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Prespa Agreement

April 07, 2023

The Prespa agreement,[a] also known as the Treaty of Prespa, the Prespes deal or the Prespa accord, is an agreement reached in 2018 between Greece and the then-Republic of Macedonia, under the auspices of the United Nations, resolving a long-standing dispute between the two. Apart from resolving the terminological differences, the agreement also covers areas of cooperation between the two countries in order to establish a strategic partnership.

Prespa agreement
Final Agreement for the settlement of the differences as described in the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 817 (1993) and 845 (1993), the termination of the Interim Accord of 1995, and the establishment of a Strategic Partnership between the Parties
The foreign ministers of the two countries, Nikola Dimitrov and Nikos Kotzias, sign the agreement before Prime Ministers Zoran Zaev and Alexis Tsipras
Signed17 June 2018
LocationPsarades, Greece
Sealed25 January 2019
Effective12 February 2019[1]
ConditionRatification of the agreement by both parliaments as well as ratification of the Republic of North Macedonia's NATO accession protocol by Greece
Signatories
Parties
LanguageEnglish
Full text
Prespa agreement at Wikisource
Geographic and political division of Macedonia
  North Macedonia
  Macedonia (Greece)

Signed beside the shared Lake Prespa, from which it took its name, and ratified by the parliaments of both countries, the agreement went into force on 12 February 2019,[2] when the two countries notified the UN of the deal's completion, following the ratification of the NATO accession protocol for North Macedonia on 8 February.[3] It replaces the Interim Accord of 1995 and sees the Republic of Macedonia's constitutional name changed to the Republic of North Macedonia erga omnes.

Name of the agreement

The Prespa agreement is the short, informal name for the agreement, named after the place where it was signed, Lake Prespa. Its full name is Final Agreement for the settlement of the differences as described in the United Nations Security Council resolutions 817 (1993) and 845 (1993), the termination of the Interim Accord of 1995, and the establishment of a strategic partnership between the Parties.

  • Greek: Τελική συμφωνία για την επίλυση των διαφορών, όπως περιγράφονται στις αποφάσεις του Συμβουλίου Ασφαλείας των Ηνωμένων Εθνών 817 (1993) και 845 (1993), τη λήξη της Ενδιάμεσης Συμφωνίας του 1995, και την εδραίωση στρατηγικής εταιρικής σχέσης μεταξύ των μερών, romanized: Telikí symfonía gia tin epílysi ton diaforón, ópos perigráfontai stis apofáseis tou Symvoulíou Asfaleías ton Inoménon Ethnón 817 (1993) kai 845 (1993), ti líxi tis Endiámesis Symfonías tou 1995, kai tin edraíosi stratigikís etairikís schésis metaxý ton merón
  • Macedonian: Конечна спогодба за решавање на разликите како што е опишано во резолуциите 817 (1993) и 845 (1993) на Советот за безбедност на Обединетите нации, раскинување на Времената спогодба од 1995 година и воспоставување на стратешко партнерство меѓу Страните, romanized: Konečna spogodba za rešavanje na razlikite kako što e opišano vo rezoluciite 817 (1993) i 845 (1993) na Sovetot za bezbednost na Obedinetite nacii, raskinuvanje na Vremenata spogodba od 1995 godina i vospostavuvanje na strateško partnerstvo meǵu Stranite

Background

Main article: Macedonia naming dispute

Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991, use of the name "Macedonia" was disputed between the Southeastern European countries of Greece and the then-Republic of Macedonia. The dispute arose from the ambiguity in nomenclature between the former Yugoslav republic, the adjacent Greek region of Macedonia, and the ancient kingdom of Macedon. Citing historical and irredentist concerns, Greece opposed the use of the name "Macedonia" by the Republic of Macedonia without a geographical qualifier like "Northern" or "Upper" for use "by all... and for all purposes".[4]

As approximately two million ethnic Greeks identify themselves as Macedonians who typically view themselves as being unrelated to the ethnic Macedonians, Greece further objected to the use of the term "Macedonian" for the neighboring country's largest ethnic group and its language. The Republic of Macedonia was accused of appropriating symbols and figures that are historically considered part of Greek culture, such as the Vergina Sun and Alexander the Great, and of promoting the irredentist concept of a United Macedonia, which involves territorial claims on Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, and Serbia.

Prior to the Prespa agreement, international organizations provisionally referenced the Republic of Macedonia as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" (sometimes abbreviated as "fYROM").

Contents of the agreement

The agreement provides that the Republic of Macedonia takes the name of Republic of North Macedonia (Macedonian: Република Северна Македонија, romanized: Republika Severna Makedonija; Greek: Δημοκρατία της Βόρειας Μακεδονίας[5]). This new name is to be used for all purposes (erga omnes), that is, domestically, in all bilateral relations and in all regional and international organizations and institutions.[6][7]

The deal includes recognition of the Macedonian language in the United Nations, noting that it is within the group of South Slavic languages, and that the citizenship of the country will be called Macedonian/citizen of the Republic of North Macedonia. Also, there is an explicit clarification that the citizens of the country are not related to ancient Hellenic civilization that previously inhabited the northern regions of Greece.[8][9] Specifically, Article 7 mentions that both countries acknowledge that their respective understanding of the terms "Macedonia" and "Macedonian" refers to a different historical context and cultural heritage.[6] When reference is made to Greece, these terms denote the area and people of its northern region, as well as the Hellenic civilization, history and culture of that region. When reference is made to the Republic of North Macedonia, these terms denote its territory, language and people, with their own, distinctly different, history and culture.[6]

Additionally, the agreement stipulates the removal of the Vergina Sun from public use in the Republic of North Macedonia and the formation of a committee for the review of school textbooks and maps in both countries for the removal of irredentist content and to align them with UNESCO and Council of Europe standards.[10]

Reactions

 
The Interim Accord of 1995, which was superseded by the Prespa agreement in 2019

The Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras announced on 12 June 2018 that an agreement had been reached with his Macedonian counterpart Zoran Zaev on the dispute, "which covers all the preconditions set by the Greek side".[11] The agreement was signed at Lake Prespa, a body of water which forms a partial common border between the Republic of North Macedonia, Greece and Albania.

Political reactions

The international community reacted positively to the Prespa agreement,[12] with the media dubbing it as "historic".[13][14][15][16] The European Union welcomed it, with the European Council President Donald Tusk tweeting his "sincere congratulations" to Tsipras and Zaev. "I am keeping my fingers crossed. Thanks to you, the impossible is becoming possible," he said. EU Foreign Affairs chief Federica Mogherini and commissioner Johannes Hahn also issued a joint statement congratulating the two prime ministers "in reaching this historic agreement between their countries, which contributes to the transformation of the entire region of Southeast Europe."[17][18] NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg welcomed the agreement, stating that it will set the Republic of Macedonia on the path towards NATO membership.[19] Additionally, the British Foreign Minister Boris Johnson welcomed the agreement as being "fantastic news".[20][21] "The agreement once and for always confirms and strengthens the Macedonian ethnic and cultural identity, the Macedonian language, the Macedonian nationality. It guarantees the security of the country and provides a secure future for the citizens of the Republic of Macedonia", Zaev said.[22]

The domestic communities reacted more negatively to the agreement. In Macedonia, the President of the Republic, Gjorge Ivanov, declared that he wouldn't sign the agreement, calling it "disastrous".[23] Additionally, VMRO-DPMNE, the main conservative party at the time, also opposed the agreement, and pledged to organize public protests against it.[24] In Macedonia, protests went violent at Skopje, and Macedonian SDSM MP Hari Lokvenec, who attended the Prespa ceremony, had his parliamentary vehicle set on fire at Bitola by unidentified perpetrators.[25]

In Greece, Golden Dawn (GD), a far-right party, and the Communist Party of Greece (CPG), a far-left party, opposed the agreement, with a Golden Dawn MP, Konstantinos Barbarousis, calling for military rule and firing squads to execute politicians responsible for the deal.[26] As a result, Barbarousis was expelled from his party, and a warrant was issued for his arrest for high treason. He fled using his parliamentary vehicle[27][28] but eventually was found and arrested.[29] Additionally, the conservative New Democracy party filed a motion of no-confidence against Tsipras in parliament because of the name deal,[30] which was rejected two days later with a simple parliamentary majority; 153 against it, 127 for.[31] Kyriakos Mitsotakis, leader of the New Democracy party, had argued in this connection that the Greek foreign minister (and hence the government of SYRIZA) had no authority to sign the agreement, based on international legal arguments that were responded to by legal scholars.[32] Following his departure as Greek foreign minister, Kotzias stated in October 2018 that key reasons for the Prespa agreement were to bring stability to the Balkans and to stop Turkish influence within the region.[33][34]

