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Aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai attacks

October 28, 2023

In the aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai attacks, there were multiple and far-ranging events that were observed. Besides the immediate impact on the victims and their families, the attacks caused widespread anger among the Indian public, and condemnations from countries throughout the world.

Office-workers at Ballard Estate reacting to rumours of shooting at Victoria Terminus, three minutes away from the Estate[citation needed]

The immediate impact was felt on Mumbai and Maharashtra state, and throughout urban India. There were also after-effects on the Indian government, centre-state relations within India, Indo-Pakistani relations, domestic impact within Pakistan, the United States's relationships with both countries, the US-led NATO war in Afghanistan, and on the Global War on Terror. There was also impact on the region of Kashmir and this also led to the 2010 Kashmir Unrest.

Immediate impact edit

Impact on the attack locations edit

 
Bullet marks left at Cafe Leopold

The Leopold Cafe opened its doors to customers just four days after the attacks. The owners wanted to repair the damaged parts of the cafe, while retaining some of the damaged pieces as a tribute to those who lost their lives in the attacks.[1]

Security forces handed back control of the Taj Mahal Hotel to the Taj group on 1 December 2008, and work on its repairs began that same day.[2] Celebrated artist M.F. Hussain, whose art was destroyed in the attacks, has agreed to replace the paintings with a series that will condemn the attack. Hussain plans this series as a tribute to the staff of the hotel, who laid down their lives to save other people.[3]

Control of the Trident has already been handed back to the management, while the Oberoi will take 3–4 months to resume operations.[4] Both the Taj and Trident hotels reopened on 21 December 2008.[5]

Nariman House will also reopen soon, but it is not known exactly when. Several young Chabad couples from all over the world have stepped forward to move to Mumbai and continue the movement's work.[6][needs update]

Impact on Mumbai edit

 
Citizens outside the Taj Mahal Palace demanding government action

In the aftermath of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, all schools and colleges, and most offices were closed. The Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange remained closed on 27 November 2008.[7] Shooting of Bollywood films and TV series had also been halted in the city.[8] Many international airlines temporarily discontinued operations to Mumbai, in the interest of passenger and crew safety.[9]

The Indian Cricket League's ongoing tournament in Ahmedabad was canceled. The two remaining One Day Internationals of the seven match series between the visiting England cricket team and India were cancelled. The visiting team flew home, but returned to continue the test series.[10] However, the venue of the second India-England test match, scheduled on 19–23 December, was shifted from Mumbai to Chennai.[11] The inaugural Twenty20 Champions League, scheduled from 3 to 10 December, Mumbai being one of the host cities, was postponed.[12] The attacks have brought into significance the issue of 379 Indian boats and 336 fishermen apprehended by the Pakistan marine agency, for entering their waters. Nearly 200 of the boats have reportedly been auctioned, now recognised as a national security issue for India. On 28 November, Pakistan released 99 fishermen who were apprehended, as part of confidence building measures with India.[13] There were threats to blow up ITC Fortune Hotel in Navi Mumbai, after Mumbai police received a bomb threat from terrorists. Rumours about further shootings at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus were doing the rounds in Mumbai on 28 November, and were widely reported by the news channels. The Railway Police denied these rumours, but stopped trains approaching CST.[14]

Maharashtra state government edit

Maharashtra's chief minister Vilasrao Deshmukh angered public after he toured terrorist destroyed Taj hotel with his actor son Riteish Deshmukh and film director Ram Gopal Varma. It is reported that Varma wanted to make film on 26/11 with Riteish Deshmukh and thats why he toured Taj hotel. Public expressed it as an insensitive act done by Deshmukh and his son. Due to public angar, criticism Vilasrao Deshmukh had resigned as chief minister. He never became chief minister again. The deputy chief minister- Home minister R. R. Patil during attacks got criticized for his comments on the attacks during a press conference in which he downplayed terrorist attack by using a Hindi film dialogue "Bade, Bade shaharome, esi choti choti bate hoti reheti he", he said“Small things do happen in big cities. They wanted to kill 5,000 people, we have minimised the damage", and mishandle situation amid attacks, after political backlash, he resigned on 1 Dec 2008. Union Home minister Shivaraj Patil also resigned.[15][16]

After seeing the disparity between the quality of helmets and bulletproof vests used by NSG commandos and the police, the Police Commissioner of Pune, Satyapal Singh, said his police officers needed the same quality equipment as used by the NSG to reduce deaths and improve performance.[17]

Maharashtra government has planned to buy 36 speed boats to patrol the coastal areas, and several helicopters for the same purpose. It will also create an Anti-Terror force known as the Force One, and it will upgrade all the weapons that Mumbai Police currently have.

The CST railway station was upgraded with metal detectors, but reports say that these are ineffective because the attendants cannot hear their beeps in the crowd. Civilians have tested these using their own licensed weapons.[18]

Maharashtra's new Home Minister, Jayant Patil, was forced to defend the performance of the police in the legislative assembly, against demands from the opposition parties for resignations from the police chief and other officials.[19]

In an attempt to take forward the 26/11 probe, the Mumbai Police will send a three members team to the United States in this regard, sources said. The team comprising Inspector Bharti, Inspector Kadam and Inspector Arun Chavan will share the findings of 26 November 2008 Mumbai attacks, with apex US investigative agency FBI. Mumbai police have sent a proposal to the Home Ministry, stating the need to establish direct contact with the FBI, to facilitate investigation in the Mumbai terror attacks. It is believed that the team, if permitted to go, will share the evidence gathered by Mumbai police, which prove Pakistan's hand in the attacks on the nation's integrity.[20]

After-effects edit

Government of India edit

 
Protests against the Government were witnessed all across the Country

A Cabinet Committee on Security meeting was held on Tuesday, 2 December, to discuss expanding the National Security Guards (NSG) to cities outside Delhi.[21] The aim is to have permanent presence of NSG anti-terrorist squads in cities such as Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Kolkata, to avoid wasting precious time travelling from Delhi.

