2020 Summer Olympics
The 2020 Summer Olympics,[3] officially the Games of the XXXII Olympiad[4] and officially branded as Tokyo 2020,[5] were an international multi-sport event held from 23 July to 8 August 2021 in Tokyo, Japan, with some preliminary events that began on 21 July 2021. Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina on 7 September 2013.[6]
Emblem of the event[a] | |
Host city | Tokyo, Japan |
---|---|
Motto | United by Emotion[b] |
Nations | 206 (including EOR and ROC teams) |
Athletes | 11,319 (5,910 men, 5,409 women)[2] |
Events | 339 in 33 sports (50 disciplines) |
Opening | 23 July 2021 |
Closing | 8 August 2021 |
Opened by | |
Cauldron | |
Stadium | Japan National Stadium (known as Olympic Stadium during Games) |
Summer Winter 2020 Summer Paralympics |
Originally scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020, the event was postponed to 2021 on 24 March 2020 due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, the first such instance in the history of the Olympic Games (previous games had been cancelled but not rescheduled).[7] However, the event retained the Tokyo 2020 branding for marketing purposes.[8] It was largely held behind closed doors with no public spectators permitted due to the declaration of a state of emergency in the Greater Tokyo Area in response to the pandemic, the first and only Olympic Games to be held without official spectators.[c] The Games were the most expensive ever, with total spending of over $20 billion.[10]
The Games were the fourth Olympic Games to be held in Japan, following the 1964 Summer Olympics (Tokyo), 1972 Winter Olympics (Sapporo), and 1998 Winter Olympics (Nagano). Tokyo became the first city in Asia to hold the Summer Olympic Games twice.[d] The 2020 Games were the second of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia, following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea and preceding the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China. Due to the one-year postponement, Tokyo 2020 was the first and only Olympic Games to have been held in an odd-numbered year[12] and the first Summer Olympics since 1900 to be held in a non-leap year.
New events were introduced in existing sports, including 3x3 basketball, freestyle BMX and mixed gender team events in a number of existing sports, as well as the return of madison cycling for men and an introduction of the same event for women. New IOC policies also allowed the host organizing committee to add new sports to the Olympic program for just one Games. The disciplines added by the Japanese Olympic Committee were baseball and softball, karate, sport climbing, surfing and skateboarding, the last four of which made their Olympic debuts, and the last three of which will remain on the Olympic program.[13]
The United States topped the medal table by both total golds (39) and total medals (113), with China finishing second by both respects (38 and 89). Host nation Japan finished third, setting a record for the most gold medals and total medals ever won by their delegation at an Olympic Games with 27 and 58. Great Britain finished fourth, with a total of 22 gold and 64 medals. The Russian delegation competing as the ROC finished fifth with 20 gold medals and third in the overall medal count, with 71 medals. Bermuda, the Philippines and Qatar won their first-ever Olympic gold medals.[14][15][16] Burkina Faso, San Marino and Turkmenistan also won their first-ever Olympic medals.[17][18][19]
Bidding process edit
The three candidate cities were Tokyo, Istanbul, and Madrid. The applicant cities of Baku and Doha were not promoted to candidate status. A bid from Rome was withdrawn.[20]
Host city selection edit
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 September 2013, at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina, using an exhaustive ballot system.[20] None of the candidate cities won more than 50% of the votes in the first round; Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place, so a runoff vote was held to determine which of the two cities would be eliminated. The final vote was a head-to-head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul. Tokyo was selected by 60 votes to 36, gaining at least the 49 votes required for a majority.[20]
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic edit
In January 2020, concerns were raised about the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on athletes and visitors to the Summer Olympic Games.[22] Tokyo organizers and the International Olympic Committee insisted they were monitoring the spread of the disease to minimize its effects on preparations for the Olympics.[23] The IOC stated that in 2020, their Japanese partners and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe "made it very clear that Japan could not manage a postponement beyond next summer [2021] at the latest".[24] Unlike the case for Zika virus during the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted directly between humans, posing tougher challenges for the organizers to counteract the infectious disease and host a safe and secure event.[22] Also unlike the case for H1N1 "swine flu" during the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, COVID-19 has a higher fatality rate, and there was no effective vaccine until December 2020.[25] In a February 2020 interview, Conservative London mayoral candidate Shaun Bailey argued that London would be able to host the Olympic Games at the former 2012 Olympic venues should the Games need to be moved because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[26] Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike criticized Bailey's comment as inappropriate.[27] In early 2021, officials in the U.S. state of Florida offered to host the delayed Games in their state, while John Coates, the IOC vice president in charge of the Tokyo Olympics, said the Games would open even if the city and other parts of Japan were under a state of emergency because of COVID-19.[28][29]
Estimates by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Kyoto University predicted that states of emergency might be required during the Games.[30] The reports published at the Ministry of Health experts' panel also showed new patients increasing to 10,000 if the Games were to allow spectators.[31]
Qualifying event cancellation and postponement edit
Concerns about the pandemic began to affect qualifying events in early 2020. Some that were due to take place in February were moved to alternative locations to address concerns about travelling to the affected areas, particularly China. For example, the women's basketball qualification was played in Belgrade, Serbia, instead of Foshan, China.[32] The Asia & Oceania boxing qualification tournament, which was originally planned to be held from 3–14 February in Wuhan, China (the location of the original outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic), instead took place in Amman, Jordan, at the beginning of March.[33] The third round of the women's football qualification tournament was also affected, as the group matches formerly scheduled to be held in China were moved to Australia.[34] The European boxing qualification began on 14 March 2020 in London, United Kingdom, but was suspended after two days of competition before being rescheduled for April 2021.[35][36] It eventually resumed in June 2021 but was moved to Paris, France,[37] because of renewed concerns over travel to the United Kingdom. Other qualifying events that were due to take place in March to June 2020 began to be postponed until later in the year and mid-2021 as part of a wider suspension of international sporting competitions in response to the pandemic. A multitude of Olympic sports were affected, including archery, baseball, cycling, handball, judo, rowing, sailing, volleyball, and water polo.[38]
Effect on doping tests edit
Mandatory doping tests were being severely restricted by the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020. European anti-doping organizations raised concerns that blood and urine tests could not be performed and that mobilizing the staff necessary to do so before the end of the pandemic would be a health risk. Despite the need for extensive testing to take place in advance of the Games, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) stated that public health and safety were their topmost priorities.[39] The Chinese anti-doping agency temporarily ceased testing on 3 February 2020, with a planned resumption of phased testing towards the end of the month,[40] and the anti-doping organizations in the United States, France, Great Britain, and Germany had reduced their testing activities by the end of March.[39]
It was subsequently revealed that twenty-three Chinese swimmers had tested positive for the drug trimetazidine, but were permitted to compete, after the Chinese antidoping regulator claimed they'd injested tiny amounts unawares from a kitchen. Some, including Zhang Yufei, Wang Shun, and Qin Haiyang, went on to win medals. The affair resulted in deep upset amongst the international athletic community.[41]
Postponement to 2021 edit
The Tokyo Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (TOCOG) released a statement on 2 March 2020, confirming that preparations for the upcoming Tokyo Olympics were "continuing as planned".[42] On 23 March, both Canada and Australia indicated that they would withdraw from the Games if they were not postponed by a year.[43] On the same day, Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe stated he would support a proposed postponement, citing that ensuring athlete safety was "paramount," and veteran IOC member and former vice president Dick Pound said that he expected the Games to be postponed.[44][45]
On 24 March 2020, 122 days to go for the planned start, the IOC, TOCOG and prime minister Abe released a joint statement announcing that the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics would be rescheduled to a date "beyond 2020 but not later than summer 2021". They stated that the Games could "stand as a beacon of hope to the world during these troubled times", and that the Olympic flame could become "the light at the end of the tunnel in which the world finds itself at present".[46] Prime Minister Abe stated that IOC president Thomas Bach responded "with 100% agreement" to his proposal to delay the Games. For continuity and marketing purposes, it was agreed that the Games would still be branded as Tokyo 2020 despite the change in schedule.[8]
On 30 March 2020, the IOC and TOCOG announced that they had reached an agreement on the new dates for the 2020 Summer Olympics, which would now begin with the opening ceremony on 23 July 2021 and end with the closing ceremony on 8 August 2021, still to be held in Tokyo.[47][48] The subsequent Winter Olympics in Beijing are scheduled to begin on 4 February 2022, less than six months later. Shortly before the postponement was confirmed, the IOC and Tokyo 2020 organizers formed a task force named "Here We Go" with the remit to address any issues arising from postponing the Games, such as sponsorship and accommodation. The organizers confirmed that all athletes who had already qualified for Tokyo 2020 would keep their qualification slots.[49]
Calls for cancellation edit
Health experts expressed concern in April 2020 that the Games might have to be cancelled if the pandemic should persist.[50] In an interview, the then president of TOCOG and former Japanese prime minister, Yoshirō Mori, asserted that the Games would be "scrapped" if they could not go ahead in 2021.[51] On 29 April 2020, Prime Minister Abe stated that the Games "must be held in a way that shows the world has won its battle against the coronavirus pandemic".[52] Thomas Bach acknowledged in an interview on 20 May 2020, that the job of reorganizing the Tokyo Games was "a mammoth task" and also admitted that the event would have to be cancelled altogether if it could not take place in the summer of 2021.[53] However, both Mori and Bach expressed optimism about the Games going ahead.[51][53]
A member of the Japanese COVID-19 Advisory Committee on the basic action policy co-authored a British Medical Journal editorial, which stated, "holding Tokyo 2020 for domestic political and economic purposes—ignoring scientific and moral imperatives—is contradictory to Japan's commitment to global health and human security".[54]
On 21 January 2021, multiple sources reported that the Japanese government had "privately concluded" that the Games would have to be cancelled.[55] The government dismissed the claims, stating that the reports were "categorically untrue".[56] The new Japanese prime minister Yoshihide Suga confirmed on 19 February that the G7 had given unanimous support for the postponed Games to go ahead as scheduled.[57] It was reported in April 2021, just three months before the start of the Games, that there was still the option to cancel the Tokyo Olympics with the country having vaccinated less than 1% of its population, with tens of thousands of volunteers expected to take part and athletes not being required to quarantine after arriving in Japan.[58][59]
Public support for the Games in Japan decreased significantly amid a 2021 surge in COVID-19 cases in the country.[60] Multiple organizations of medical professionals voiced oppositions to the Games,[54][61][62] while an opinion poll in April 2021 saw 40% of participants support the cancellation of the Games, and 33% support a second postponement.[63] In May 2021, 83% of those polled supported the cancellation or postponement of the Games.[64] The Tokyo Medical Practitioners Association called for the cancellation, stating that hospitals in Tokyo "have their hands full and have almost no spare capacity" in an open letter to the prime minister.[65] At least nine out of 47 elected governors supported the cancellation of the Games.[66] Nearly 37% of Japanese companies surveyed supported the cancellation of the Games, and 32% supported postponement.[67]
Kenji Utsunomiya, who had previously run for Governor of Tokyo, collected more than 351,000 signatures on a petition calling for the organisers to "prioritise life" over the Olympics.[68] Japanese writers Jiro Akagawa[69][70] and Fuminori Nakamura also called for the Games to be postponed or cancelled.[71]