Public reactions

In Greece, the deeply unpopular agreement had an instant negative impact on Tsipras's chances of staying in power.[35] According to separate polls conducted by Marc and Ekathimerini, between 65%[36] and 68%[37] of Greeks were against the Prespes deal and what was contained within it.[38] There were large public demonstrations in 2018 and 2019 against the Prespes deal in Athens[39] and Thessaloniki that lasted days.[40] There were also vast student sit-ins which affected 210 schools in Greek Central Macedonia alone. Despite the uproar, the protesters were accused of having links with the far-right/fascists.[41] In response, famous composer and leftist Mikis Theodorakis, who was also against the Prespes deal, called the Syriza government 'left-wing fascists'.[42] During the ratification of the Prespes deal (2018-19), fake news promoted a possible territorial loss of Greek Macedonia and a sense of victimization and dehumanization that demanded emergency actions to protect Greece from North Macedonia and its Greek assistants.[43] Furthermore, the Greek news coverage showed that several news stories tried to undermine the country’s then-government.[44]

In North Macedonia, the majority of public perception was also against the deal but not to the same extent as the Greek public. According to polls conducted by Sitel TV, 45% of the public stated they felt negatively towards the deal while 44% said they felt positively towards it. Around half (50.5 percent) of those surveyed said they thought the government in Skopje did a good job during the negotiations with Greece against 40.7 percent who said it did not.[45]

A June 2020 poll in North Macedonia, conducted by the National Democratic Institute, showed that 58% of Macedonians support the Prespa agreement and that there is also strong public support for the country's Euro-Atlantic direction, with 74% positive opinions for NATO (of which North Macedonia has been a member since 27 March 2020) and 79% positive opinions for accession to the European Union.[46][47]

An October 2020 poll conducted in Greece by the Friedrich Naumann Foundation in cooperation with the KAPA Research, shows that the Prespa Agreement is becoming increasingly accepted in Greece, with the majority (58%) of the Greeks viewing it positively; 25% consider it to be a good agreement, while 33% view it as an agreement with several compromises but necessary (up from 18% and 24% respectively in 2018).[48][49]

Signature

 
The Prespa Agreement in full (all 14 pages)

The Prespa agreement, which replaced the Interim Accord of 1995,[50] was signed on 17 June 2018 in a high-level ceremony at the Greek border village of Psarades on Lake Prespa, by the two foreign ministers Nikola Dimitrov and Nikos Kotzias and in the presence of the respective prime Ministers, Zoran Zaev and Alexis Tsipras.[51][52][53][54] The meeting was attended by the UN's Special Representative Matthew Nimetz, the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs Rosemary DiCarlo, the EU's High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Federica Mogherini, and the European Commissioner for Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy Johannes Hahn, among others.[55]

After the ceremony, Tsipras, along with his Macedonian counterpart, crossed over the border to the Macedonian side of Lake Prespa for lunch at the village of Oteševo. The symbolic move marked the first visit of a Greek prime minister in the Republic of Macedonia since it declared independence in 1991.[56][57]

Ratification and implementation

On 13 June 2018, Zaev said that North Macedonia is changing the license plates of its vehicles from MK to NMK to reflect the country's new name.[58][59]

The Macedonian government announced that the statues of Alexander the Great, Philip II of Macedon and Olympias of Epirus, which were raised as part of the Skopje 2014 program, will be given new inscriptions with clarifications that they symbolize the Ancient Greek period and are "honouring Greek-Macedonian friendship".[60]

Ratification by the Macedonian Parliament

On 5 July 2018, the Prespa agreement was ratified by the Macedonian parliament with 69 MPs voting in favor of it.[61] However, the Macedonian President Gjorge Ivanov vetoed the bill. Under the Macedonian Constitution, if the Parliament readopts the law with a majority of votes from the total number of MPs, the president is obliged to sign it into law. On 20 June, the Prespa agreement was once again ratified by the Parliament of the Republic of Macedonia with 69 of the total 120 MPs voting in favor of it.[62] Opposition party VMRO-DPMNE boycotted the parliamentary session and declared the Prespa treaty as a "genocide of the legal state"[63] and a "genocide of the entire nation".[64]

On 25 June, the Greek Foreign Ministry informed the EU and NATO that Greece is no longer objecting to Macedonia's Euro-Atlantic accession under the new name. The next day, however, President Ivanov refused to sign the agreement[65] and threatened Macedonian Prime Minister Zaev and the ruling coalition's MPs with imprisonment of at least 5 years for voting in favor of an agreement which, according to Ivanov, puts the Republic of Macedonia in a subordinate position to a foreign state. "I do not accept the constitutional change aimed at changing the constitutional name [of the country]. I do not accept ideas or proposals which would endanger Macedonia’s national identity, the individuality of the Macedonian nation, the Macedonian language and the Macedonian model of coexistence. In the presidential election, 534,910 citizens voted in favor of this electoral program. The agreement goes beyond the scope of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 817 (1993) and 845 (1993), since it refers to the "difference in the name of the State" and not to the "disputes" to which the agreement refers", Ivanov said, adding that "This agreement brings the Republic of Macedonia to subordination from another country, namely the Republic of Greece. According to Article 308 of the Penal Code, "a citizen who brings the Republic of Macedonia to a state of subservience or dependence on another state is punishable by imprisonment of at least five years". The legalization of this agreement creates legal consequences that are the basis for committing a crime."[66][67][68]

Because the constitution required the president to sign, the ratified agreement was allowed to be officially published in the country's official gazette with a footnote detailing the constitutional and legal situation in place of the president's signature.[69]

The withdrawal of the Greek veto resulted in the European Union approving on 27 June the start of accession talks with the Republic of Macedonia, to begin the next year conditional on the implementation of the Prespa agreement and the change of the nation's constitutional name to Republic of North Macedonia.[70] On 11 July, NATO invited Macedonia to start accession talks in a bid to become the Euro-Atlantic alliance’s 30th member.[71]

Macedonian referendum and ratification

Main article: 2018 Macedonian referendum
 
Results of the 2018 Macedonian referendum

On 30 July, the parliament of Macedonia approved plans to hold a non-binding referendum on changing the country's name that took place on 30 September.[72] 91% of voters voted in favour with a 37% turnout,[73] but the referendum was not carried because of a constitutional requirement for a 50% turnout.[74] Total turnout for the referendum was at 666,344[75] and of those some 260,000 were ethnic Albanian voters of Macedonia.[76][77] The government intended to push forward with the name change.[78]

On 15 October 2018, the parliament of Macedonia began debating the name change.[79] The proposal for the constitutional reform requires the vote of 80 MPs, i.e. two-thirds of the 120-seat parliament.[80][81]

On 16 October, US Assistant Secretary of State Wess Mitchell sent a letter to VMRO-DPMNE leader Hristijan Mickoski, in which he expresses the disappointment of the United States with the positions of the leadership, including him personally, and asks to "set aside partisan interests" and work to get the name change approved.[82][83] Mickoski expressed his hope that the Republic of Macedonia will be very soon a part of the NATO and EU families, "but proud and dignified, not humiliated, disfigured and disgraced."[84]

On 19 October the parliament voted to start the process of renaming the country "North Macedonia", after a total of 80 MPs voted in favour of the constitutional changes.[85]

On 30 October, the Skopje Public Prosecutor's Office opened a case against Macedonian President Gjorge Ivanov for his refusal to fulfill his constitutional obligations in signing the Prespa agreement after it was ratified by the Macedonian Parliament.[86][87]

On 3 December 2018, Macedonia's Parliament approved a draft constitutional amendment, with 67 lawmakers voting in favour, 23 voting against and 4 abstaining. A simple majority was needed at this stage.[88]

