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AZP S-60

February 13, 2023

For other uses, see S-60 (disambiguation).

AZP S-60 (Russian: Автоматическая зенитная пушка С-60, abbrev. АЗП (AZP); literally: Automatic anti-aircraft gun S-60) is a Soviet towed, road-transportable, short- to medium-range, single-barrel anti-aircraft gun from the 1950s. The gun was extensively used in Warsaw Pact, Middle Eastern and South-East Asian countries.

AZP S-60
S-60 in an Israeli museum
TypeAutocannon
Place of origin Soviet Union
Service history
In service1950–present
Used bySee users
  •  Soviet Union
  •  Vietnam
    • WarsBajaur Campaign
    Vietnam War
    Laotian Civil War
    Cambodian Civil War
    Cambodian–Vietnamese War
    Six-Day War
    Yom Kippur War
    Lebanese Civil War
    Iran–Iraq War
    Gulf War
    Somali Civil War
    Iraq War
    Syrian Civil War[1]
    Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)
    Russo-Ukrainian War
    numerous others
    Production history
    DesignerVasiliy Grabin
    ManufacturerTsAKB
    Specifications
    Mass4,660 kg (10,273 lbs)
    Length8.5 m (27 ft 11 in)
    Barrel length4.4 m (14 ft 5 in)[2]
    Width2.054 m (6 ft 9 in)
    Height2.37 m (7 ft 9 in)
    Crew7
    ShellFixed QF 57×347mmSR[3]
    Caliber57mm (2.24 in)
    ActionRecoil operated
    CarriageFour wheels with outriggers
    Elevation−4° to +85°
    Traverse360°[2]
    Rate of fire105–120 rpm (cyclic)
    70 rpm (sustained)
    Muzzle velocity1,000 m/s (3,281 ft/s)
    Effective firing range6,000 m (20,000 ft) (radar guided)
    4,000 m (13,000 ft) (optically guided)

    History

    In the late 1940s, the Soviets started to develop a 57 mm anti-aircraft gun, to replace its 37 mm guns. Three models were presented, and the winning design was made by V. G. Grabin. According to western intelligence sources, the German prototype gun 5,5 cm Gerät 58 formed the basis for the design.[citation needed] The Soviets were also able to study German 5 cm Flak 41 guns that had been captured following the Battle of Stalingrad.

    The prototype passed the field tests in 1946 and was accepted into service in 1950, after some minor modifications. The anti-aircraft gun was given the name 57 mm AZP S-60. Grabin continued the development and fielded the SPAAG version ZSU-57-2 in 1955.

    The fire direction device was developed from the German Lambda calculator (Kommandogerät 40, 40A, and 40B) and was called PUAZO-5A. It had also a distance measuring device called D-49. The fire direction was also made more effective by including Grom-2 (10 cm wavelength) radars to the AA-batteries. The whole system was called SON-9. Later on, the calculators would be changed into the more modern RPK-1 Vaza, which had been designed by M. M. Kositskin. The calculator and the radars were transported by Ural 375 trucks.

    The 57 mm gun replaced the 37 mm divisional guns in Soviet service in the 1950s. A divisional anti-aircraft regiment consisted of two AA-batteries with six 57 mm guns each. The PVO air-defence troops AA-regiments consisted of four 57 mm AA-batteries (24 guns).

    In the mid-1960s, the Soviet divisional anti-aircraft units began replacing their AA-guns with missiles, and by the end of the 1970s, the AA-guns had almost disappeared. However, they were used in many other countries. The performance of AAA (anti-aircraft artillery) in Vietnam against low-flying aircraft led the Soviets to bring back many guns from storage to supplement the Surface-to-Air Missiles, whose performance at low altitude was less than satisfactory.

    Operational history

    The S-60 and its Chinese copy (the Type 59) have seen combat in several wars all over the world – e.g., the Bajaur Campaign, Six-Day War and the Yom Kippur War in the Middle East, and the Soviet–Afghan War. The Afghan People's Army received twenty-four 57 mm guns in 1958, and deployed it during the Bajaur Campaign. During the Vietnam War, the S-60 was the keystone of North Vietnamese low-altitude air defense and was most effective between 460 meters and 1,500 meters.

    In Iraq (Iran–Iraq War, Gulf War and Iraq War), the S-60, normally deployed in battalions of 36 guns, served consistently in defense of divisional headquarters and field artillery assets.