On 26 May 2021, the Asahi Shimbun newspaper, which was a local sponsor of the Games, published an editorial calling for Prime Minister Suga to "calmly and objectively assess the situation and decide on the cancellation of the event this summer."[72] On 4 June it was reported that Japanese sponsors proposed to the organisers for "the Games to be postponed for several months," citing a comment by a corporate sponsor senior executive: "It just makes much, much more sense from our perspective to hold the Games when there are more vaccinated people, the weather is cooler and maybe public opposition is lower."[73]
In July 2021, it was announced that all events in Tokyo were to be held behind closed doors with no spectators due to a new state of emergency. A poll by the Asahi Shimbun found that 55% of those surveyed supported the cancellation of the Olympics, and 68% felt that organisers would not be able to suitably control COVID-19 at the Games.[74] The decision was also detrimental to local sponsors, which had planned in-person presences to promote their products during the Games; an executive of official sponsor Toyota stated that the company had pulled a television advertising campaign it had planned for the Games in Japan, citing that the Olympics were "becoming an event that has not gained the public's understanding."[74][75]
Had the games been cancelled, it would have been the first time since World War II that an Olympic event had been called off and the first games to be scrapped due to circumstances unrelated to war.[e] A complete cancellation would have also cost Japan ¥4.52 trillion (US$41.5 billion), based on operating expenses and loss of tourism activity due to Japan which had closed its international borders to foreign travellers since March 2020, did not eventually reopen until October 2022, and was initially scheduled to end preventive border measures in May 2023 but had moved early at the end of April of that year, less than two years after the Games ended.[76][77]
Costs and insurance edit
According to an estimate conducted by professor emeritus Katsuhiro Miyamoto of Kansai University and reported by the NHK in March 2020, the cost of delaying the 2020 Olympics by one year would be 640.8 billion yen (US$5.8 billion), taking maintenance expenditures for the unused facilities into account.[76]
The Nomura Research Institute estimated that cancelling the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics in 2021 would cost around 1.81 trillion yen ($17 billion), less than the economic damages projected if another state of emergency is declared, noting that a decision to hold the games "should be made based on the impact on infection risks, not from the standpoint of economic loss".[78]
The Tokyo Games were protected through the commercial insurance marketplace Lloyd's of London, by global reinsurers Munich Re and Swiss Re. The IOC takes out around $800 million of insurance for each Summer Olympics, with the total amount of loss insured for the 2020 Games likely to be more than $2 billion.[needs update] The disruption caused by postponing the Games was covered by the insurance policy, with those likely to make claims for their financial losses including local organizers, sponsors, hospitality firms, and travel providers.[79][80][needs update]
Holders of tickets purchased from overseas prior to postponement were entitled to refunds for both Olympic and Paralympic ticket purchases, except for the costs of cancelled hotel bookings. Although about 600,000 Olympic tickets and 300,000 Paralympic tickets were eligible to be refunded, organizers said that they would not release the total costs of the refunds.[81] Reuters quoted industry sources who estimated that the Tokyo Olympics Committee had taken out US$500–800 million in insurance, and that after accounting for costs such as rebooking sporting venues and the Olympic Village, little of that payout would be available to recoup the proceeds of lost and refunded ticket sales.[82] The local organizers are responsible for ticket sales and use them to defray the costs of holding the games; ticket sales were expected to bring in approximately US$800 million, but actual sales were close to zero.[83]
In June 2022, the Tokyo Organizing Committee revealed in the final budget report for the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics that the cost for the Olympic Games was 640.4 billion yen (US$5.8 billion [f]), which was higher than the cost for the Rio 2016.[85][2]
Public opinion and COVID-19 effect during and after the Games edit
Prior to the Tokyo Olympics being held, many Japanese people were negative about hosting the event, but their attitudes had become more positive towards the end of the Games. According to a public opinion poll conducted jointly by the Nippon News Network and the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper, which targeted Japanese citizens at the end of the Olympics, 38% of respondents said that it was possible to hold the Olympics in a safe manner against COVID-19, while 55% said that it was not possible. However, 64% answered that it was good that the Tokyo Games had gone ahead, while 28% answered that they wished the event had not been held. Of the respondents, 61% were glad the event had been held without spectators and only 12% said that spectators should have been allowed.[86]
On 29 July, less than a week into the Games, journalist Masaki Kubota reported his analysis of the Japanese people's perspective on the Olympics, which he believed was greatly influenced by the change in the way the Japanese news media reported on the Games. He pointed out that many Japanese news media had insisted on canceling the Olympics, citing fears that COVID-19 would spread, but once Japanese athletes started winning medals, the media changed their reporting policy and began livening up the Olympics, which had the effect of altering public opinion in Japan.[87]
Once the Tokyo Olympics were underway, followed by the Tokyo Paralympics, there was a sharp increase in COVID-19 cases in Japan, especially those caused by the Delta variant. On 26 July, there were 60,157 cases detected in Japan, breaking the record of 44,961 cases recorded on 10 May. On 9 August, one day after the Olympics had ended, daily cases in Japan reached 100,000 for the first time, and new cases continued to increase until the peak on 23 August, when 156,931 cases were recorded.[88]
Development and preparations edit
The Tokyo Organizing Committee was originally headed by former Japanese prime minister Yoshirō Mori,[89] but he resigned in February 2021 due to backlash from sexist comments about women in meetings.[90][91][92] Seiko Hashimoto was chosen to succeed him. Tamayo Marukawa, Minister for the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games, was responsible for overseeing the preparations on behalf of the Japanese government.[92]
The Tokyo Metropolitan Government set aside a fund of ¥400 billion (more than US$3.67 billion) to cover the cost of hosting the Games. The Japanese government was considering easing airspace restrictions to allow an increased slot capacity at both Haneda and Narita airports. A new railway line was planned to link both airports through an expansion of Tokyo Station, cutting travel time from Tokyo Station to Haneda from 30 minutes to 18 minutes, and from Tokyo Station to Narita from 55 minutes to 36 minutes; funded primarily by private investors, the line would cost ¥400 billion. The East Japan Railway Company (JR East) was also planning a new route near Tamachi to Haneda Airport.[93]
There were plans to fund the accelerated completion of the Central Circular Route, Tokyo Gaikan Expressway, and Ken-Ō Expressway, and the refurbishment of other major expressways in the area.[94] The Yurikamome automated transit line was also to be extended from its existing terminal at Toyosu Station to a new terminal at Kachidoki Station, passing the site of the Olympic Village, although the line was not expected to have adequate capacity to serve major events in the Odaiba area on its own.[95]
In April 2018, the Tokyo Organizing Committee signed a partnership with the International Labour Organization to ensure decent work in the preparation of and during the 2020 Olympic Games.[96]
In June 2020, the chief executive of the Organizing Committee, Toshirō Mutō, stated that the committee was exploring options for streamlining the Games to achieve cost savings.[97] On 25 September, the IOC and Tokyo Organizing Committee agreed to a suite of measures to simplify the Games' logistics, including a cut to non-athlete staff, use of online meetings, and streamlined transport, among others. The committee also outlined areas it would be exploring in order to maintain the health and safety of all participants.[98]
Venues and infrastructure edit
In February 2012, it was announced that Tokyo's former National Stadium, the central venue for the 1964 Summer Olympics, would undergo a ¥100 billion renovation for the 2019 Rugby World Cup and the 2020 Summer Olympics.[99] In November 2012, the Japan Sport Council announced that it was taking bids for proposed stadium designs. Of the 46 finalists, Zaha Hadid Architects was awarded the project, which would replace the old stadium with a new 80,000-seat stadium. There was criticism of the Zaha Hadid design—which was compared to a bicycle helmet and regarded as clashing with the surrounding Meiji Shrine—and widespread disapproval of the costs, even with attempts to revise and "optimize" the design.[100]
In June 2015, the government announced plans to reduce the new stadium's permanent capacity to 65,000 in its athletics configuration (although with the option to add up to 15,000 temporary seats for football) as a further cost-saving measure.[101][102] The original plan to build a retractable roof was also abandoned.[103] At the end of 2015, as a result of public opposition to the increasing costs of the new stadium (which had reached ¥252 billion), the government chose to reject Zaha Hadid's design entirely and selected a new design by Japanese architect Kengo Kuma. Inspired by traditional temples and with a lower profile, Kuma's design had a budget of ¥149 billion. The changes meant the new stadium could not be completed in time for the 2019 Rugby World Cup as originally intended.[104] The National Stadium, which was inaugurated on 21 December 2019, was named the Olympic Stadium for the duration of the Tokyo Games.[105]
In October 2018, the Board of Audit issued a report stating that the total cost of the Olympic venues could exceed US$25 billion.[106]
Of the 33 competition venues in Tokyo, 28 were within 8 kilometers (5 miles) of the Olympic Village, with eleven new venues to be constructed.[107] On 16 October 2019, the IOC announced that there were plans to re-locate the marathon and racewalking events to Sapporo for heat concerns.[108] The plans were made official on 1 November 2019 after Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike accepted the IOC's decision, despite her belief that the events should have remained in Tokyo.[109]
In general, as urban studies scholar Faure notes, "The Tokyo 2020–2021 Games had a relatively moderate impact on the city, compared to previous cases such as Rio and Sochi, or cases in which a major Olympic park was built in Barcelona in 1992, and in Beijing in 2008. The transport infrastructure has been marginally improved by facilitating access for people with mobility constraints and improving signage in other languages. Haneda Airport has been expanded, and a hydrogen-powered bus rapid transit system has been introduced. Several sports and event facilities were built, including the new Olympic Stadium. Finally, the Olympic Village has been built on the Harumi landfill."[110]
Security edit
In December 2018, the Japanese government chose to ban drones from flying over venues being used for the Olympic and Paralympic Games. A similar ban was also imposed for the 2019 Rugby World Cup, which Japan also hosted.[111] In January 2020, counterterrorism drills began in different parts where the Games would take place, after intelligence data showed that terrorist groups could have carried out an attack seeking worldwide attention.[112] In July 2021, prior to the start of the Games, the Japan Coast Guard conducted counterterrorism drills in the Tokyo Bay. The drill consisted of two inflatable boats trying to stop a suspicious ship from getting to shore.[113]
Volunteers edit
Applications for volunteering at the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games were accepted beginning on 26 September 2018. By 18 January 2019, a total of 204,680 applications had been received by the Tokyo Organizing Committee.[114] Interviews to select the requisite number of volunteers began in February 2019, with training scheduled to take place in October 2019.[115] The volunteers at the venues were to be known as "Field Cast", and the volunteers in the city were to be known as "City Cast". These names were chosen from a shortlist of four from an original 150 pairs of names; the other three shortlisted names were "Shining Blue" and "Shining Blue Tokyo", "Games Anchor" and "City Anchor", and "Games Force" and "City Force". The names were chosen by the people who had applied to be volunteers at the Games.[116]
As of early June 2021, approximately 10,000 out of the 80,000 registered volunteers resigned from the Games. Media attributed the rise in pandemic cases as the reason for massive quitting.[117] More volunteer assignments were expected to be cancelled due to the spectator ban.[118]
Medals edit
In February 2017, the Tokyo Organizing Committee announced an electronics recycling program in partnership with Japan Environmental Sanitation Center and NTT Docomo, soliciting donations of electronics such as mobile phones to be reclaimed as materials for the medals. Aiming to collect eight tonnes of metals to produce the medals for the Olympic and Paralympic Games, collection boxes were deployed at public locations and NTT Docomo retail shops in April 2017.[120][121] A design competition for the medals was launched in December of that year.[122]
In May 2018, the organizing committee reported that they had obtained half the required 2,700 kilograms of bronze but were struggling to obtain the required amount of silver; although bronze and silver medals purely utilize their respective materials, IOC requirements mandate that gold medals utilize silver as a base.[123] The collection of bronze was completed in November 2018, with the remainder estimated to have been completed by March 2019.[124]