After some political wrangling over constitutional issues related to the multi-ethnic makeup of the state, all Albanian political parties of Macedonia voted in favour of the name change along with the governing Social-Democrats and some members of the opposition.[89][90][91] On 11 January 2019, the Macedonian Parliament completed the legal implementation of the Prespa Agreement by approving the constitutional changes for renaming the country to North Macedonia with a two-thirds parliamentary majority (81 MPs).[92][93]

International reactions to Macedonian ratification

The international community, NATO and European Union leaders, including Greek PM Alexis Tsipras and Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz, as well as heads of neighboring states, congratulated the Macedonian Prime Minister Zoran Zaev.[94][95][96][97] The British Prime Minister Theresa May described the vote as a "historic moment",[98] while the Kosovar President Hashim Thaçi expressed his hope that the Prespa Agreement, which resolved the Macedonia naming dispute, can be used as a "model" for resolving Kosovo's dispute with Serbia as well.[99] Albanian President Ilir Meta congratulated the name change and Albanian Foreign Minister Ditmir Bushati hailed the vote by tweeting that Albanian political parties were the "decisive factor".[90][100]

In exile in Hungary, the fugitive former Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski has condemned the Prespa agreement, stating that Zaev "scammed" and "tricked" the Macedonian people over the country's name change, and that the Greek politicians imposed an unfavourable deal upon North Macedonia that outlines exclusive claims over "antique history" by Greece.[101]

Post-Macedonian ratification developments

On 13 January 2019, Greece Defence Minister Panos Kammenos and his Independent Greeks party quit Greece's ruling coalition over the Prespa agreement, potentially leaving the governing coalition without a workable majority in parliament.[102] Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras then held a confidence vote on 16 January and survived 151–148, with one lawmaker absent. Tsipras survived the vote with 145 of his Radical Left Syriza party and with 6 MPs who were either Independents or Independent Greeks (ANEL).[103][104][105] In the days prior to the ratification of the Prespa agreement by the Greek Parliament, over 60,000 protesters (according to police; 600,000, according to organizers) from all over the country arrived in Athens to demand the rejection of the agreement; some of these protests had become violent, with the police required to use tear gas to disperse the groups.[106]

During the last week, public opinion poll showed that over 65% of the people were against the ratification of the Prespa agreement,[107] whereas many popular Greek artists (S. Xarhakos, V. Papakonstantinou J. Kotsiras etc.) agreed that a referendum should have been held.[108] On 19 January, Mikis Theodorakis' editorial was published in which he characterized the ratification of the agreement from Greek MPs as a "crime", demanding a referendum in Greece on the agreement as well.[109]

On 23 January, just a day prior to the ratification in the Hellenic Parliament, hundreds of scholars, professors, writers and artists from all over Greece signed petitions in support of the Prespa agreement.[110][111]

In a February 2019 survey, a public opinion poll done for Sitel TV channel in North Macedonia showed 44.6 percent of respondents were positive about the Prespa agreement, while 45.6 percent were negative toward the accord.[112] A majority, 59.5 percent expressed that the agreement would positively impact relations between both countries and 57.7 percent felt that the two states would implement the accord.[112] Half of respondents, 50.5 percent stated that the Macedonian government did well in negotiations with Greece and 40.7 percent disagreed that it did.[112] Survey participants (49.2 percent) felt that the agreement would make travel into Greece easier.[112]

Ratification by the Greek Parliament

On 25 January 2019, Greece's Parliament approved the Prespa agreement with 153 votes in favor and 146 votes against, with 1 abstention.[113] Shortly after the ratification of the deal, Greece's Alternate Foreign Minister Georgios Katrougalos signed, in the Greek Parliament, the enacted law of the Prespa Agreement.[114]

The international community, including the Prime Ministers Theresa May of United Kingdom, Justin Trudeau of Canada, Boyko Borisov of Bulgaria and Edi Rama of Albania, Presidents Emmanuel Macron of France, Hashim Thaçi of Kosovo, Donald Tusk of the European Union, and Jean-Claude Juncker of the EU's Commission, USA's and Germany's foreign ministers, Michael Pompeo and Heiko Maas respectively, Romania's EU minister George Ciamba whose country held EU presidency, as well as NATO's chief Jens Stoltenberg, welcomed positively the ratification of the deal.[b] Furthermore, the Republic of Macedonia's Prime Minister Zoran Zaev, in his congratulatory message to his Greek counterpart Alexis Tsipras, whom he called "a friend", described the ratification as a "historic victory" which "ends a long-standing diplomatic conflict between Athens and Skopje".[127][128] Russia, on the other hand, opposed the Prespa Agreement citing the low turnout in the non-binding 2018 referendum on changing the country's name.[129] Hungary, which gave asylum to fugitive former Macedonian Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski, a staunch critic of the agreement, also lobbied against it.[130]

Post-Greek ratification developments

On 6 February 2019, NATO's 29 members signed the accession protocol with North Macedonia.[131]

On 8 June 2021, the President of the United States, Joseph Biden, signed the Executive Order 14033 for imposing economic sanctions and travel bans to any individuals who may try to undermine the Prespa Agreement.[132][133]

Alexis Tsipras and Zoran Zaev received jointly a number of awards for their roles as the prime ministers of their respective states in reaching the Prespa Agreement and settling the naming dispute between the two nations, including the Peace Prize of Westphalia, the Ewald von Kleist Award and the Hessian Peace Prize.[134][135][136]

See also


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Notes

  1. ^ In Greek: Συμφωνία των Πρεσπών, romanized: Symfonia ton Prespon; In Macedonian: Договорот од Преспа, romanized: Dogovorot od Prespa or Преспански договор, Prespanski dogovor
  2. ^ See:[115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126]

Further reading

  • Rohdewald, Stefan (2018). "Citizenship, Ethnicity, History, Nation, Region, and the Prespa Agreement of June 2018 between Macedonia and Greece". Südosteuropa. 66 (4): 577–593. doi:10.1515/soeu-2018-0042.
  • Merlicco, Giordano (2018). "La Grecia e la Macedonia (del Nord): storia, politica e geopolitica di una contesa balcanica". Rivista di Studi Politici. 3–4: 157–76.
  • Nimetz, M. (2020). The Macedonian “Name” Dispute: The Macedonian Question—Resolved? Nationalities Papers, 48(2), 205–214.

External links

Agreement text in English, and translations in Macedonian and Greek.