All NSG commandos will now undergo a new module of training, to learn how to deal with future anti-siege operations,[22] because the Taj terrorists were in a gun battle for 59 hours continuously.[23]

Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, on an all party conference, declared that legal framework will be strengthened in the battle against terrorism and a federal anti-terrorist intelligence and investigation agency, like the FBI, will soon be set up to co-ordinate actions against terrorism.[24] On 17 December, the Lok Sabha approved two new anti-terror bills, which are expected to pass the upper house (Rajya Sabha) on the 19th. One sets up a National Investigation Agency, similar to the FBI, with sweeping powers of investigation. The second strengthens existing anti-terror laws, to allow suspects to be detained without bail for up to six months, on the orders of a judge.[25]

Banned Pakistani cricketers edit

After the attacks Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) banned Pakistani players from taking part in Indian Premier League. Since then no Pakistani player played in IPL.[26]

Centre-State relations edit

The National Investigation Agency Bill, 2008, sets up a central agency for investigating terrorism related crimes. However, law and order is a state subject in the Constitution of India, which had made such a law difficult to pass in the past.

Union Home Minister P. Chidambaram assured parliament that the National Investigation Agency (NIA) did not usurp the States' right in any manner. The central government would make use of its power only under "extraordinary" circumstances, and depending on the gravity of the situation, he said. "The agency will also have the powers to return the investigations to the State, if it so thinks. We have struck a balance between the right of the States and duties of the Centre to investigate."[27]

Indo-Pakistani relations edit

See also: Indo-Pakistani relations

The attacks have damaged India's already strained relationship with Pakistan. India handed over two demarches to Pakistan—one was submitted at the Foreign Office in Islamabad by Indian High Commissioner Satyabrata Pal. The Indian Ministry of External Affairs also summoned Pakistan High Commissioner Shahid Malik on 1 December 2008, to lodge a formal protest over Pakistan's failure to curb terrorism emanating from its soil.[28] According to the Indian External Affairs Minister, Pranab Mukherjee, India, in the demarches to Pakistan, asked for the arrest and handover of those 20 persons, including gangster Dawood Ibrahim, the founder of Jaish-e-Mohammad, terrorist leader Maulana Masood Azhar and Lashkar-e-Taiba, and chief Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, who are settled in Pakistan and who are fugitives of Indian law. The external affairs minister has also stated that India will await Pakistan's response.[29] He has not ruled out the option of military strikes against terrorist camps in Pakistan.[30][31]

On 28 November, a hoax caller pretending to be the Indian Foreign Minister threatened Pakistan President Zardari with war, leading to the Pakistan military being put in high alert. Military aircraft with live ammunition were scrambled to patrol above Islamabad and Rawalpindi.[32]

Requests for Pakistan's cooperation edit

See also: Attribution of the 2008 Mumbai attacks and Pakistan and state terrorism

India's claims that the perpetrators were Pakistan-based were consistently denied by Pakistan.[33][34][35] Pakistan initially contested this attribution, but agreed this was the case on 7 January 2009.[36][37][38] The Indian government supplied a dossier to Pakistan's high commission in Delhi, containing interrogations, weapons, and call records of conversations during the attacks.[39] Shown to friendly governments and media, it provides a detailed sequence of training, supplying, and constant communications with handlers from Pakistan.[40] The Pakistan government dismissed the dossier as "not evidence",[41] but also announced that it had detained over a hundred members of Jamaat-ud-Dawa, a charity linked with Lashkar-e-Taiba.[42] Moreover, Indian government officials said that the attacks were so sophisticated that they must have had official backing from Pakistani "agencies".[43] an accusation denied by Pakistan.[33][36]

At the request of Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, the head of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), Ahmad Shuja Pasha, was reported to be coming to India to share intelligence and help the investigation,[44] but later on it was decided by Pakistani authorities that instead of Director General of the ISI, his representative will visit India to help the Indian government in the investigations.[45]

India handed over two demarches to Pakistan – one was submitted at the Foreign Office in Islamabad by Indian High Commissioner Satyabrata Pal. The Indian Ministry of External Affairs also summoned Pakistan High Commissioner Shahid Malik on 1 December 2008, to lodge a formal protest against Pakistan's inaction against terrorist groups operating within the country.[28]

The Indian foreign ministry released a statement, describing the actions it expects Islamabad to take. "It was conveyed to the Pakistan high commissioner that Pakistan's actions needed to match the sentiments expressed by its leadership, that it wishes to have a qualitatively new relationship with India," the statement said. "He was informed that the recent terrorist attack on Mumbai was carried out by elements from Pakistan. Government expects that strong action would be taken against those elements, whosoever they may be, responsible for this outrage," it said.[46]

The CNN-IBN reported that India had asked Pakistan to hand over Mumbai Underworld Don Dawood Ibrahim, Lashkar-e-Toiba chief Hafiz Muhammad Saeed and Jaish-e-Mohammed leader Maulana Masood Azhar for their suspected involvement in the Mumbai terror attack.

Dawood, India's most wanted criminal, is suspected to have helped the LeT terrorists who attacked Mumbai on 26 November. Azhar, founder of the terrorist group Jaish-e-Mohammad, is on India's most wanted list of people it accuses of terrorism. India freed Azhar from prison in exchange for passengers on a hijacked Indian Airlines Flight 814 in 1999.[47]

Times of India, quoting Indian External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee, reported: "Now, we have in our demarche asked (for) the arrest and handover of those persons who are settled in Pakistan and who are fugitives of Indian law"

"...there are lists of about 20 persons. (These) lists are sometimes altered and this exercise is going on and we have renewed it in our demarche", Mukherjee said, adding that India "will await" Pakistan's response in the Indian-Arab forum.[29]

In an interview with NDTV, Pranab Mukherjee had not ruled out the option of military strikes against terror camps in Pakistan. Mukherjee said that every country has the right to protect its territorial integrity, and take appropriate action when necessary. He also said that it has become difficult to continue the peace process with Pakistan in this.[30]

Denials from Pakistan edit

Pakistan claimed[48] that it had not received any letter from Mohammad Ajmal Amir, the lone terrorist arrested for the Mumbai attacks, seeking legal aid. It also repeated its denial on his Pakistani nationality, saying it needed "incontrovertible" evidence.[48]

The Mumbai police had said that the captured terrorist Ajmal Amir had written a letter to the Pakistan High Commission in India, asking for help, and that the letter had been given to India's central government. But the Pakistan High Commissioner to India, Shahid Malik, told Karan Thapar in the "India Tonight" program of CNBC TV-18, that no such letter had been received.[48]

According to Pakistan's Dawn newspaper, Ajmal's father in Pakistan had admitted that the man seen in photographs at the CST railway station was indeed his son. But the High Commissioner said they needed "something which is incontrovertible, which cannot be challenged in a court of law".[48]

Pakistan was also not contemplating giving Zaki-ur-Rahman Lakhvi, the alleged mastermind of the Mumbai attacks, access to the FBI for investigation.[48][clarification needed]

Interpol involvement edit

Shortly after the Mumbai attacks, the Interpol team visited India and "promised help in securing the details of the 10 gunmen who attacked several places in Mumbai, 26 November, leaving at least 173 people dead and more than 300 others injured".[49]

Interpol Secretary General Ronald Noble arrived in Islamabad on Tuesday, 23 December, for talks over Indian allegations of involvement with Pakistan-based militant groups in the Mumbai terror attacks. Interpol secretary general Ronald Noble met Pakistan's security officials the same day.

