Olympic sports
Olympic sports are sports that are contested in the Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games. The 2020 Summer Olympics included 33 sports;[1] the 2022 Winter Olympics included seven sports.[2][3] Each Olympic sport is represented at the International Olympic Committee (IOC) by an international governing body called an International Federation (IF).[4]
The 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo saw the introduction of four new sports, with karate, skateboarding, sport climbing and surfing making their Olympic debuts. Breakdancing will make its debut at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, and ski mountaineering will make its debut at the 2026 Winter Olympics.
Olympic sports definitions
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) considers an Olympic sport to comprise all disciplines governed by an international sports federation.[4] For example, aquatics is a summer Olympic sport that includes six disciplines: swimming, artistic swimming, diving, water polo, open water swimming, and high diving (a non-Olympic discipline), all of which are governed at international level by World Aquatics.[3][5] Skating is a winter Olympic sport represented by the International Skating Union, and includes four disciplines: figure skating, speed skating, short track speed skating, and synchronized skating (a non-Olympic discipline).[3][6] The sport with the largest number of Olympic disciplines is skiing, with six: alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, snowboarding, and freestyle skiing.
Other notable multi-discipline sports are gymnastics (artistic, rhythmic, and trampoline), cycling (road, track, mountain, and BMX), volleyball (indoors and beach), wrestling (freestyle and Greco-Roman), canoeing (flatwater and slalom), and bobsleigh (includes skeleton). The disciplines listed here are only those contested in the Olympics—gymnastics has two non-Olympic disciplines, while cycling and wrestling have three each.
The IOC definition of a "discipline" may differ from that used by an international federation. For example, the IOC considers artistic gymnastics a single discipline, but the International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG) classifies men's and women's artistic gymnastics as separate disciplines.[7] Similarly, the IOC considers freestyle wrestling to be a single discipline, but United World Wrestling classifies women's freestyle wrestling as the separate discipline of "female wrestling".[8]
An event, by IOC definition, is a competition that leads to the award of medals.[9] Therefore, the sport of aquatics includes a total of 46 Olympic events, of which 32 are in the discipline of swimming, eight in diving, and two each in artistic swimming, water polo, and open water swimming. The number of events per sport ranges from a minimum of two (until 2008, there were sports with only one event) to a maximum of 47 in athletics, which despite its large number of diverse events is not divided into separate disciplines like aquatics is.
Criteria for inclusion and thresholds
Sports eligible for inclusion in the Olympic programme are only those governed by international federations recognized by the IOC, as stated in Bye-laws 1.3.2 and 1.4.2 to Rule 45 of the Olympic Charter (2023).[10] The opportunity to propose additional sports to the programme is at the full discretion of the respective Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and subject to the final decision of the IOC Session.[11]
In the past, several criteria concerning widely practiced sports, disciplines or events have been abolished.[9] However, the number of sports remains constrained by athlete and event limits. According to Bye-law 3.2 to Rule 45 of the Olympic Charter (2023), Summer Olympics should be approximately limited to 10,500 athletes, 5,000 coaches and support personnel and 310 events, while Winter Olympics should be capped at around 2,900 athletes, 2,000 coaches and support personnel and 100 events, unless agreed to otherwise by the Organizing Committee.[10] These thresholds are likely to be surpassed for the 2028 Summer Olympics.[12]
In previous years, sports that depend primarily on mechanical propulsion, such as motor sports, could not be considered for recognition as Olympic sports, though there were power-boating events in 1908 before this rule was enacted by the IOC.[4][13] The rule excluding motorsports[14] was removed from the Olympic Charter in 2016.[15][16] The FIA (governing body for automobile sports)[17] and FAI (governing body for air sports)[18] are recognised by the International Olympic Committee,[19] and therefore, in theory, could be eligible for inclusion at future Olympic Games.