April 07, 2023
prespa, agreement, prespa, agreement, also, known, treaty, prespa, prespes, deal, prespa, accord, agreement, reached, 2018, between, greece, then, republic, macedonia, under, auspices, united, nations, resolving, long, standing, dispute, between, apart, from, . The Prespa agreement a also known as the Treaty of Prespa the Prespes deal or the Prespa accord is an agreement reached in 2018 between Greece and the then Republic of Macedonia under the auspices of the United Nations resolving a long standing dispute between the two Apart from resolving the terminological differences the agreement also covers areas of cooperation between the two countries in order to establish a strategic partnership Prespa agreementFinal Agreement for the settlement of the differences as described in the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 817 1993 and 845 1993 the termination of the Interim Accord of 1995 and the establishment of a Strategic Partnership between the PartiesThe foreign ministers of the two countries Nikola Dimitrov and Nikos Kotzias sign the agreement before Prime Ministers Zoran Zaev and Alexis TsiprasSigned17 June 2018LocationPsarades GreeceSealed25 January 2019Effective12 February 2019 1 ConditionRatification of the agreement by both parliaments as well as ratification of the Republic of North Macedonia s NATO accession protocol by GreeceSignatoriesNikos Kotzias Nikola Dimitrov Matthew NimetzPartiesHellenic Republic Republic of MacedoniaLanguageEnglishFull textPrespa agreement at WikisourceGeographic and political division of Macedonia North Macedonia Macedonia Greece Signed beside the shared Lake Prespa from which it took its name and ratified by the parliaments of both countries the agreement went into force on 12 February 2019 2 when the two countries notified the UN of the deal s completion following the ratification of the NATO accession protocol for North Macedonia on 8 February 3 It replaces the Interim Accord of 1995 and sees the Republic of Macedonia s constitutional name changed to the Republic of North Macedonia erga omnes Contents 1 Name of the agreement 2 Background 3 Contents of the agreement 4 Reactions 4 1 Political reactions 4 2 Public reactions 5 Signature 6 Ratification and implementation 6 1 Ratification by the Macedonian Parliament 6 2 Macedonian referendum and ratification 6 3 International reactions to Macedonian ratification 6 4 Post Macedonian ratification developments 6 5 Ratification by the Greek Parliament 6 6 Post Greek ratification developments 7 See also 8 References 9 Notes 10 Further reading 11 External linksName of the agreement EditThe Prespa agreement is the short informal name for the agreement named after the place where it was signed Lake Prespa Its full name is Final Agreement for the settlement of the differences as described in the United Nations Security Council resolutions 817 1993 and 845 1993 the termination of the Interim Accord of 1995 and the establishment of a strategic partnership between the Parties Greek Telikh symfwnia gia thn epilysh twn diaforwn opws perigrafontai stis apofaseis toy Symboylioy Asfaleias twn Hnwmenwn E8nwn 817 1993 kai 845 1993 th lh3h ths Endiameshs Symfwnias toy 1995 kai thn edraiwsh strathgikhs etairikhs sxeshs meta3y twn merwn romanized Teliki symfonia gia tin epilysi ton diaforon opos perigrafontai stis apofaseis tou Symvouliou Asfaleias ton Inomenon Ethnon 817 1993 kai 845 1993 ti lixi tis Endiamesis Symfonias tou 1995 kai tin edraiosi stratigikis etairikis schesis metaxy ton meron Macedonian Konechna spogodba za reshavaњe na razlikite kako shto e opishano vo rezoluciite 817 1993 i 845 1993 na Sovetot za bezbednost na Obedinetite nacii raskinuvaњe na Vremenata spogodba od 1995 godina i vospostavuvaњe na strateshko partnerstvo meѓu Stranite romanized Konecna spogodba za resavanje na razlikite kako sto e opisano vo rezoluciite 817 1993 i 845 1993 na Sovetot za bezbednost na Obedinetite nacii raskinuvanje na Vremenata spogodba od 1995 godina i vospostavuvanje na stratesko partnerstvo meǵu StraniteBackground EditMain article Macedonia naming dispute Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 use of the name Macedonia was disputed between the Southeastern European countries of Greece and the then Republic of Macedonia The dispute arose from the ambiguity in nomenclature between the former Yugoslav republic the adjacent Greek region of Macedonia and the ancient kingdom of Macedon Citing historical and irredentist concerns Greece opposed the use of the name Macedonia by the Republic of Macedonia without a geographical qualifier like Northern or Upper for use by all and for all purposes 4 As approximately two million ethnic Greeks identify themselves as Macedonians who typically view themselves as being unrelated to the ethnic Macedonians Greece further objected to the use of the term Macedonian for the neighboring country s largest ethnic group and its language The Republic of Macedonia was accused of appropriating symbols and figures that are historically considered part of Greek culture such as the Vergina Sun and Alexander the Great and of promoting the irredentist concept of a United Macedonia which involves territorial claims on Greece Bulgaria Albania and Serbia Prior to the Prespa agreement international organizations provisionally referenced the Republic of Macedonia as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia sometimes abbreviated as fYROM Contents of the agreement EditThe agreement provides that the Republic of Macedonia takes the name of Republic of North Macedonia Macedonian Republika Severna Makedoniјa romanized Republika Severna Makedonija Greek Dhmokratia ths Boreias Makedonias 5 This new name is to be used for all purposes erga omnes that is domestically in all bilateral relations and in all regional and international organizations and institutions 6 7 The deal includes recognition of the Macedonian language in the United Nations noting that it is within the group of South Slavic languages and that the citizenship of the country will be called Macedonian citizen of the Republic of North Macedonia Also there is an explicit clarification that the citizens of the country are not related to ancient Hellenic civilization that previously inhabited the northern regions of Greece 8 9 Specifically Article 7 mentions that both countries acknowledge that their respective understanding of the terms Macedonia and Macedonian refers to a different historical context and cultural heritage 6 When reference is made to Greece these terms denote the area and people of its northern region as well as the Hellenic civilization history and culture of that region When reference is made to the Republic of North Macedonia these terms denote its territory language and people with their own distinctly different history and culture 6 Additionally the agreement stipulates the removal of the Vergina Sun from public use in the Republic of North Macedonia and the formation of a committee for the review of school textbooks and maps in both countries for the removal of irredentist content and to align them with UNESCO and Council of Europe standards 10 Reactions Edit The Interim Accord of 1995 which was superseded by the Prespa agreement in 2019 The Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras announced on 12 June 2018 that an agreement had been reached with his Macedonian counterpart Zoran Zaev on the dispute which covers all the preconditions set by the Greek side 11 The agreement was signed at Lake Prespa a body of water which forms a partial common border between the Republic of North Macedonia Greece and Albania Political reactions Edit The international community reacted positively to the Prespa agreement 12 with the media dubbing it as historic 13 14 15 16 The European Union welcomed it with the European Council President Donald Tusk tweeting his sincere congratulations to Tsipras and Zaev I am keeping my fingers crossed Thanks to you the impossible is becoming possible he said EU Foreign Affairs chief Federica Mogherini and commissioner Johannes Hahn also issued a joint statement congratulating the two prime ministers in reaching this historic agreement between their countries which contributes to the transformation of the entire region of Southeast Europe 17 18 NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg welcomed the agreement stating that it will set the Republic of Macedonia on the path towards NATO membership 19 Additionally the British Foreign Minister Boris Johnson welcomed the agreement as being fantastic news 20 21 The agreement once and for always confirms and strengthens the Macedonian ethnic and cultural identity the Macedonian language the Macedonian nationality It guarantees the security of the country and provides a secure future for the citizens of the Republic of Macedonia Zaev said 22 The domestic communities reacted more negatively to the agreement In Macedonia the President of the Republic Gjorge Ivanov declared that he