On 24 July 2019 (one year ahead of the originally scheduled opening ceremony), the designs of the medals were unveiled.[125][126] The medals for the Olympic and Paralympic Games were designed by Junichi Kawanishi following a nationwide competition.[127] A new feature shared with the Paralympic medals is that the ribbons contain one, two, or three silicone convex lines to distinguish gold, silver, and bronze medals, respectively.[126]
Torch relay edit
The slogan of the 2020 Summer Olympics torch relay was "Hope Lights Our Way".[128][129]
As determined by a 2009 IOC ruling that banned international torch relays for any future Olympic Games,[130] the 2020 Summer Olympics torch was scheduled to only visit the two countries of Greece and the host nation Japan. The first phase of the relay began on 12 March 2020, with the traditional flame lighting ceremony at the Temple of Hera in Olympia, Greece. The torch then travelled to Athens, where the Greek leg of the relay culminated in a handover ceremony at the Panathenaic Stadium on 19 March, during which the torch was transferred to the Japanese contingent.[128] The flame was placed inside a special lantern and transported from Athens International Airport on a chartered flight to Higashimatsushima in Japan. The torch was then expected to begin the second phase of its journey on 20 March, as it traveled for one week around the three most affected areas of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami—Miyagi, Iwate and Fukushima—where it would go on display under the heading "Flame of Recovery". After leaving Naraha on 26 March, the torch would commence its main relay around Japan, incorporating all 47 prefectural capitals.[129]
After the decision to postpone the Games was made, the torch was placed again in a special lantern on display in the city of Fukushima for a month. After that, the lantern was transferred to the Tokyo prefecture, where it was kept safe until the restart of the relay in 2021.[131] On 23 July 2020 (one year ahead of the rescheduled opening ceremony), a promotional video was released featuring Japanese swimmer Rikako Ikee carrying the lantern inside Japan National Stadium, drawing comparisons between emergence from the pandemic and her own return to sport after being diagnosed with leukemia.[132] On 20 August 2020, it was announced that the torch relay would begin again in Naraha, Fukushima on 25 March 2021, nearly a year later than originally planned.[131][133]
The final course of the relay was altered due to concerns regarding public health concerns about gatherings along the route (e.g., the Miyakojima leg was canceled), and the relay was held without spectators due to states of emergency in some regions (e.g., Matsuyama, Hiroshima, Hyōgo, and Okayama).[134] The relay ended at Tokyo's National Stadium (Olympic Stadium) on 23 July, with tennis player Naomi Osaka lighting the Olympic cauldron at the finale of the opening ceremony.[135] The cauldron lit in the Olympic Stadium was only used during the Opening and Closing ceremonies: a separate cauldron was lit on the Tokyo waterfront for public view at the Yume No Ohashi Bridge in Odaiba, making it only the second time in Olympic history where the cauldron was not displayed in the athletics stadium, the other time being in 2016.[136]
Biosecurity protocols edit
In February 2021, the IOC began releasing "playbooks" containing details on planned COVID-19 biosecurity protocols for athletes, officials, the press, and other staff, including standard protocols such as practicing social distancing, hygiene, the wearing of face masks (outside of training and competition for athletes), and being restricted from visiting bars, restaurants, shops, and other tourist areas around Greater Tokyo Area, or using public transport unless otherwise permitted. Participants would be asked to use Japan's COCOA Exposure Notification app and would be tested at least every four days. Athletes who tested positive would be unable to compete and could be quarantined at a government facility (although leeway would be given in the event of false positives). Close contacts would also need to test negative in order to be cleared for competition. Athletes would be discouraged from "excessive" celebrations because the actions could spread infected droplets.[137][138][139] The playbooks were criticized in a paper published by The New England Journal of Medicine in May 2021, for lacking "scientifically rigorous risk assessment" and failing to "distinguish the various levels of risk faced by athletes". The playbook stated that the athletes were required to arrive up to five days prior to the start of the competition and to leave within 48 hours of being eliminated from their sport or the conclusion of the competitions.[140][141]
The IOC recommended the vaccination of athletes against COVID-19 if vaccines were available to them, but this was not a prerequisite for participation and the IOC advised against athletes "jumping the queue" in order to obtain priority over essential populations.[142] On 12 March 2021, Thomas Bach announced that in nations where they were approved for use, the Chinese Olympic Committee had offered to cover the costs of the Chinese CoronaVac and the Sinopharm BIBP vaccine for athletes competing in the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics, and would purchase two doses for their nation's general public for each vaccinated athlete.[143] On 6 May 2021, Pfizer announced that it would donate doses of its vaccine to NOCs competing in Tokyo.[144]
Approximately 93,000 athletes and officials were exempt from the quarantine rules upon arriving in Japan, provided that they remained in areas separated from the local population. With around 300,000 local staff and volunteers entering and exiting these bubbles, and 20,000 vaccine doses allocated for this group, this led to concerns of COVID-19 spreading both during the Games and when teams returned to their countries.[145][146]
Due to international travel restrictions, the organizing committee announced in March 2021 that no international guests (including spectators, and friends and family members of the athletes) would be allowed to attend the Games. As per existing guidance for spectator sports in Japan, spectators would be asked to refrain from cheering or shouting.[139] On 19 June 2021, Governor Koike announced that plans for public viewing events for the Games had been scrapped, in order to use the planned venues (such as Yoyogi Park) as mass vaccination sites instead.[147] On 21 June, it was announced that all venues would be capped at a maximum of 10,000 ticketed spectators or 50% capacity, whichever was lower.[148]
On 2 July 2021, the new TOCOG president Seiko Hashimoto warned that there was still a possibility of the Games being held behind closed doors because of rising COVID-19 cases in the country.[149][150] Japan's slow vaccination rate had been of particular concern.[151][152] A simulation run by the University of Tokyo in May 2021 projected that a new wave of infections could peak in mid-October if the Games went on after the existing state of emergency in Tokyo had expired.[153][154]
On 8 July 2021, after Tokyo had recorded 920 new COVID-19 cases (its highest increase since May), Prime Minister Suga declared a new state of emergency in the Tokyo area from 12 July through 22 August (ending only two days before the Paralympics' opening ceremony), and announced that all events at venues in the area would therefore be held behind closed doors with no spectators permitted. Hashimoto stated that "it is extremely regrettable that the Games will be staged in a very limited manner in the face of the spread of novel coronavirus infections." IOC President Thomas Bach stated that "we will support any measure which is necessary to have a safe and secure Olympic and Paralympic Games for the Japanese people and all the participants."[151][152][155]
The announcement stated that spectators would still be allowed at events being held outside of Tokyo, subject to the approval by local health authorities and the aforementioned 50%/10,000-spectator limit. The prefectures of Fukushima, Hokkaido and Ibaraki announced that they would prohibit spectators at events held in the areas.[156] The opening ceremony was expected to be limited to fewer than 1,000 VIP guests, including IOC representatives and dignitaries,[157] while some events did allow members of other competing delegations to occupy spectator seats as well.[158] School students were invited to watch football matches in Ibaraki.[159][160]
On 16 July, it was reported that Bach had asked Prime Minister Suga about the possibility that restrictions on spectators could be eased later on if COVID-19 conditions were to improve in Tokyo.[157] However, on 2 August, Suga announced that all existing state of emergency declarations would be extended through 31 August, and be extended to Chiba, Kanagawa, Saitama, and parts of Osaka.[161]
Ticketing edit
The opening ceremony tickets were expected to range from ¥12,000 to ¥300,000, with a maximum price of ¥130,000 for the finals of the athletics track and field events.[162] The average ticket price was ¥7,700, with half the tickets being sold for up to ¥8,000. A symbolic ticket price of ¥2,020 was expected for families, groups resident in Japan, and in conjunction with a school program.[162] Tickets would be sold through 40,000 shops in Japan and by mail order to Japanese addresses through the internet.[163] International guests, had they been allowed, would have needed to visit Japan during the sales period, or arrange to buy tickets through a third party such as a travel agent.[164]
Tickets went on general sale in Japan in the autumn of 2019 and were expected to be sold globally from June 2020; however, this plan was suspended when the Games were postponed on 24 March 2020. The Tokyo Organizing Committee confirmed that tickets already purchased would remain valid for the same sessions according to the new schedule and that refunds were also being offered.[165]
On 20 March 2021, it was announced that due to COVID-19-related concerns, no international guests would be allowed to attend the 2020 Olympics or Paralympics. This included both spectators, as well as the friends and family of athletes. All overseas ticketholders would be refunded.[139] Hashimoto cited uncertainties surrounding international travel restrictions, and goals to preserve the safety of all participants and spectators, and not place a burden on the health care system.[139] It was ultimately announced in July that all local spectators were not allowed to attend any events held in Tokyo, Fukushima and Hokkaido.[151][152][155]
Cultural festival edit
A cultural program known as Nippon Festival was scheduled to coincide with the Olympics and Paralympics, running from April to September 2021 as a series of streaming events held by the Tokyo Organizing Committee and other partners. The events reflected the themes of "Participation and Interaction", "Towards the Realisation of an Inclusive Society" and "Reconstruction of the Tohoku Region". The program was either downsized or reformatted to virtual format due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the postponement of the Games.[166] One of these events was a concert held on 18 July, which featured J-rock band Wanima, choreography by dancers Aio Yamada and Tuki Takamura, and the presentation of animated "creatures" based on illustrations "embodying the thoughts and emotions of people from across the world".[167]
The original plans for Nippon Festival included events such as Kabuki x Opera (a concert that would have featured stage actor Ichikawa Ebizō XI, opera singers Anna Pirozzi and Erwin Schrott, and the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra), an arts and culture festival focusing on disabilities,[168][169][170][171] and a special two-day exhibition sumo tournament at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan shortly after the Olympics—which would have differed significantly from the traditional bi-monthly Honbasho tournaments, and featured special commentary in English and Japanese to help explain to spectators the customs and traditions of professional sumo, which are deeply rooted in the Shinto religion.[172][173]
The Games edit
Opening ceremony edit
The opening ceremony was held on 23 July 2021 in the Olympic Stadium in Tokyo. It included the traditional Parade of Nations. Emperor Naruhito formally opened the Games, and at the end of the torch relay the Olympic cauldron was lit by Japanese tennis player Naomi Osaka.[174]
For the first time in the 2020 Olympic Games, it was decided that one male and one female in each country would take turns holding flags and serve as two of them.[175] This was done by embodying the "Agenda 2020" set during President Bach's term.[176][177]
For the first time in the history of the games, a moment of silence was observed in the opening ceremony for the victims of COVID-19, the 2011 earthquake and tsunami and the Munich massacre.[178]
Sports edit
The event program for the 2020 Summer Olympics was approved by the IOC executive board on 9 June 2017. IOC president Thomas Bach stated that their goal was to give the Games "youthful" and "urban" appeal, and to increase the number of female participants.[179][180]
The Games featured 339 events in 33 different sports, encompassing a total of 50 disciplines. Karate, sport climbing, surfing, and skateboarding made their Olympic debut, while baseball and softball also made a one-off return to the Summer Olympics for the first time since 2008. 15 new events within existing sports were also added, including 3×3 basketball, freestyle BMX, and the return of madison cycling, as well as 9 new mixed events in several sports (table tennis, archery, judo, shooting (3), triathlon, 4 × 400 m relay running and 4 × 100 m medley swimming).[181]
In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.[181]
2020 Summer Olympic Sports program | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
New sports edit
On 12 February 2013, with a remit to control the cost of the Games and ensure they are "relevant to sports fans of all generations", the IOC Executive Board recommended the removal of one of the 26 sports contested at the 2012 Summer Olympics, leaving a vacancy which the IOC would seek to fill at the 125th IOC Session. The new entrant would join golf and rugby sevens (which would both debut in 2016) as part of the program of 28 "core" sports. Five sports were shortlisted for removal, including canoe, field hockey, modern pentathlon, taekwondo, and wrestling. In the final round of voting by the executive board, eight members voted to remove wrestling from the Olympic program. Hockey and taekwondo were both tied in second with three votes each.[182][183][184]
