged migration to Xinjiang from the late 1950s and early 1960s onwards, and by 1998, Han Chinese formed the majority in the urban area of Aksu. The population in 2015, 44.67% of the population was Han Chinese.[43]

As of 2015, 278,210 (54.16%) of the 513,682 residents of the city were Uyghur, 226,781 (44.14%) were Han Chinese and 8,691 were from other ethnic groups.[44]

In the 2010 census figure, the population in the city of Aksu dropped slightly to 535,657.[45] The difference may be partly due to boundary changes.[46]

In the 2000 census, a figure of 561,822 was recorded for the city's population.

As of 1999, 57.89% of the population of Aksu City was Han Chinese and 40.75% of the population was Uyghur.[47]

Transportation

 
Aksu railway station [zh]

The county is served by the Southern Xinjiang Railway.

Notable people

Historical maps

Historical English-language maps including Aksu:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ From map: "THE DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES ON THIS MAP MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE"
  2. ^ From map: "The representation of international boundaries is not necessarily authoritative."

References

  1. ^ "阿克苏市概况" (in Chinese). 29 January 2021. from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  2. ^ "阿克苏市2020年1-12月经济运行综合分析报告" (in Chinese). 29 January 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ "Aksu Private Jet Charter Cost and Permit Lead Time | FlyLibrajet.com". Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d 夏征农; 陈至立, eds. (September 2009). 辞海:第六版彩图本 [Cihai (Sixth Edition in Color)] (in Chinese). 上海. Shanghai: Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House. Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House. p. 8. ISBN 9787532628599.
  5. ^ a b 阿克苏市概况. ئاقسۇ阿克苏市人民政府 (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 18 May 2020. 阿克苏市,维吾尔语意为"白水城",{...}市辖4乡2镇、5个街道和8个片区管委会,
  6. ^ Hill (2009), p. 408, n. 20.13. "In Buddhist Sanskrit, it was known as Bharuka."
  7. ^ Bailey, H. W. (1985): Indo-Scythian Studies being Khotanese Texts Volume VII. Cambridge University Press. 1985.
  8. ^ Hulsewé, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N. 1979. China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty, p. 162. E. J. Brill, Leiden.
  9. ^ . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  10. ^ Bernard Samuel Myers (1959). Encyclopedia of World Art. McGraw-Hill. p. 445. The city bearing the Turkish name of Aksu was perhaps earlier called Bharuka and may overlie the ancient site, of which nothing has yet been found.
  11. ^ John E. Hill (July 2003). "Section 20 – The Kingdom of Suoche 莎車 (Yarkand).". Notes to The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu (2nd ed.). Washington University. Retrieved 3 February 2020. Neolithic artefacts from 5000 BC have been discovered in the Aksu area. By the first century BC news had reached the Chinese imperial court of the Kingdom of Baluka, one of the 36 kingdoms of the Western Regions.
  12. ^ Xuanzang. "跋禄迦國"  [Kingdom of Baluka]. Great Tang Records on the Western Regions (in Chinese). Vol. 1 – via Wikisource.
  13. ^ Li, Rongxi. Translator. 1996. The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. Berkeley, California.
  14. ^ Insight Guides (1 April 2017). Insight Guides Silk Road. APA. ISBN 978-1-78671-699-6.
  15. ^ René Grousset (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. pp. 114–. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1. aksu 717.
  16. ^ Jonathan Karam Skaff (6 August 2012). Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800. Oxford University Press. pp. 311–. ISBN 978-0-19-999627-8.
  17. ^ Christopher I. Beckwith (28 March 1993). The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power Among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese During the Early Middle Ages. Princeton University Press. pp. 88–89. ISBN 0-691-02469-3.
  18. ^ Marvin C. Whiting (2002). Imperial Chinese Military History: 8000 BC-1912 AD. iUniverse. pp. 277–. ISBN 978-0-595-22134-9.
  19. ^ Wright, George Frederick (2009), Asiatic Russia, Volume 1, BiblioBazaar, LLC, pp. 47–48, ISBN 978-1-110-26901-3 (Reprint of a 19th-century edition)
  20. ^ Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (1871). Accounts and papers of the House of Commons. Ordered to be printed. p. 34. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  21. ^ Kim, Ho-dong (2004). Holy war in China: the Muslim rebellion and state in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877. Stanford University Press. p. xvi. ISBN 0-8047-4884-5.
  22. ^ Younghusband, Francis E. (1896). The Heart of a Continent. London: John Murray. p. 154.