wouldn t sign the agreement calling it disastrous 23 Additionally VMRO DPMNE the main conservative party at the time also opposed the agreement and pledged to organize public protests against it 24 In Macedonia protests went violent at Skopje and Macedonian SDSM MP Hari Lokvenec who attended the Prespa ceremony had his parliamentary vehicle set on fire at Bitola by unidentified perpetrators 25 In Greece Golden Dawn GD a far right party and the Communist Party of Greece CPG a far left party opposed the agreement with a Golden Dawn MP Konstantinos Barbarousis calling for military rule and firing squads to execute politicians responsible for the deal 26 As a result Barbarousis was expelled from his party and a warrant was issued for his arrest for high treason He fled using his parliamentary vehicle 27 28 but eventually was found and arrested 29 Additionally the conservative New Democracy party filed a motion of no confidence against Tsipras in parliament because of the name deal 30 which was rejected two days later with a simple parliamentary majority 153 against it 127 for 31 Kyriakos Mitsotakis leader of the New Democracy party had argued in this connection that the Greek foreign minister and hence the government of SYRIZA had no authority to sign the agreement based on international legal arguments that were responded to by legal scholars 32 Following his departure as Greek foreign minister Kotzias stated in October 2018 that key reasons for the Prespa agreement were to bring stability to the Balkans and to stop Turkish influence within the region 33 34 Public reactions Edit In Greece the deeply unpopular agreement had an instant negative impact on Tsipras s chances of staying in power 35 According to separate polls conducted by Marc and Ekathimerini between 65 36 and 68 37 of Greeks were against the Prespes deal and what was contained within it 38 There were large public demonstrations in 2018 and 2019 against the Prespes deal in Athens 39 and Thessaloniki that lasted days 40 There were also vast student sit ins which affected 210 schools in Greek Central Macedonia alone Despite the uproar the protesters were accused of having links with the far right fascists 41 In response famous composer and leftist Mikis Theodorakis who was also against the Prespes deal called the Syriza government left wing fascists 42 During the ratification of the Prespes deal 2018 19 fake news promoted a possible territorial loss of Greek Macedonia and a sense of victimization and dehumanization that demanded emergency actions to protect Greece from North Macedonia and its Greek assistants 43 Furthermore the Greek news coverage showed that several news stories tried to undermine the country s then government 44 In North Macedonia the majority of public perception was also against the deal but not to the same extent as the Greek public According to polls conducted by Sitel TV 45 of the public stated they felt negatively towards the deal while 44 said they felt positively towards it Around half 50 5 percent of those surveyed said they thought the government in Skopje did a good job during the negotiations with Greece against 40 7 percent who said it did not 45 A June 2020 poll in North Macedonia conducted by the National Democratic Institute showed that 58 of Macedonians support the Prespa agreement and that there is also strong public support for the country s Euro Atlantic direction with 74 positive opinions for NATO of which North Macedonia has been a member since 27 March 2020 and 79 positive opinions for accession to the European Union 46 47 An October 2020 poll conducted in Greece by the Friedrich Naumann Foundation in cooperation with the KAPA Research shows that the Prespa Agreement is becoming increasingly accepted in Greece with the majority 58 of the Greeks viewing it positively 25 consider it to be a good agreement while 33 view it as an agreement with several compromises but necessary up from 18 and 24 respectively in 2018 48 49 Signature Edit The Prespa Agreement in full all 14 pages The Prespa agreement which replaced the Interim Accord of 1995 50 was signed on 17 June 2018 in a high level ceremony at the Greek border village of Psarades on Lake Prespa by the two foreign ministers Nikola Dimitrov and Nikos Kotzias and in the presence of the respective prime Ministers Zoran Zaev and Alexis Tsipras 51 52 53 54 The meeting was attended by the UN s Special Representative Matthew Nimetz the Under Secretary General for Political Affairs Rosemary DiCarlo the EU s High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Federica Mogherini and the European Commissioner for Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy Johannes Hahn among others 55 After the ceremony Tsipras along with his Macedonian counterpart crossed over the border to the Macedonian side of Lake Prespa for lunch at the village of Otesevo The symbolic move marked the first visit of a Greek prime minister in the Republic of Macedonia since it declared independence in 1991 56 57 Ratification and implementation EditOn 13 June 2018 Zaev said that North Macedonia is changing the license plates of its vehicles from MK to NMK to reflect the country s new name 58 59 The Macedonian government announced that the statues of Alexander the Great Philip II of Macedon and Olympias of Epirus which were raised as part of the Skopje 2014 program will be given new inscriptions with clarifications that they symbolize the Ancient Greek period and are honouring Greek Macedonian friendship 60 Ratification by the Macedonian Parliament Edit On 5 July 2018 the Prespa agreement was ratified by the Macedonian parliament with 69 MPs voting in favor of it 61 However the Macedonian President Gjorge Ivanov vetoed the bill Under the Macedonian Constitution if the Parliament readopts the law with a majority of votes from the total number of MPs the president is obliged to sign it into law On 20 June the Prespa agreement was once again ratified by the Parliament of the Republic of Macedonia with 69 of the total 120 MPs voting in favor of it 62 Opposition party VMRO DPMNE boycotted the parliamentary session and declared the Prespa treaty as a genocide of the legal state 63 and a genocide of the entire nation 64 On 25 June the Greek Foreign Ministry informed the EU and NATO that Greece is no longer objecting to Macedonia s Euro Atlantic accession under the new name The next day however President Ivanov refused to sign the agreement 65 and threatened Macedonian Prime Minister Zaev and the ruling coalition s MPs with imprisonment of at least 5 years for voting in favor of an agreement which according to Ivanov puts the Republic of Macedonia in a subordinate position to a foreign state I do not accept the constitutional change aimed at changing the constitutional name of the country I do not accept ideas or proposals which would endanger Macedonia s national identity the individuality of the Macedonian nation the Macedonian language and the Macedonian model of coexistence In the presidential election 534 910 citizens voted in favor of this electoral program The agreement goes beyond the scope of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 817 1993 and 845 1993 since it refers to the difference in the name of the State and not to the disputes to which the agreement refers Ivanov said adding that This agreement brings the Republic of Macedonia to subordination from another country namely the Republic of Greece According to Article 308 of the Penal Code a citizen who brings the Republic of Macedonia to a state of subservience or dependence on another state is punishable by imprisonment of at least five years The legalization of this agreement creates legal consequences that are the basis for committing a crime 66 67 68 Because the constitution required the president to sign the ratified agreement was allowed to be officially published in the country s official gazette with a footnote detailing the constitutional and legal situation in place of the president s signature 69 The withdrawal of the Greek veto resulted in the European Union approving on 27 June the start of accession talks with the Republic of Macedonia to begin the next year conditional on the implementation of the Prespa agreement and the change of the nation s constitutional name to Republic of North Macedonia 70 On 11 July NATO invited Macedonia to start accession talks in a bid to become the Euro Atlantic alliance s 30th member 71 Macedonian referendum and ratification Edit Main article 2018 Macedonian referendum Results of the 2018 Macedonian referendum On 30 July the parliament of Macedonia approved plans to hold a non binding referendum on changing the country s name that took place on 30 September 72 91 of voters voted in favour with a 37 turnout 73 but the referendum was not carried because of a constitutional requirement for a 50 turnout 74 Total turnout for the referendum was at 666 344 75 and of those some 260 000 were ethnic Albanian voters of Macedonia 76 77 The government