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2019–2020 Iranian protests

August 22, 2023

A series of nationwide civil protests in Iran, sometimes known as Bloody November or (using the Iranian calendar) Bloody Aban (Persian: آبان خونین) took place in 2019 and 2020. Initially caused by a 50–200% increase in fuel prices,[13][14][15] they occurred as part of the wider Iranian Democracy Movement, leading to calls for the overthrow of the government in Iran and Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.[16][17] The protests commenced as peaceful gatherings on the evening of 15 November but spread to 21 cities within hours, as videos of the protest circulated online,[18][19][20][21][22] eventually becoming the most violent and severe anti-government unrest since the Iranian Revolution in 1979.[23][24]

2019–2020 Iranian protests
Part of 2017–2021 Iranian protests and Persian Gulf crisis (2019–present)
Date15 November 2019 – 19 November 2019 (4 days, main phase)
Spillover clashes lasted until 16 July 2020
Location
Throughout Iran, in 29 provinces, 104 cities and 719 places.[1]
Caused by
Goals
MethodsDemonstrations, riots, sit-ins, civil resistance, strikes, online activisms, arson
Resulted in
Parties

Protesters

Support by most anti-Islamic Republic organizations
Lead figures

No centralized leadership

Number
c. 200,000[4][5]
100,000-150,000
Casualties and losses
731 banks and 140 government sites torched (per Abdolreza Rahmani Fazli)[12]

To block the sharing of information regarding the protests and the deaths of hundreds of protesters on social media platforms, the government shut down the Internet nationwide, resulting in a near-total internet blackout of around six days.[25][26][27] In an effort to crush the protests, the Iranian government (according to Amnesty International) shot protesters dead from rooftops, helicopters, and at close range with machine gun fire. In an effort to mask the scale and casualty count of the protests, it hauled away large numbers of bodies of the dead protesters,[24] and threatened families of slain protesters not to speak to the media or hold funerals.[28]

As many as 1,500 Iranian protesters were killed.[9][29][30] The government crackdown and protests resulted in the destruction of 731 government banks including Iran's central bank, nine Islamic religious centres, protesters tearing down anti-American billboards, and posters and statues of the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei as well as former leader Ruhollah Khomeini. Fifty government military bases were also attacked by protesters.[31][32] The Iranian regime also employed a week long nationwide internet shutdown becoming the longest total Internet shutdown in a large country.[33] It was also the first blackout that effectively isolated a whole nation.[34]

The uprising, as well as the wider Iranian Democracy Movement in general, differed from earlier protests in 2009 in not being limited to students and large cities, and in the speed, severity and higher death toll of the government crackdown, which crushed the uprising in three days,[35] although protests flared up periodically in the months after.

Background

Main article: 2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests

Iran has experienced numerous nationwide protests and civil unrest since 2016, including the 2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt, 2017–2018 Iranian protests, 2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests (in January 2020).

Sanctions by the United States and the European Union, coupled with economic mismanagement, were factors involved in a severe economic crisis in Iran in the 2010s.[36]

Multiple protests and strikes took place in Iran in December 2017,[37] throughout 2018[38][39] and in the first half of 2019.[40] Protest causes ranged from rising prices[37] to teachers'[39] and railway workers' rights.[40]

Prior to the November 2019 cycle of unrest, the President of Iran Hassan Rouhani said, "Iran is experiencing one of its hardest years since the 1979 Islamic revolution".[19] According to an estimate by Djavad Salehi-Isfahani cited in the Atlantic Council, inflation sent nearly 1.6 million Iranians into poverty in just a single year prior to the November 2019 protest,[41] with a similar figure given by the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation's office for employment and social welfare.[42]

One of the grievances of the protesters was thought to be the privileges of the Islamic Republic's elite. During this time of economic hardship, a decree issued by the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei exempted some trustees from paying taxes. They included Khatam-al Anbiya Construction Headquarters and many other smaller entities belonging to Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).[citation needed] In September 2019, just two months before the uprising, a former member of Iran's Parliament, Behzad Nabavi, told an interviewer that the Razavi Economic Foundation (which is presided over by Khamenei), together with the Revolutionary Guards (IRGC) and the Ministry of Intelligence (MOIS), controls about 60% of the Iranian economy. None of these entities pay any taxes and no government organization is allowed to go through their books.[43]