The decision to drop wrestling surprised many media outlets, given that the sport's role in the Olympics dates back to the ancient Olympic Games, and was included in the original program for the modern Games. The New York Times felt that the decision was based on the shortage of well-known talent and the absence of women's events in the sport.[185][186][187] Out of the shortlist from the IOC vote, Wrestling was duly added to the shortlist of applicants for inclusion in the 2020 Games, alongside the seven new sports that were put forward for consideration.[185]
On 29 May 2013, it was announced that three of the eight sports under consideration had made the final shortlist: baseball/softball, squash and wrestling.[188] The other five sports were rejected at this point: karate, roller sports, sport climbing, wakeboarding, and wushu.[189] At the 125th IOC Session on 8 September 2013, wrestling was chosen to be included in the Olympic program for 2020 and 2024. Wrestling secured 49 votes, while baseball/softball and squash received 24 votes and 22 votes respectively.[190]
With the adoption of the Olympic Agenda 2020 in December 2014, the IOC shifted from a "sport-based" approach to the Olympic program to an "event-based" program—establishing that organizing committees may propose discretionary events to be included in the program to improve local interest.[191][192] As a result of these changes, a shortlist of eight new proposed sports was unveiled on 22 June 2015, consisting of baseball/softball, bowling, karate, roller sports, sport climbing, squash, surfing, and wushu.[193] On 28 September 2015, the Tokyo Organizing Committee submitted their shortlist of five proposed sports to the IOC: baseball/softball, karate, sport climbing, surfing, and skateboarding.[194] These five new sports were approved on 3 August 2016 by the IOC during the 129th IOC Session in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and were included in the sports program for 2020 only, bringing the total number of sports at the 2020 Olympics to 33.[195][196]
Test events edit
A total of 56 test events were scheduled to take place in the run-up to the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics. Two of the events were held in late 2018, but the main test event schedule commenced in June 2019 and was originally due to be completed in May 2020 prior to the start of the Olympics. Several of the events were incorporated into pre-existing championships, but some have been newly created specifically to serve as Olympic test events for the 2020 Summer Games.[197][198]
In February 2019, it was announced that the test events would be branded under the banner "Ready, Steady, Tokyo". The Tokyo Organizing Committee is responsible for 22 of the test events, with the remaining events being arranged by national and international sports federations. The first test event was World Sailing's World Cup Series, held at Enoshima in September 2018. The last scheduled event is the Tokyo Challenge Track Meet, which was originally due to take place at the Olympic Stadium on 6 May 2020.[199]
All test events originally scheduled to take place from 12 March 2020 onwards were postponed due to COVID-19, with the test event calendar to be reviewed during the preparations for the rescheduled Games.[g][200]
Participating National Olympic Committees edit
The Republic of Macedonia has competed under the provisional name "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" in every Summer and Winter Games since its debut in 1996 because of the disputed status of its official name. The naming disputes with Greece ended in 2018 with the signing of the Prespa agreement, and the country was officially renamed North Macedonia in February 2019. The new name was immediately recognized by the IOC, although the Olympic Committee of North Macedonia (NMOC) was not officially adopted until February 2020. The NMOC sent a delegation to the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics in January 2020, but the Tokyo Games were North Macedonia's first appearance at the Summer Olympics under its new name.[201]
Since competing as Swaziland ten times at the Summer and Winter Olympics, Eswatini made its debut under that name after the renaming of the country by the king in 2018.[202]
On 9 December 2019, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) banned Russia from all international sport for a period of four years, after the Russian government was found to have tampered with laboratory data that it had provided to WADA in January 2019 as a condition of the Russian Anti-Doping Agency being reinstated. As a result of the ban, WADA planned to allow individually cleared Russian athletes to take part in the 2020 Summer Olympics under a neutral banner, as instigated at the 2018 Winter Olympics, but they would be excluded from team sports. The head of WADA's Compliance Review Committee, Jonathan Taylor, stated that the IOC would not be able to use the "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR) designation as it did in 2018, emphasizing that neutral athletes could not be portrayed as representing a specific country.[203][204][205] Russia later filed an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) against WADA's decision.[206] After reviewing the case on appeal, CAS ruled on 17 December 2020 that the penalty placed on Russia be reduced. Instead of a total ban from all sporting events, the ruling allowed Russia to participate at the Olympics and other international events, but the team would not be permitted to use the Russian name, flag, or anthem for a period of two years and must present themselves as "Neutral Athlete" or "Neutral Team". The ruling does allow for "Russia" to be displayed on the team uniform—although it should be no more visible than the "Neutral Athlete/Team" designation—as well as the use of the Russian flag's colors within the uniform's design.[207]
On 19 February 2021, it was announced that Russia would compete under the acronym "ROC" after the name of the Russian Olympic Committee although the name of the committee itself in full could not be used to refer to the delegation. The ROC team would be represented by the flag of the Russian Olympic Committee.[208]
On 6 April 2021, North Korea announced that it would not participate in the 2020 Summer Olympics because of COVID-19 concerns.[209] This marked North Korea's first absence from the Summer Olympics since 1988.[210] In September, a month after the games concluded, the Olympic Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was banned from participation in the 2022 Winter Olympics, after they failed to participate in the Tokyo Olympics. On 21 July 2021, Guinea announced it would not be sending a delegation to the Tokyo Olympics, allegedly due to COVID-19 concerns, though media outlets suggested that financial considerations may have been the real motivating factor.[211] Guinea later reversed the decision and confirmed that it would be participating.[212]
The following 206 teams qualified (including the 104 universality places guaranteed in athletics, under which all 206 NOCs may send competitors regardless of qualification).[213]
Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee edit
11,420 athletes from 206 NOCs:[2][215]
Ranking | NOC | Athletes |
---|---|---|
1 | United States | 615 |
2 | Japan (Host) | 556 |
3 | Australia | 478 |
4 | Germany | 425 |
5 | China | 406 |
6 | France | 398 |
7 | Italy | 384 |
8 | Canada | 381 |
9 | Great Britain | 376 |
10 | ROC | 335 |
11 | Spain | 321 |
12 | Brazil | 302 |
13 | Netherlands | 278 |
14 | South Korea | 237 |
15 | New Zealand | 211 |
16 | Poland | 210 |
17 | Argentina | 189 |
18 | South Africa | 177 |
19 | Hungary | 166 |
20 | Mexico | 162 |
21 | Ukraine | 155 |
22 | Sweden | 134 |
23 | Egypt | 133 |
24 | India | 122 |
25 | Belgium | 121 |
26 | Ireland | 116 |
27 | Czech Republic | 115 |
28 | Turkey | 108 |
29 | Switzerland | 107 |
30 | Denmark | 107 |
31 | Romania | 101 |
32 | Belarus | 101 |
33 | Kazakhstan | 93 |
34 | Portugal | 92 |
35 | Israel | 90 |
36 | Serbia | 86 |
37 | Kenya | 85 |
38 | Greece | 83 |
39 | Norway | 75 |
40 | Colombia | 70 |
41 | Cuba | 70 |
42 | Chinese Taipei | 68 |
43 | Iran | 66 |
44 | Uzbekistan | 65 |
45 | Dominican Republic | 62 |
46 | Tunisia | 62 |
47 | Austria | 60 |
48 | Nigeria | 60 |
49 | Croatia | 59 |
50 | Chile | 58 |
51 | Slovenia | 53 |
52 | Jamaica | 50 |
53 | Morocco | 50 |
54 | Ecuador | 48 |
55 | Hong Kong | 46 |
56 | Finland | 45 |
57 | Algeria | 44 |
58 | Venezuela | 44 |
59 | Azerbaijan | 44 |
60 | Mongolia | 43 |
61 | Thailand | 42 |
62 | Bulgaria | 42 |
63 | Lithuania | 42 |
64 | Slovakia | 41 |
65 | Ethiopia | 38 |
66 | Puerto Rico | 37 |
67 | Georgia | 35 |
68 | Peru | 35 |
69 | Montenegro | 34 |
70 | Latvia | 33 |
71 | Estonia | 33 |
72 | Bahrain | 32 |
73 | Fiji | 30 |
74 | Malaysia | 30 |
75 | Refugee Olympic Team | 29 |
76 | Saudi Arabia | 29 |
77 | Indonesia | 28 |
78 | Ivory Coast | 28 |
79 | Zambia | 26 |
80 | Uganda | 25 |
81 | Guatemala | 24 |
82 | Singapore | 23 |
83 | Honduras | 22 |
84 | Trinidad and Tobago | 22 |
85 | Angola | 20 |
86 | Moldova | 20 |
87 | Philippines | 19 |
88 | Vietnam | 18 |
89 | Armenia | 17 |
90 | Bahamas | 16 |
91 | Kyrgyzstan | 16 |
92 | Qatar | 16 |
93 | Cyprus | 15 |
94 | Costa Rica | 14 |
95 | Ghana | 14 |
96 | Jordan | 14 |
97 | Botswana | 13 |
98 | Eritrea | 13 |
99 | Cameroon | 12 |
100 | Luxembourg | 12 |
101 | Kosovo | 11 |
102 | Kuwait | 11 |
103 | Namibia | 11 |
104 | Tajikistan | 11 |
105 | Uruguay | 11 |
106 | Mozambique | 10 |
107 | Pakistan | 10 |
108 | Panama | 10 |
109 | Albania | 9 |
110 | Senegal | 9 |
111 | Sri Lanka | 9 |
112 | Turkmenistan | 9 |
113 | Barbados | 8 |
114 | Mauritius | 8 |
115 | Nicaragua | 8 |
116 | North Macedonia | 8 |
117 | Papua New Guinea | 8 |
118 | Paraguay | 8 |
119 | Samoa | 8 |
120 | Benin | 7 |
121 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 7 |
122 | Burkina Faso | 7 |
123 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 7 |
124 | Guyana | 7 |
125 | Niger | 7 |
126 | American Samoa | 6 |
127 | Antigua and Barbuda | 6 |
128 | Bangladesh | 6 |
129 | Burundi | 6 |
130 | Cape Verde | 6 |
131 | Cook Islands | 6 |
132 | Grenada | 6 |
133 | Haiti | 6 |
134 | Lebanon | 6 |
135 | Madagascar | 6 |
136 | Malta | 6 |
137 | Monaco | 6 |
138 | Rwanda | 6 |
139 | Syria | 6 |
140 | Tonga | 6 |
141 | Afghanistan | 5 |
142 | Bolivia | 5 |
143 | Cayman Islands | 5 |
144 | El Salvador | 5 |
145 | Gabon | 5 |
146 | Guam | 5 |
147 | Guinea | 5 |
148 | Liechtenstein | 5 |
149 | Malawi | 5 |
150 | Nepal | 5 |
151 | Oman | 5 |
152 | Palestine | 5 |
153 | Saint Lucia | 5 |
154 | San Marino | 5 |
155 | Seychelles | 5 |
156 | Sudan | 5 |
157 | United Arab Emirates | 5 |
158 | Yemen | 5 |
159 | Zimbabwe | 5 |
160 | Bhutan | 4 |
161 | Djibouti | 4 |
162 | Eswatini | 4 |
163 | The Gambia | 4 |
164 | Guinea-Bissau | 4 |
165 | Iceland | 4 |
166 | Iraq | 4 |
167 | Laos | 4 |
168 | Libya | 4 |
169 | Maldives | 4 |
170 | Mali | 4 |
171 | Sierra Leone | 4 |
172 | 2020, summer, olympics, 2020, olympics, tokyo, 2020, 2021, olympics, tokyo, 2021, redirect, here, winter, youth, olympics, lausanne, switzerland, 2020, winter, youth, olympics, summer, paralympics, 2020, summer, paralympics, japan, 2020, japan, 2021, redirect,. 2020 Olympics Tokyo 2020 2021 Olympics and Tokyo 2021 redirect here For the Winter Youth Olympics in Lausanne Switzerland see 2020 Winter Youth Olympics For the Summer Paralympics see 2020 Summer Paralympics Japan 2020 and Japan 2021 redirect here For the events in 2020 in Japan see 2020 in Japan For the events in 2021 in Japan see 2021 in Japan The 2020 Summer Olympics 3 officially the Games of the XXXII Olympiad 4 and officially branded as Tokyo 2020 5 were an international multi sport event held from 23 July to 8 August 2021 in Tokyo Japan with some preliminary events that began on 21 July 2021 Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires Argentina on 7 September 2013 6 Games of the XXXII OlympiadEmblem of the event a Host cityTokyo JapanMottoUnited by Emotion b Nations206 including EOR and ROC teams Athletes11 319 5 910 men 5 409 women 2 Events339 in 33 sports 50 disciplines Opening23 July 2021Closing8 August 2021Opened byEmperor NaruhitoCauldronNaomi OsakaStadiumJapan National Stadium known as Olympic Stadium during Games Summer Rio 2016Paris 2024 Winter PyeongChang 2018Beijing 2022 2020 Summer Paralympics Originally scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020 the event was postponed to 2021 on 24 March 2020 due to the global COVID 19 pandemic the first such instance in the history of the Olympic Games previous games had been cancelled but not rescheduled 7 However the event retained the Tokyo 2020 branding for marketing purposes 8 It was largely held behind closed doors with no public spectators permitted due to the declaration of a state of emergency in the Greater Tokyo Area in response to the pandemic the first and only Olympic Games to be held without official spectators c The Games were the most expensive ever with total spending of over 20 billion 10 The Games were the fourth Olympic Games to be held in Japan following the 1964 Summer Olympics Tokyo 1972 Winter Olympics Sapporo and 1998 Winter Olympics Nagano Tokyo became the first city in Asia to hold the Summer Olympic Games twice d The 2020 Games were the second of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang South Korea and preceding the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing China Due to the one year postponement Tokyo 2020 was the first and only Olympic Games to have been held in an odd numbered year 12 and the first Summer Olympics since 1900 to be held in a non leap year New events were introduced in existing sports including 3x3 basketball freestyle BMX and mixed gender team events in a number of existing sports as well as the return of madison cycling for men and an introduction of the same event for women New IOC policies also allowed the host organizing committee to add new sports to the Olympic program for just one Games The disciplines added by the Japanese Olympic Committee were baseball and softball karate sport climbing surfing and skateboarding the last four of which made their Olympic debuts and the last three of which will remain on the