intended to push forward with the name change 78 On 15 October 2018 the parliament of Macedonia began debating the name change 79 The proposal for the constitutional reform requires the vote of 80 MPs i e two thirds of the 120 seat parliament 80 81 On 16 October US Assistant Secretary of State Wess Mitchell sent a letter to VMRO DPMNE leader Hristijan Mickoski in which he expresses the disappointment of the United States with the positions of the leadership including him personally and asks to set aside partisan interests and work to get the name change approved 82 83 Mickoski expressed his hope that the Republic of Macedonia will be very soon a part of the NATO and EU families but proud and dignified not humiliated disfigured and disgraced 84 On 19 October the parliament voted to start the process of renaming the country North Macedonia after a total of 80 MPs voted in favour of the constitutional changes 85 On 30 October the Skopje Public Prosecutor s Office opened a case against Macedonian President Gjorge Ivanov for his refusal to fulfill his constitutional obligations in signing the Prespa agreement after it was ratified by the Macedonian Parliament 86 87 On 3 December 2018 Macedonia s Parliament approved a draft constitutional amendment with 67 lawmakers voting in favour 23 voting against and 4 abstaining A simple majority was needed at this stage 88 After some political wrangling over constitutional issues related to the multi ethnic makeup of the state all Albanian political parties of Macedonia voted in favour of the name change along with the governing Social Democrats and some members of the opposition 89 90 91 On 11 January 2019 the Macedonian Parliament completed the legal implementation of the Prespa Agreement by approving the constitutional changes for renaming the country to North Macedonia with a two thirds parliamentary majority 81 MPs 92 93 International reactions to Macedonian ratification Edit The international community NATO and European Union leaders including Greek PM Alexis Tsipras and Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz as well as heads of neighboring states congratulated the Macedonian Prime Minister Zoran Zaev 94 95 96 97 The British Prime Minister Theresa May described the vote as a historic moment 98 while the Kosovar President Hashim Thaci expressed his hope that the Prespa Agreement which resolved the Macedonia naming dispute can be used as a model for resolving Kosovo s dispute with Serbia as well 99 Albanian President Ilir Meta congratulated the name change and Albanian Foreign Minister Ditmir Bushati hailed the vote by tweeting that Albanian political parties were the decisive factor 90 100 In exile in Hungary the fugitive former Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski has condemned the Prespa agreement stating that Zaev scammed and tricked the Macedonian people over the country s name change and that the Greek politicians imposed an unfavourable deal upon North Macedonia that outlines exclusive claims over antique history by Greece 101 Post Macedonian ratification developments Edit On 13 January 2019 Greece Defence Minister Panos Kammenos and his Independent Greeks party quit Greece s ruling coalition over the Prespa agreement potentially leaving the governing coalition without a workable majority in parliament 102 Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras then held a confidence vote on 16 January and survived 151 148 with one lawmaker absent Tsipras survived the vote with 145 of his Radical Left Syriza party and with 6 MPs who were either Independents or Independent Greeks ANEL 103 104 105 In the days prior to the ratification of the Prespa agreement by the Greek Parliament over 60 000 protesters according to police 600 000 according to organizers from all over the country arrived in Athens to demand the rejection of the agreement some of these protests had become violent with the police required to use tear gas to disperse the groups 106 During the last week public opinion poll showed that over 65 of the people were against the ratification of the Prespa agreement 107 whereas many popular Greek artists S Xarhakos V Papakonstantinou J Kotsiras etc agreed that a referendum should have been held 108 On 19 January Mikis Theodorakis editorial was published in which he characterized the ratification of the agreement from Greek MPs as a crime demanding a referendum in Greece on the agreement as well 109 On 23 January just a day prior to the ratification in the Hellenic Parliament hundreds of scholars professors writers and artists from all over Greece signed petitions in support of the Prespa agreement 110 111 In a February 2019 survey a public opinion poll done for Sitel TV channel in North Macedonia showed 44 6 percent of respondents were positive about the Prespa agreement while 45 6 percent were negative toward the accord 112 A majority 59 5 percent expressed that the agreement would positively impact relations between both countries and 57 7 percent felt that the two states would implement the accord 112 Half of respondents 50 5 percent stated that the Macedonian government did well in negotiations with Greece and 40 7 percent disagreed that it did 112 Survey participants 49 2 percent felt that the agreement would make travel into Greece easier 112 Ratification by the Greek Parliament Edit On 25 January 2019 Greece s Parliament approved the Prespa agreement with 153 votes in favor and 146 votes against with 1 abstention 113 Shortly after the ratification of the deal Greece s Alternate Foreign Minister Georgios Katrougalos signed in the Greek Parliament the enacted law of the Prespa Agreement 114 The international community including the Prime Ministers Theresa May of United Kingdom Justin Trudeau of Canada Boyko Borisov of Bulgaria and Edi Rama of Albania Presidents Emmanuel Macron of France Hashim Thaci of Kosovo Donald Tusk of the European Union and Jean Claude Juncker of the EU s Commission USA s and Germany s foreign ministers Michael Pompeo and Heiko Maas respectively Romania s EU minister George Ciamba whose country held EU presidency as well as NATO s chief Jens Stoltenberg welcomed positively the ratification of the deal b Furthermore the Republic of Macedonia s Prime Minister Zoran Zaev in his congratulatory message to his Greek counterpart Alexis Tsipras whom he called a friend described the ratification as a historic victory which ends a long standing diplomatic conflict between Athens and Skopje 127 128 Russia on the other hand opposed the Prespa Agreement citing the low turnout in the non binding 2018 referendum on changing the country s name 129 Hungary which gave asylum to fugitive former Macedonian Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski a staunch critic of the agreement also lobbied against it 130 Post Greek ratification developments Edit On 6 February 2019 NATO s 29 members signed the accession protocol with North Macedonia 131 On 8 June 2021 the President of the United States Joseph Biden signed the Executive Order 14033 for imposing economic sanctions and travel bans to any individuals who may try to undermine the Prespa Agreement 132 133 Alexis Tsipras and Zoran Zaev received jointly a number of awards for their roles as the prime ministers of their respective states in reaching the Prespa Agreement and settling the naming dispute between the two nations including the Peace Prize of Westphalia the Ewald von Kleist Award and the Hessian Peace Prize 134 135 136 See also EditMacedonia naming dispute Portals Greece North Macedonia PoliticsReferences Edit Testorides Konstantin 12 February 2018 Call me by my new name Balkan nation is North Macedonia now Associated Press Retrieved 12 February 2018 Statement attributable to the Spokesman for the Secretary General on Prespa Agreement Secretary General of the United Nations 13 February 2019 Macedonia and Greece Vote settles 27 year name row BBC News Online 25 January 2019 Retrieved 25 January 2019 FYROM Name Issue Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs Retrieved 14 February 2019 p 3 PDF Retrieved 2019 01 14 a b c The Prespa Agreement English PDF S kathimerini gr Greece ends 27 year Macedonia name row BBC News 12 June 2018 Retrieved 12 June 2018 Republic of North Macedonia with Macedonian language and identity says Greek media Meta mk Meta 12 June 2018 Retrieved 12 June 2018 Kleidwse to Boreia Makedonia To diaggelma Tsipra gia th symfwnia Agreed on Northern Macedonia Tsipra s speech to the nation about the deal Kathimerini gr in Greek 12 June 2018 Retrieved 12 June 2018 Thn idia stigmh kai isws ayto na exei th megalyterh istorikh barythta kai a3ia gia thn Ellada sth Symfwnia poy katalh3ame gia prwth fora problepetai oti oi Boreioi Geitones mas den exoyn kai den mporoyn na diekdikhsoyn sto mellon kamia sxesh me ton arxaio ellhniko politismo ths Makedonias O oros Makedonas ths ellhnikhs istorikhs klhronomias o opoios elkei thn katagwgh toy apo ton arxaio ellhniko politismo diaxwrizetai rhta kai