However, in a later press-conference, the Interpol chief said that India didn't share any specific information with the Interpol regarding the terror attacks. He said that Interpol had the same information that had been with media and the general public.[50][51] Pakistan's Minister for Information and Broadcasting Sherry Rehman claimed that this statement somehow supported Pakistan government's stance that Indian government has yet to share substantial and credible evidence with them, and again offered help in due cooperation to India, for joint investigations into the Mumbai attacks.[52][53]

On 10 March, India gave Interpol the DNA of the attackers.[54]

Military preparations edit

See also: 2008 India Pakistan standoff

On 7 December, Senator John McCain relayed a message from Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, to a group of Pakistanis at a lunch in Lahore, that if Pakistan did not arrest those involved with the attacks, India would begin aerial attacks against Pakistan.[55]

Pakistan Information Minister Sherry Rehman said that "Our air force is on alert, and ready to face any eventuality".[56] Ali Abbas Rizvi quoted a source as saying, "They [India] may have wanted to know whether the PAF was on five-minute alert or cockpit alert, and thereby find out the reaction time".[57]

On 19 December, private intelligence agency Stratfor, in its latest report, said, "Indian military operations against targets in Pakistan have in fact been prepared, and await the signal to go forward". They also wrote that, "Indian military preparations, unlike previous cases, will be carried out in stealth". India's Border Security Force (BSF) has been put on high alert on the western sector, as well as the eastern sector, in order to prevent terrorist infiltration.[58][59]

On 22 December, Pakistan began combat air patrol (CAP) over several cities, including Islamabad, Lahore, and Rawalpindi, which began a panic among Pakistani civilians.[60][61] Many Pakistani civilians "started making frantic phone calls to media house[s] to enquire about whether a war has been declared".[62] Pakistani Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi said, "Pakistan defence forces and armed forces are ready to face any challenge, as Pak has the full right to defend itself". Pakistani PM Yousuf Raza Gilani said, "Pakistan remains united and is ready to fight anyone to defend itself".[63] Pakistani Defense Minister Ahmad Mukhtar Chaudhry said, "If India tried to thrust war, then the armed forces of Pakistan have all the potential and right to defend [Pakistan]".[64]

According to Pakistani media, India had started deploying troops along the Rajasthan border, and had tightened security in and around the defence airstrips. More radars and quick reaction teams were then deployed along the India-Pakistan border. Indian forces were on regular firing exercises at locations, like Lathi Firing Range in Jaisalmer, Mahsan in Bikaner, Suratgarh and Ganganagar.[65]

On 23 December, Kamal Hyder, Al Jazeera's correspondent in Pakistan, wrote that the Pakistani "navy, air force and army were on red alert" and that "the chiefs of Pakistan's three armed forces were holding what had been described as an emergency meeting at general headquarters in Rawalpindi". He also wrote that "[t]he Pakistani air force have been seen visibly in a number of locations flying close to the Pakistani-India border, in what is being described as an aggressive patrolling mode, following reports that India is planning pre-emptive strikes against locations in Pakistan". A Pakistani airforce spokesperson said "[i]n view of the current environment, the PAF has enhanced its vigilance".[66] Pakistani army chief General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, said that Pakistan would mount an equal response "within minutes", to any Indian attack.[67] Pakistan continued to combat air patrol over several cities.[68]

The Taliban and affiliated groups openly declared their solidarity with Pakistan. The banned Tehrik-e-Taliban had proclaimed that they would send "thousands of (their) well-armed militants" in order to wage jihad against India if war should break out. Hundreds of would-be bombers were equipped with suicide jackets and explosive-laden vehicles.[69]

On 24 December, P.K. Barbora, the air officer commanding-in-chief of Western Air Command, said "[t]he IAF has earmarked 5,000 targets in Pakistan. But whether we will cross the LoC or the International Border to hit the enemy targets will have to be decided by the political leadership of the country".[70] India Today reported that "Indian Air Force fighter planes are engaged in round the clock sorties. An unusual hectic activity of Indian Air Force has been visible along the border for past some days".[71] On the same day, Stratfor confirmed that "the state government of Rajasthan has ordered residents of its border villages to be prepared for relocation".[72] President Asif Ali Zardari said "We will defend the country till the last drop of our blood",[73] and "[w]e will defend the country till our last breath".[74] Pakistan began deploying warplanes to forward air bases.[75]

On 25 December, however, the ruling UPA government in India played down apprehensions of an imminent military conflagration. The Indian Prime Minister made it clear that "nobody wanted war".[76] The Indian Air Force also downplayed the sorties by PAF fighter jets, saying it was an air defence exercise. Officials in New Delhi were amused at Pakistan air force's attempt to create war hysteria in the region.[77] However, R. C. Dhyani, DIG of Rajasthan frontier BSF, said, "[a] lot of military movement is being noticed in districts just across the international border for the last few days, which is not normal" and "Pakistan has deployed more troops across border".[78]

Leader of the House Raza Rabbani, said that any surgical strike into its territory would be taken as an act of war and would be repulsed with "full force",[79] and that "[e]ach and every inch of the country will be safeguarded".[80] India moved MiG-29s to Hindon air base, located near New Delhi, in order "to protect the capital from aerial threats".[77] The Pakistani city of Mianwali began a blackout.[81]

Pakistan continued deployment, and moved the 10th Brigade to the outskirts of Lahore, and the 3rd Armored Brigade to Jhelum. The 10th Infantry Division and the 11th Infantry Division had been placed on high alert.[82] The Indian Army deployed quick reaction teams (QRTs) along the border, which "precede the movement of bridging equipment – to cross canals in Punjab – and of heavy guns".[83]