Olympic program 13 The United States topped the medal table by both total golds 39 and total medals 113 with China finishing second by both respects 38 and 89 Host nation Japan finished third setting a record for the most gold medals and total medals ever won by their delegation at an Olympic Games with 27 and 58 Great Britain finished fourth with a total of 22 gold and 64 medals The Russian delegation competing as the ROC finished fifth with 20 gold medals and third in the overall medal count with 71 medals Bermuda the Philippines and Qatar won their first ever Olympic gold medals 14 15 16 Burkina Faso San Marino and Turkmenistan also won their first ever Olympic medals 17 18 19 Contents 1 Bidding process 1 1 Host city selection 2 Impact of the COVID 19 pandemic 2 1 Qualifying event cancellation and postponement 2 2 Effect on doping tests 2 3 Postponement to 2021 2 4 Calls for cancellation 2 5 Costs and insurance 2 6 Public opinion and COVID 19 effect during and after the Games 3 Development and preparations 3 1 Venues and infrastructure 3 2 Security 3 3 Volunteers 3 4 Medals 3 5 Torch relay 3 6 Biosecurity protocols 3 7 Ticketing 3 8 Cultural festival 4 The Games 4 1 Opening ceremony 4 2 Sports 4 2 1 New sports 4 3 Test events 5 Participating National Olympic Committees 5 1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee 6 Calendar 7 Medal table 7 1 Podium sweeps 7 2 Medal ceremonies 7 3 Event scheduling 8 Marketing 8 1 Look of the Games 9 Concerns and controversies 10 Broadcasting 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External linksBidding process editMain article Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics The three candidate cities were Tokyo Istanbul and Madrid The applicant cities of Baku and Doha were not promoted to candidate status A bid from Rome was withdrawn 20 Host city selection edit The International Olympic Committee IOC voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires Argentina using an exhaustive ballot system 20 None of the candidate cities won more than 50 of the votes in the first round Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place so a runoff vote was held to determine which of the two cities would be eliminated The final vote was a head to head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul Tokyo was selected by 60 votes to 36 gaining at least the 49 votes required for a majority 20 2020 Summer Olympics host city election 21 City Team Round 1 Runoff Round 2 Tokyo nbsp Japan 42 60 Istanbul nbsp Turkey 26 49 36 Madrid nbsp Spain 26 45 Impact of the COVID 19 pandemic editMain articles COVID 19 cases at the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics and List of athletes not attending the 2020 Summer Olympics due to COVID 19 concerns See also COVID 19 pandemic in Japan and Impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on sports nbsp Few pedestrians on the Shibuya Crossing during the state of emergency in the middle of Japan s first wave of the COVID 19 pandemic early 2020 In January 2020 concerns were raised about the potential impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on athletes and visitors to the Summer Olympic Games 22 Tokyo organizers and the International Olympic Committee insisted they were monitoring the spread of the disease to minimize its effects on preparations for the Olympics 23 The IOC stated that in 2020 their Japanese partners and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe made it very clear that Japan could not manage a postponement beyond next summer 2021 at the latest 24 Unlike the case for Zika virus during the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro SARS CoV 2 can be transmitted directly between humans posing tougher challenges for the organizers to counteract the infectious disease and host a safe and secure event 22 Also unlike the case for H1N1 swine flu during the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver COVID 19 has a higher fatality rate and there was no effective vaccine until December 2020 25 In a February 2020 interview Conservative London mayoral candidate Shaun Bailey argued that London would be able to host the Olympic Games at the former 2012 Olympic venues should the Games need to be moved because of the COVID 19 pandemic 26 Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike criticized Bailey s comment as inappropriate 27 In early 2021 officials in the U S state of Florida offered to host the delayed Games in their state while John Coates the IOC vice president in charge of the Tokyo Olympics said the Games would open even if the city and other parts of Japan were under a state of emergency because of COVID 19 28 29 Estimates by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Kyoto University predicted that states of emergency might be required during the Games 30 The reports published at the Ministry of Health experts panel also showed new patients increasing to 10 000 if the Games were to allow spectators 31 Qualifying event cancellation and postponement edit Concerns about the pandemic began to affect qualifying events in early 2020 Some that were due to take place in February were moved to alternative locations to address concerns about travelling to the affected areas particularly China For example the women s basketball qualification was played in Belgrade Serbia instead of Foshan China 32 The Asia amp Oceania boxing qualification tournament which was originally planned to be held from 3 14 February in Wuhan China the location of the original outbreak of the COVID 19 pandemic instead took place in Amman Jordan at the beginning of March 33 The third round of the women s football qualification tournament was also affected as the group matches formerly scheduled to be held in China were moved to Australia 34 The European boxing qualification began on 14 March 2020 in London United Kingdom but was suspended after two days of competition before being rescheduled for April 2021 35 36 It eventually resumed in June 2021 but was moved to Paris France 37 because of renewed concerns over travel to the United Kingdom Other qualifying events that were due to take place in March to June 2020 began to be postponed until later in the year and mid 2021 as part of a wider suspension of international sporting competitions in response to the pandemic A multitude of Olympic sports were affected including archery baseball cycling handball judo rowing sailing volleyball and water polo 38 Effect on doping tests edit Mandatory doping tests were being severely restricted by the COVID 19 pandemic in early 2020 European anti doping organizations raised concerns that blood and urine tests could not be performed and that mobilizing the staff necessary to do so before the end of the pandemic would be a health risk Despite the need for extensive testing to take place in advance of the Games the World Anti Doping Agency WADA stated that public health and safety were their topmost priorities 39 The Chinese anti doping agency temporarily ceased testing on 3 February 2020 with a planned resumption of phased testing towards the end of the month 40 and the anti doping organizations in the United States France Great Britain and Germany had reduced their testing activities by the end of March 39 It was subsequently revealed that twenty three Chinese swimmers had tested positive for the drug trimetazidine but were permitted to compete after the Chinese antidoping regulator claimed they d injested tiny amounts unawares from a kitchen Some including Zhang Yufei Wang Shun and Qin Haiyang went on to win medals The affair resulted in deep upset amongst the international athletic community 41 Postponement to 2021 edit The Tokyo Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games TOCOG released a statement on 2 March 2020 confirming that preparations for the upcoming Tokyo Olympics were continuing as planned 42 On 23 March both Canada and Australia indicated that they would withdraw from the Games if they were not postponed by a year 43 On the same day Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe stated he would support a proposed postponement citing that ensuring athlete safety was paramount and veteran IOC member and former vice president Dick Pound said that he expected the Games to be postponed 44 45 On 24 March 2020 122 days to go for the planned start the IOC TOCOG and prime minister Abe released a joint statement announcing that the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics would be rescheduled to a date beyond 2020 but not later than summer 2021 They stated that the Games could stand as a beacon of hope to the world during these troubled times and that the Olympic flame could become the light at the end of the tunnel in which the world finds itself at present 46 Prime Minister Abe stated that IOC president Thomas Bach responded with 100 agreement to his proposal to delay the Games For continuity and marketing purposes it was agreed that the Games would still be branded as Tokyo 2020 despite the change in schedule 8 On 30 March 2020 the IOC and TOCOG announced that they had reached an agreement on the new dates for the 2020 Summer Olympics which would now begin with the opening ceremony on 23 July 2021 and end with the closing ceremony on 8 August 2021 still to be held in Tokyo 47 48 The subsequent Winter Olympics in Beijing are scheduled to begin on 4 February 2022 less than six months later Shortly before the postponement was confirmed the IOC and Tokyo 2020 organizers formed a task force named Here We Go with the remit to address any issues arising from postponing the Games such as sponsorship and accommodation The organizers confirmed that all athletes who had already qualified for Tokyo 2020 would keep their qualification slots 49 Calls for cancellation edit Health experts expressed concern in April 2020 that the Games might have to be cancelled if the pandemic should persist 50 In an interview the then president of TOCOG and former Japanese prime minister Yoshirō Mori asserted that the Games would be scrapped if they could not go ahead in 2021 51 On 29 April 2020 Prime Minister Abe stated that the Games must be held in a way that shows the world has won its battle against the coronavirus pandemic 52 Thomas Bach acknowledged in an interview on 20 May 2020 that the job of reorganizing the Tokyo Games was a mammoth task and also admitted that the event would have to be cancelled altogether if it could not take place in the summer of 2021 53 However both Mori and Bach expressed optimism about the Games going ahead 51 53 A member of the Japanese COVID 19 Advisory Committee on the basic action policy co authored a British Medical Journal editorial which stated holding Tokyo 2020 for domestic political and economic purposes ignoring scientific and moral imperatives is contradictory to Japan s commitment to global health and human security 54 On 21 January 2021 multiple sources reported that the Japanese government had privately concluded that the Games would have to be cancelled 55 The government dismissed the claims stating that the reports were categorically untrue 56 The new Japanese prime minister Yoshihide Suga confirmed on 19 February that the G7 had given unanimous support for the postponed Games to go ahead as scheduled 57 It was reported in April 2021 just three months before the start of the Games that there was still the option to cancel the Tokyo Olympics with the country having vaccinated less than 1 of its population with tens of thousands of volunteers expected to take part and athletes not being required to quarantine after arriving in Japan 58 59 Public support for the Games in Japan decreased significantly amid a 2021 surge in COVID 19 cases in the country 60 Multiple organizations of medical professionals voiced oppositions to the Games 54 61 62 while an opinion poll in April 2021 saw 40 of participants support the cancellation of the Games and 33 support a second postponement 63 In May 2021 83 of those polled supported the cancellation or postponement of the Games 64 The Tokyo Medical Practitioners Association called for the cancellation stating that hospitals in Tokyo have their hands full and have almost no spare capacity in an open letter to the prime minister 65 At least nine out of 47 elected governors supported the cancellation of the Games 66 Nearly 37 of Japanese companies surveyed supported the cancellation of the Games and 32 supported postponement 67 Kenji Utsunomiya who had previously run for Governor of Tokyo collected more than 351 000 signatures on a petition calling for the organisers to prioritise life over the Olympics 68 Japanese writers Jiro Akagawa 69 70 and Fuminori Nakamura also called for the Games to be postponed or cancelled 71 On 26 May 2021 the Asahi Shimbun newspaper which was a local sponsor of the Games published an editorial calling for Prime Minister Suga to calmly and objectively assess the situation and decide on the cancellation of the event this summer 72 On 4 June it was reported that Japanese sponsors proposed to the organisers for the Games to be postponed for several months citing a comment by a corporate sponsor senior executive It just makes much much more sense from our perspective to hold the Games when there are more vaccinated people the weather is cooler and maybe public opposition is lower 73 In July 2021 it was announced that all events in Tokyo were to be held behind closed doors with no spectators due to a new state of emergency A poll by the Asahi Shimbun found that 55 of those surveyed supported the cancellation of the Olympics and 68 felt that organisers would not be able to suitably control COVID 19 at the Games 74 The decision was also detrimental to local sponsors which had planned in person presences to promote their products during the Games an executive of official sponsor Toyota stated that the company had pulled a television advertising campaign it had planned for the Games in Japan citing that the Olympics were becoming an event that has not gained the public s understanding 74 75 Had the games been cancelled it would have been the first time since World War II that an Olympic event had been called off and the first games to be scrapped due to circumstances unrelated to war e A complete cancellation would have also cost Japan 4 52 trillion US 41 5 billion based on operating expenses and loss of tourism activity due to Japan which had closed its international borders to foreign travellers since March 2020 did not eventually reopen until