  23. ^ Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 89. ISBN 0-521-25514-7. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  24. ^ Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 241. ISBN 0-521-25514-7. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  25. ^ a b c d e 阿克苏市历史沿革 [Aksu City Historical Development] (in Simplified Chinese). XZQH.org. 30 January 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  26. ^ 阿克苏市概况. ئاقسۇ阿克苏市人民政府 (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 20 May 2020. 阿克苏市位于东经79°43′26″~82°00′38″,北纬39°28′57″~41°30′10″,
  27. ^ 政府概况. 洛浦县政府网 Luopu County Government Network (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 18 December 2019. 地处东经79°59′-81°83′,北纬36°30′-39°29′东邻策勒县,{...}北伸延入塔克拉玛干大沙漠与阿克苏市、阿瓦提县为邻,
  28. ^ ,中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Chinese (China)). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  29. ^ 阿克苏 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  30. ^ 2019年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码:阿克苏市 [2019 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Aksu City] (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019. 统计用区划代码 名称 652901001000 栏杆街道 652901002000 英巴扎街道 652901003000 红桥街道 652901004000 新城街道 652901005000 南城街道 652901006000 柯柯牙街道 652901007000 多浪街道 652901100000 喀勒塔勒镇 652901101000 阿依库勒镇 652901200000 依干其乡 652901201000 拜什吐格曼乡 652901202000 托普鲁克乡 652901203000 库木巴希乡 652901401000 红旗坡农场 652901404000 实验林场 652901407000 纺织工业城 652901408000 经济技术开发区 652901409000 特色产业园区
  31. ^ "Meshrep". UNESCO. Retrieved 20 May 2020. Folk Art Group of Culture Center of Kara Tal Town in Aksu City
  32. ^ قۇربانجان قېيۇم, ed. (25 March 2019). ئاقسۇ ۋىلايەتلىك پارتكوم ئىشخانىسىنىڭ كادىرلىرى ئۆيمۇ ئۆي كىرىپ پارتىيەنىڭ خەلققە نەپ يەتكۈزۈش سىياسەتلىرىنى تەشۋىق قىلدى. Tianshannet (in Uyghur). Retrieved 19 May 2020. ئاقسۇ شەھىرى قاراتال بازىرى
  33. ^ Office, Government Publishing (October 2011). "Congressional-Executive Commission on China". p. 165 – via Google Books. Aykol township, Aksu city, Aksu prefecture
  34. ^ huaxia, ed. (17 September 2020). "Full Text: Employment and Labor Rights in Xinjiang". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 20 September 2020. A poor villager named Habibulla Mamut from Aykol Town of Aksu City
  35. ^ "China: List of Political Prisoners Detained or Imprisoned as of October 10, 2012" (PDF). Congressional-Executive Commission on China. 10 October 2012. p. 77. Retrieved 21 May 2020. Yiganchi (Igerchi)
  36. ^ دۇ ۋەنگۈي ئاقسۇ شەھىرىدە تەكشۈرۈپ تەتقىق قىلغاندا، مۇنداق تەكىتلىدى: دىققەتنى باش نىشانغا مەركەزلەشتۈرۈپ، تۈرلۈك خىزمەتلەرنى چوڭقۇر، ئىنچىكە، ئەمەلىي ئىشلەش كېرەك. 5 July 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020. ئاقسۇ شەھىرىنىڭ ئېگەرچى يېزىسى
  37. ^ Xie Yuzhong 解玉忠 (2003). 地名中的新疆 (in Simplified Chinese). Ürümqi: 新疆人民出版社. pp. 161–163. ISBN 7-228-08004-1. 依干其 Igarchi {...}
    拜什吐格曼 Bextügman {...}
    托普鲁克 Topluk {...
    }
  38. ^ 古丽米娜, ed. (7 November 2018). ئاقسۇ شەھىرىدە خىزمەت ئەترىتىدىكىلەر كەنت ئاھالىسىگە ياردەملىشىپ ئۈندىداردا غاز سېتىشىپ بەردى. ﺷﯩﻨﺠﺎﯓ ﻛﯘﺋﯧﻨﻠﯘﻥ ﺗﻮﺭﻯ & Tianshannet (in Uyghur). Retrieved 19 May 2020. ئاقسۇ شەھىرى بەشتۈگمەن يېزىسى
  39. ^ Shohret Hoshur; Joshua Lipes (23 August 2010). "More Arrests in Aksu Blast". Radio Free Asia. Translated by Shohret Tursun, Luisetta Mudie. Retrieved 20 May 2020. According to a staff member from the Topluq police station, officers have been searching all area hospitals, walk-in clinics, and public spaces in the vicinity of the village.
  40. ^ ئامانگۈل ئابدۇراخمان, ed. (19 March 2020). ئېتىز – ئېرىق باشلىرىدا ئالدىراشچىلىق باشلاندى. Xinjiang Daily (in Uyghur). Retrieved 19 May 2020. ئاقسۇ شەھىرىنىڭ توپلۇق يېزىسى
  41. ^ ئالىم راخمان, ed. (21 March 2016). خىزمەت گۇرۇپپىسى دېھقانلارغا بازار ئېچىپ بەردى. People's Daily (in Uyghur). Retrieved 19 May 2020. ئاقسۇ شەھىرى قۇمباش يېزىسى
  42. ^ Stanley W. Toops (15 March 2004). "The Demography of Xinjiang". In S. Frederick Starr (ed.). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. Routledge. p. 254. ISBN 978-0765613189.
  43. ^ Stanley W. Toops (15 March 2004). "The Demography of Xinjiang". In S. Frederick Starr (ed.). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. Routledge. pp. 256–257. ISBN 978-0765613189.
  44. ^ 3-7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数 (in Simplified Chinese). شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى 新疆维吾尔自治区统计局 Statistic Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. 15 March 2017. from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  45. ^ "Largest Cities in China 2016". Country Digest.
  46. ^ "ĀKÈSŪ SHÌ (County-level City)". City Population.
  47. ^ Morris Rossabi, ed. (2004). Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers (PDF). University of Washington Press. p. 179. ISBN 0-295-98390-6.