Changes in Olympic sports
The list of Olympic sports has changed considerably during the course of Olympic history, and has gradually increased over time. The Olympic Charter decrees that Olympic sports for each edition of the Olympic Games should be decided at an IOC Session no later than seven years prior to the Games.
The only summer sports that have never been absent from the Olympic program are athletics, aquatics (swimming), cycling, fencing, and gymnastics (artistic gymnastics). The only winter sports that were included in all Winter Olympic Games are skiing (nordic skiing), skating (figure skating and speed skating), and ice hockey. Figure skating and ice hockey were also included in the Summer Olympics (in 1908 and 1920) before the Winter Olympics were introduced in 1924.
Early Olympic Games prior to World War II included eight sports that have since been discontinued from the Olympics: basque pelota, croquet, jeu de paume, polo, rackets, roque, tug of war and water motorsports.[3][20] Organizers were able to decide which sports or disciplines were included on the program from 1896–1920, with the IOC taking control of the program in 1924. As a result, a number of sports were on the Olympic program for relatively brief periods: of the eight discontinued early Olympic sports, the only one on the program after 1920 was polo (in 1924 and 1936).[4] These sports were removed because of lack of interest and/or the absence of an appropriate governing body,[4] and are considered unlikely to ever return.
Five early Olympic sports that were removed by the IOC have managed to return to the Olympic program: archery in 1972, tennis in 1988, curling in 1998, golf in 2016 and cricket in 2028. Further, three other early Olympic sports returned in a different format from which they were originally competed in: handball in 1972 (as indoor handball instead of field handball), rugby in 2016 (as rugby sevens instead of rugby union), and lacrosse in 2028 (as lacrosse sixes instead of field lacrosse).
For most of the 20th century, the Olympics included one or more demonstration sports, normally to promote a local sport from the host country or to gauge interest in an entirely new sport.[21] Some such sports, like baseball and curling, were later added to the official Olympic program (in 1992 and 1998, respectively). The competitions and ceremonies in these sports were identical to official Olympic sports, except that the medals were not counted in the official record. On some occasions, both official medal events and demonstration events have been contested in the same sport at the same Games. Due to logistical issues, the International Olympic Committee decided in 1989 to eliminate demonstration sports from the Olympic Games after 1992.[22] An exception was made in 2008, when the Beijing Organizing Committee received permission to organize a wushu tournament.[23][24]
Women first competed in the 1900 Olympic Games, participating in five sports (croquet, sailing, tennis, golf and equestrian).[25] With the addition of women's boxing in 2012 and women's ski jumping in 2014, women can now compete in all Olympic disciplines except for Greco-Roman wrestling and nordic combined; there are also two women-only disciplines, rhythmic gymnastics and artistic swimming.
Changes since 2000
The sports of baseball and softball were both voted off the program by the IOC Session in Singapore on 11 July 2005,[26] a decision that was reaffirmed on 9 February 2006.[27] Baseball and softball, before their reinstatement for the 2020 Olympics,[28] were last included in 2008: therefore, the number of sports in the 2012 Summer Olympics was dropped from 28 to 26. This was the first time a sport or discipline had been removed from the Olympic program since canoe slalom after 1972 (though it returned in 1992).