    Georgian army air defence units used S-60 guns during the Russo-Georgian War. Some units engaged Russian attack aircraft near the city of Gori. None were shot down by S-60 though some were damaged.

    Syrian S-60 guns were actively used during the Syrian Civil War by both the army and rebel groups. As many other guns originally designed for antiaircraft use, most of the time they were used in shelling ground targets.[4]

    The Islamic State allegedly shot down a Cessna 208 Caravan operated by the Iraqi Air Force near Hawija, Iraq on 16 March 2016 with a truck-mounted S-60.[5][6][7]

    In 2022, S-60s were used by Ukraine in the war with Russia not in their original anti-aircraft role but as indirect-fire artillery. In this role they were reported to have an effective range of 6.1km.[8]

    Ammunition types

    The S-60 fires ammunition in 57×348SR caliber, with ballistics (see below) similar to the longer 57×438mm ammunition of Bofors 57 mm AA gun, but somewhat weaker than Soviet 57 mm anti-tank guns of World War II. Modern anti-aircraft rounds have not been developed for the gun; the main characteristics of the Soviet-era ammunition are listed in the table below. In addition to these People's Republic of China manufactures ammunition in 57x348SR caliber, designated Type 59 HE-T, Type 59 AP-T, and Type 76 HE-T.

    Training rounds include a blank round MK-281 ("Manöver-Kartusche", East German designation), and training rounds with -IN suffix (UBR-281U-IN, UOR-281U-IN) identifying the rounds as fuzeless versions of the APCBC and HE rounds with dummy fuzes and inert filling replacing the explosive cavities.

    Designation Type Projectile weight [g] Bursting charge [g] Muzzle velocity [m/s] Description
    UBR-281/281U APCBC-HE-T 2,820[9] 13[9] 1,000[9] Anti-tank round with sharp penetrator, blunt cap and an aerodynamic cover, with tracer and a delayed-action base fuze.[9] Penetration 96 mm RHA at 1,000 m range or 106 mm at 500 m.[10] UBR-281 and -281U are loaded with the same projectile and differ only by details in case mouth and swage grooves.[9]
    UOR-281 HE-T 2,850[9] 154[9] 1,000[9] Impact-fuzed fragmentation shell for anti-aircraft use. Nose fuze with self-destruct function and a tracer.[9]
    UOR-281U HE-T 2,850[9] 154[9]
    168[10]    		 1,000[9] Similar to UOR-281; some sources state the shell is the same as in UOR-281 and the round differs from it only in details of the case mouth and swage grooves (as with the UBR round),[9] while others claim a slightly larger HE filling.[10]
    3UO6 HE ? 154 1,000 Similar to UOR-281U but with proximity fuze AR-51 installed. Fuze operating with RPK-1 system together. Not to be confused with later smart shells which Russia developed.
    Type 59 AP AP-T ? ? ? Chinese anti-tank round presumably similar to UBR-281/281U.
    Type 59 HE HE-T ? ? ? Chinese fragmentation round for anti-aircraft use, presumably similar to UOR-281/281U.
    Type 76 HE HE-T ? ? ? Chinese fragmentation round.

    Airburst munitions for Russian 30 mm and 57 mm autocannons are in development.[11][12][13][14]

     
    ZSU-57-2

    Versions

     
    AK-725 (ZIF-72)
    • AK-725: Naval version of the S-60 gun. Introduced in 1958. Mounted in single, double and quadruple mounts (designated ZIF-31) on many early Soviet destroyers.
    • ZIF-72: Naval version which is enclosed in a metal housing and fully automatic. Also exported to India. Introduced in the mid-1970s.
    • ZSU-57-2: Self-propelled version with two 57 mm S-60 guns (designated S-68)
    • Type-80: Chinese version of the ZSU-57-2.
    • S-60MB: Modernized Polish version, electrically powered, with a digital, automatic guidance system.[15]
    • BM-57: Updated version.

    Users

    The S-60 was sold to at least 37 countries during the Soviet era. The gun was also license manufactured in Poland by Zakłady Mechaniczne Tarnów in Tarnów (en. Tarnów Mechanical Works), and in Hungary by DIMÁVAG in Miskolc-Diósgyőr, and in China as the Type 59.