Further reading

  • Aksu City Historical Annals Editing Committee 阿克苏市史志编纂委员会 ed. (1991) Aksu City Annals. 阿克苏市志. Xinhua. ISBN 7-5011-1531-1
  • Hill, John E. (2009) Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd centuries CE. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
  • Puri, B. N. Buddhism in Central Asia, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, Delhi, 1987. (2000 reprint).
  • Stein, Aurel M. 1907. Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan, 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford. [1]
  • Stein, Aurel M. 1921. Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China, 5 vols. London & Oxford. Clarendon Press. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass. 1980. [2]
  • Yu, Taishan. 2004. A History of the Relationships between the Western and Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions. Sino-Platonic Papers No. 131 March 2004. Dept. of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania.
  • The History of the Western Han records some information about the kingdom.
  • Either the Old Book of Tang or the New Book of Tang records Xuanzang's information and a little extra.

External links

  • Silk Road Seattle – University of Washington (The Silk Road Seattle website contains many useful resources including a number of full-text historical works)

aksu, city, other, uses, aksu, disambiguation, aksu, city, seat, aksu, prefecture, xinjiang, lying, northern, edge, tarim, basin, name, aksu, literally, means, white, water, turkic, used, both, oasis, town, aksu, river, aksu, ئاقسۇ, شەھىرى, 阿克苏市county, level, . For other uses see Aksu disambiguation Aksu is a city in and the seat of Aksu Prefecture Xinjiang lying at the northern edge of the Tarim Basin The name Aksu literally means white water in Turkic and is used for both the oasis town and the Aksu River Aksu ئاقسۇ شەھىرى 阿克苏市County level cityAksu pedestrian streetLocation of Aksu City pink in Aksu Prefecture and XinjiangAksuLocation of the city centre in Xinjiang Location of Aksu in ChinaCoordinates Aksu City government 41 11 06 N 80 17 25 E 41 1850 N 80 2904 E 41 1850 80 2904 Coordinates 41 11 06 N 80 17 25 E 41 1850 N 80 2904 E 41 1850 80 2904CountryPeople s Republic of ChinaRegionXinjiangPrefectureAksuTownship level divisions7 subdistricts 2 towns 4 townships 5 other areasArea Total14 668 km2 5 663 sq mi Population 2020 Total695 000 1 Ethnic groups Major ethnic groupsUyghurs Han ChineseTime zoneUTC 8 China Standard Postal code843000Area code0997GDP 2020 2 CNY 25 125 billion US 3 64 billionGDP per capitaCNY 36 151 US 5 239 Growth5 8 Websiteakss wbr gov wbr cn in Chinese Aksu CityUyghur nameUyghurئاقسۇ TranscriptionsLatin YeziqiAqsuYengi YeziⱪAk suSASM GNCAksuSiril YeziqiAksuChinese nameSimplified Chinese阿克苏市Traditional Chinese阿克蘇市TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinAkesu ShiThe economy of Aksu is mostly agricultural with cotton in particular long staple cotton Gossypium hirsutum as the main product Also produced are grain fruits oils and beets The industry mostly consists of weaving cement and chemical industries The land currently under the administration of the Aksu City is divided in two parts separated by the Aral City The northern part hosts the city center while the southern part is occupied by the Taklamakan Desert Aksu airport is considered a military airport in China although also available for civil usage Only aircraft registered in China can land in Aksu This means if you are flying to Aksu from international origins you have to land in a major airport in China like Beijing Shanghai Guangzhou and change to China registered aircraft which tail number starts with B 3 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Gumo 2 2 Baluka 2 3 Contested period 2 4 Mongol era 2 5 Modern era 2 6 Timeline 3 Geography 3 1 Neighbours 3 2 Climate 4 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 6 Demographics 7 Transportation 