October 2022 and was initially scheduled to end preventive border measures in May 2023 but had moved early at the end of April of that year less than two years after the Games ended 76 77 Costs and insurance edit According to an estimate conducted by professor emeritus Katsuhiro Miyamoto of Kansai University and reported by the NHK in March 2020 the cost of delaying the 2020 Olympics by one year would be 640 8 billion yen US 5 8 billion taking maintenance expenditures for the unused facilities into account 76 The Nomura Research Institute estimated that cancelling the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics in 2021 would cost around 1 81 trillion yen 17 billion less than the economic damages projected if another state of emergency is declared noting that a decision to hold the games should be made based on the impact on infection risks not from the standpoint of economic loss 78 The Tokyo Games were protected through the commercial insurance marketplace Lloyd s of London by global reinsurers Munich Re and Swiss Re The IOC takes out around 800 million of insurance for each Summer Olympics with the total amount of loss insured for the 2020 Games likely to be more than 2 billion needs update The disruption caused by postponing the Games was covered by the insurance policy with those likely to make claims for their financial losses including local organizers sponsors hospitality firms and travel providers 79 80 needs update Holders of tickets purchased from overseas prior to postponement were entitled to refunds for both Olympic and Paralympic ticket purchases except for the costs of cancelled hotel bookings Although about 600 000 Olympic tickets and 300 000 Paralympic tickets were eligible to be refunded organizers said that they would not release the total costs of the refunds 81 Reuters quoted industry sources who estimated that the Tokyo Olympics Committee had taken out US 500 800 million in insurance and that after accounting for costs such as rebooking sporting venues and the Olympic Village little of that payout would be available to recoup the proceeds of lost and refunded ticket sales 82 The local organizers are responsible for ticket sales and use them to defray the costs of holding the games ticket sales were expected to bring in approximately US 800 million but actual sales were close to zero 83 In June 2022 the Tokyo Organizing Committee revealed in the final budget report for the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics that the cost for the Olympic Games was 640 4 billion yen US 5 8 billion f which was higher than the cost for the Rio 2016 85 2 Public opinion and COVID 19 effect during and after the Games edit Prior to the Tokyo Olympics being held many Japanese people were negative about hosting the event but their attitudes had become more positive towards the end of the Games According to a public opinion poll conducted jointly by the Nippon News Network and the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper which targeted Japanese citizens at the end of the Olympics 38 of respondents said that it was possible to hold the Olympics in a safe manner against COVID 19 while 55 said that it was not possible However 64 answered that it was good that the Tokyo Games had gone ahead while 28 answered that they wished the event had not been held Of the respondents 61 were glad the event had been held without spectators and only 12 said that spectators should have been allowed 86 On 29 July less than a week into the Games journalist Masaki Kubota reported his analysis of the Japanese people s perspective on the Olympics which he believed was greatly influenced by the change in the way the Japanese news media reported on the Games He pointed out that many Japanese news media had insisted on canceling the Olympics citing fears that COVID 19 would spread but once Japanese athletes started winning medals the media changed their reporting policy and began livening up the Olympics which had the effect of altering public opinion in Japan 87 Once the Tokyo Olympics were underway followed by the Tokyo Paralympics there was a sharp increase in COVID 19 cases in Japan especially those caused by the Delta variant On 26 July there were 60 157 cases detected in Japan breaking the record of 44 961 cases recorded on 10 May On 9 August one day after the Olympics had ended daily cases in Japan reached 100 000 for the first time and new cases continued to increase until the peak on 23 August when 156 931 cases were recorded 88 Development and preparations editSee also Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games nbsp The Olympic rings on display at Tokyo Bay to promote the Games The Tokyo Organizing Committee was originally headed by former Japanese prime minister Yoshirō Mori 89 but he resigned in February 2021 due to backlash from sexist comments about women in meetings 90 91 92 Seiko Hashimoto was chosen to succeed him Tamayo Marukawa Minister for the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games was responsible for overseeing the preparations on behalf of the Japanese government 92 The Tokyo Metropolitan Government set aside a fund of 400 billion more than US 3 67 billion to cover the cost of hosting the Games The Japanese government was considering easing airspace restrictions to allow an increased slot capacity at both Haneda and Narita airports A new railway line was planned to link both airports through an expansion of Tokyo Station cutting travel time from Tokyo Station to Haneda from 30 minutes to 18 minutes and from Tokyo Station to Narita from 55 minutes to 36 minutes funded primarily by private investors the line would cost 400 billion The East Japan Railway Company JR East was also planning a new route near Tamachi to Haneda Airport 93 There were plans to fund the accelerated completion of the Central Circular Route Tokyo Gaikan Expressway and Ken Ō Expressway and the refurbishment of other major expressways in the area 94 The Yurikamome automated transit line was also to be extended from its existing terminal at Toyosu Station to a new terminal at Kachidoki Station passing the site of the Olympic Village although the line was not expected to have adequate capacity to serve major events in the Odaiba area on its own 95 In April 2018 the Tokyo Organizing Committee signed a partnership with the International Labour Organization to ensure decent work in the preparation of and during the 2020 Olympic Games 96 In June 2020 the chief executive of the Organizing Committee Toshirō Mutō stated that the committee was exploring options for streamlining the Games to achieve cost savings 97 On 25 September the IOC and Tokyo Organizing Committee agreed to a suite of measures to simplify the Games logistics including a cut to non athlete staff use of online meetings and streamlined transport among others The committee also outlined areas it would be exploring in order to maintain the health and safety of all participants 98 Venues and infrastructure edit nbsp The newly built Japan National Stadium in Tokyo was the venue for the ceremonies and the athletics events Main article Venues of the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics In February 2012 it was announced that Tokyo s former National Stadium the central venue for the 1964 Summer Olympics would undergo a 100 billion renovation for the 2019 Rugby World Cup and the 2020 Summer Olympics 99 In November 2012 the Japan Sport Council announced that it was taking bids for proposed stadium designs Of the 46 finalists Zaha Hadid Architects was awarded the project which would replace the old stadium with a new 80 000 seat stadium There was criticism of the Zaha Hadid design which was compared to a bicycle helmet and regarded as clashing with the surrounding Meiji Shrine and widespread disapproval of the costs even with attempts to revise and optimize the design 100 In June 2015 the government announced plans to reduce the new stadium s permanent capacity to 65 000 in its athletics configuration although with the option to add up to 15 000 temporary seats for football as a further cost saving measure 101 102 The original plan to build a retractable roof was also abandoned 103 At the end of 2015 as a result of public opposition to the increasing costs of the new stadium which had reached 252 billion the government chose to reject Zaha Hadid s design entirely and selected a new design by Japanese architect Kengo Kuma Inspired by traditional temples and with a lower profile Kuma s design had a budget of 149 billion The changes meant the new stadium could not be completed in time for the 2019 Rugby World Cup as originally intended 104 The National Stadium which was inaugurated on 21 December 2019 was named the Olympic Stadium for the duration of the Tokyo Games 105 In October 2018 the Board of Audit issued a report stating that the total cost of the Olympic venues could exceed US 25 billion 106 Of the 33 competition venues in Tokyo 28 were within 8 kilometers 5 miles of the Olympic Village with eleven new venues to be constructed 107 On 16 October 2019 the IOC announced that there were plans to re locate the marathon and racewalking events to Sapporo for heat concerns 108 The plans were made official on 1 November 2019 after Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike accepted the IOC s decision despite her belief that the events should have remained in Tokyo 109 In general as urban studies scholar Faure notes The Tokyo 2020 2021 Games had a relatively moderate impact on the city compared to previous cases such as Rio and Sochi or cases in which a major Olympic park was built in Barcelona in 1992 and in Beijing in 2008 The transport infrastructure has been marginally improved by facilitating access for people with mobility constraints and improving signage in other languages Haneda Airport has been expanded and a hydrogen powered bus rapid transit system has been introduced Several sports and event facilities were built including the new Olympic Stadium Finally the Olympic Village has been built on the Harumi landfill 110 Security edit nbsp Police patrolling and watching from a rooftop near the tennis venue In December 2018 the Japanese government chose to ban drones from flying over venues being used for the Olympic and Paralympic Games A similar ban was also imposed for the 2019 Rugby World Cup which Japan also hosted 111 In January 2020 counterterrorism drills began in different parts where the Games would take place after intelligence data showed that terrorist groups could have carried out an attack seeking worldwide attention 112 In July 2021 prior to the start of the Games the Japan Coast Guard conducted counterterrorism drills in the Tokyo Bay The drill consisted of two inflatable boats trying to stop a suspicious ship from getting to shore 113 Volunteers edit Applications for volunteering at the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games were accepted beginning on 26 September 2018 By 18 January 2019 a total of 204 680 applications had been received by the Tokyo Organizing Committee 114 Interviews to select the requisite number of volunteers began in February 2019 with training scheduled to take place in October 2019 115 The volunteers at the venues were to be known as Field Cast and the volunteers in the city were to be known as City Cast These names were chosen from a shortlist of four from an original 150 pairs of names the other three shortlisted names were Shining Blue and Shining Blue Tokyo Games Anchor and City Anchor and Games Force and City Force The names were chosen by the people who had applied to be volunteers at the Games 116 As of early June 2021 approximately 10 000 out of the 80 000 registered volunteers resigned from the Games Media attributed the rise in pandemic cases as the reason for massive quitting 117 More volunteer assignments were expected to be cancelled due to the spectator ban 118 Medals edit Further information Olympic medal nbsp Due to COVID 19 protocols the medals were presented to the athletes on a tray and each athlete was asked to put on their own medal rather than have it placed around their neck by a dignitary 119 In February 2017 the Tokyo Organizing Committee announced an electronics recycling program in partnership with Japan Environmental Sanitation Center and NTT Docomo soliciting donations of electronics such as mobile phones to be reclaimed as materials for the medals Aiming to collect eight tonnes of metals to produce the medals for the Olympic and Paralympic Games collection boxes were deployed at public locations and NTT Docomo retail shops in April 2017 120 121 A design competition for the medals was launched in December of that year 122 In May 2018 the organizing committee reported that they had obtained half the required 2 700 kilograms of bronze but were struggling to obtain the required amount of silver although bronze and silver medals purely utilize their respective materials IOC requirements mandate that gold medals utilize silver as a base 123 The collection of bronze was completed in November 2018 with the remainder estimated to have been completed by March 2019 124 On 24 July 2019 one year ahead of the originally scheduled opening ceremony the designs of the medals were unveiled 125 126 The medals for the Olympic and Paralympic Games were designed by Junichi Kawanishi following a nationwide competition 127 A new feature shared with the Paralympic medals is that the ribbons contain one two or three silicone convex lines to distinguish gold silver and bronze medals respectively 126 Torch relay edit Main article 2020 Summer Olympics torch relay The slogan of the 2020 Summer Olympics torch relay was Hope Lights Our Way 128 129 As determined by a 2009 IOC ruling that banned international torch relays for any future Olympic Games 130 the 2020 Summer Olympics torch was scheduled to only visit the two countries of Greece and the host nation Japan The first phase of the relay began on 12 March 2020 with the traditional flame lighting ceremony at the Temple of Hera in Olympia Greece The torch then travelled to Athens where the Greek leg of the relay culminated in a handover ceremony at the Panathenaic Stadium on 19 March during which the torch was transferred to the Japanese contingent 128 The flame was placed inside a special lantern and transported from Athens International Airport on a chartered flight to Higashimatsushima in Japan The torch was then expected to begin the second phase of its journey on 20 March as it traveled for one