Amir Mir of Daily News and Analysis wrote that "Pakistan's military leadership has advised president Asif Ali Zardari to take back his statement made last month, that his country would not be the first to use nuclear weapons in the event of a conflict with India".[84]

On 26 December, Pakistan cancelled all military leave,[85] and activated contacts with friendly countries and military partners. Pakistan deployed troops to "protect vital points along the Line of Control (LoC) in Jammu and Kashmir and the international border with India".[86][87] Pakistani Foreign Minister Quresh said that, "if war is imposed, we will respond to it like a brave, self-respecting nation". Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh held a second meeting of the Nuclear Command Authority to "discuss all the options available to India".[88]

Pakistan deployed the 14th Infantry Division to Kasur and Sialkot, close to the border.[89] India advised its citizens not to travel to Pakistan.[90] Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh met with the chiefs of the Indian air force, army, and navy.[91]

On 27 December, India's largest opposition party, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), called for all travel between India and Pakistan to be stopped, and for the recall of the Indian High Commissioner from Pakistan.[92] The Pakistani Army alerted retired army personnel to be ready to be called back to active duty.[93] On 28 December, Pakistan postponed all officer training courses.[94]

On 29 December, the leaders of the Indian and Pakistani armies spoke over their red telephone, in order to avert an accidental nuclear war.[95] The President of the BJP, Rajnath Singh, called for a joint India-US military action against Pakistan.[96] John McCain said, "The Indians are on the verge of some kind of attack on Pakistan".[97]

On 30 December, Pakistani media stated: "The service chiefs of all of the branches of India's military were told to stay in the country in order to achieve 'complete readiness'. All units that are on exercises have been ordered to remain so indefinitely, and to indicate any equipment or ammunition they need".[98] However, this was not backed by Indian nor international media.

Pakistani deployments edit

The Pakistani military had cancelled all leave.[85] Elements of the Pakistani Airforce had been deployed to frontline bases.[75] The IV Corp, with 60,000 troops, has been deployed to Lahore.[99] Pakistan had deployed the 3rd Armored Brigade to Jhelum, and the 10th Brigade, with 5,000 troops, to Lahore.[82] The 10th Division had been deployed to Ichogul and the 11th Division had been deployed to Tilla. Pakistani Army units had been deployed to Kashmir and the Jammu sector of the border.[86] The 14th Division, with 20,000 troops, had been deployed to Kasur and Sialkot.[85]

Indian deployments edit

India had put its Border Security Force, India's border patrol agency, on high alert.[100] Mig-29s have been deployed to Hindon air base, in order to protect New Delhi. Later IAF sources claimed that the move was a result of intelligence inputs of an air attack on Delhi.[77] The Indian Navy had moved six warships, including the INS Jalashwa and the INS Ranveer, to the west coast.[101]

Trials in Pakistan edit

Indian and Pakistani police had exchanged DNA evidence, photographs, and items found with the attackers, to piece together a detailed portrait of the Mumbai plot. Police in Pakistan had arrested seven people, including Hammad Amin Sadiq, a homoeopathic pharmacist, who arranged bank accounts and secured supplies, and he and six others began their formal trial on 3 October 2009, in Pakistan, though Indian authorities say the prosecution stopped well short of top Lashkar leaders.[102]

Impact on the United States edit

US officials feared that should the firm evidence emerge that the Mumbai terror attacks were planned and directed from within Pakistan, it would certainly escalate tension between the neighbouring countries, and could also provoke an Indian military response, even strikes against terrorists, a media report said on Saturday.[103] US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, on Monday, urged Pakistan to give its "absolute, total" cooperation in finding those responsible for last week's attacks on Mumbai.[104] Rice travelled to India on 4 December 2008, at the request of President George W. Bush, in the wake of the Mumbai attacks. She said that there is need for "direct and tough action" by Islamabad, even if the perpetrators of the Mumbai terror attacks were "non-state actors".[105] "Secretary Rice's visit to India is a further demonstration of the United States' commitment to stand in solidarity with the people of India, as we all work together to hold these extremists accountable", White House spokeswoman Dana Perino said in a statement.[106]

After visiting India, Condoleezza Rice travelled to Pakistan on 4 December 2008, to talk with the Pakistani government. She is quoted as saying, "We talked at length about the importance of Pakistan taking its responsibility to deal with those who may use Pakistan territory even if they are non-state actors".[107]

However, some of the most wanted names on the list continue to operate openly in Pakistan. No action has been taken against them by the government of Pakistan.[108]

Police forces in places like New York and Boston practised handling of similar situations, should they occur in the US.[citation needed]

Impact on the United Kingdom edit

In the wake of the attacks, a new system of compensation for British citizens caught up in terrorist attacks is being considered. However, "currently the UK government does not guarantee compensation for people injured in attacks abroad".[109]

British police feared similar attacks could occur in the country.[citation needed]

Citizens' movements edit

The Mumbai attack also triggered a chain of citizens' movements across India. People from all walks of life hit the streets with candles and placards to pay tributes to the victims of the tragedy almost every weekend after the 26/11 incident. While NSG commandos, Mumbai police officials, hotel staffers, etc. who participated in the operation to eliminate the terrorists became overnight heroes, the wrath of the citizens was directed towards the Government's inability to ensure adequate security to its citizens, and soon led to the chain of resignations, including that of the Indian Home Minister, Shivraj Patil. The gathering of citizens at the Gateway of India in Mumbai was unprecedented and historic. From India Gate and Jantar Mantar in New Delhi to marketplaces and street corners all across the country, India witnessed candlelight vigils by the common people. Some organised initiatives to carry forward the citizens' movement included a Hindustan Times-CNN-IBN Initiative, India Today Group's War Against Terror, and , besides a large number of blogs on the issue.