8 Notable people 9 Historical maps 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External linksEtymology EditThe name Aksu comes from the name of the Aksu River 4 which is the Uyghur word for white water 5 It is transliterated as Akesu in Chinese Pinyin History EditGumo Edit From the Former Han dynasty 125 BCE to 23 CE at least until the early Tang dynasty 618 907 CE Aksu was known as Gumo 姑墨 Ku mo 6 7 The ancient capital town of Nan Southern Town was likely well south of the present town During the Han dynasty Gumo is described as a kingdom guo containing 3 500 households and 24 500 individuals including 4 500 people able to bear arms It is said to have produced copper iron and orpiment 8 The territory of Gumo was roughly situated in the counties of Baicheng and Wensu and the city of Aksu of nowadays 9 Baluka Edit During the Buddhist era it was known as Bharuka 10 Bohuan and Baluka 11 Bolujia in pinyin Po lu chia in Wade Giles The Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang visited this kingdom in 629 CE and referred to it as Baluka 12 He recorded that there were tens of Sarvastivadin viharas in the kingdom and over 1000 Buddhist monks He said the kingdom was 600 li from east to west and 300 li from north to south Its capital was said to be six li in circumference Xuanzang reported that the native products climate temperament of the people customs written language and law are the same as in the country of Kuci or modern Kucha some 300 km or 190 mi to the east but the spoken language is somewhat different from the Kuchean language which is also known as Tocharian B and West Tocharian He also stated that fine cotton and hemp cloth made in the area was traded in neighbouring countries 13 Contested period Edit In the 7th 8th and early 9th centuries control of the entire region was often contested by Tang China the Tibetan Empire and the Uyghur Khaganate cities frequently changed hands Tibet seized Aksu in 670 but Tang forces reconquered the region in 692 The Tang general Tang Jiahui led the Chinese to defeat an Arab Tibetan attack in the Battle of Aksu 717 14 The attack on Aksu was joined by Turgesh Khan Suluk 15 16 Both Uch Turfan and Aksu were attacked by the Turgesh Arab and Tibetan force on 15 August 717 Qarluqs serving under Chinese command under Arsila Xian a Western Turkic Qaghan serving under the Chinese Assistant Grand Protector General Tang Jiahui defeated the attack Al Yashkuri the Arab commander and his army fled to Tashkent after they were defeated 17 18 Tibet regained the Tarim Basin in the late 720s and the Tang dynasty again annexed the region in the 740s The Battle of Talas led to the gradual withdrawal of Chinese forces and the region was then contested between the Uyghurs and Tibetans Aksu was positioned on a junction of trade routes the northern Tarim route Silk Road and the dangerous route north via the Tian Shan s Muzart Pass to the fertile Ili Valley 19 Mongol era Edit In 1207 08 they submitted to Genghis Khan Around 1220 Aksu became the capital of the Kingdom of Mangalai The area had been part of the whole Mongol Empire before it was occupied by the independent minded Chagatai Khanate under the House of Ogedei in 1286 from the hands of Kublai s Yuan dynasty After the decline of the Yuan in the mid 14th century and subsequently the Chagatai Khanate in the late 14th century Aksu fell under the power of Turkic and Mongol warlords Along with most of Xinjiang Aksu fell under the control of the Khojas and later that of Yaqub Beg during the Dungan Revolt of 1864 1877 Yakub Beg seized Aksu from Chinese Muslim forces 20 After the defeat of the rebellion a learned cleric named Musa Sayrami 1836 1917 who had occupied positions of importance in Aksu under both rebel regimes authored Tarikh i amniyya History of Peace which is considered by modern historians as one of the most important historical sources on the period 21 Modern era Edit Baron C G E Mannerheim