Two previously long-discontinued sports, golf (last competed in 1904) and rugby (last competed in 1924), returned for the 2016 Summer Olympics. On 13 August 2009, the IOC Executive Board proposed that golf and rugby sevens be added to the Olympic program for 2016.[29] On 9 October 2009, during the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen, the IOC voted to admit both as official Olympic sports and to include them in the 2016 Summer Olympics.[30][31] The IOC voted 81–8 in favor of rugby sevens and 63–27 in favor of golf, thus bringing the number of sports back to 28.[31]
In February 2013, the IOC considered dropping a sport from the 2020 Summer Olympics to make way for a new sport: modern pentathlon and taekwondo were thought to be vulnerable, but instead the IOC recommended removing wrestling.[32] On 8 September 2013, the IOC added wrestling to the 2020 and 2024 Summer Games.[33]
Starting with the 2020 Games, the IOC altered the way it plans the Olympic sports program: rather than basing it on a maximum number of sports, the total number of events are now taken into account, opening the schedule up for the inclusion on a per-Games basis of additional sports to the 28 "core" sports. For the 2020 Summer Olympics, the local organizing committee was thus permitted to add five sports to the program in addition to the existing 28, taking the total to 33.[28][34] Baseball and softball have been treated by the IOC as a single sport since the governing bodies for baseball and softball merged into a single international federation, the World Baseball Softball Confederation, in 2013 (with male athletes competing in baseball and female athletes competing in softball). On 3 August 2016, the IOC voted to add baseball/softball, karate, sport climbing, surfing, and skateboarding as optional sports for the 2020 Summer Olympics.[28]
On 21 February 2019, the Paris 2024 Organising Committee announced they would propose the inclusion of breakdancing (breaking), as well as skateboarding, sport climbing, and surfing.[35] All four sports were approved during the 134th IOC Session in Lausanne, Switzerland on 24 June 2019.[36]
On 18 June 2021, the IOC issued a proposal for a new winter sport, ski mountaineering, for the 2026 Winter Olympics. The proposal was approved during the IOC's session in Tokyo on 20 July.[37]
On 3 February 2022, the IOC designated skateboarding, sport climbing and surfing to be core Summer Olympic sports starting in 2028, raising the number of core sports to 31.[38] On 16 October 2023, the IOC approved the addition of five optional sports for the 2028 Summer Olympics: baseball/softball, cricket, flag football, lacrosse and squash, while breakdancing was dropped.[39] Cricket's only previous Olympic appearance was in 1900, while lacrosse was last on the Olympic program in 1908.
Summer Olympics
At the first Olympic Games, ten sports were contested.[40] Since then, the number of sports contested at the Summer Olympic Games has gradually risen to thirty-six on the program for 2028.[39]
In order for a sport or discipline to be considered for inclusion in the list of Summer Olympic sports, it must be widely practiced in at least 75 countries, spread over four continents.[4]
Current and discontinued summer program
The following sports (and disciplines) make up the current and discontinued Summer Olympic Games official program and are listed alphabetically according to the name used by the IOC. The figures in each cell indicate the number of events for each sport contested at the respective Games; a bullet (•) denotes that the sport was contested as a demonstration or unofficial sport.
Eight of the 32 sports at the 2024 Summer Olympics consist of multiple disciplines. Each discipline is marked with a unique 3-character identifier code by the IOC.[41][42]
- ^ a b Sailing and rowing were included in the program of the 1896 Games, but were cancelled due to bad weather.[43]
- ^ At the time skateboarding was announced as part of the 2020 Summer Games, the sport was governed by the International Skateboarding Federation. That body merged with Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports in September 2017 to form the current World Skate.
- ^ The World Baseball Softball Confederation, which currently governs both baseball and softball, was created by a 2013 merger of two former governing bodies – the International Baseball Federation and the International Softball Federation. Baseball and softball were governed separately at all Olympics before 2013.
Demonstration summer sports
Between 1924 and 1992, the IOC officially recognized demonstration sports, allowing host countries to organize demonstrations of non-Olympic sports during the Games; no demonstration sports were held in 1976 or 1980 due to the IOC temporarily eliminating them.[44]
The following sports or disciplines have been demonstration sports at the Summer Olympic Games for the years shown, but have never been included on the Olympic program as a medal event.[44]
- American football (1932)
- Australian football (1956)
- Budō (1964)
- Gliding (1936)
- Korfball (1928)
- La canne (1924)
- Pesäpallo (1952)
- Roller hockey (1992)
- Savate (1924)
- Swedish (Ling) gymnastics (1948)
- Water skiing (1972)
American football (1904) and Korfball (1920) first appeared as unofficial sports before becoming demonstration sports. Flag football, a non-contact version of American football, will make its Olympic debut in 2028.
