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Codium

April 13, 2024

Codium is a genus of edible green macroalgae (or seaweeds) under the order Bryopsidales. The genus name is derived from a Greek word that pertains to the soft texture of its thallus. One of the foremost experts on Codium taxonomy was Paul Claude Silva at the University of California, Berkeley.[1][2] P.C. Silva was able to describe 36 species for the genus and in honor of his work on Codium,[1] the species C. silvae was named after the late professor.[3]

Codium
Codium spongiosum off the Réunion coast
Scientific classification
(unranked): Viridiplantae
Division: Chlorophyta
Class: Ulvophyceae
Order: Bryopsidales
Family: Codiaceae
Genus: Codium
Stackhouse, 1797
Type species
Codium tomentosum
Species

See text

Codium cylindricum Holmes, type definition herbarium specimen pressed

Taxonomy and Nomenclature edit

This genus is the largest member of the algal family Codiaceae and consequently under order Bryopsidales and it currently has about 143 confirmed species and four (4) unresolved members.[4] Stackhouse, unfortunately, failed to provide holotype specimens for C. tomentosum (type species) and some of its dichotomously branching congeners leading to misidentifications; P.C. Silva delineated C. tomentosum, C. fragile, and C. vermilara and established neotypes for each species to finally resolve this taxonomic blunder.[5]

Morphology edit

Being a member of the order Bryopsidales, Codium is coenocytic and siphonous.[4] Their spongy thallus is composed of a single, multinucleated, branched, tubular cell called siphon which terminates at a swollen end called the utricle.[2][3][4] These siphons intertwine with each other to form the clear mesh-like center of the Codium thallus called the medulla while the utricles surround this central layer to form a green to dark-green palisade layer called the cortex.[5][4]

The genus has a wide variety of thalli forms: (1) mat-forming, the thalli encrusts and adheres to given a substrate using its medullary filaments; (2) spherical, the thalli forms a ball and is superficially attached to an area using rhizoidal filaments; and (4) erect thalli, typically dichotomously branched with its medulla surrounded by utricles.[6] In addition to its thalli variations, the utricles which forms its thallus also has variety of forms, mainly based on their apical wall thickness and apex shapes.[6]

Similar to most seaweed species, Codium species also exhibit a wide range of morphological plasticity which has been a great challenge to its morphology-based taxonomy.[6][7][8]

Distribution edit

In terms of its natural range, Codium has a latitudinal range that encompasses the tropical to temperate areas, however, this genus is not found in the frigid polar regions of the world.[9][6]

Ireland edit

Two of these species are very rare in Ireland. Codium adhaerens has been recorded from a few sites on the west coast and from Tory Island on the north coast in County Donegal. In 1837 it was found in Church Bay in County Antrim,[10] but has not been found there since.

There are other species of "doubtful validity":- Codium amphibium is included in William Henry Harvey's Phycologia Britannica Pl.xxxv. and noted as: "spreading in patches of great extent along the edge of the sea, over the surface of a turf-bog which meets the shore at Roundstone Bay" (Ireland).

Worldwide edit

Invasion of Codium spp. edit

Even though Codium species are well-distributed across the globe, certain species have managed to escape their natural range and invade other areas. In the case of C. fragile spp. tomentosoides, commonly known as "oyster thief", the increasing marine traffic has made it possible for it to escape its natural locality (Japan) and spread to Europe and USA forcing devastating biodiversity and aquacultural losses.[12]

Ecology edit

Codium has been observed to inhabit both from the intertidal zone down to the subtidal area.[4]

Life history edit

Codium, like most ulvophycean seaweeds, exhibit a diplontic life history wherein the dominant diploid (2N) thallus produces the male and female gametangia that will produce the haploid (N) gametes through meiosis.[13] Moreover, Codium are also capable of fragmentation, which has led to its unwanted spread across the globe.