February 2009 video release edit

On 25 February 2009, new videos of CCTV were released, displaying the inside of the hotel where the Mumbai siege took place.[citation needed]

See also edit

References edit

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October 28, 2023
aftermath, 2008, mumbai, attacks, this, article, needs, updated, please, help, update, this, article, reflect, recent, events, newly, available, information, march, 2011, aftermath, 2008, mumbai, attacks, there, were, multiple, ranging, events, that, were, obs. This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information March 2011 In the aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai attacks there were multiple and far ranging events that were observed Besides the immediate impact on the victims and their families the attacks caused widespread anger among the Indian public and condemnations from countries throughout the world Office workers at Ballard Estate reacting to rumours of shooting at Victoria Terminus three minutes away from the Estate citation needed The immediate impact was felt on Mumbai and Maharashtra state and throughout urban India There were also after effects on the Indian government centre state relations within India Indo Pakistani relations domestic impact within Pakistan the United States s relationships with both countries the US led NATO war in Afghanistan and on the Global War on Terror There was also impact on the region of Kashmir and this also led to the 2010 Kashmir Unrest Contents 1 Immediate impact 1 1 Impact on the attack locations 1 2 Impact on Mumbai 1 3 Maharashtra state government 2 After effects 2 1 Government of India 2 1 1 Banned Pakistani cricketers 2 2 Centre State relations 2 3 Indo Pakistani relations 2 3 1 Requests for Pakistan s cooperation 2 3 2 Denials from Pakistan 2 3 3 Interpol involvement 2 3 4 Military preparations 2 3 4 1 Pakistani deployments 2 3 4 2 Indian deployments 2 4 Trials in Pakistan 2 5 Impact on the United States 2 6 Impact on the United Kingdom 2 7 Citizens movements 2 8 February 2009 video release 3 See also 4 ReferencesImmediate impact editImpact on the attack locations edit nbsp Bullet marks left at Cafe LeopoldThe Leopold Cafe opened its doors to customers just four days after the attacks The owners wanted to repair the damaged parts of the cafe while retaining some of the damaged pieces as a tribute to those who lost their lives in the attacks 1 Security forces handed back control of the Taj Mahal Hotel to the Taj group on 1 December 2008 and work on its repairs began that same day 2 Celebrated artist M F Hussain whose art was destroyed in the attacks has agreed to replace the paintings with a series that will condemn the attack Hussain plans this series as a tribute to the staff of the hotel who laid down their lives to save other people 3 Control of the Trident has already been handed back to the management while the Oberoi will take 3 4 months to resume operations 4 Both the Taj and Trident hotels reopened on 21 December 2008 5 Nariman House will also reopen soon but it is not known exactly when Several young Chabad couples from all over the world have stepped forward to move to Mumbai and continue the movement s work 6 needs update Impact on Mumbai edit nbsp Citizens outside the Taj Mahal Palace demanding government actionIn the aftermath of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks all schools and colleges and most offices were closed The Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange remained closed on 27 November 2008 7 Shooting of Bollywood films and TV series had also been halted in the city 8 Many international airlines temporarily discontinued operations to Mumbai in the interest of passenger and crew safety 9 The Indian Cricket League s ongoing tournament in Ahmedabad was canceled The two remaining One Day Internationals of the seven match series between the visiting England cricket team and India were cancelled The visiting team flew home but returned to continue the test series 10 However the venue of the second India England test match scheduled on 19 23 December was shifted from Mumbai to Chennai 11 The inaugural Twenty20 Champions League scheduled from 3 to 10 December Mumbai being one of the host cities was postponed 12 The attacks have brought into significance the issue of 379 Indian boats and 336 fishermen apprehended by the Pakistan marine agency for entering their waters Nearly 200 of the boats have reportedly been auctioned now recognised as a national security issue for India On 28 November Pakistan released 99 fishermen who were apprehended as part of confidence building measures with India 13 There were threats to blow up ITC Fortune Hotel in Navi Mumbai after Mumbai police received a bomb threat from terrorists Rumours about further shootings at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus were doing the rounds in Mumbai on 28 November and were widely reported by the news channels The Railway Police denied these rumours but stopped trains approaching CST 14 Maharashtra state government edit Maharashtra s chief minister Vilasrao Deshmukh angered public after he toured terrorist destroyed Taj hotel with his actor son Riteish Deshmukh and film director Ram Gopal Varma It is reported that Varma wanted to make film on 26 11 with Riteish Deshmukh and thats why he toured Taj hotel Public expressed it as an insensitive act done by Deshmukh and his son Due to public angar criticism Vilasrao Deshmukh had resigned as chief minister He never became chief minister again The deputy chief minister Home minister R R Patil during attacks got criticized for his comments on the attacks during a press conference in which he downplayed terrorist attack by using a Hindi film dialogue Bade Bade shaharome esi choti choti bate hoti reheti he he said Small things do happen in big cities They wanted to kill 5 000 people we have minimised the damage and mishandle situation amid attacks after political backlash he resigned on 1 Dec 2008 Union Home minister Shivaraj Patil also resigned 15 16 After seeing the disparity between the quality of helmets and bulletproof vests used by NSG commandos and the police the Police Commissioner of Pune Satyapal Singh said his police officers needed the same quality equipment as used by the NSG to reduce deaths and improve performance 17 Maharashtra government has planned to buy 36 speed boats to patrol the coastal areas and several helicopters for the same purpose It will also create an Anti Terror force known as the Force One and it will upgrade all the weapons that Mumbai Police currently have The CST railway station was upgraded with metal detectors but reports say that these are ineffective because the attendants cannot hear their beeps in the crowd Civilians have tested these using their own licensed weapons 18 Maharashtra s new Home Minister Jayant Patil was forced to defend the performance of the police in the legislative assembly against demands from the opposition parties for resignations from the police chief and other officials 19 In an attempt to take forward the 26 11 probe the Mumbai Police will send a three members team to the United States in this regard sources said The team comprising Inspector Bharti Inspector Kadam and Inspector Arun Chavan will share the findings of 26 November 2008 Mumbai attacks with apex US investigative agency FBI Mumbai police have sent a proposal to the Home Ministry stating the need to establish direct contact with the FBI to facilitate investigation in the Mumbai terror attacks It is believed that the team if permitted to go will share the evidence gathered by Mumbai police which prove Pakistan s hand in the attacks on the nation s integrity 20 After effects editGovernment of India edit nbsp Protests against the Government were witnessed all across the CountryA Cabinet Committee on Security meeting was held on Tuesday 2 December to discuss