kathgorhmatika apo ton oro Makedonas opws ton xrhsimopoioyn kai sth bash toy opoioy aytoprosdiorizontai oi polites ths geitonikhs mas xwras Xanetai kai o Hlios ths Berginas Ti orizei h symfwnia gia to shma Also the Sun of Vergina is being lost what the agreement Crash Online 14 June 2018 Retrieved 22 June 2018 We have a deal Greek PM says over FYROM name row Kathimerini Ekathimerini com H Ka8hmerinh 12 June 2018 Retrieved 12 June 2018 Macedonia Deal Draws Praise Abroad Anger at Home BalkanInsight 13 June 2018 Retrieved 13 June 2018 Macedonia and Greece Announce Historic Name Deal BalkanInsight 12 June 2018 Retrieved 13 June 2018 Macedonia Greece Reach Historic Deal On Name Dispute Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty Radio Free Europe 12 June 2018 Retrieved 13 June 2018 Greece and Macedonia strike deal on name dispute Deutsche Welle Retrieved 13 June 2018 Macedonia gets a new name after historic deal with Greece i24 News Retrieved 13 June 2018 EU s Mogherini Hahn on Greece FYROM agreement Transformative for the entire SE region in Greek int ert gr Archived from the original on 13 June 2018 Retrieved 13 June 2018 Macedonia makes name change deal with Greece Hurriyet Daily News Retrieved 13 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Retrieved 16 June 2018 Diagrafh texnasma Mparmparoysh gia na apofygei h Xrysh Aygh th diw3h Eviction maneuvent of Barburousis for Golden Dawn to avoid persecution 247 News Retrieved 16 June 2018 How Greeks comment on ex Golden Dawn MP escaping arrest police blockades on highway KeepTalkingGreece Retrieved 17 June 2018 Mparmparoyshs Me to boyleytiko apo to Mesologgi se filiko spiti sthn Pentelh Barbarousis with the parliamentary vehicle from Messolonghi to a friend s home at Penteli 247 News Retrieved 18 June 2018 Greek government faces confidence vote after Macedonia name deal Financial Times Retrieved 16 June 2018 Aporrif8hke h protash dyspistias kata ths kybernhshs The motion of no confidence against the government was rejected Kathimerini Retrieved 16 June 2018 Tzanakopoulos Antonios 16 June 2018 Here Comes the Name Again Treaty Making at the Epicenter of the Greek Debate over the agreement with the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia EJIL Talk Kotzias says Prespes accord will stabilize Balkans halt Turkish influence Ekathimerini com Ekathimerini Retrieved 25 January 2019 Chrysopoulos Philip 23 October 2018 Former Greek FM Kotzias FYROM Name Deal will Halt Turkish Influence in Balkans Greekreporter com Greek Reporter Retrieved 25 January 2019 Greek PM comes unstuck over Macedonia austerity in European vote Reuters 27 May 2019 Retrieved 17 August 2019 Poll shows majority of Greeks are against Prespes accord Kathimerini 19 November 2018 Retrieved 17 August 2019 New poll 68 3 say NO to the Tsipras Zaev agreement ProtoThema Retrieved 17 August 2019 Poll shows six in 10 oppose name deal Kathimerini 24 January 2019 Retrieved 17 August 2019 Thousands of Greeks protest over name change for Macedonia The Guardian 20 January 2019 Retrieved 17 August 2019 Greek police fire teargas at Macedonia name protesters Reuters 24 January 2019 Retrieved 17 August 2019 Sit ins swell as Greek students march over Prespes deal Kathimerini 30 November 2018 Retrieved 17 August 2019 Letter from Athens Theodorakis Underscores SYRIZA s Left Wing Fascism The National Herald 10 February 2018 Retrieved 17 August 2019 Karyotakis Minos Athanasios 2023 01 19 Disinformation and weaponized communication The spread of ideological hate about the Macedonian name in Greece Journalism 146488492311523 doi 10 1177 14648849231152362 ISSN 1464 8849 S2CID 256185971 Karyotakis Minos Athanasios 2022 10 02 Framing the Macedonian name dispute in Greece nationalistic journalism and the existential threat The Communication Review 25 3 4 152 180 doi 10 1080 10714421 2022 2129125 ISSN 1071 4421 S2CID 252579793 Public divided in North Macedonia over name deal poll shows Kathimerini 25 February 2019 Retrieved 17 August 2019 North Macedonia Zaev s coalition comes first with 3 6 in a new poll Original Boreia Makedonia O synaspismos toy Zaef prohgeitai me 3 6 se neo gkalop To Pontiki 5 July 2020 Retrieved 5 July 2020 NDI Poll Public opinion research in North Macedonia June 2020 NDI July 2 2020 Friedrich Naumann Foundation 16 November 2020 Liberalism in Greece today original O fileley8erismos sthn Ellada shmera PDF KAPA Research NewsIt Retrieved 17 November 2020 Friedrich Naumann Foundation 17 November 2020 Measuring the liberalism of the Greeks What disappoints them what makes them hope original Metrwntas ton fileley8erismo twn Ellhnwn Ti toys apogohteyei ti toys kanei na elpizoyn KAPA Research To Vima Retrieved 17 November 2020 FINAL AGREEMENT FOR THE SETTLEMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES AS DESCRIBED IN THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS 817 1993 AND 845 1993 THE TERMINATION OF THE INTERIM ACCORD OF 1995 AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN THE PARTIES PDF Kathimerini gr Retrieved 13 June 2018 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help UPDATE Macedonia Greece sign historic name change deal eNCA 17 June 2018 Retrieved 17 June 2018 Greece Macedonia sign pact to change ex Yugoslav republic s name Reuters 17 June 2018 Retrieved 17 June 2018 Greece Macedonia sign historic deal to end name row Economic Times 17 June 2018 Archived from the original on 2018 06 17 Retrieved 17 June 2018 Macedonia Greece Sign Historic Name Deal Balkan Insight 17 June 2018 Retrieved 17 June 2018 High Representative Vice President Federica Mogherini and Commissioner Johannes Hahn to attend the signing ceremony of the agreement on the name issue at Prespa lake Europa eu 17 June 2018 Retrieved 17 June 2018 Prespes O Ale3hs Tsipras einai o prwtos Ellhnas prw8ypoyrgos poy episkef8hke thn pGDM Prespa Alexis Tsipras is the first Greek prime minister to visit Macedonia Huffington Post 17 June 2018 Retrieved 17 June 2018 Tsipras a patriotic and mutually beneficial agreement for the two countries ERT 17 June 2018 Archived from the original on 17 June 2018 Retrieved 17 June 2018 Allazoyn tis pinakides twn oxhmatwn sthn PGDM License plates to be changed in the Republic of Macedonia EfSyn gr Retrieved 13 June 2018 Zaev License plates NMK to avoid any provocations in Greece Republika mk 12 June 2018 Archived from the original on 13 June 2018 Retrieved 13 June 2018 Macedonia to Rename Divisive Statues That Irked Greece BalkanInsight 15 June 2018 Retrieved 15 June 2018 Macedonia s parliament endorses name deal with Greece for second time Reuters 5 July 2018 Retrieved 6 July 2018 Macedonia s Parliament Ratifies Historic Deal With Greece Balkan Insight Retrieved 20 June 2018 Macedonian assembly adopts amid tensions draft law on name deal with Greece Xinhua 19 June 2018 Archived from the original on June 22 2018 Retrieved 22 June 2018 Stoilkovski Dali sega graѓanite ќe mozhe da јa peat himnata Denes nad Makedoniјa se raѓa Stoilkovski Are citizens now able to sing the anthem Today over Macedonia is born MakFax 21 June 2018 Retrieved 22 June 2018 Macedonia President Refuses to Sign Greece Name Deal Balkan Insight 26 June 2018 Retrieved 26 June 2018 Skopiano Ti 8a ginei me thn symfwnia meta to mploko toy Ibanof Macedonian dispute What s next with the agreement after Ivanov s blockade Eleutheros Typos 26 June 2018 Retrieved 26 June 2018 Me poinh fylakishs 5etwn apeilei ton Zaef o proedros ths pGDM The President of the Republic of Macedonia threatens Zaev with a 5 year prison sentence News247 26 June 2018 Retrieved 26 June 2018 European Western Balkans 26 June 2018 Ivanov fails to sign law ratifying name agreement European Western Balkans Retrieved 26 June 2018 Decree Promulgating the Law on the Ratification of the Final Agreement to Resolve the Differences Described in Resolutions 817 1993 and 845 1993 of the United Nations Security Council to Terminate the Validity of the Interim Agreement of 1995 and to Establish a Strategic Partnership between the parties PDF Official Gazette of Macedonia in Macedonian 7 3 January 14 2019 Macedonia Albania Hail EU Approval for Accession Talks Balkan Insight 27 June 2018 Retrieved 27 June 2018 NATO Invites Macedonia to Join the Western Alliance Balkan Insight 11 July 2018 Retrieved 13 July 2018 Macedonia to hold name change referendum on September 30 SBS News 30 July 2018 Retrieved 31 July 2018 iVote DEMOKRA Integrated Election Information System of the State Election Commission of the Republic of Macedonia Referendum sec mk Archived from the original on 30 September 2018 Retrieved 14 October 2018 Macedonia name referendum fails to reach turnout threshold election commission Reuters com Reuters 30 September 2018 Retrieved 1 October 2018 FYROM referendum the day after Neoskosmos com Neos Kosmos 5 October 2018 Retrieved 25 January 2019 Trpkovski Goce 3 October 2018 Albanian Vote Not Crucial in Macedonia Referendum Shortfall Balkaninsight com Balkaninsight Retrieved 4 October 2018 Referendumi