Exploitation, harvesting and cultivation edit

South Korea is the leading consumer and producer of farmed Codium (commonly known as cheonggak) in the world; with about 4000 metric tons of fresh weight produced in 2017 and valued at 2 million US dollars.[14] Farming and cultivation of Codium in South Korea is a thriving industry; their method first involves seeding a rope line with isolated pieces of utricles and medullary filaments[15] and finally transferring it into the open sea for the grow-out cultivation.[16]

Chemical composition/Natural products chemistry edit

A recent review on the bioactivity of the genus Codium has revealed that most of its polysaccharides, glycoproteins, galactans, anionic macromolecules, and other extracts/compounds have shown to have a variety of uses as immunostimulatory, anticoagulant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral agent.[17]

Utilization and Management edit

Codium is used either fresh or dry and is typically cooked and seasoned with soy sauce and vinegar or mixed with kimchi.[14]

References edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Codium.
  1. ^ a b Moe, R. (2019). "In Memoriam: Paul Claude Silva (31 October 1922–12 June 2014)". Phycologia. 54 (1): 89–94. doi:10.2216/14-111R1.1. S2CID 86361100.
  2. ^ a b C. van den Hoek; D. G. Mann; M. H. Jahns (1995). Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30419-1.
  3. ^ a b Womersley, H.B.S. (1984). The marine benthic flora of southern Australia. Part I. Adelaide, South Australia: Handbooks Committee of South Australian Government. p. 329. ISBN 0-7243-4552-3.
  4. ^ a b c d e Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2023). "Codium". AlgaeBase. National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  5. ^ a b Silva, P.C. (1955). "The dichotomous species of Codium in Britain". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 34 (3): 565–577. doi:10.1017/S0025315400008821. S2CID 86037013.
  6. ^ a b c d Verbruggen, Heroen; Leliaert, Frederik; Maggs, Christine A.; Shimada, Satoshi; Schils, Tom; Provan, Jim; Booth, David; Murphy, Sue; De Clerck, Olivier; Littler, Diane S.; Littler, Mark M.; Coppejans, Eric (July 2007). "Species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships within the green algal genus Codium (Bryopsidales) based on plastid DNA sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 44 (1): 240–254. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.01.009. PMID 17346993.
  7. ^ Lee, H.W.; Kim, M.S. (2015). "Species delimitation in the green algal genus Codium (Bryopsidales) from Korea using DNA barcoding". Acta Oceanologica Sinica. 34 (4): 114–124. doi:10.1007/s13131-015-0651-6. S2CID 83909900.
  8. ^ González, A.V.; Chacana, M.E.; Silva, P.C. (2012). "Codium bernabei sp. nov. (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta), a coalescing green seaweed from the coast of Chile". Phycologia. 51 (6): 666–671. doi:10.2216/12-025.1. S2CID 84445524.
  9. ^ De Oliveira-Carvalho, M.D.F.; Oliveira, M.C.; Pereira, S.M.B.; Verbruggen, H. (2012). "Phylogenetic analysis of Codium species from Brazil, with the description of the new species C. pernambucensis (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta)". European Journal of Phycology. 47 (4): 355–365. doi:10.1080/09670262.2012.718363. S2CID 51823495.
  10. ^ Morton,O. 1994. Marine Algae of Northern Ireland. Ulster Museum. ISBN 0 900761 28 8
  11. ^ Abbott, Isabella A. (1989). Lembi, Carole A.; Waaland, J. Robert (eds.). Algae and human affairs. Cambridge University Press, Phycological Society of America. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-521-32115-0. Food and food products from seaweeds
  12. ^ Petrocelli, A.; Cecere, E. (2016-01-15). 11. Invasive Seaweeds: Impacts and Management Actions. De Gruyter Open Poland. doi:10.1515/9783110438666-016. ISBN 978-3-11-043866-6.
  13. ^ Sahoo, Dinabandhu; Seckbach, Joseph, eds. (2015). The Algae World. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology. Vol. 26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7321-8. ISBN 978-94-017-7320-1. S2CID 8016645.
  14. ^ a b Hwang, E.K.; Park, C.S. (2020). "Seaweed cultivation and utilization of Korea". Algae. 35 (2): 107–121. doi:10.4490/algae.2020.35.5.15. ISSN 1226-2617. S2CID 225689208.
  15. ^ Hwang, Eun-Kyoung; Baek, Jae-Min; Park, Chan-Sun (2005). "Artificial Seed Production Using the Reproduction Methods in Codium fragile (Chlorophyta)". Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 38 (3): 164–171. doi:10.5657/kfas.2005.38.3.164. ISSN 0374-8111.
  16. ^ Hwang, E.K.; Baek, J.M.; Park, C.S. (2008). "Cultivation of the green alga, Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot, by artificial seed production in Korea". Journal of Applied Phycology. 20 (5): 469–475. doi:10.1007/s10811-007-9265-5. S2CID 22367953.
  17. ^ Meinita, M.D.N.; Harwanto, D.; Choi, J.S. (2022). "A concise review of the bioactivity and pharmacological properties of the genus Codium (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta)". Journal of Applied Phycology. 34 (6): 2827–2845. doi:10.1007/s10811-022-02842-8. PMC 9559154. PMID 36259048.