     
    Indonesian navy ship, KRI Sampari (628) main gun AU-220M lightweight naval artillery module with 57mm BM-57 autocannon

    Current operators

    Former operators

    See also

    References

    1. ^ "YouTube". Youtube.com.[dead YouTube link]
    2. ^ a b Foss, Christopher (1977). Jane's Pocket Book of Towed Artillery. New York: Collier. p. 243. ISBN 0020806000. OCLC 911907988.
    3. ^ "48-57 Mm Calibre Cartridges".
    4. ^ "YouTube". Youtube.com.[dead YouTube link]
    5. ^ . Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
    6. ^ Kaplan, Michael (16 March 2016). "Did ISIS Shoot Down Iraqi Military Plane? Islamic State Group Claims Anti-Aircraft Attack In Hawija". International Business Times.
    7. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Cessna AC-208B Combat Caravan YI-119 Hawijah". Aviation-safety.net.
    8. ^ ""The Come Back Alive foundation has shared footage of vintage AZP S-60 57mm AA guns in use with Ukrainian forces..."". Ukraine Weapons Tracker / Twitter. 7 August 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
    9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "The Russian Ammunition Page - Home". Russianammo.org.
    10. ^ a b c Jane's Ammunition Handbook, 1994
    11. ^ "Cloud from shrapnel: how controlled ammunition will strengthen the power of Russian armored vehicles – International News". Tellerreport.com. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
    12. ^ "Russia's Military Built a 'Terminator' And Now It's Getting Smart Weapons". Newsweek. 21 June 2018.
    13. ^ "TASS: Military & Defense – Russia to develop anti-drone shrapnel ammunition". Tass.com. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
    14. ^ "UVZ to unveil modernized BMP-1 with 2A72 cannon at Army 2018". Armyrecognition.com.
    15. ^ Krzyżanowski, Leszek (2015). "Osłona przeciwlotnicza jednostek brzegowych". Przegląd Sił Zbrojnych (in Polish). No. 5. Wojskowy Instytut Wydawniczy. p. 43. ISSN 2353-1975.
    16. ^ "JSC CRI "Burevestnik"/ 57mm AU220M Automatic Weapon Station". Burevestnik.com.
    17. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 458.
    18. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 465.
    19. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 470.
    20. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 471.
    21. ^ "Surveillance Radar Rudal Rapier, Mampu Dialihfungsi Mendukung Peran Meriam PSU S-60 57mm TNI AD". Retrieved 4 November 2022.
    22. ^ "AN/UPS-3 TDAR: Radar Penjejak Target Untuk Meriam PSU S-60 57mm Retrofit Arhanud TNI AD". Retrieved 4 November 2022.
    23. ^ The Military Balance 2021. International Institute for Strategic Studies. p. 290-291.
    24. ^ Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (29 October 2021). "Kurdish Armour: Inventorising YPG Equipment In Northern Syria". Oryx Blog.
    25. ^ "Зенітна гармата С-60 у російсько-українській війні". mil.in.ua (in Ukrainian). 28 October 2022.
    26. ^ doanhnghiepvn.vn (6 September 2019). "Báo Nga bình luận về pháo phòng không S-60 AZP Việt Nam tự nâng cấp - Doanh nghiệp Việt Nam". Cơ quan ngôn luận của hiệp hội doanh nghiệp nhỏ và vừa Việt Nam (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 12 June 2020.
    27. ^ "Vehicles and equipment captured and destroyed by the Islamic State inside Iraq until November 2014".
    28. ^ Ross, Russell, ed. (1987). Cambodia, a Country Study. Area Handbook Series (Third ed.). Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, American University. p. 313. ISBN 978-0160208386.

    Bibliography

    External links

     
    Wikimedia Commons has media related to S-60 57 mm gun.
    • FAS page on the S-60
    • (in Russian)
    • S-60 57mm AA Video