expanding the National Security Guards NSG to cities outside Delhi 21 The aim is to have permanent presence of NSG anti terrorist squads in cities such as Mumbai Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad and Kolkata to avoid wasting precious time travelling from Delhi All NSG commandos will now undergo a new module of training to learn how to deal with future anti siege operations 22 because the Taj terrorists were in a gun battle for 59 hours continuously 23 Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh on an all party conference declared that legal framework will be strengthened in the battle against terrorism and a federal anti terrorist intelligence and investigation agency like the FBI will soon be set up to co ordinate actions against terrorism 24 On 17 December the Lok Sabha approved two new anti terror bills which are expected to pass the upper house Rajya Sabha on the 19th One sets up a National Investigation Agency similar to the FBI with sweeping powers of investigation The second strengthens existing anti terror laws to allow suspects to be detained without bail for up to six months on the orders of a judge 25 Banned Pakistani cricketers edit After the attacks Board of Control for Cricket in India BCCI banned Pakistani players from taking part in Indian Premier League Since then no Pakistani player played in IPL 26 Centre State relations edit The National Investigation Agency Bill 2008 sets up a central agency for investigating terrorism related crimes However law and order is a state subject in the Constitution of India which had made such a law difficult to pass in the past Union Home Minister P Chidambaram assured parliament that the National Investigation Agency NIA did not usurp the States right in any manner The central government would make use of its power only under extraordinary circumstances and depending on the gravity of the situation he said The agency will also have the powers to return the investigations to the State if it so thinks We have struck a balance between the right of the States and duties of the Centre to investigate 27 Indo Pakistani relations edit See also Indo Pakistani relations The attacks have damaged India s already strained relationship with Pakistan India handed over two demarches to Pakistan one was submitted at the Foreign Office in Islamabad by Indian High Commissioner Satyabrata Pal The Indian Ministry of External Affairs also summoned Pakistan High Commissioner Shahid Malik on 1 December 2008 to lodge a formal protest over Pakistan s failure to curb terrorism emanating from its soil 28 According to the Indian External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee India in the demarches to Pakistan asked for the arrest and handover of those 20 persons including gangster Dawood Ibrahim the founder of Jaish e Mohammad terrorist leader Maulana Masood Azhar and Lashkar e Taiba and chief Hafiz Muhammad Saeed who are settled in Pakistan and who are fugitives of Indian law The external affairs minister has also stated that India will await Pakistan s response 29 He has not ruled out the option of military strikes against terrorist camps in Pakistan 30 31 On 28 November a hoax caller pretending to be the Indian Foreign Minister threatened Pakistan President Zardari with war leading to the Pakistan military being put in high alert Military aircraft with live ammunition were scrambled to patrol above Islamabad and Rawalpindi 32 Requests for Pakistan s cooperation edit See also Attribution of the 2008 Mumbai attacks and Pakistan and state terrorism India s claims that the perpetrators were Pakistan based were consistently denied by Pakistan 33 34 35 Pakistan initially contested this attribution but agreed this was the case on 7 January 2009 36 37 38 The Indian government supplied a dossier to Pakistan s high commission in Delhi containing interrogations weapons and call records of conversations during the attacks 39 Shown to friendly governments and media it provides a detailed sequence of training supplying and constant communications with handlers from Pakistan 40 The Pakistan government dismissed the dossier as not evidence 41 but also announced that it had detained over a hundred members of Jamaat ud Dawa a charity linked with Lashkar e Taiba 42 Moreover Indian government officials said that the attacks were so sophisticated that they must have had official backing from Pakistani agencies 43 an accusation denied by Pakistan 33 36 At the request of Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh the head of Pakistan s Inter Services Intelligence ISI Ahmad Shuja Pasha was reported to be coming to India to share intelligence and help the investigation 44 but later on it was decided by Pakistani authorities that instead of Director General of the ISI his representative will visit India to help the Indian government in the investigations 45 India handed over two demarches to Pakistan one was submitted at the Foreign Office in Islamabad by Indian High Commissioner Satyabrata Pal The Indian Ministry of External Affairs also summoned Pakistan High Commissioner Shahid Malik on 1 December 2008 to lodge a formal protest against Pakistan s inaction against terrorist groups operating within the country 28 The Indian foreign ministry released a statement describing the actions it expects Islamabad to take It was conveyed to the Pakistan high commissioner that Pakistan s actions needed to match the sentiments expressed by its leadership that it wishes to have a qualitatively new relationship with India the statement said He was informed that the recent terrorist attack on Mumbai was carried out by elements from Pakistan Government expects that strong action would be taken against those elements whosoever they may be responsible for this outrage it said 46 The CNN IBN reported that India had asked Pakistan to hand over Mumbai Underworld Don Dawood Ibrahim Lashkar e Toiba chief Hafiz Muhammad Saeed and Jaish e Mohammed leader Maulana Masood Azhar for their suspected involvement in the Mumbai terror attack Dawood India s most wanted criminal is suspected to have helped the LeT terrorists who attacked Mumbai on 26 November Azhar founder of the terrorist group Jaish e Mohammad is on India s most wanted list of people it accuses of terrorism India freed Azhar from prison in exchange for passengers on a hijacked Indian Airlines Flight 814 in 1999 47 Times of India quoting Indian External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee reported Now we have in our demarche asked for the arrest and handover of those persons who are settled in Pakistan and who are fugitives of Indian law there are lists of about 20 persons These lists are sometimes altered and this exercise is going on and we have renewed it in our demarche Mukherjee said adding that India will await Pakistan s response in the Indian Arab forum 29 In an interview with NDTV Pranab Mukherjee had not ruled out the option of military strikes against terror camps in Pakistan Mukherjee said that every country has the right to protect its territorial integrity and take appropriate action when necessary He also said that it has become difficult to continue the peace process with Pakistan in this 30 Denials from Pakistan edit Pakistan claimed 48 that it had not received any letter from Mohammad Ajmal Amir the lone terrorist arrested for the Mumbai attacks seeking legal aid It also repeated its denial on his Pakistani nationality saying it needed incontrovertible evidence 48 The Mumbai police had said that the captured terrorist Ajmal Amir had written a letter to the Pakistan High Commission in India asking for help and that the letter had been given to India s central government But the Pakistan High Commissioner to India Shahid Malik told Karan Thapar in the India Tonight program of CNBC TV 18 that no such letter had been received 48 According to Pakistan s Dawn newspaper Ajmal s father in Pakistan