week around the three most affected areas of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Miyagi Iwate and Fukushima where it would go on display under the heading Flame of Recovery After leaving Naraha on 26 March the torch would commence its main relay around Japan incorporating all 47 prefectural capitals 129 After the decision to postpone the Games was made the torch was placed again in a special lantern on display in the city of Fukushima for a month After that the lantern was transferred to the Tokyo prefecture where it was kept safe until the restart of the relay in 2021 131 On 23 July 2020 one year ahead of the rescheduled opening ceremony a promotional video was released featuring Japanese swimmer Rikako Ikee carrying the lantern inside Japan National Stadium drawing comparisons between emergence from the pandemic and her own return to sport after being diagnosed with leukemia 132 On 20 August 2020 it was announced that the torch relay would begin again in Naraha Fukushima on 25 March 2021 nearly a year later than originally planned 131 133 The final course of the relay was altered due to concerns regarding public health concerns about gatherings along the route e g the Miyakojima leg was canceled and the relay was held without spectators due to states of emergency in some regions e g Matsuyama Hiroshima Hyōgo and Okayama 134 The relay ended at Tokyo s National Stadium Olympic Stadium on 23 July with tennis player Naomi Osaka lighting the Olympic cauldron at the finale of the opening ceremony 135 The cauldron lit in the Olympic Stadium was only used during the Opening and Closing ceremonies a separate cauldron was lit on the Tokyo waterfront for public view at the Yume No Ohashi Bridge in Odaiba making it only the second time in Olympic history where the cauldron was not displayed in the athletics stadium the other time being in 2016 136 Biosecurity protocols edit nbsp Temperature check and COVID 19 countermeasures at the tennis venue In February 2021 the IOC began releasing playbooks containing details on planned COVID 19 biosecurity protocols for athletes officials the press and other staff including standard protocols such as practicing social distancing hygiene the wearing of face masks outside of training and competition for athletes and being restricted from visiting bars restaurants shops and other tourist areas around Greater Tokyo Area or using public transport unless otherwise permitted Participants would be asked to use Japan s COCOA Exposure Notification app and would be tested at least every four days Athletes who tested positive would be unable to compete and could be quarantined at a government facility although leeway would be given in the event of false positives Close contacts would also need to test negative in order to be cleared for competition Athletes would be discouraged from excessive celebrations because the actions could spread infected droplets 137 138 139 The playbooks were criticized in a paper published by The New England Journal of Medicine in May 2021 for lacking scientifically rigorous risk assessment and failing to distinguish the various levels of risk faced by athletes The playbook stated that the athletes were required to arrive up to five days prior to the start of the competition and to leave within 48 hours of being eliminated from their sport or the conclusion of the competitions 140 141 The IOC recommended the vaccination of athletes against COVID 19 if vaccines were available to them but this was not a prerequisite for participation and the IOC advised against athletes jumping the queue in order to obtain priority over essential populations 142 On 12 March 2021 Thomas Bach announced that in nations where they were approved for use the Chinese Olympic Committee had offered to cover the costs of the Chinese CoronaVac and the Sinopharm BIBP vaccine for athletes competing in the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics and would purchase two doses for their nation s general public for each vaccinated athlete 143 On 6 May 2021 Pfizer announced that it would donate doses of its vaccine to NOCs competing in Tokyo 144 Approximately 93 000 athletes and officials were exempt from the quarantine rules upon arriving in Japan provided that they remained in areas separated from the local population With around 300 000 local staff and volunteers entering and exiting these bubbles and 20 000 vaccine doses allocated for this group this led to concerns of COVID 19 spreading both during the Games and when teams returned to their countries 145 146 Due to international travel restrictions the organizing committee announced in March 2021 that no international guests including spectators and friends and family members of the athletes would be allowed to attend the Games As per existing guidance for spectator sports in Japan spectators would be asked to refrain from cheering or shouting 139 On 19 June 2021 Governor Koike announced that plans for public viewing events for the Games had been scrapped in order to use the planned venues such as Yoyogi Park as mass vaccination sites instead 147 On 21 June it was announced that all venues would be capped at a maximum of 10 000 ticketed spectators or 50 capacity whichever was lower 148 On 2 July 2021 the new TOCOG president Seiko Hashimoto warned that there was still a possibility of the Games being held behind closed doors because of rising COVID 19 cases in the country 149 150 Japan s slow vaccination rate had been of particular concern 151 152 A simulation run by the University of Tokyo in May 2021 projected that a new wave of infections could peak in mid October if the Games went on after the existing state of emergency in Tokyo had expired 153 154 On 8 July 2021 after Tokyo had recorded 920 new COVID 19 cases its highest increase since May Prime Minister Suga declared a new state of emergency in the Tokyo area from 12 July through 22 August ending only two days before the Paralympics opening ceremony and announced that all events at venues in the area would therefore be held behind closed doors with no spectators permitted Hashimoto stated that it is extremely regrettable that the Games will be staged in a very limited manner in the face of the spread of novel coronavirus infections IOC President Thomas Bach stated that we will support any measure which is necessary to have a safe and secure Olympic and Paralympic Games for the Japanese people and all the participants 151 152 155 The announcement stated that spectators would still be allowed at events being held outside of Tokyo subject to the approval by local health authorities and the aforementioned 50 10 000 spectator limit The prefectures of Fukushima Hokkaido and Ibaraki announced that they would prohibit spectators at events held in the areas 156 The opening ceremony was expected to be limited to fewer than 1 000 VIP guests including IOC representatives and dignitaries 157 while some events did allow members of other competing delegations to occupy spectator seats as well 158 School students were invited to watch football matches in Ibaraki 159 160 On 16 July it was reported that Bach had asked Prime Minister Suga about the possibility that restrictions on spectators could be eased later on if COVID 19 conditions were to improve in Tokyo 157 However on 2 August Suga announced that all existing state of emergency declarations would be extended through 31 August and be extended to Chiba Kanagawa Saitama and parts of Osaka 161 Ticketing edit The opening ceremony tickets were expected to range from 12 000 to 300 000 with a maximum price of 130 000 for the finals of the athletics track and field events 162 The average ticket price was 7 700 with half the tickets being sold for up to 8 000 A symbolic ticket price of 2 020 was expected for families groups resident in Japan and in conjunction with a school program 162 Tickets would be sold through 40 000 shops in Japan and by mail order to Japanese addresses through the internet 163 International guests had they been allowed would have needed to visit Japan during the sales period or arrange to buy tickets through a third party such as a travel agent 164 Tickets went on general sale in Japan in the autumn of 2019 and were expected to be sold globally from June 2020 however this plan was suspended when the Games were postponed on 24 March 2020 The Tokyo Organizing Committee confirmed that tickets already purchased would remain valid for the same sessions according to the new schedule and that refunds were also being offered 165 On 20 March 2021 it was announced that due to COVID 19 related concerns no international guests would be allowed to attend the 2020 Olympics or Paralympics This included both spectators as well as the friends and family of athletes All overseas ticketholders would be refunded 139 Hashimoto cited uncertainties surrounding international travel restrictions and goals to preserve the safety of all participants and spectators and not place a burden on the health care system 139 It was ultimately announced in July that all local spectators were not allowed to attend any events held in Tokyo Fukushima and Hokkaido 151 152 155 Cultural festival edit A cultural program known as Nippon Festival was scheduled to coincide with the Olympics and Paralympics running from April to September 2021 as a series of streaming events held by the Tokyo Organizing Committee and other partners The events reflected the themes of Participation and Interaction Towards the Realisation of an Inclusive Society and Reconstruction of the Tohoku Region The program was either downsized or reformatted to virtual format due to the COVID 19 pandemic and the postponement of the Games 166 One of these events was a concert held on 18 July which featured J rock band Wanima choreography by dancers Aio Yamada and Tuki Takamura and the presentation of animated creatures based on illustrations embodying the thoughts and emotions of people from across the world 167 The original plans for Nippon Festival included events such as Kabuki x Opera a concert that would have featured stage actor Ichikawa Ebizō XI opera singers Anna Pirozzi and Erwin Schrott and the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra an arts and culture festival focusing on disabilities 168 169 170 171 and a special two day exhibition sumo tournament at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan shortly after the Olympics which would have differed significantly from the traditional bi monthly Honbasho tournaments and featured special commentary in English and Japanese to help explain to spectators the customs and traditions of professional sumo which are deeply rooted in the Shinto religion 172 173 The Games editOpening ceremony edit nbsp A scene from the Opening Ceremony at the Olympic Stadium with drones flying around and creating the official logo of the Games Main article 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony was held on 23 July 2021 in the Olympic Stadium in Tokyo It included the traditional Parade of Nations Emperor Naruhito formally opened the Games and at the end of the torch relay the Olympic cauldron was lit by Japanese tennis player Naomi Osaka 174 For the first time in the 2020 Olympic Games it was decided that one male and one female in each country would take turns holding flags and serve as two of them 175 This was done by embodying the Agenda 2020 set during President Bach s term 176 177 For the first time in the history of the games a moment of silence was observed in the opening ceremony for the victims of COVID 19 the 2011 earthquake and tsunami and the Munich massacre 178 Sports edit See also Olympic sports nbsp Nippon Budokan nbsp Ariake Arena nbsp Ariake Gymnastics Centre nbsp Tokyo Aquatics Centre nbsp Yoyogi Gymnasium nbsp Saitama Super Arena nbsp Ryogoku Kokugikan nbsp Enoshima Yacht Harbor Kanagawa nbsp Tsurigasaki Beach Chiba The event program for the 2020 Summer Olympics was approved by the IOC executive board on 9 June 2017 IOC president Thomas Bach stated that their goal was to give the Games youthful and urban appeal and to increase the number of female participants 179 180 The Games featured 339 events in 33 different sports encompassing a total of 50 disciplines Karate sport climbing surfing and skateboarding made their Olympic debut while baseball and softball also made a one off return to the Summer Olympics for the first time since 2008 15 new events within existing sports were also added including 3 3 basketball freestyle BMX and the return of madison cycling as well as 9 new mixed events in several sports table tennis archery judo shooting 3 triathlon 4 400 m relay running and 4 100 m medley swimming 181 In the list below the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses 181 2020 Summer Olympic Sports program Aquatics nbsp Artistic swimming 2 nbsp Diving 8 nbsp Marathon swimming 2 nbsp Swimming 35 nbsp Water polo 2 nbsp Archery 5 nbsp Athletics 48 nbsp Badminton 5 Baseball nbsp Baseball 1 nbsp Softball 1 nbsp Basketball Basketball 2 3 3 basketball 2 nbsp Boxing 13 nbsp Canoeing Slalom 4 Sprint 12 nbsp Cycling BMX freestyle 2 BMX racing 2 Mountain biking 2 Road cycling 4 Track cycling 12 nbsp Equestrian Dressage 2 Eventing 2 Jumping 2 nbsp Fencing 12 nbsp Field hockey 2 nbsp Football 2 nbsp Golf 2 nbsp Gymnastics Artistic 14 Rhythmic 2 Trampoline 2 nbsp Handball 2 nbsp Judo 15 nbsp Karate Kata 2 Kumite 6 nbsp Modern pentathlon 2 nbsp Rowing 14 nbsp Rugby sevens 2 nbsp Sailing 10 nbsp Shooting 15 nbsp Skateboarding 4 nbsp Sport climbing 2 nbsp Surfing 2 nbsp Table tennis 5 nbsp Taekwondo 8 nbsp Tennis 5 nbsp Triathlon 3 nbsp Volleyball Volleyball 2 Beach volleyball 2 nbsp Weightlifting 14 nbsp Wrestling Freestyle 12 Greco Roman 6 New sports edit On 12 February 2013 with a remit to control the cost of the Games and ensure they are relevant to sports fans of all generations the IOC Executive Board recommended the removal of one of the 26 sports contested at the 2012 Summer Olympics leaving a vacancy which the IOC would seek to fill at the 125th IOC Session The new entrant would join golf and rugby sevens which would both debut in 2016 as part of the program of 28 core sports Five sports were shortlisted for removal including canoe field hockey modern pentathlon taekwondo and wrestling In the final round of voting by the executive board eight members voted to remove wrestling from the Olympic program Hockey and taekwondo were both tied in second with three votes each 182 183 184 The decision to drop