    February 13, 2023
    other, uses, disambiguation, russian, Автоматическая, зенитная, пушка, abbrev, АЗП, literally, automatic, anti, aircraft, soviet, towed, road, transportable, short, medium, range, single, barrel, anti, aircraft, from, 1950s, extensively, used, warsaw, pact, mi. For other uses see S 60 disambiguation AZP S 60 Russian Avtomaticheskaya zenitnaya pushka S 60 abbrev AZP AZP literally Automatic anti aircraft gun S 60 is a Soviet towed road transportable short to medium range single barrel anti aircraft gun from the 1950s The gun was extensively used in Warsaw Pact Middle Eastern and South East Asian countries AZP S 60S 60 in an Israeli museumTypeAutocannonPlace of origin Soviet UnionService historyIn service1950 presentUsed bySee users Soviet Union VietnamWarsBajaur CampaignVietnam WarLaotian Civil WarCambodian Civil WarCambodian Vietnamese WarSix Day WarYom Kippur WarLebanese Civil WarIran Iraq WarGulf WarSomali Civil WarIraq WarSyrian Civil War 1 Yemeni Civil War 2015 present Russo Ukrainian Warnumerous othersProduction historyDesignerVasiliy GrabinManufacturerTsAKBSpecificationsMass4 660 kg 10 273 lbs Length8 5 m 27 ft 11 in Barrel length4 4 m 14 ft 5 in 2 Width2 054 m 6 ft 9 in Height2 37 m 7 ft 9 in Crew7ShellFixed QF 57 347mmSR 3 Caliber57mm 2 24 in ActionRecoil operatedCarriageFour wheels with outriggersElevation 4 to 85 Traverse360 2 Rate of fire105 120 rpm cyclic 70 rpm sustained Muzzle velocity1 000 m s 3 281 ft s Effective firing range6 000 m 20 000 ft radar guided 4 000 m 13 000 ft optically guided Contents 1 History 2 Operational history 3 Ammunition types 4 Versions 5 Users 5 1 Current operators 5 2 Former operators 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External linksHistory EditIn the late 1940s the Soviets started to develop a 57 mm anti aircraft gun to replace its 37 mm guns Three models were presented and the winning design was made by V G Grabin According to western intelligence sources the German prototype gun 5 5 cm Gerat 58 formed the basis for the design citation needed The Soviets were also able to study German 5 cm Flak 41 guns that had been captured following the Battle of Stalingrad The prototype passed the field tests in 1946 and was accepted into service in 1950 after some minor modifications The anti aircraft gun was given the name 57 mm AZP S 60 Grabin continued the development and fielded the SPAAG version ZSU 57 2 in 1955 The fire direction device was developed from the German Lambda calculator Kommandogerat 40 40A and 40B and was called PUAZO 5A It had also a distance measuring device called D 49 The fire direction was also made more effective by including Grom 2 10 cm wavelength radars to the AA batteries The whole system was called SON 9 Later on the calculators would be changed into the more modern RPK 1 Vaza which had been designed by M M Kositskin The calculator and the radars were transported by Ural 375 trucks The 57 mm gun replaced the 37 mm divisional guns in Soviet service in the 1950s A divisional anti aircraft regiment consisted of two AA batteries with six 57 mm guns each The PVO air defence troops AA regiments consisted of four 57 mm AA batteries 24 guns In the mid 1960s the Soviet divisional anti aircraft units began replacing their AA guns with missiles and by the end of the 1970s the AA guns had almost disappeared However they were used in many other countries The performance of AAA anti aircraft artillery in Vietnam against low flying aircraft led the Soviets to bring back many guns from storage to supplement the Surface to Air Missiles whose performance at low altitude was less than satisfactory Operational history EditThe S 60 and its Chinese copy the Type 59 have seen combat in several wars all over the world e g the Bajaur Campaign Six Day War and the Yom Kippur War in the Middle East and the Soviet Afghan War The Afghan People s Army received twenty four 57 mm guns in 1958 and deployed it during the Bajaur Campaign During the Vietnam War the S 60 was the keystone of North Vietnamese low altitude air defense and was most effective between 460 meters and 1 500 meters In Iraq Iran Iraq War Gulf War and Iraq War the S 60 normally deployed in battalions of 36 guns served consistently in defense of divisional headquarters and field artillery assets Georgian army air defence units used S 60 guns during the Russo Georgian War Some units engaged Russian