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PL-12

January 01, 1970

For the Australian aircraft, see Transavia PL-12 Airtruk.

The PL-12 (Chinese: 霹雳-12; pinyin: Pī Lì-12; lit. 'Thunderbolt-12', NATO reporting name: CH-AA-7 Adze[13][14]) is an active radar-guided beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile developed by the People's Republic of China. It is considered comparable to the US AIM-120 AMRAAM and the Russian R-77.[6]

PL-12
A model of an export version of the PL-12, SD-10A, (bottom-left corner) with a Pakistan Air Force JF-17 on display at the Farnborough Airshow 2010.
TypeMedium-range, active radar homing air-to-air BVR missile
Place of originPeople's Republic of China
Service history
In service2005-present[1]
Used byPeople's Liberation Army Air Force

People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force
Pakistan Air Force

Myanmar Air Force
Specifications
Mass180 kilograms (400 lb)[2]
EngineDual thrust solid fuel rocket[3]
Operational
range
70–100 kilometres (43–62 mi)[4][5]
Maximum speed Mach 4+[3]
Guidance
system
Active radar[6]
Launch
platform

History edit

Development of the PL-12 (SD-10) began in 1997.[1] The first public information of the Leihua Electronic Technology Research Institute's PL-12 – then called the SD-10 – emerged in 2001.[15] Development was assisted by Vympel NPO and Agat of Russia.[16] Liang Xiaogeng is believed to have been the chief designer.[17] Four successful test firings were made in 2004.[16] The missile entered People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) service in 2005.[1]

Design edit

The early batches of PL-12 missiles reportedly used the 9B-1348 radar seeker designed for the R-77 missile. The development process was assisted by Vympel NPO and Tactical Missile Corporation and benefited from Russian technology transfers.[3] But as of 2018, the PL-12 was no longer reliant on Russian components for missile production.[3]

The guidance system comprises data-linked mid-course guidance and active radar homing for terminal guidance.[3] The missile uses Chinese rocket motor[15] and airframe.[18] The PL-12 may have a passive homing mode for use against jammers and AEW aircraft.[15] The maximum range is estimated to be 100 kilometres (62 mi).[19]

PL-12's overall dimension is larger than AIM-120 AMRAAM. Per PLAAF assessment, PL-12's capability sits between AIM-120B and AIM-120C, and the improved PL-12A is claimed to be comparable with the AIM-120C-4. The domestic version of the PL-12 features a variable-thrust rocket motor with a range of 70–100 kilometres (43–62 mi), while the export variant SD-10 features a reduced range of 60–70 kilometres (37–43 mi).[20] According to the Royal United Services Institute, the range performance of PL-12 stands between AIM-120B and AIM-120C-5.[21]

Variants edit

 
SD-10A on display with the JF-17 light-weight fighter at the Farnborough International Airshow 2010.
PL-12
Domestic version with 60[22] to 100 km[19] range.
PL-12A
NATO reporting name is CH-AA-7A.[23] Improved PL-12 with a modified seeker and digital processor. Reportedly fitted with passive mode for anti-radiation missions.[20]
SD-10A (ShanDian-10, 闪电-10)
Export version of the PL-12 with a reduced maximum launch range of 70 km.[24]
SD-10B
Enhanced SD-10A with better anti-jamming capability.[11][22]