in the middle in Aksu 1907 British Army officer Francis Younghusband visited Aksu in 1887 on his overland journey from Beijing to India He described it as being the largest town he had seen on his way from the Chinese capital with a population of about 20 000 besides other inhabitants of the district and a garrison of about 2 000 soldiers There were large bazaars and several inns some for travellers others for merchants wishing to make a prolonged stay to sell goods 22 In 1913 Aksu County 阿克蘇縣 was established 4 The Battle of Aksu 1933 occurred here on 31 May 1933 23 Isma il Beg a Uighur became the rebel Tao yin of Aksu 24 After the outbreak of the Ili Rebellion the Ili National Army forces led by Abdulkerim Abbas attempting to take Aksu were repelled by National Revolutionary Army defenders commanded by Zhao Hanqi after two bitter sieges in September 1945 On 19 August 1983 Aksu County became Aksu City 阿克苏市 4 25 The city government began operation on 7 May 1984 25 Aksu was the site of a bombing in 2010 On 23 January 2013 802 733 km2 309 937 sq mi of territory was transferred from Aksu city to Aral city 25 Timeline Edit Before 600 the region was under control of Huns and Uyghur Turkic tribes 630 Xuanzang visited the kingdom 800 Uyghur Khaganate 1000 Kara Khanid Khanate 1250 Chagatai Khanate 1500 Yarkent KhanateGeography EditAksu City is divided into two non contiguous areas The northern area is inhabited and the southern area is in the Taklamakan Desert The southern area ends at a strait line in the desert along the 39 28 57 N parallel that divides it from Lop County Luopu and Qira County Cele in Hotan Prefecture Hetian 26 27 Neighbours Edit The kingdom bordered Kashgar to the south west and Kucha Karasahr then Turpan to the east Across the desert to the south was Khotan Climate Edit Aksu has a cold desert climate Koppen climate classification BWk with extreme seasonal variation in temperature The monthly 24 hour average temperature ranges from 7 2 C 19 0 F in January to 24 1 C 75 4 F and the annual mean is 10 8 C 51 4 F Precipitation totals only 80 6 mm 3 17 in annually and mostly falls in summer as compared to an annual evaporation rate of about 1 200 to 1 500 mm 47 to 59 in there are about 2 800 3 000 hours of bright sunshine annually The frost free period averages 200 220 days Climate data for Aksu 1981 2010 normals extremes 1971 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 8 8 47 8 14 4 57 9 27 9 82 2 34 5 94 1 36 0 96 8 37 4 99 3 39 6 103 3 38 6 101 5 34 6 94 3 29 4 84 9 22 4 72 3 9 8 49 6 39 6 103 3 Average high C F 0 6 30 9 5 3 41 5 13 6 56 5 22 1 71 8 26 9 80 4 30 2 86 4 31 5 88 7 30 6 87 1 26 2 79 2 19 2 66 6 9 5 49 1 0 8 33 4 17 9 64 3 Daily mean C F 7 2 19 0 1 3 29 7 7 1 44 8 15 0 59 0 19 7 67 5 22 8 73 0 24 1 75 4 23 1 73 6 18 3 64 9 10 9 51 6 2 5 36 5 5 1 22 8 10 8 51 5 Average low C F 12 3 9 9 6 7 19 9 1 1 34 0 8 1 46 6 12 7 54 9 15 6 60 1 17 2 63 0 16 3 61 3 11 6 52 9 4 4 39 9 2 3 27 9 9 3 15 3 4 7 40 5 Record low C F 25 2 13 4 24 4 11 9 10 9 12 4 3 1 26 4 2 7 36 9 6 0 42 8 8 7 47 7 8 3 46 9 1 4 34 5 4 5 23 9 12 9 8 8 23 4 10 1 25 2 13 4 Average precipitation mm inches 1 8 0 07 2 7 0 11 4 3 0 17 3 8 0 15 9 9 0 39 12 6 0 50 16 2 0 64 12 1 0 48 8 7 0 34 4 7 0 19 1 0 0 04 2 8 0 11 80 6 3 19 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 2 3 2 2 1 6 1 5 3 1 5 3 6 6 6 3 3 3 1 1 0 7 1 9 35 9Average relative humidity 69 59 49 41 45 48 53 56 61 63 68 74 57Source 1 China Meteorological Administration 28 Source 2 Weather China precipitation days 1971 2000 29 Administrative divisions EditAs of 2019 update Aksu City included seven subdistricts two towns four townships and five other areas 5 25 30 Subdistricts كوچا باشقارمىسى 街道 Lengger Subdistrict Langan لەڭگەر كوچا باشقارمىسى 栏杆街道 Yengibazar Subdistrict Yingbazha يېڭىبازار كوچا باشقارمىسى 英巴扎街道 Qizil Kowruk Subdistrict Hongqiao قىزىل كۆۋرۈك كوچا باشقارمىسى 红桥街道 Yengisheher Subdistrict Xincheng يېڭىشەھەر كوچا باشقارمىسى 