attack aircraft near the city of Gori None were shot down by S 60 though some were damaged Syrian S 60 guns were actively used during the Syrian Civil War by both the army and rebel groups As many other guns originally designed for antiaircraft use most of the time they were used in shelling ground targets 4 The Islamic State allegedly shot down a Cessna 208 Caravan operated by the Iraqi Air Force near Hawija Iraq on 16 March 2016 with a truck mounted S 60 5 6 7 In 2022 S 60s were used by Ukraine in the war with Russia not in their original anti aircraft role but as indirect fire artillery In this role they were reported to have an effective range of 6 1km 8 Ammunition types EditThe S 60 fires ammunition in 57 348SR caliber with ballistics see below similar to the longer 57 438mm ammunition of Bofors 57 mm AA gun but somewhat weaker than Soviet 57 mm anti tank guns of World War II Modern anti aircraft rounds have not been developed for the gun the main characteristics of the Soviet era ammunition are listed in the table below In addition to these People s Republic of China manufactures ammunition in 57x348SR caliber designated Type 59 HE T Type 59 AP T and Type 76 HE T Training rounds include a blank round MK 281 Manover Kartusche East German designation and training rounds with IN suffix UBR 281U IN UOR 281U IN identifying the rounds as fuzeless versions of the APCBC and HE rounds with dummy fuzes and inert filling replacing the explosive cavities Designation Type Projectile weight g Bursting charge g Muzzle velocity m s DescriptionUBR 281 281U APCBC HE T 2 820 9 13 9 1 000 9 Anti tank round with sharp penetrator blunt cap and an aerodynamic cover with tracer and a delayed action base fuze 9 Penetration 96 mm RHA at 1 000 m range or 106 mm at 500 m 10 UBR 281 and 281U are loaded with the same projectile and differ only by details in case mouth and swage grooves 9 UOR 281 HE T 2 850 9 154 9 1 000 9 Impact fuzed fragmentation shell for anti aircraft use Nose fuze with self destruct function and a tracer 9 UOR 281U HE T 2 850 9 154 9 168 10 1 000 9 Similar to UOR 281 some sources state the shell is the same as in UOR 281 and the round differs from it only in details of the case mouth and swage grooves as with the UBR round 9 while others claim a slightly larger HE filling 10 3UO6 HE 154 1 000 Similar to UOR 281U but with proximity fuze AR 51 installed Fuze operating with RPK 1 system together Not to be confused with later smart shells which Russia developed Type 59 AP AP T Chinese anti tank round presumably similar to UBR 281 281U Type 59 HE HE T Chinese fragmentation round for anti aircraft use presumably similar to UOR 281 281U Type 76 HE HE T Chinese fragmentation round Airburst munitions for Russian 30 mm and 57 mm autocannons are in development 11 12 13 14 ZSU 57 2Versions Edit AK 725 ZIF 72 AK 725 Naval version of the S 60 gun Introduced in 1958 Mounted in single double and quadruple mounts designated ZIF 31 on many early Soviet destroyers ZIF 72 Naval version which is enclosed in a metal housing and fully automatic Also exported to India Introduced in the mid 1970s ZSU 57 2 Self propelled version with two 57 mm S 60 guns designated S 68 Type 80 Chinese version of the ZSU 57 2 S 60MB Modernized Polish version electrically powered with a digital automatic guidance system 15 BM 57 Updated version AU 220M Baikal Remote weapon station with fire control system using BM 57 16 Russian Army T 15 with AU 220M RWS armed with 57mm BM 57 autocannonUsers EditThe S 60 was sold to at least 37 countries during the Soviet era The gun was also license manufactured in Poland by Zaklady Mechaniczne Tarnow in Tarnow en Tarnow Mechanical Works and in Hungary by DIMAVAG in Miskolc Diosgyor and in China as the Type 59 Indonesian navy ship KRI Sampari 628 main gun AU 220M lightweight naval artillery module with 57mm BM 57 autocannon Current operators Edit Algeria 70 units Angola Armenia Bangladesh 34 units as of 2017 citation needed Bulgaria Republic of the Congo 17 Cuba 400 units Czech Republic Egypt 600 units Eritrea 12 units Ethiopia 18 Georgia 15 units Guinea 12 units 19 Guinea Bissau 10 units 20 Hungary 186 units 43 in store India Indonesia 256 units 2 units AU 220M on Sampari class fast attack craft 14 units AK 725 ZIF 72 on Kapitan Pattimura class corvettes Unknown amount upgraded to use the Rapier s Blindfire radar or the AN UPS 3 as a fire control