Operators edit

 
Map with PL-12 operators in blue

Current operators edit

  People's Republic of China
  Pakistan
  Myanmar

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Wood, Yang & Cliff 2020, p. 19.
  2. ^ a b O'Rourke: page 21
  3. ^ a b c d e Wood, Yang & Cliff 2020, p. 38.
  4. ^ Medeiros et al.: page 93
  5. ^ Fisher, Richard D. Jr. (21 February 2010). "The Air Balance on the Taiwan Strait". International Assessment and Strategy Center. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  6. ^ a b Cliff: page 8
  7. ^ Hallion etc al.: page 195
  8. ^ O'Rourke: page 77
  9. ^ Gormley et al.: page 55
  10. ^ Gormley et al.: page 13
  11. ^ a b Jennings, Gareth (4 March 2015). . janes.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  12. ^ "Is Cambodia the Mystery Buyer of China's FTC-2000G Trainer/Fighter Jet?". Defense World. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  13. ^ Barrie, Douglas (8 October 2021). "China fires longer-range AAM at export market". International Institute for Strategic Studies.
  14. ^ For Strategic Studies (Iiss), The International Institute (15 February 2023). "6 Asia". The Military Balance 2023. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003400226. ISBN 9781003400226. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  15. ^ a b c Fisher, Richard D. Jr. (2 February 2008). . International Assessment and Strategy Center. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  16. ^ a b Medeiros et al.: page 92
  17. ^ Fisher, Richard D. Jr. (18 September 2015). . janes.com. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  18. ^ Fisher, Richard D. Jr. (21 November 2002). "Military Sales to China: Going to Pieces". International Assessment and Strategy Center. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  19. ^ a b Wood, Yang & Cliff 2020, p. 39.
  20. ^ a b Newdick, Thomas (1 September 2022). "A Guide To China's Increasingly Impressive Air-To-Air Missile Inventory". The Drive.
  21. ^ Bronk 2020, p. 36.
  22. ^ a b Joshi, Sameer (6 February 2021). "How China is fast catching up with the West in the race for air-to-air missile superiority". The Print.
  23. ^ Barrie, Douglas (9 September 2022). "Air-to-air warfare: speed kills". Military Balance Blog. International Institute for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  24. ^ Newdick, Thomas (1 September 2022). "A Guide To China's Increasingly Impressive Air-To-Air Missile Inventory". The Drive. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  25. ^ "Transfers of major weapons: Deals with deliveries or orders made for 1950 to 2021 (China to Pakistan, missiles)". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 26 January 2023. (750) PL-12 BVRAAM (2006) 2010-2021 (575) For JF-17 combat aircraft
  26. ^ "Transfers of major weapons: Deals with deliveries or orders made for 1950 to 2021 (China to Myanmar, missiles)". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 26 January 2023. (60) PL-12 BVRAAM (2015) 2018-2019 (24) For JF-17 combat aircraft
Bibliography
  • Cliff, Roger (May 2010). The Development of China's Air Force Capabilities (PDF) (Report). RAND Corporation. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  • Gormley, Dennis M.; Erickson, Andrew S.; Yuan, Jingdong (2014). A Low-Visibility Force Multiplier: Assessing China's Cruise Missile Ambitions (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press.
  • Hallion, Richard P.; Cliff, Roger P.; Saunder, Phillip C., eds. (2012). The Chinese Air Force: Evolving Concepts, Roles, and Capabilities (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press.
  • Medeiros, Evan S.; Cliff, Roger; Crane, Keith; Mulvenon, James C. (2005). A New Direction for China's Defense Industry. RAND Corporation. ISBN 9780833040794.
  • O'Rourke, Ronald (28 February 2014). China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  • Wood, Peter; Yang, David; Cliff, Roger (November 2020). Air-to-Air Missiles: Capabilities And Development In China (PDF). Montgomery: China Aerospace Studies Institute. ISBN 9798574996270.
  • Bronk, Justin (October 2020). Russian and Chinese Combat Air Trends (PDF) (Report). United Kingdom: Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies.</ref>