新城街道 Nancheng Subdistrict جەنۇبىي شەھەر كوچا باشقارمىسى 南城街道 Kokyar Subdistrict Kekeya كۆكيار كوچا باشقارمىسى 柯柯牙街道 Dolan Subdistrict Duolang كۆكيار كوچا باشقارمىسى 多浪街道 Towns بازىرى 镇 Qaratal Kara Tal 31 Kaletale قاراتال بازىرى 32 喀勒塔勒镇 Aykol 33 34 Ayikule ئايكۆل بازىرى 阿依库勒镇 Townships يېزىسى 乡 Egerchi Township Igerchi 35 Yiganqi ئېگەرچى يېزىسى 36 依干其乡 Bextugman Township 37 Baishitugeman Beshtugmen بەشتۈگمەن يېزىسى 38 拜什吐格曼乡 Topluq Township 39 Tuopuluke توپلۇق يېزىسى 40 托普鲁克乡 Qumbash Township Kum Bash Kumubaxi قۇمباش يېزىسى 41 库木巴希乡 Tuokayi Township 托喀依乡 Other areas Hongqipo Farm 红旗坡农场 Experimental Forestry Area 实验林场 Textile Factory City 纺织工业城 Economic and Technological Development Zone 经济技术开发区 Speciality Product Park 特色产业园区 Economy EditIndustries in the city include textiles construction chemicals and others Agricultural products include rice wheat corn and cotton The local speciality is thin shelled walnuts 4 Demographics EditHistorical populationYearPop p a 2000561 822 2010535 657 0 48 2015513 682 0 83 25 Although the Tarim Basin is largely dominated by the Uyghurs there are many Han Chinese in Aksu due to the presence of bingtuan state farms here 42 The Chinese government had encouraged migration to Xinjiang from the late 1950s and early 1960s onwards and by 1998 Han Chinese formed the majority in the urban area of Aksu The population in 2015 44 67 of the population was Han Chinese 43 As of 2015 278 210 54 16 of the 513 682 residents of the city were Uyghur 226 781 44 14 were Han Chinese and 8 691 were from other ethnic groups 44 In the 2010 census figure the population in the city of Aksu dropped slightly to 535 657 45 The difference may be partly due to boundary changes 46 In the 2000 census a figure of 561 822 was recorded for the city s population As of 1999 57 89 of the population of Aksu City was Han Chinese and 40 75 of the population was Uyghur 47 Transportation Edit Aksu railway station zh The county is served by the Southern Xinjiang Railway China National Highway 217 China National Highway 314 G3012 Turpan Hotan Expressway Aksu Hongqipo AirportNotable people EditDolkun Isa President of the World Uyghur CongressHistorical maps EditHistorical English language maps including Aksu Map of Aksu labeled as A K O SU AK SU YANGI SHAHR and surrounding region from the International Map of the World AMS 1950 a Map including Aksu DMA 1981 From the Operational Navigation Chart map including Aksu A k o su DMA 1985 b See also EditSilk Road transmission of BuddhismNotes Edit From map THE DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES ON THIS MAP MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE From map The representation of international boundaries is not necessarily authoritative References Edit 阿克苏市概况 in Chinese 29 January 2021 Archived from the original on 20 May 2020 Retrieved 12 March 2021 阿克苏市2020年1 12月经济运行综合分析报告 in Chinese 29 January 2021 Retrieved 12 March 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Aksu Private Jet Charter Cost and Permit Lead Time FlyLibrajet com Retrieved 25 November 2021 a b c d 夏征农 陈至立 eds September 2009 辞海 第六版彩图本 Cihai Sixth Edition in Color in Chinese 上海 Shanghai Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House p 8 ISBN 9787532628599 a b 阿克苏市概况 ئاقسۇ 阿克苏市人民政府 in Simplified Chinese Retrieved 18 May 2020 阿克苏市 维吾尔语意为 白水城 市辖4乡2镇 5个街道和8个片区管委会 Hill 2009 p 408 n 20 13 In Buddhist Sanskrit it was known as Bharuka Bailey H W 1985 Indo Scythian Studies being Khotanese Texts Volume VII Cambridge University Press 1985 Hulsewe A F P and Loewe M A N 1979 China in Central Asia The Early Stage 125 BC AD 23 an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty p 162 E J Brill Leiden 阿克苏地区 新疆哲学社会科学 Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 31 August 2013 Bernard Samuel Myers 1959 Encyclopedia of World Art McGraw Hill p 445 The city bearing the Turkish name of Aksu was perhaps earlier called Bharuka and may overlie the ancient