radar 21 22 Iraq Laos Libya 90 units Mali 6 units Mauritania 2 units Moldova 12 units Nicaragua Pakistan 144 units of Type 59 variant as of 2021 23 Poland 500 units Romania 250 units Russia Sahrawi Republic Somalia Sudan Both S 60 and Type 59 versions Syria 675 units Free Syrian Army Used by Syrian Rebels on various trucks chassis People s Defense Units YPG 24 Turkmenistan 22 units Ukraine 25 Yemen 120 units Vietnam 26 Former operators Edit Afghanistan 24 units received in 1958 further 36 units delivered between 1973 and 1978 Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Belarus People s Republic of China Czechoslovakia 575 units Passed on to successor states Finland 12 units Nicknamed Nikolai Iran ISIL 21 units 27 Israel Captured units People s Republic of Kampuchea 28 Kyrgyzstan 24 units Morocco Mozambique Mongolia Myanmar North Korea Pakistan Soviet Union Passed on to successor states Slovakia Transnistria Thailand 24 units Zambia 30 unitsSee also EditWeapons of the Laotian Civil War Weapons of the Lebanese Civil WarReferences Edit YouTube Youtube com dead YouTube link a b Foss Christopher 1977 Jane s Pocket Book of Towed Artillery New York Collier p 243 ISBN 0020806000 OCLC 911907988 48 57 Mm Calibre Cartridges YouTube Youtube com dead YouTube link Islamic State claims Iraqi Cessna shoot down IHS Jane s 360 Archived from the original on 2 April 2016 Retrieved 3 April 2016 Kaplan Michael 16 March 2016 Did ISIS Shoot Down Iraqi Military Plane Islamic State Group Claims Anti Aircraft Attack In Hawija International Business Times Ranter Harro ASN Aircraft accident Cessna AC 208B Combat Caravan YI 119 Hawijah Aviation safety net The Come Back Alive foundation has shared footage of vintage AZP S 60 57mm AA guns in use with Ukrainian forces Ukraine Weapons Tracker Twitter 7 August 2022 Retrieved 8 August 2022 a b c d e f g h i j k l m The Russian Ammunition Page Home Russianammo org a b c Jane s Ammunition Handbook 1994 Cloud from shrapnel how controlled ammunition will strengthen the power of Russian armored vehicles International News Tellerreport com Retrieved 19 July 2019 Russia s Military Built a Terminator And Now It s Getting Smart Weapons Newsweek 21 June 2018 TASS Military amp Defense Russia to develop anti drone shrapnel ammunition Tass com Retrieved 19 July 2019 UVZ to unveil modernized BMP 1 with 2A72 cannon at Army 2018 Armyrecognition com Krzyzanowski Leszek 2015 Oslona przeciwlotnicza jednostek brzegowych Przeglad Sil Zbrojnych in Polish No 5 Wojskowy Instytut Wydawniczy p 43 ISSN 2353 1975 JSC CRI Burevestnik 57mm AU220M Automatic Weapon Station Burevestnik com The Military Balance 2021 p 458 The Military Balance 2021 p 465 The Military Balance 2021 p 470 The Military Balance 2021 p 471 Surveillance Radar Rudal Rapier Mampu Dialihfungsi Mendukung Peran Meriam PSU S 60 57mm TNI AD Retrieved 4 November 2022 AN UPS 3 TDAR Radar Penjejak Target Untuk Meriam PSU S 60 57mm Retrofit Arhanud TNI AD Retrieved 4 November 2022 The Military Balance 2021 International Institute for Strategic Studies p 290 291 Mitzer Stijn Oliemans Joost 29 October 2021 Kurdish Armour Inventorising YPG Equipment In Northern Syria Oryx Blog Zenitna garmata S 60 u rosijsko ukrayinskij vijni mil in ua in Ukrainian 28 October 2022 doanhnghiepvn vn 6 September 2019 Bao Nga binh luận về phao phong khong S 60 AZP Việt Nam tự nang cấp Doanh nghiệp Việt Nam Cơ quan ngon luận của hiệp hội doanh nghiệp nhỏ va vừa Việt Nam in Vietnamese Retrieved 12 June 2020 Vehicles and equipment captured and destroyed by the Islamic State inside Iraq until November 2014 Ross Russell ed 1987 Cambodia a Country Study Area Handbook Series Third ed Washington D C Department of the Army American University p 313 ISBN 978 0160208386 Bibliography EditInternational Institute for Strategic Studies February 2021 The Military Balance 2021 Vol 121 Routledge ISBN 9781032012278 Koll Christian 2009 Soviet Cannon A Comprehensive Study of Soviet Arms and Ammunition in Calibres 12 7mm to 57mm Austria Koll p 467 ISBN 978 3 200 01445 9 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to S 60 57 mm gun Soviet Union portalFAS page on the S 60 Full technical characteristics in Russian S 60 57mm AA Video Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title AZP S 60 amp oldid 1138338543, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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