January 01, 1970
australian, aircraft, transavia, airtruk, chinese, 霹雳, pinyin, thunderbolt, nato, reporting, name, adze, active, radar, guided, beyond, visual, range, missile, developed, people, republic, china, considered, comparable, amraam, russian, model, export, version,. For the Australian aircraft see Transavia PL 12 Airtruk The PL 12 Chinese 霹雳 12 pinyin Pi Li 12 lit Thunderbolt 12 NATO reporting name CH AA 7 Adze 13 14 is an active radar guided beyond visual range air to air missile developed by the People s Republic of China It is considered comparable to the US AIM 120 AMRAAM and the Russian R 77 6 PL 12A model of an export version of the PL 12 SD 10A bottom left corner with a Pakistan Air Force JF 17 on display at the Farnborough Airshow 2010 TypeMedium range active radar homing air to air BVR missilePlace of originPeople s Republic of ChinaService historyIn service2005 present 1 Used byPeople s Liberation Army Air Force People s Liberation Army Naval Air Force Pakistan Air Force Myanmar Air ForceSpecificationsMass180 kilograms 400 lb 2 EngineDual thrust solid fuel rocket 3 Operationalrange70 100 kilometres 43 62 mi 4 5 Maximum speedMach 4 3 GuidancesystemActive radar 6 LaunchplatformXi an JH 7 7 Shenyang J 8F 8 Chengdu J 10 9 Shenyang J 11B 10 Shenyang J 15 2 CAC PAC JF 17 Thunder 11 FTC 2000G 12 Contents 1 History 2 Design 3 Variants 4 Operators 4 1 Current operators 5 See also 6 ReferencesHistory editDevelopment of the PL 12 SD 10 began in 1997 1 The first public information of the Leihua Electronic Technology Research Institute s PL 12 then called the SD 10 emerged in 2001 15 Development was assisted by Vympel NPO and Agat of Russia 16 Liang Xiaogeng is believed to have been the chief designer 17 Four successful test firings were made in 2004 16 The missile entered People s Liberation Army Air Force PLAAF service in 2005 1 Design editThe early batches of PL 12 missiles reportedly used the 9B 1348 radar seeker designed for the R 77 missile The development process was assisted by Vympel NPO and Tactical Missile Corporation and benefited from Russian technology transfers 3 But as of 2018 the PL 12 was no longer reliant on Russian components for missile production 3 The guidance system comprises data linked mid course guidance and active radar homing for terminal guidance 3 The missile uses Chinese rocket motor 15 and airframe 18 The PL 12 may have a passive homing mode for use against jammers and AEW aircraft 15 The maximum range is estimated to be 100 kilometres 62 mi 19 PL 12 s overall dimension is larger than AIM 120 AMRAAM Per PLAAF assessment PL 12 s capability sits between AIM 120B and AIM 120C and the improved PL 12A is claimed to be comparable with the AIM 120C 4 The domestic version of the PL 12 features a variable thrust rocket motor with a range of 70 100 kilometres 43 62 mi while the export variant SD 10 features a reduced range of 60 70 kilometres 37 43 mi 20 According to the Royal United Services Institute the range performance of PL 12 stands between AIM 120B and AIM 120C 5 21 Variants edit nbsp SD 10A on display with the JF 17 light weight fighter at the Farnborough International Airshow 2010 PL 12 Domestic version with 60 22 to 100 km 19 range PL 12A NATO reporting name is CH AA 7A 23 Improved PL 12 with a modified seeker and digital processor Reportedly fitted with passive mode for anti radiation missions 20 SD 10A ShanDian 10 闪电 10 Export version of the PL 12 with a reduced maximum launch range of 70 km 24 SD 10B Enhanced SD 10A with better anti jamming capability 11 22 Operators edit nbsp Map with PL 12 operators in blue Current operators edit nbsp People s Republic of China People s Liberation Army Air Force People s Liberation Army Naval Air Force nbsp Pakistan Pakistan Air Force PAF 575 delivered of 750 ordered as of 2021 update 25 nbsp Myanmar Myanmar Air Force 24 delivered of 60 ordered as of 2021 update 26 See also editPL 15 People s Republic of China AIM 120 AMRAAM United States of America R 77 Russia TC 2 Taiwan