Gliding was promoted from a demonstration sport to an official Olympic sport for the 1940 Summer Olympics, but the Games were cancelled due to World War II.[45][46]
Unofficial summer sports
Several sports, while not officially recognized by the IOC as demonstration sports, have nonetheless been held alongside or as part of the Olympic program. Events held during Games prior to 1924 are considered demonstration sports by some scholars,[47][48] though not by the IOC.[44] Bowling at the 1988 Games (along with badminton) was considered an exhibition sport in that it was not part of the official Olympic schedule and did not require IOC approval for staging, unlike demonstration sports.[49]
Art competitions were held between the 1912 and 1948 Games, and medals were awarded, though they are not considered by the IOC to be equivalent to regular Olympic medals.[50] Olympic medals have also been awarded for feats of alpinism[51] and aeronautics.[52]
Organizers of the 1900 and 1904 Olympic Games, which were staged in conjunction with the 1900 and 1904 World's Fairs, included numerous sporting events on an equal footing under their programmes.[53][54][55] Historians generally regard many of these as not satisfying retrospective inclusion criteria to qualify as "official."[56] The IOC did not at the time make an explicit determination regarding which events were Olympic and which were not,[53] and has since recognized events as such retroactively.
- Aeronautics (1936)
- Alpinism (1924, 1932, 1936)
- Angling (1900)
- Art competitions (1912–1948)
- Ballooning (1900)
- Boules (1900)
- Bowling (1988)
- Cannon shooting (1900)
- Cycle polo (1908)
- Fire fighting (1900)
- Gaelic football (1904)
- Glima (1908, 1912)
- Gotland sports (1912)
- Hurling (1904)
- Indian sports (1936)
- Kaatsen (1928)
- Kite flying (1900)
- Life saving (1900)
- Longue paume (1900)
- Military exercise (1900)
- Motor racing (1900, 1936)
- Motorcycle racing (1900)
- Pigeon racing (1900)
- Pistol dueling (1906, 1908)
- Wheelchair racing (1984–2004)
- Wushu (1936, 2008)
Summer Olympic sports are divided into categories based on popularity, gauged by: television viewers (40%), internet popularity (20%), public surveys (15%), ticket requests (10%), press coverage (10%), and number of national federations (5%). The categories determine the share each sport's International Federation receives of Olympic revenue.[57][58] The below table shows the categorization of sports as of 2013.[59] Category A represents the most popular sports; category E lists either the sports that are the least popular or that are new to the Olympics (golf and rugby).
| Category | Sport |
|---|---|
| A | athletics, aquatics, gymnastics |
| B | cycling, tennis, basketball, football, volleyball |
| C | archery, badminton, boxing, judo, rowing, shooting, table tennis, weightlifting |
| D | canoe/kayaking, equestrian, fencing, field hockey, handball, sailing, taekwondo, triathlon, wrestling |
| E | modern pentathlon, golf, rugby |
Winter Olympics
Before 1924, ice sports like figure skating and ice hockey were held at the Summer Olympic Games.[60] These two sports made their debuts at the 1908 and the 1920 Summer Olympics respectively, but in 1924 they were moved to the first edition of the Winter Olympic Games and became permanent fixtures on the sports program for the Winter Olympics from then on.
The 1924 International Winter Sports Week, later dubbed the first Olympic Winter Games and retroactively recognized as such by the IOC, consisted of nine disciplines in six sports.[61]
A sport or discipline must be widely practised in at least 25 countries, and on three different continents, to be eligible for inclusion on the Olympic program for the Winter Games.[4]
Current winter program
The following sports (or disciplines of a sport) make up the current Winter Olympic Games official program and are listed alphabetically, according to the name used by the IOC. The figures in each cell indicate the number of events for each sport that were contested at the respective Games (the red cells indicate that those sports were held at the Summer Games); a bullet (•) denotes that the sport was contested as a demonstration or unofficial sport.