April 13, 2024
codium, genus, edible, green, macroalgae, seaweeds, under, order, bryopsidales, genus, name, derived, from, greek, word, that, pertains, soft, texture, thallus, foremost, experts, taxonomy, paul, claude, silva, university, california, berkeley, silva, able, de. Codium is a genus of edible green macroalgae or seaweeds under the order Bryopsidales The genus name is derived from a Greek word that pertains to the soft texture of its thallus One of the foremost experts on Codium taxonomy was Paul Claude Silva at the University of California Berkeley 1 2 P C Silva was able to describe 36 species for the genus and in honor of his work on Codium 1 the species C silvae was named after the late professor 3 CodiumCodium spongiosum off the Reunion coastScientific classification unranked ViridiplantaeDivision ChlorophytaClass UlvophyceaeOrder BryopsidalesFamily CodiaceaeGenus CodiumStackhouse 1797Type speciesCodium tomentosumStackhouse 1797SpeciesSee textCodium cylindricum Holmes type definition herbarium specimen pressed Contents 1 Taxonomy and Nomenclature 2 Morphology 3 Distribution 3 1 Ireland 3 2 Worldwide 3 3 Invasion of Codium spp 4 Ecology 5 Life history 6 Exploitation harvesting and cultivation 7 Chemical composition Natural products chemistry 8 Utilization and Management 9 ReferencesTaxonomy and Nomenclature editThis genus is the largest member of the algal family Codiaceae and consequently under order Bryopsidales and it currently has about 143 confirmed species and four 4 unresolved members 4 Stackhouse unfortunately failed to provide holotype specimens for C tomentosum type species and some of its dichotomously branching congeners leading to misidentifications P C Silva delineated C tomentosum C fragile and C vermilara and established neotypes for each species to finally resolve this taxonomic blunder 5 Morphology editBeing a member of the order Bryopsidales Codium is coenocytic and siphonous 4 Their spongy thallus is composed of a single multinucleated branched tubular cell called siphon which terminates at a swollen end called the utricle 2 3 4 These siphons intertwine with each other to form the clear mesh like center of the Codium thallus called the medulla while the utricles surround this central layer to form a green to dark green palisade layer called the cortex 5 4 The genus has a wide variety of thalli forms 1 mat forming the thalli encrusts and adheres to given a substrate using its medullary filaments 2 spherical the thalli forms a ball and is superficially attached to an area using rhizoidal filaments and 4 erect thalli typically dichotomously branched with its medulla surrounded by utricles 6 In addition to its thalli variations the utricles which forms its thallus also has variety of forms mainly based on their apical wall thickness and apex shapes 6 Similar to most seaweed species Codium species also exhibit a wide range of morphological plasticity which has been a great challenge to its morphology based taxonomy 6 7 8 Distribution editIn terms of its natural range Codium has a latitudinal range that encompasses the tropical to temperate areas however this genus is not found in the frigid polar regions of the world 9 6 Ireland edit Two of these species are very rare in Ireland Codium adhaerens has been recorded from a few sites on the west coast and from Tory Island on the north coast in County Donegal In 1837 it was found in Church Bay in County Antrim 10 but has not been found there since Codium adhaerens C Agardh Codium bursa Linnaeus C Agardh has been found in Mulroy Bay in County Donegal in 1977 specimen in the Ulster Museum and 1988 There is an old record of it from near Belfast between 1793 and 1810 Codium fragile Suringar Hariot Codium fragile subsp atlanticum A Cotton Silva Codium tomentosum Stackhouse Codium