Mbi 260 mije shqiptare votuan pro marreveshjes Balkanweb com BalkanWeb Retrieved 25 January 2019 Sekularac Ivana Macedonia leader vows to press on with name change despite Reuters Retrieved 1 October 2018 Stanev Yoan North Macedonia parliamentary debates hit deadlock Emerging Europe Retrieved 17 October 2018 Macedonia parliament to vote on name change Aljazeera com Retrieved 2018 10 18 pGDM To VMRO apoxwrhse apo thn syzhthsh gia thn Syntagmatikh Ana8ewrhsh in Greek Retrieved 2018 10 18 Wess Mitchell to VMRO DPMNE leader Mickoski We are disappointed with you Balkaneu com Retrieved 2018 10 20 US ups pressure on FYROM opposition to ratify constitutional changes Kathimerini Retrieved 2018 10 20 Greek Foreign Minister Resigns Over Macedonia Deal Dispute Retrieved 2018 10 20 Agencies 2018 10 20 Welcome to North Macedonia parliament votes for name change The Guardian Retrieved 2018 10 20 pGDM Eisaggelikh ereyna se baros toy Ibanof gia th Symfwnia twn Prespwn Republic of Macedonia Case against Ivanov opened for the Prespa Agreement TOC in Greek 2018 10 30 Retrieved 2018 10 30 Prosecution launch pre trial procedure against Ivanov for violating the Constitution META 2018 10 30 Retrieved 2018 10 30 Macedonian Lawmakers OK Draft Language For Name Change Amendment Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty 4 December 2018 Retrieved 5 December 2018 Marusic Sinisa Jakov 11 January 2019 Macedonia MPs Pass Amendments to Change Country s Name Balkaninsight com Balkaninsight Retrieved 25 January 2019 a b Macedonian parliament agrees to change country s name Aljazeera com Al Jazeera Retrieved 25 January 2019 Emri i Maqedonise Parlamenti miraton ndryshimet kushtetuese shqiptaret votojne pro Panorama com al Panorama Retrieved 25 January 2019 The Latest Macedonia backs name change to North Macedonia Associated Press 11 January 2019 Retrieved 11 January 2019 The constitutional revisions passed by the Macedonian parliament original Yperpshfisthke h syntagmatikh ana8ewrhsh apo th Boylh ths PGDM Kathimerini 11 January 2019 Retrieved 11 January 2019 Congratulations by NATO and EU to Zoran Zaev for the approval of the Prespa Agreement original Sygxarhthria NATO kai EE se Zaef gia thn epikyrwsh ths Symfwnias twn Prespwn Kathimerini 11 January 2019 Retrieved 11 January 2019 Congratulations by Tsipras to Zaev for the approval of the Agreement original Sygxarhthria Tsipra ston Zaef gia thn kyrwsh ths symfwnias Kathimerini 11 January 2019 Retrieved 11 January 2019 Macedonia MPs Pass Amendments to Change Country s Name Balkan Insight 11 January 2019 Retrieved 12 January 2019 The reactions after the approval of the Prespa Agreement original Oi antidraseis meta thn egkrish ths Symfwnias twn Prespwn Gazzetta gr 12 January 2019 Retrieved 12 January 2019 UK PM May Positive vote for Prespa Agreement historic moment for Macedonia Mia mk 12 January 2019 Archived from the original on 13 January 2019 Retrieved 13 January 2019 Thaci the Prespa Agreement a model for Kosovo original 8atsi Protypo gia to Kosobo h Symfwnia twn Prespwn Ethnos gr 12 January 2019 Retrieved 12 January 2019 Meta pershendet marreveshjen per emrin e Maqedonise Vjen ne momentin e shumepritur Balkanweb com BalkanWeb Retrieved 25 January 2019 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Retrieved 2019 01 29 Oloklhrh h epistolh Mikh 8eodwrakh gia to Makedoniko Mhn proxwrhsete se ayto to egklhma TA NEA in Greek 2019 01 19 Retrieved 2019 01 29 Hundreds of personalities of the Arts Letters and Culture in favor of the Prespa Agreement original Ekatontades proswpikothtes twn Grammatwn twn Texnwn kai toy Politismoy yper ths Symfwnias twn Prespwn thepressproject gr 24 January 2019 Archived from the original on 24 January 2019 Retrieved 24 January 2019 372 academics and artists in favor of the Prespa agreement original 372 akadhmaikoi kai kallitexnes yper ths symfwnias twn Prespwn Huffington Post 23 January 2019 Retrieved 23 January 2019 a b c d Public divided in North Macedonia over name deal poll shows www ekathimerini com Ekathimerini Retrieved 28 February 2019 Yperpshfisthke me 153 nai h symfwnia twn Prespwn Kathimerini gr Retrieved 2019 01 25 George Katroungalos signed the enacting law of the Prespa Agreement Original Ypegrapse ton kyrwtiko nomo ths Symfwnias Prespwn o G Katroygkalos Kathimerini gr 25 January 2018 Retrieved 25 January 2018 Nimetz to Real gr Agreement symbol NATO US and EU welcome ratification of Prespa Original Nimits sto Real gr Symfwnia symbolo NATO HPA kai EE xairetizoyn thn kyrwsh twn Prespwn Mia mk 25 January 2018 Retrieved 25 January 2018 Canada welcomes the Prespa agreement Original O Kanadas xairetizei th symfwnia twn Prespwn Kathimerini gr 25 January 2018 Retrieved 25 January 2018 Jens Stoltenberg welcomes the Prespa agreement s ratification Original Thn yperpshfish ths symfwnias twn Prespwn xairetizei o Gens Stoltenmpergk Kathimerini gr Kathimerini 25 January 2018 Retrieved 25 January 2018 Joint Declaration by Juncker Mogherini and Commissioner Hahn on Prespa Original Koinh dhlwsh Gioynker Mogkerini kai toy Epitropoy Xan gia tis Prespes Kathimerini gr Kathimerini 25 January 2018 Retrieved 25 January 2018 Tusk s and Moskovski s messages on the ratification of the Prespa agreement Original Ta mhnymata Toysk kai Moskobisi gia thn pshfish ths symfwnias twn Prespwn Kathimerini gr Kathimerini 25 January 2018 Retrieved 25 January 2018 German Foreign Minister The approval of the Prespa agreement an amazing news for Europe Original Germanos yp E3wterikwn Kataplhktikh eidhsh gia thn Eyrwph h egkrish ths symfwnias twn Prespwn Kathimerini gr Kathimerini 25 January 2018 Retrieved 25 January 2018 Bulgaria s PM hails Greek Parliament decision to ratify Prespa Agreement Mia mk MIA 25 January 2018 Archived from the original on 26 January 2019 Retrieved 25 January 2018 Albania Kosovo applaud name deal adoption that will stabilize region Ekathimerini com Ekathimerini Retrieved 26 January 2019 E Macron the ratification of the Prespa agreement is an example of courage and unity E Makron Paradeigma 8arroys kai enothtas h yperpshfish ths symfwnias twn Prespwn Ekathimerini com Ekathimerini 26 January 2019 Retrieved 26 January 2019 The Prespa Agreement is characterized as historic by Nicosia Istorikh xarakthrizei th symfwnia twn Prespwn h Leykwsia Ekathimerini com Ekathimerini 26 January 2019 Retrieved 26 January 2019 Albanian PM Rama congratulates Tsipras and Zaev on Prespes Agreement Amna gr Athens Macedonian News Agency 26 January 2019 Retrieved 27 January 2019 Romanian EU Presidency to push Western Balkans case minister says Romania2019 eu Romania 2019 24 January 2019 Retrieved 29 January 2019 Zaev Historic Victory Original Zaef Istorikh nikh Naftemporiki gr Naftemporiki 25 January 2018 Retrieved 25 January 2018 Zaev for Prespes Congratulations Alexis we have achieved a historic victory Original Zaef gia Prespes Sygxarhthria file moy Ale3h petyxame istorikh nikh Skai gr Skai 25 January 2018 Retrieved 25 January 2018 Decision to rename Macedonia doesn t reflect people s will Moscow says TASS Retrieved 14 February 2019 Do Not Leave EU Enlargement In Orban s Hands Balkan Insight 2 October 2019 Retrieved 2 October 2019 Macedonia signs accord to join NATO despite Russian misgivings Reuters com 6 February 2019 Retrieved 7 February 2019 Executive Order on Blocking Property And Suspending Entry Into The United States Of Certain Persons Contributing To The Destabilizing Situation In The Western Balkans The White House 8 June 2021 Retrieved 10 June 2021 Perparim Isufi 9 June 2021 US Extends Blacklist of Persons Destabilising Corrupting Balkans Balkan Insight Retrieved 10 June 2021 Zaev and Tsipras were awarded with the Peace Prize of Westphalia 2020 Independent Balkan News Agency 28 August 2021 Retrieved 31 August 2021 Alexis Tsipras and Zoran Zaev receive Ewald von Kleist Award Security Conference 17 February 2019 Retrieved 31 August 2021 Former Greek PM Tsipras Zaev Receive Hessian Peace Prize for Prespa Agreement Greek Reporter 15 December 2020 Retrieved 31 August 2021 Notes Edit In Greek Symfwnia twn Prespwn romanized Symfonia ton Prespon In Macedonian Dogovorot od Prespa romanized Dogovorot od Prespa or Prespanski dogovor Prespanski dogovor See 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 Further reading EditRohdewald Stefan 2018 Citizenship Ethnicity History Nation Region and the Prespa Agreement of June 2018 between Macedonia and Greece Sudosteuropa 66 4 577 593 doi 10 1515 soeu 2018 0042 Merlicco Giordano 2018 La Grecia e la Macedonia del Nord storia politica e geopolitica di una contesa balcanica Rivista di Studi Politici 3 4 157 76 Nimetz M 2020 The Macedonian Name Dispute The Macedonian Question Resolved Nationalities Papers 48 2 205 214 External links EditAgreement text in English and translations in Macedonian and Greek Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Prespa Agreement amp oldid 1148192345, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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