had admitted that the man seen in photographs at the CST railway station was indeed his son But the High Commissioner said they needed something which is incontrovertible which cannot be challenged in a court of law 48 Pakistan was also not contemplating giving Zaki ur Rahman Lakhvi the alleged mastermind of the Mumbai attacks access to the FBI for investigation 48 clarification needed Interpol involvement edit Shortly after the Mumbai attacks the Interpol team visited India and promised help in securing the details of the 10 gunmen who attacked several places in Mumbai 26 November leaving at least 173 people dead and more than 300 others injured 49 Interpol Secretary General Ronald Noble arrived in Islamabad on Tuesday 23 December for talks over Indian allegations of involvement with Pakistan based militant groups in the Mumbai terror attacks Interpol secretary general Ronald Noble met Pakistan s security officials the same day However in a later press conference the Interpol chief said that India didn t share any specific information with the Interpol regarding the terror attacks He said that Interpol had the same information that had been with media and the general public 50 51 Pakistan s Minister for Information and Broadcasting Sherry Rehman claimed that this statement somehow supported Pakistan government s stance that Indian government has yet to share substantial and credible evidence with them and again offered help in due cooperation to India for joint investigations into the Mumbai attacks 52 53 On 10 March India gave Interpol the DNA of the attackers 54 Military preparations edit See also 2008 India Pakistan standoff On 7 December Senator John McCain relayed a message from Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to a group of Pakistanis at a lunch in Lahore that if Pakistan did not arrest those involved with the attacks India would begin aerial attacks against Pakistan 55 Pakistan Information Minister Sherry Rehman said that Our air force is on alert and ready to face any eventuality 56 Ali Abbas Rizvi quoted a source as saying They India may have wanted to know whether the PAF was on five minute alert or cockpit alert and thereby find out the reaction time 57 On 19 December private intelligence agency Stratfor in its latest report said Indian military operations against targets in Pakistan have in fact been prepared and await the signal to go forward They also wrote that Indian military preparations unlike previous cases will be carried out in stealth India s Border Security Force BSF has been put on high alert on the western sector as well as the eastern sector in order to prevent terrorist infiltration 58 59 On 22 December Pakistan began combat air patrol CAP over several cities including Islamabad Lahore and Rawalpindi which began a panic among Pakistani civilians 60 61 Many Pakistani civilians started making frantic phone calls to media house s to enquire about whether a war has been declared 62 Pakistani Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi said Pakistan defence forces and armed forces are ready to face any challenge as Pak has the full right to defend itself Pakistani PM Yousuf Raza Gilani said Pakistan remains united and is ready to fight anyone to defend itself 63 Pakistani Defense Minister Ahmad Mukhtar Chaudhry said If India tried to thrust war then the armed forces of Pakistan have all the potential and right to defend Pakistan 64 According to Pakistani media India had started deploying troops along the Rajasthan border and had tightened security in and around the defence airstrips More radars and quick reaction teams were then deployed along the India Pakistan border Indian forces were on regular firing exercises at locations like Lathi Firing Range in Jaisalmer Mahsan in Bikaner Suratgarh and Ganganagar 65 On 23 December Kamal Hyder Al Jazeera s correspondent in Pakistan wrote that the Pakistani navy air force and army were on red alert and that the chiefs of Pakistan s three armed forces were holding what had been described as an emergency meeting at general headquarters in Rawalpindi He also wrote that t he Pakistani air force have been seen visibly in a number of locations flying close to the Pakistani India border in what is being described as an aggressive patrolling mode following reports that India is planning pre emptive strikes against locations in Pakistan A Pakistani airforce spokesperson said i n view of the current environment the PAF has enhanced its vigilance 66 Pakistani army chief General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani said that Pakistan would mount an equal response within minutes to any Indian attack 67 Pakistan continued to combat air patrol over several cities 68 The Taliban and affiliated groups openly declared their solidarity with Pakistan The banned Tehrik e Taliban had proclaimed that they would send thousands of their well armed militants in order to wage jihad against India if war should break out Hundreds of would be bombers were equipped with suicide jackets and explosive laden vehicles 69 On 24 December P K Barbora the air officer commanding in chief of Western Air Command said t he IAF has earmarked 5 000 targets in Pakistan But whether we will cross the LoC or the International Border to hit the enemy targets will have to be decided by the political leadership of the country 70 India Today reported that Indian Air Force fighter planes are engaged in round the clock sorties An unusual hectic activity of Indian Air Force has been visible along the border for past some days 71 On the same day Stratfor confirmed that the state government of Rajasthan has ordered residents of its border villages to be prepared for relocation 72 President Asif Ali Zardari said We will defend the country till the last drop of our blood 73 and w e will defend the country till our last breath 74 Pakistan began deploying warplanes to forward air bases 75 On 25 December however the ruling UPA government in India played down apprehensions of an imminent military conflagration The Indian Prime Minister made it clear that nobody wanted war 76 The Indian Air Force also downplayed the sorties by PAF fighter jets saying it was an air defence exercise Officials in New Delhi were amused at Pakistan air force s attempt to create war hysteria in the region 77 However R C Dhyani DIG of Rajasthan frontier BSF said a lot of military movement is being noticed in districts just across the international border for the last few days which is not normal and Pakistan has deployed more troops across border 78 Leader of the House Raza Rabbani said that any surgical strike into its territory would be taken as an act of war and would be repulsed with full force 79 and that e ach and every inch of the country will be safeguarded 80 India moved MiG 29s to Hindon air base located near New Delhi in order to protect the capital from aerial threats 77 The Pakistani city of Mianwali began a blackout 81 Pakistan continued deployment and moved the 10th Brigade to the outskirts of Lahore and the 3rd Armored Brigade to Jhelum The 10th Infantry Division and the 11th Infantry Division had been placed on high alert 82 The Indian Army deployed quick reaction teams QRTs along the border which precede the movement of bridging equipment to cross canals in Punjab and of heavy guns 83 Amir Mir of Daily News and Analysis wrote that Pakistan s military leadership has advised president Asif Ali Zardari to take back his statement made last month that his country would not be the first to use nuclear weapons in the event of a conflict with India 84 On 26 December Pakistan cancelled all military leave 85 and activated contacts with friendly countries and military partners Pakistan deployed troops to protect vital points along the Line of Control LoC in Jammu and Kashmir and the international border with India 86 87 Pakistani Foreign Minister Quresh said that if war is imposed