site of which nothing has yet been found John E Hill July 2003 Section 20 The Kingdom of Suoche 莎車 Yarkand Notes to The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu 2nd ed Washington University Retrieved 3 February 2020 Neolithic artefacts from 5000 BC have been discovered in the Aksu area By the first century BC news had reached the Chinese imperial court of the Kingdom of Baluka one of the 36 kingdoms of the Western Regions Xuanzang 跋禄迦國 Kingdom of Baluka Great Tang Records on the Western Regions in Chinese Vol 1 via Wikisource Li Rongxi Translator 1996 The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research Berkeley California Insight Guides 1 April 2017 Insight Guides Silk Road APA ISBN 978 1 78671 699 6 Rene Grousset 1970 The Empire of the Steppes A History of Central Asia Rutgers University Press pp 114 ISBN 978 0 8135 1304 1 aksu 717 Jonathan Karam Skaff 6 August 2012 Sui Tang China and Its Turko Mongol Neighbors Culture Power and Connections 580 800 Oxford University Press pp 311 ISBN 978 0 19 999627 8 Christopher I Beckwith 28 March 1993 The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia A History of the Struggle for Great Power Among Tibetans Turks Arabs and Chinese During the Early Middle Ages Princeton University Press pp 88 89 ISBN 0 691 02469 3 Marvin C Whiting 2002 Imperial Chinese Military History 8000 BC 1912 AD iUniverse pp 277 ISBN 978 0 595 22134 9 Wright George Frederick 2009 Asiatic Russia Volume 1 BiblioBazaar LLC pp 47 48 ISBN 978 1 110 26901 3 Reprint of a 19th century edition Great Britain Parliament House of Commons 1871 Accounts and papers of the House of Commons Ordered to be printed p 34 Retrieved 28 December 2010 Kim Ho dong 2004 Holy war in China the Muslim rebellion and state in Chinese Central Asia 1864 1877 Stanford University Press p xvi ISBN 0 8047 4884 5 Younghusband Francis E 1896 The Heart of a Continent London John Murray p 154 Andrew D W Forbes 1986 Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911 1949 Cambridge England CUP Archive p 89 ISBN 0 521 25514 7 Retrieved 28 June 2010 Andrew D W Forbes 1986 Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911 1949 Cambridge England CUP Archive p 241 ISBN 0 521 25514 7 Retrieved 28 June 2010 a b c d e 阿克苏市历史沿革 Aksu City Historical Development in Simplified Chinese XZQH org 30 January 2015 Retrieved 18 May 2019 阿克苏市概况 ئاقسۇ 阿克苏市人民政府 in Simplified Chinese Retrieved 20 May 2020 阿克苏市位于东经79 43 26 82 00 38 北纬39 28 57 41 30 10 政府概况 洛浦县政府网 Luopu County Government Network in Simplified Chinese Retrieved 18 December 2019 地处东经79 59 81 83 北纬36 30 39 29 东邻策勒县 北伸延入塔克拉玛干大沙漠与阿克苏市 阿瓦提县为邻 中国气象数据网 WeatherBk Data in Chinese China China Meteorological Administration Retrieved 15 April 2020 阿克苏 气象数据 中国天气网 in Chinese Weather China Retrieved 29 November 2022 2019年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码 阿克苏市 2019 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural Urban Area Numbers Aksu City in Simplified Chinese National Bureau of Statistics of the People s Republic of China 2019 Retrieved 18 May 2019 统计用区划代码 名称 652901001000 栏杆街道 652901002000 英巴扎街道 652901003000 红桥街道 652901004000 新城街道 652901005000 南城街道 652901006000 柯柯牙街道 652901007000 多浪街道 652901100000 喀勒塔勒镇 652901101000 阿依库勒镇 652901200000 依干其乡 652901201000 拜什吐格曼乡 652901202000 托普鲁克乡 652901203000 库木巴希乡 652901401000 红旗坡农场 652901404000 实验林场 652901407000 纺织工业城 652901408000 经济技术开发区 652901409000 特色产业园区 Meshrep UNESCO Retrieved 20 May 2020 Folk Art Group of Culture Center of Kara Tal Town in Aksu City قۇربانجان قېيۇم ed 25 March 2019 ئاقسۇ ۋىلايەتلىك پارتكوم ئىشخانىسىنىڭ كادىرلىرى ئۆيمۇ ئۆي كىرىپ پارتىيەنىڭ خەلققە نەپ يەتكۈزۈش سىياسەتلىرىنى تەشۋىق قىلدى Tianshannet in Uyghur Retrieved 19 May 2020 ئاقسۇ شەھىرى قاراتال بازىرى Office Government Publishing October 2011 Congressional Executive Commission on China p 165 via Google Books Aykol township Aksu city Aksu prefecture huaxia ed 17 September 2020 Full Text Employment and