References edit a b c Wood Yang amp Cliff 2020 p 19 a b O Rourke page 21 a b c d e Wood Yang amp Cliff 2020 p 38 Medeiros et al page 93 Fisher Richard D Jr 21 February 2010 The Air Balance on the Taiwan Strait International Assessment and Strategy Center Retrieved 1 November 2016 a b Cliff page 8 Hallion etc al page 195 O Rourke page 77 Gormley et al page 55 Gormley et al page 13 a b Jennings Gareth 4 March 2015 Bulgaria to be offered JF 17 fighter by Pakistan janes com Archived from the original on 2 July 2015 Retrieved 15 May 2015 Is Cambodia the Mystery Buyer of China s FTC 2000G Trainer Fighter Jet Defense World Retrieved 14 February 2020 Barrie Douglas 8 October 2021 China fires longer range AAM at export market International Institute for Strategic Studies For Strategic Studies Iiss The International Institute 15 February 2023 6 Asia The Military Balance 2023 London Routledge doi 10 4324 9781003400226 ISBN 9781003400226 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help a b c Fisher Richard D Jr 2 February 2008 China s Emerging 5th Generation Air to Air Missiles International Assessment and Strategy Center Archived from the original on 21 October 2009 Retrieved 1 November 2016 a b Medeiros et al page 92 Fisher Richard D Jr 18 September 2015 Chief designer reveals data on China s new Luoyang PL 10 AAM janes com Archived from the original on 5 January 2016 Retrieved 15 May 2015 Fisher Richard D Jr 21 November 2002 Military Sales to China Going to Pieces International Assessment and Strategy Center Retrieved 1 November 2016 a b Wood Yang amp Cliff 2020 p 39 a b Newdick Thomas 1 September 2022 A Guide To China s Increasingly Impressive Air To Air Missile Inventory The Drive Bronk 2020 p 36 a b Joshi Sameer 6 February 2021 How China is fast catching up with the West in the race for air to air missile superiority The Print Barrie Douglas 9 September 2022 Air to air warfare speed kills Military Balance Blog International Institute for Strategic Studies Retrieved 6 November 2022 Newdick Thomas 1 September 2022 A Guide To China s Increasingly Impressive Air To Air Missile Inventory The Drive Retrieved 18 April 2023 Transfers of major weapons Deals with deliveries or orders made for 1950 to 2021 China to Pakistan missiles Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Retrieved 26 January 2023 750 PL 12 BVRAAM 2006 2010 2021 575 For JF 17 combat aircraft Transfers of major weapons Deals with deliveries or orders made for 1950 to 2021 China to Myanmar missiles Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Retrieved 26 January 2023 60 PL 12 BVRAAM 2015 2018 2019 24 For JF 17 combat aircraft Bibliography Cliff Roger May 2010 The Development of China s Air Force Capabilities PDF Report RAND Corporation Retrieved 30 October 2016 Gormley Dennis M Erickson Andrew S Yuan Jingdong 2014 A Low Visibility Force Multiplier Assessing China s Cruise Missile Ambitions PDF Report Washington D C National Defense University Press Hallion Richard P Cliff Roger P Saunder Phillip C eds 2012 The Chinese Air Force Evolving Concepts Roles and Capabilities PDF Report Washington D C National Defense University Press Medeiros Evan S Cliff Roger Crane Keith Mulvenon James C 2005 A New Direction for China s Defense Industry RAND Corporation ISBN 9780833040794 O Rourke Ronald 28 February 2014 China Naval Modernization Implications for U S Navy Capabilities Background and Issues for Congress PDF Report Congressional Research Service Retrieved 1 November 2016 Wood Peter Yang David Cliff Roger November 2020 Air to Air Missiles Capabilities And Development In China PDF Montgomery China Aerospace Studies Institute ISBN 9798574996270 Bronk Justin October 2020 Russian and Chinese Combat Air Trends PDF Report United Kingdom Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies lt ref gt Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title PL 12 amp oldid 1221084114, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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