we will respond to it like a brave self respecting nation Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh held a second meeting of the Nuclear Command Authority to discuss all the options available to India 88 Pakistan deployed the 14th Infantry Division to Kasur and Sialkot close to the border 89 India advised its citizens not to travel to Pakistan 90 Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh met with the chiefs of the Indian air force army and navy 91 On 27 December India s largest opposition party the Bharatiya Janata Party BJP called for all travel between India and Pakistan to be stopped and for the recall of the Indian High Commissioner from Pakistan 92 The Pakistani Army alerted retired army personnel to be ready to be called back to active duty 93 On 28 December Pakistan postponed all officer training courses 94 On 29 December the leaders of the Indian and Pakistani armies spoke over their red telephone in order to avert an accidental nuclear war 95 The President of the BJP Rajnath Singh called for a joint India US military action against Pakistan 96 John McCain said The Indians are on the verge of some kind of attack on Pakistan 97 On 30 December Pakistani media stated The service chiefs of all of the branches of India s military were told to stay in the country in order to achieve complete readiness All units that are on exercises have been ordered to remain so indefinitely and to indicate any equipment or ammunition they need 98 However this was not backed by Indian nor international media Pakistani deployments edit The Pakistani military had cancelled all leave 85 Elements of the Pakistani Airforce had been deployed to frontline bases 75 The IV Corp with 60 000 troops has been deployed to Lahore 99 Pakistan had deployed the 3rd Armored Brigade to Jhelum and the 10th Brigade with 5 000 troops to Lahore 82 The 10th Division had been deployed to Ichogul and the 11th Division had been deployed to Tilla Pakistani Army units had been deployed to Kashmir and the Jammu sector of the border 86 The 14th Division with 20 000 troops had been deployed to Kasur and Sialkot 85 Indian deployments edit India had put its Border Security Force India s border patrol agency on high alert 100 Mig 29s have been deployed to Hindon air base in order to protect New Delhi Later IAF sources claimed that the move was a result of intelligence inputs of an air attack on Delhi 77 The Indian Navy had moved six warships including the INS Jalashwa and the INS Ranveer to the west coast 101 Trials in Pakistan edit Indian and Pakistani police had exchanged DNA evidence photographs and items found with the attackers to piece together a detailed portrait of the Mumbai plot Police in Pakistan had arrested seven people including Hammad Amin Sadiq a homoeopathic pharmacist who arranged bank accounts and secured supplies and he and six others began their formal trial on 3 October 2009 in Pakistan though Indian authorities say the prosecution stopped well short of top Lashkar leaders 102 Impact on the United States edit US officials feared that should the firm evidence emerge that the Mumbai terror attacks were planned and directed from within Pakistan it would certainly escalate tension between the neighbouring countries and could also provoke an Indian military response even strikes against terrorists a media report said on Saturday 103 US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice on Monday urged Pakistan to give its absolute total cooperation in finding those responsible for last week s attacks on Mumbai 104 Rice travelled to India on 4 December 2008 at the request of President George W Bush in the wake of the Mumbai attacks She said that there is need for direct and tough action by Islamabad even if the perpetrators of the Mumbai terror attacks were non state actors 105 Secretary Rice s visit to India is a further demonstration of the United States commitment to stand in solidarity with the people of India as we all work together to hold these extremists accountable White House spokeswoman Dana Perino said in a statement 106 After visiting India Condoleezza Rice travelled to Pakistan on 4 December 2008 to talk with the Pakistani government She is quoted as saying We talked at length about the importance of Pakistan taking its responsibility to deal with those who may use Pakistan territory even if they are non state actors 107 However some of the most wanted names on the list continue to operate openly in Pakistan No action has been taken against them by the government of Pakistan 108 Police forces in places like New York and Boston practised handling of similar situations should they occur in the US citation needed Impact on the United Kingdom edit In the wake of the attacks a new system of compensation for British citizens caught up in terrorist attacks is being considered However currently the UK government does not guarantee compensation for people injured in attacks abroad 109 British police feared similar attacks could occur in the country citation needed Citizens movements edit The Mumbai attack also triggered a chain of citizens movements across India People from all walks of life hit the streets with candles and placards to pay tributes to the victims of the tragedy almost every weekend after the 26 11 incident While NSG commandos Mumbai police officials hotel staffers etc who participated in the operation to eliminate the terrorists became overnight heroes the wrath of the citizens was directed towards the Government s inability to ensure adequate security to its citizens and soon led to the chain of resignations including that of the Indian Home Minister Shivraj Patil The gathering of citizens at the Gateway of India in Mumbai was unprecedented and historic From India Gate and Jantar Mantar in New Delhi to marketplaces and street corners all across the country India witnessed candlelight vigils by the common people Some organised initiatives to carry forward the citizens movement included a Hindustan Times CNN IBN Initiative India Today Group s War Against Terror and Hindustan Hamara Citizens Initiative besides a large number of blogs on the issue February 2009 video release edit On 25 February 2009 new videos of CCTV were released displaying the inside of the hotel where the Mumbai siege took place citation needed See also editForce One Mumbai Police Abdul Rauf Asghar Devika RotawanReferences edit Defiant Leopold opens doors to customers The Times of India 1 December 2008 Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 Jaisinghani Bella 2 December 2008 After ravage work on to resurrect Taj The Times of India Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 Retrieved 3 December 2008 Terror torn Taj to get M F Husain touch afresh Express India 1 December 2008 Archived from the original on 4 December 2008 Retrieved 3 December 2008 Trident may open in 10 days Oberoi in a few months The Economic Times 2 December 2008 Retrieved 3 December 2008 Terror devastated Mumbai hotels reopen CNN 21 December 2008 Retrieved 21 December 2008 Nariman House to be reopened soon Chennai India The Hindu News Update Service 1 December 2008 Archived from the original on 4 December 2008 Retrieved 3 December 2008 BSE NSE to remain closed on Thursday IBNLive com 27 November 2008 Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 Retrieved 27 November 2008 Shooting of films and TV serials hauled MiD Day 27 November 2008 Archived from the original on 4 December 2008 Retrieved 28 November 2008 Prada Paulo Daniel Fitzpatrick Nitin Luthra Dan Michaels Jeanne Whalen 27 November 2008 Mumbai Notebook Squeeze to India s Cash Strapped Carriers Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on 3 December 2008 Retrieved 27 November 2008 Pringle Derek Norrish Mike Hodges Vicki 27 November 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks England set to leave India 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