Labor Rights in Xinjiang Xinhua News Agency Retrieved 20 September 2020 A poor villager named Habibulla Mamut from Aykol Town of Aksu City China List of Political Prisoners Detained or Imprisoned as of October 10 2012 PDF Congressional Executive Commission on China 10 October 2012 p 77 Retrieved 21 May 2020 Yiganchi Igerchi دۇ ۋەنگۈي ئاقسۇ شەھىرىدە تەكشۈرۈپ تەتقىق قىلغاندا مۇنداق تەكىتلىدى دىققەتنى باش نىشانغا مەركەزلەشتۈرۈپ تۈرلۈك خىزمەتلەرنى چوڭقۇر ئىنچىكە ئەمەلىي ئىشلەش كېرەك 5 July 2019 Retrieved 19 May 2020 ئاقسۇ شەھىرىنىڭ ئېگەرچى يېزىسى Xie Yuzhong 解玉忠 2003 地名中的新疆 in Simplified Chinese Urumqi 新疆人民出版社 pp 161 163 ISBN 7 228 08004 1 依干其 Igarchi 拜什吐格曼 Bextugman 托普鲁克 Topluk 古丽米娜 ed 7 November 2018 ئاقسۇ شەھىرىدە خىزمەت ئەترىتىدىكىلەر كەنت ئاھالىسىگە ياردەملىشىپ ئۈندىداردا غاز سېتىشىپ بەردى ﺷﯩﻨﺠﺎﯓ ﻛﯘﺋﯧﻨﻠﯘﻥ ﺗﻮﺭﻯ amp Tianshannet in Uyghur Retrieved 19 May 2020 ئاقسۇ شەھىرى بەشتۈگمەن يېزىسى Shohret Hoshur Joshua Lipes 23 August 2010 More Arrests in Aksu Blast Radio Free Asia Translated by Shohret Tursun Luisetta Mudie Retrieved 20 May 2020 According to a staff member from the Topluq police station officers have been searching all area hospitals walk in clinics and public spaces in the vicinity of the village ئامانگۈل ئابدۇراخمان ed 19 March 2020 ئېتىز ئېرىق باشلىرىدا ئالدىراشچىلىق باشلاندى Xinjiang Daily in Uyghur Retrieved 19 May 2020 ئاقسۇ شەھىرىنىڭ توپلۇق يېزىسى ئالىم راخمان ed 21 March 2016 خىزمەت گۇرۇپپىسى دېھقانلارغا بازار ئېچىپ بەردى People s Daily in Uyghur Retrieved 19 May 2020 ئاقسۇ شەھىرى قۇمباش يېزىسى Stanley W Toops 15 March 2004 The Demography of Xinjiang In S Frederick Starr ed Xinjiang China s Muslim Borderland Routledge p 254 ISBN 978 0765613189 Stanley W Toops 15 March 2004 The Demography of Xinjiang In S Frederick Starr ed Xinjiang China s Muslim Borderland Routledge pp 256 257 ISBN 978 0765613189 3 7 各地 州 市 县 市 分民族人口数 in Simplified Chinese شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى 新疆维吾尔自治区统计局 Statistic Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 15 March 2017 Archived from the original on 11 October 2017 Retrieved 3 September 2017 Largest Cities in China 2016 Country Digest AKESu SHI County level City City Population Morris Rossabi ed 2004 Governing China s Multiethnic Frontiers PDF University of Washington Press p 179 ISBN 0 295 98390 6 Further reading EditAksu City Historical Annals Editing Committee 阿克苏市史志编纂委员会 ed 1991 Aksu City Annals 阿克苏市志 Xinhua ISBN 7 5011 1531 1 Hill John E 2009 Through the Jade Gate to Rome A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty 1st to 2nd centuries CE BookSurge Charleston South Carolina ISBN 978 1 4392 2134 1 Puri B N Buddhism in Central Asia Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited Delhi 1987 2000 reprint Stein Aurel M 1907 Ancient Khotan Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan 2 vols Clarendon Press Oxford 1 Stein Aurel M 1921 Serindia Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China 5 vols London amp Oxford Clarendon Press Reprint Delhi Motilal Banarsidass 1980 2 Yu Taishan 2004 A History of the Relationships between the Western and Eastern Han Wei Jin Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions Sino Platonic Papers No 131 March 2004 Dept of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania The History of the Western Han records some information about the kingdom Either the Old Book of Tang or the New Book of Tang records Xuanzang s information and a little extra External links EditSilk Road Seattle University of Washington The Silk Road Seattle website contains many useful resources including a number of full text historical works Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aksu City Look up Aksu Aqsu Akesu or A k o su in Wiktionary the free dictionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aksu City amp oldid 1136426337, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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