vermilara Olivi Delle ChiajeThere are other species of doubtful validity Codium amphibium is included in William Henry Harvey s Phycologia Britannica Pl xxxv and noted as spreading in patches of great extent along the edge of the sea over the surface of a turf bog which meets the shore at Roundstone Bay Ireland Worldwide edit Codium arabicum Kutz Australia Codium arenicola Chacana amp P C Silva Australia Codium australasicum P C Silva Australia Codium bulbopilum Setch Australia Codium bursa C Agardh North Atlantic and Mediterranean Codium capitulatum P C Silva amp Womersley Australia Codium convolutum Dellow P C Silva New Zealand Codium cuneatum S amp G California United States Codium duthiae Silva Australia Tasmania and South Africa Codium dwarkense Borgesen Australia Codium edule Indo Pacific including Hawaii Codium extricatum Silva Cape Agulhas to southern KwaZulu Natal Codium fragile Suringar Hariot Nova Scotia Canada Codium fragile Sui song Chinese 11 Japan American Pacific from Alaska to Cape Horn Australia and New Zealand British Isles Norway Denmark and Netherlands Codium fragile subsp capense Silva South Africa Codium galeatum J Agardh Australia Codium geppiorum O C Schmidt Australia and Indo Pacific South Africa Codium harveyi P C Silva Australia Codium hubbsii Daws California U S A Codium intertextum Collins amp Hervey Codium isthmocladum Vickers Codium johnstonei Silva California U S A Codium laminarioides Harv Australia Codium lucasii Setchell Australia Tasmania Codium mamillosum Harv Australia Codium muelleri Kutz Australia Codium perriniae A H S Lucas Australia Codium pomoides J Agardh Australia Codium setchellii Gardn California U S A Codium silvae Womersley Australia Codium spinescens P C Silva amp Womersley Australia Codium spongiosum Harv Australia Codium strangulatum Chacana amp P C Silva Australia Codium taylorii Silva Australia Codium repens P Crouan amp H Crouan Vickers Codium tenue Kutz Kutz Australia Codium tomentosum Stackh AustraliaInvasion of Codium spp edit Even though Codium species are well distributed across the globe certain species have managed to escape their natural range and invade other areas In the case of C fragile spp tomentosoides commonly known as oyster thief the increasing marine traffic has made it possible for it to escape its natural locality Japan and spread to Europe and USA forcing devastating biodiversity and aquacultural losses 12 Ecology editCodium has been observed to inhabit both from the intertidal zone down to the subtidal area 4 Life history editCodium like most ulvophycean seaweeds exhibit a diplontic life history wherein the dominant diploid 2N thallus produces the male and female gametangia that will produce the haploid N gametes through meiosis 13 Moreover Codium are also capable of fragmentation which has led to its unwanted spread across the globe Exploitation harvesting and cultivation editSouth Korea is the leading consumer and producer of farmed Codium commonly known as cheonggak in the world with about 4000 metric tons of fresh weight produced in 2017 and valued at 2 million US dollars 14 Farming and cultivation of Codium in South Korea is a thriving industry their method first involves seeding a rope line with isolated pieces of utricles and medullary filaments 15 and finally transferring it into the open sea for the grow out cultivation 16 Chemical composition Natural products chemistry editA recent review on the bioactivity of the genus Codium has revealed that most of its polysaccharides glycoproteins galactans anionic macromolecules and other extracts compounds have shown to have a variety of uses as immunostimulatory anticoagulant anticancer anti inflammatory antibacterial antifungal and antiviral agent 17 Utilization and Management editCodium is used either fresh or dry and is typically