wrestling surprised many media outlets given that the sport s role in the Olympics dates back to the ancient Olympic Games and was included in the original program for the modern Games The New York Times felt that the decision was based on the shortage of well known talent and the absence of women s events in the sport 185 186 187 Out of the shortlist from the IOC vote Wrestling was duly added to the shortlist of applicants for inclusion in the 2020 Games alongside the seven new sports that were put forward for consideration 185 On 29 May 2013 it was announced that three of the eight sports under consideration had made the final shortlist baseball softball squash and wrestling 188 The other five sports were rejected at this point karate roller sports sport climbing wakeboarding and wushu 189 At the 125th IOC Session on 8 September 2013 wrestling was chosen to be included in the Olympic program for 2020 and 2024 Wrestling secured 49 votes while baseball softball and squash received 24 votes and 22 votes respectively 190 With the adoption of the Olympic Agenda 2020 in December 2014 the IOC shifted from a sport based approach to the Olympic program to an event based program establishing that organizing committees may propose discretionary events to be included in the program to improve local interest 191 192 As a result of these changes a shortlist of eight new proposed sports was unveiled on 22 June 2015 consisting of baseball softball bowling karate roller sports sport climbing squash surfing and wushu 193 On 28 September 2015 the Tokyo Organizing Committee submitted their shortlist of five proposed sports to the IOC baseball softball karate sport climbing surfing and skateboarding 194 These five new sports were approved on 3 August 2016 by the IOC during the 129th IOC Session in Rio de Janeiro Brazil and were included in the sports program for 2020 only bringing the total number of sports at the 2020 Olympics to 33 195 196 Test events edit A total of 56 test events were scheduled to take place in the run up to the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics Two of the events were held in late 2018 but the main test event schedule commenced in June 2019 and was originally due to be completed in May 2020 prior to the start of the Olympics Several of the events were incorporated into pre existing championships but some have been newly created specifically to serve as Olympic test events for the 2020 Summer Games 197 198 In February 2019 it was announced that the test events would be branded under the banner Ready Steady Tokyo The Tokyo Organizing Committee is responsible for 22 of the test events with the remaining events being arranged by national and international sports federations The first test event was World Sailing s World Cup Series held at Enoshima in September 2018 The last scheduled event is the Tokyo Challenge Track Meet which was originally due to take place at the Olympic Stadium on 6 May 2020 199 All test events originally scheduled to take place from 12 March 2020 onwards were postponed due to COVID 19 with the test event calendar to be reviewed during the preparations for the rescheduled Games g 200 Participating National Olympic Committees editSee also 2020 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations The Republic of Macedonia has competed under the provisional name Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in every Summer and Winter Games since its debut in 1996 because of the disputed status of its official name The naming disputes with Greece ended in 2018 with the signing of the Prespa agreement and the country was officially renamed North Macedonia in February 2019 The new name was immediately recognized by the IOC although the Olympic Committee of North Macedonia NMOC was not officially adopted until February 2020 The NMOC sent a delegation to the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics in January 2020 but the Tokyo Games were North Macedonia s first appearance at the Summer Olympics under its new name 201 Since competing as Swaziland ten times at the Summer and Winter Olympics Eswatini made its debut under that name after the renaming of the country by the king in 2018 202 On 9 December 2019 the World Anti Doping Agency WADA banned Russia from all international sport for a period of four years after the Russian government was found to have tampered with laboratory data that it had provided to WADA in January 2019 as a condition of the Russian Anti Doping Agency being reinstated As a result of the ban WADA planned to allow individually cleared Russian athletes to take part in the 2020 Summer Olympics under a neutral banner as instigated at the 2018 Winter Olympics but they would be excluded from team sports The head of WADA s Compliance Review Committee Jonathan Taylor stated that the IOC would not be able to use the Olympic Athletes from Russia OAR designation as it did in 2018 emphasizing that neutral athletes could not be portrayed as representing a specific country 203 204 205 Russia later filed an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport CAS against WADA s decision 206 After reviewing the case on appeal CAS ruled on 17 December 2020 that the penalty placed on Russia be reduced Instead of a total ban from all sporting events the ruling allowed Russia to participate at the Olympics and other international events but the team would not be permitted to use the Russian name flag or anthem for a period of two years and must present themselves as Neutral Athlete or Neutral Team The ruling does allow for Russia to be displayed on the team uniform although it should be no more visible than the Neutral Athlete Team designation as well as the use of the Russian flag s colors within the uniform s design 207 On 19 February 2021 it was announced that Russia would compete under the acronym ROC after the name of the Russian Olympic Committee although the name of the committee itself in full could not be used to refer to the delegation The ROC team would be represented by the flag of the Russian Olympic Committee 208 On 6 April 2021 North Korea announced that it would not participate in the 2020 Summer Olympics because of COVID 19 concerns 209 This marked North Korea s first absence from the Summer Olympics since 1988 210 In September a month after the games concluded the Olympic Committee of the Democratic People s Republic of Korea was banned from participation in the 2022 Winter Olympics after they failed to participate in the Tokyo Olympics On 21 July 2021 Guinea announced it would not be sending a delegation to the Tokyo Olympics allegedly due to COVID 19 concerns though media outlets suggested that financial considerations may have been the real motivating factor 211 Guinea later reversed the decision and confirmed that it would be participating 212 nbsp Participating nations nbsp Country by team size The following 206 teams qualified including the 104 universality places guaranteed in athletics under which all 206 NOCs may send competitors regardless of qualification 213 Participating National Olympic Committees nbsp Afghanistan 5 nbsp Albania 9 nbsp Algeria 38 nbsp American Samoa 6 nbsp Andorra 2 nbsp Angola 20 nbsp Antigua and Barbuda 6 nbsp Argentina 185 nbsp Armenia 17 nbsp Aruba 3 nbsp Australia 479 nbsp Austria 73 nbsp Azerbaijan 44 nbsp Bahamas 15 nbsp Bahrain 32 nbsp Bangladesh 6 nbsp Barbados 8 nbsp Belarus 103 nbsp Belgium 123 nbsp Belize 3 nbsp Benin 7 nbsp Bermuda 2 nbsp Bhutan 4 nbsp Bolivia 5 nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina 7 nbsp Botswana 13 nbsp Brazil 310 nbsp British Virgin Islands 3 nbsp Brunei 2 nbsp Bulgaria 42 nbsp Burkina Faso 7 nbsp Burundi 6 nbsp Cambodia 3 nbsp Cameroon 12 nbsp Canada 378 nbsp Cape Verde 6 nbsp Cayman Islands 5 nbsp Central African Republic 2 nbsp Chad 3 nbsp Chile 51 nbsp China 410 nbsp Colombia 70 nbsp Comoros 3 nbsp Cook Islands 6 nbsp Costa Rica 13 nbsp Croatia 60 nbsp Cuba 70 nbsp Cyprus 15 nbsp Czech Republic 109 nbsp Democratic Republic of the Congo 6 nbsp Denmark 104 nbsp Djibouti 4 nbsp Dominica 2 nbsp Dominican Republic 65 nbsp East Timor 3 nbsp Ecuador 46 nbsp Egypt 137 nbsp El Salvador 5 nbsp Equatorial Guinea 3 nbsp Eritrea 13 nbsp Estonia 33 nbsp Eswatini 4 nbsp Ethiopia 36 nbsp Federated States of Micronesia 3 nbsp Fiji 32 nbsp Finland 45 nbsp France 380 nbsp Gabon 5 nbsp The Gambia 4 nbsp Georgia 33 nbsp Germany 392 nbsp Ghana 12 nbsp Great Britain 375 nbsp Greece 75 nbsp Grenada 6 nbsp Guam 5 nbsp Guatemala 24 nbsp Guinea 4 nbsp Guinea Bissau 4 nbsp Guyana 7 nbsp Haiti 6 nbsp Honduras 23 nbsp Hong Kong 43 nbsp Hungary 172 nbsp Iceland 4 nbsp India 120 nbsp Indonesia 28 nbsp Iran 65 nbsp Iraq 3 nbsp Ireland 120 nbsp Israel 89 nbsp Italy 384 nbsp Ivory Coast 26 nbsp Jamaica 54 nbsp Japan 600 host nbsp Jordan 14 nbsp Kazakhstan 97 214 nbsp Kenya 85 nbsp Kiribati 3 nbsp Kosovo 11 nbsp Kuwait 10 nbsp Kyrgyzstan 16 nbsp Laos 4 nbsp Latvia 32 nbsp Lebanon 6 nbsp Lesotho 2 nbsp Liberia 3 nbsp Libya 4 nbsp Liechtenstein 5 nbsp Lithuania 42 nbsp Luxembourg 12 nbsp Madagascar 6 nbsp Malawi 5 nbsp Malaysia 30 nbsp Maldives 4 nbsp Mali 4 nbsp Malta 6 nbsp Marshall Islands 2 nbsp Mauritania 2 nbsp Mauritius 8 nbsp Mexico 160 nbsp Moldova 20 nbsp Monaco 6 nbsp Mongolia 43 nbsp Montenegro 34 nbsp Morocco 44 nbsp Mozambique 10 nbsp Myanmar 2 nbsp Namibia 11 nbsp Nauru 2 nbsp Nepal 5 nbsp Netherlands 267 nbsp New Zealand 215 nbsp Nicaragua 8 nbsp Niger 7 nbsp Nigeria 53 nbsp North Macedonia 8 nbsp Norway 93 nbsp Oman 5 nbsp Pakistan 10 nbsp Palau 3 nbsp Palestine 5 nbsp Panama 10 nbsp Papua New Guinea 8 nbsp Paraguay 8 nbsp Peru 35 nbsp Philippines 19 nbsp Poland 206 nbsp Portugal 92 nbsp Puerto Rico 37 nbsp Qatar 15 nbsp Refugee Olympic Team 29 nbsp Republic of the Congo 3 nbsp ROC 334 h nbsp Romania 102 nbsp Rwanda 5 nbsp Saint Kitts and Nevis 2 nbsp Saint Lucia 5 nbsp Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3 nbsp Samoa 8 nbsp San Marino 5 nbsp Sao Tome and Principe 3 nbsp Saudi Arabia 31 nbsp Senegal 9 nbsp Serbia 87 nbsp Seychelles 5 nbsp Sierra Leone 3 nbsp Singapore 23 nbsp Slovakia 41 nbsp Slovenia 53 nbsp Solomon Islands 3 nbsp Somalia 2 nbsp South Africa 177 nbsp South Korea 235 nbsp South Sudan 2 nbsp Spain 328 nbsp Sri Lanka 9 nbsp Sudan 4 nbsp Suriname 2 nbsp Sweden 133 nbsp Switzerland 113 nbsp Syria 6 nbsp Chinese Taipei 68 nbsp Tajikistan 10 nbsp Tanzania 3 nbsp Thailand 41 nbsp Togo 4 nbsp Tonga 6 nbsp Trinidad and Tobago 25 nbsp Tunisia 63 nbsp Turkey 105 nbsp Turkmenistan 9 nbsp Tuvalu 2 nbsp Uganda 25 nbsp Ukraine 149 nbsp United Arab Emirates 5 nbsp United States 615 nbsp Uruguay 11 nbsp Uzbekistan 67 nbsp Vanuatu 3 nbsp Venezuela 44 nbsp Vietnam 18 nbsp Virgin Islands 4 nbsp Yemen 5 nbsp Zambia 27 nbsp Zimbabwe 5 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee edit 11 420 athletes from 206 NOCs 2 215 Ranking NOC Athletes 1 nbsp United States 615 2 nbsp Japan Host 556 3 nbsp Australia 478 4 nbsp Germany 425 5 nbsp China 406 6 nbsp France 398 7 nbsp Italy 384 8 nbsp Canada 381 9 nbsp Great Britain 376 10 nbsp ROC 335 11 nbsp Spain 321 12 nbsp Brazil 302 13 nbsp Netherlands 278 14 nbsp South Korea 237 15 nbsp New Zealand 211 16 nbsp Poland 210 17 nbsp Argentina 189 18 nbsp South Africa 177 19 nbsp Hungary 166 20 nbsp Mexico 162 21 nbsp Ukraine 155 22 nbsp Sweden 134 23 nbsp Egypt 133 24 nbsp India 122 25 nbsp Belgium 121 26 nbsp Ireland 116 27 nbsp Czech Republic 115 28 nbsp Turkey 108 29 nbsp Switzerland 107 30 nbsp Denmark 107 31 nbsp Romania 101 32 nbsp Belarus 101 33 nbsp Kazakhstan 93 34 nbsp Portugal 92 35 nbsp Israel 90 36 nbsp Serbia 86 37 nbsp Kenya 85 38 nbsp Greece 83 39 nbsp Norway 75 40 nbsp Colombia 70 41 nbsp Cuba 70 42 nbsp Chinese Taipei 68 43 nbsp Iran 66 44 nbsp Uzbekistan 65 45 nbsp Dominican Republic 62 46 nbsp Tunisia 62 47 nbsp Austria 60 48 nbsp Nigeria 60 49 nbsp Croatia 59 50 nbsp Chile 58 51 nbsp Slovenia 53 52 nbsp Jamaica 50 53 nbsp Morocco 50 54 nbsp Ecuador 48 55 nbsp Hong Kong 46 56 nbsp Finland 45 57 nbsp Algeria 44 58 nbsp Venezuela 44 59 nbsp Azerbaijan 44 60 nbsp Mongolia 43 61 nbsp Thailand 42 62 nbsp Bulgaria 42 63 nbsp Lithuania 42 64 nbsp Slovakia 41 65 nbsp Ethiopia 38 66 nbsp Puerto Rico 37 67 nbsp Georgia 35 68 nbsp Peru 35 69 nbsp Montenegro 34 70 nbsp Latvia 33 71 nbsp Estonia 33 72 nbsp Bahrain 32 73 nbsp Fiji 30 74 nbsp Malaysia 30 75 nbsp Refugee Olympic Team 29 76 nbsp Saudi Arabia 29 77 nbsp Indonesia 28 78 nbsp Ivory Coast 28 79 nbsp Zambia 26 80 nbsp Uganda 25 81 nbsp Guatemala 24 82 nbsp Singapore 23 83 nbsp Honduras 22 84 nbsp Trinidad and Tobago 22 85 nbsp Angola 20 86 nbsp Moldova 20 87 nbsp Philippines 19 88 nbsp Vietnam 18 89 nbsp Armenia 17 90 nbsp Bahamas 16 91 nbsp Kyrgyzstan 16 92 nbsp Qatar 16 93 nbsp Cyprus 15 94 nbsp Costa Rica 14 95 nbsp Ghana 14 96 nbsp Jordan 14 97 nbsp Botswana 13 98 nbsp Eritrea 13 99 nbsp Cameroon 12 100 nbsp Luxembourg 12 101 nbsp Kosovo 11 102 nbsp Kuwait 11 103 nbsp Namibia 11 104 nbsp Tajikistan 11 105 nbsp Uruguay 11 106 nbsp Mozambique 10 107 nbsp Pakistan 10 108 nbsp Panama 10 109 nbsp Albania 9 110 nbsp Senegal 9 111 nbsp Sri Lanka 9 112 nbsp Turkmenistan 9 113 nbsp Barbados 8 114 nbsp Mauritius 8 115 nbsp Nicaragua 8 116 nbsp North Macedonia 8 117 nbsp Papua New Guinea 8 118 nbsp Paraguay 8 119 nbsp Samoa 8 120 nbsp Benin 7 121 nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina 7 122 nbsp Burkina Faso 7 123 nbsp Democratic Republic of the Congo 7 124 nbsp Guyana 7 125 nbsp Niger 7 126 nbsp American Samoa 6 127 nbsp Antigua and Barbuda 6 128 nbsp Bangladesh 6 129 nbsp Burundi 6 130 nbsp Cape Verde 6 131 nbsp Cook Islands 6 132 nbsp Grenada 6 133 nbsp Haiti 6 134 nbsp Lebanon 6 135 nbsp Madagascar 6 136 nbsp Malta 6 137 nbsp Monaco 6 138 nbsp Rwanda 6 139 nbsp Syria 6 140 nbsp Tonga 6 141 nbsp Afghanistan 5 142 nbsp Bolivia 5 143 nbsp Cayman Islands 5 144 nbsp El Salvador 5 145 nbsp Gabon 5 146 nbsp Guam 5 147 nbsp Guinea 5 148 nbsp Liechtenstein 5 149 nbsp Malawi 5 150 nbsp Nepal 5 151 nbsp Oman 5 152 nbsp Palestine 5 153 nbsp Saint Lucia 5 154 nbsp San Marino 5 155 nbsp Seychelles 5 156 nbsp Sudan 5 157 nbsp United Arab Emirates 5 158 nbsp Yemen 5 159 nbsp Zimbabwe 5 160 nbsp Bhutan 4 161 nbsp Djibouti 4 162 nbsp Eswatini 4 163 nbsp The Gambia 4 164 nbsp Guinea Bissau 4 165 nbsp Iceland 4 166 nbsp Iraq 4 167 nbsp Laos 4 168 nbsp Libya 4 169 nbsp Maldives 4 170 nbsp Mali 4 171 nbsp Sierra Leone 4 172 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library, article, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games. |