Three out of the eight sports consist of multiple disciplines.[42]
- ^ a b c Figure skating and ice hockey were featured as part of the Summer Olympics program before the Winter Olympics were inaugurated in 1924.
- ^ Men's and women's Alpine Combined events have been included in the 2026 program on a provisional basis, subject to further review.[67]
- ^ Military Patrol is considered to be the precursor to biathlon,[62] however, the official website of the Olympic Movement designates military patrol as a separate sport.[63][64] The Official Report of the 1924 Games regards it as an event within the sport of skiing.[65][66]
Demonstration winter sports
The following sports or disciplines have been demonstration sports at the Winter Olympic Games for the years shown, but have never been included on the Olympic program as a medal event.[68]
- Bandy (1952)
- Ice stock sport (1936, 1964)
- Ski ballet (acroski) (1988, 1992)
- Skijoring (1928)
- Sled-dog racing (1932)
- Speed skiing (1992)
- Winter pentathlon (1948)
Unofficial winter sports
- Disabled skiing (1984, 1988)
Recognized international federations
Many sports have their governing bodies recognized by the IOC, but are not contested at the Olympics.[69]
Such sports, if eligible under the terms of the Olympic Charter, may apply for inclusion in the program at future Games, through a recommendation by the IOC Olympic Programme Commission, followed by a decision of the IOC Executive Board and a vote of the IOC Session. When Olympic demonstration sports took place, a sport usually appeared as such before being officially admitted.[21]
An International Sport Federation (IF) is responsible for ensuring that the sport's activities follow the Olympic Charter. When a sport is recognized by the IOC, the IF becomes an official Olympic sport federation and joins either the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF, for summer Olympic sports), the Association of International Olympic Winter Sports Federations (AIOWF, for winter Olympic sports), or the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations (ARISF, for non-Olympic sports).[3]
A number of recognized sports are included in the program of the World Games, a multi-sport event run by the International World Games Association, an organization that operates under the patronage of the IOC. Since the start of the World Games in 1981, 16 sports and disciplines that have been competed there - badminton and baseball (1992), beach volleyball and softball (1996), taekwondo, trampoline, triathlon, women's water polo and women's weightlifting (2000), rugby sevens (2016), karate and sport climbing (2020), breakdancing (2024), and flag football, lacrosse sixes and squash (2028) - have subsequently been added to the Olympic program.
The governing bodies of the following sports currently not contested at the Olympic Games are recognized by the IOC:[70]
- Air sports1
- American football 6
- Auto racing
- Bandy
- Baseball4,6
- Billiard sports1
- Boules1
- Bowling1
- Bridge
- Cheerleading
- Chess
- Cricket 6
- Floorball1
- Flying disc1[71]
- Ice stock sport
- Karate1,7
- Kickboxing1
- Korfball1
- Lacrosse1,6
- Lifesaving1
- Motorcycle racing
- Mountaineering and climbing
- Muaythai1
- Netball
- Orienteering1
- Pelota vasca2
- Polo2
- Powerboating2
- Racquetball1
- Roller sports1,3
- Sambo
- Softball1,4,6
- Squash1,6
- Sumo1
- Tug of war1,2
- Underwater sports1
- Water skiing1,5
- Wakeboarding1,5
- Wushu
1 Official sport at the World Games.
2 Discontinued Olympic sport.
3 Skateboarding, a discipline within roller sports, was included at the 2020 Summer Olympics. Inline and roller skating have not yet been added.
4 Baseball and softball share the same governing body.
5 Waterskiing and wakeboarding share the same governing body.
6 Will be on the program at the 2028 Summer Olympics.
7 Was on the program at the 2020 Summer Olympics, but is not on the program for the 2024 or 2028 Summer Olympics.
See also
References
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External links
- International Olympic Committee - Sports
- IOC Olympic Programme Commission
- International Sports Federations