cooked and seasoned with soy sauce and vinegar or mixed with kimchi 14 References edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Codium a b Moe R 2019 In Memoriam Paul Claude Silva 31 October 1922 12 June 2014 Phycologia 54 1 89 94 doi 10 2216 14 111R1 1 S2CID 86361100 a b C van den Hoek D G Mann M H Jahns 1995 Algae An Introduction to Phycology Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 30419 1 a b Womersley H B S 1984 The marine benthic flora of southern Australia Part I Adelaide South Australia Handbooks Committee of South Australian Government p 329 ISBN 0 7243 4552 3 a b c d e Guiry M D Guiry G M 2023 Codium AlgaeBase National University of Ireland Galway Retrieved 13 January 2023 a b Silva P C 1955 The dichotomous species of Codium in Britain Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 34 3 565 577 doi 10 1017 S0025315400008821 S2CID 86037013 a b c d Verbruggen Heroen Leliaert Frederik Maggs Christine A Shimada Satoshi Schils Tom Provan Jim Booth David Murphy Sue De Clerck Olivier Littler Diane S Littler Mark M Coppejans Eric July 2007 Species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships within the green algal genus Codium Bryopsidales based on plastid DNA sequences Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44 1 240 254 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2007 01 009 PMID 17346993 Lee H W Kim M S 2015 Species delimitation in the green algal genus Codium Bryopsidales from Korea using DNA barcoding Acta Oceanologica Sinica 34 4 114 124 doi 10 1007 s13131 015 0651 6 S2CID 83909900 Gonzalez A V Chacana M E Silva P C 2012 Codium bernabei sp nov Bryopsidales Chlorophyta a coalescing green seaweed from the coast of Chile Phycologia 51 6 666 671 doi 10 2216 12 025 1 S2CID 84445524 De Oliveira Carvalho M D F Oliveira M C Pereira S M B Verbruggen H 2012 Phylogenetic analysis of Codium species from Brazil with the description of the new species C pernambucensis Bryopsidales Chlorophyta European Journal of Phycology 47 4 355 365 doi 10 1080 09670262 2012 718363 S2CID 51823495 Morton O 1994 Marine Algae of Northern Ireland Ulster Museum ISBN 0 900761 28 8 Abbott Isabella A 1989 Lembi Carole A Waaland J Robert eds Algae and human affairs Cambridge University Press Phycological Society of America p 141 ISBN 978 0 521 32115 0 Food and food products from seaweeds Petrocelli A Cecere E 2016 01 15 11 Invasive Seaweeds Impacts and Management Actions De Gruyter Open Poland doi 10 1515 9783110438666 016 ISBN 978 3 11 043866 6 Sahoo Dinabandhu Seckbach Joseph eds 2015 The Algae World Cellular Origin Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology Vol 26 Dordrecht Springer Netherlands doi 10 1007 978 94 017 7321 8 ISBN 978 94 017 7320 1 S2CID 8016645 a b Hwang E K Park C S 2020 Seaweed cultivation and utilization of Korea Algae 35 2 107 121 doi 10 4490 algae 2020 35 5 15 ISSN 1226 2617 S2CID 225689208 Hwang Eun Kyoung Baek Jae Min Park Chan Sun 2005 Artificial Seed Production Using the Reproduction Methods in Codium fragile Chlorophyta Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38 3 164 171 doi 10 5657 kfas 2005 38 3 164 ISSN 0374 8111 Hwang E K Baek J M Park C S 2008 Cultivation of the green alga Codium fragile Suringar Hariot by artificial seed production in Korea Journal of Applied Phycology 20 5 469 475 doi 10 1007 s10811 007 9265 5 S2CID 22367953 Meinita M D N Harwanto D Choi J S 2022 A concise review of the bioactivity and pharmacological properties of the genus Codium Bryopsidales Chlorophyta Journal of Applied Phycology 34 6 2827 2845 doi 10 1007 s10811 022 02842 8 PMC 9559154 PMID 36259048 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Codium amp oldid 1194163350, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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