In late 2019, anti-government protests took place in Iranian allies Lebanon and Iraq.[19]

The immediate cause of the protest was the increase in price of fuel, which was announced by the government at midnight on 15 November 2019.[19] Prior to the price increase, drivers could buy up to 250 litres (66 US gal) each month for 10,000 Iranian rial per litre ($0.90 per US gallon).[17] With the new price structure prices started at 15,000 rial per litre ($1.35 per US gallon) for the first 60 litres (16 US gal), and rose to 30,000 per litre ($2.70 per US gallon) after that, a price increase of 50% to 200%.[17] An Iranian state-television programme described these measures as a way to help fund the subsidies of around 60 million Iranians.[36]

Timeline

2019

November 2019

See also: Massacre of Mahshahr
 
Riot police against protesters in Tehranpars

After the government announced the price increase in the early hours of 15 November, Iranians in various cities (37 cities according to reports by citizen journalists and social media[44]) took to the streets to protest.

One protester was reportedly killed in Sirjan after security forces opened fire,[45][16] while the governor said that the death had occurred under unclear circumstances.[44] Other demonstrators in the city set fire to a gas station, and chanted "Rouhani, leave the country alone".[45][16] Protesters in Ahvaz demanded that people boycott fuel and stop their cars in the middle of the road as a sign of protest.[46]

In Mashhad, Iran's second-largest city, demonstrators blocked traffic in the streets and highways,[36] turning them into parking lots. Protesters gathered late into the night in Qods, a suburb of Tehran, and destroyed a police vehicle.[47] Protests were peaceful at first, as was the state response.[48]

Protests continued to expand for a second day on 16 November. Demonstrators gathered in over 50 cities and many major cities such as Tehran, Tabriz, Isfahan, and Shiraz to protest the sudden price hike.[49] Security forces shot at protesters with live bullets in an effort to disperse them, killing at least ten protesters in Isfahan, Behbahan, Kermanshah, Karaj, and Shiraz.[50]

Several banks in Eslamshahr, Behbahan, and Tehran, and one religious school in Isfahan were burned down by protesters.[50] In Shahriar demonstrators burned down a monument depicting the ring of the Ruhollah Khomeini, the founder of the Islamic Republic.[51]

On 16 November, internet access across the country was reported to be in a near-total shutdown, with online activity estimated to be 7% of ordinary levels.[52][53]

State news agencies reported that over 1,000 people had been arrested by the 16th, and that the protests had spread to over 100 cities in Iran.[50]

Shop owners in Tehran and Isfahan closed the bazaars and went on strike in protest. While in Tabriz, students from the University of Tabriz left their classes and demonstrated at the university.[54][55]

Students at the University of Tehran gathered for a second day to protest on 16 November, the current situation in the country and chanted "Death to the dictator", and "Not Gaza, not Lebanon, my life only for Iran".[56] Protests continued in the Sadeghiyeh neighbourhood of Tehran, and the bazaar was packed with security forces attempting to prevent bazaar merchants from going on strike.[57] Citizens of Tehran reported that despite the internet shutdown, the protests gathered in intensity on Tuesday.[57]

Heavy clashes were also reported in Shiraz, where the security forces fired directly at people.[57] Authorities reported that nine Islamic seminaries and Friday prayer offices were burned by protesters across the country.[58] Protests continued for a fifth consecutive day on 19 November despite a heavy security presence the country. Gatherings were reported in Tehran, Karaj, Shiraz and Isfahan.[59] The city of Shush in Khuzestan province, was effectively closed down as Haft Tappeh workers protested the current conditions.[60]

The Revolutionary Guards reportedly took the bodies of the dead protesters and the injured in hospitals, to hide to cover up the true death toll and downplay the protests. In some cases, government officials sold the bodies of the protesters.[26][27][61] The protests reached 70% of provinces according to The Guardian.[62]

On 21 November, Iran partially restored access to the internet. Residents of Tehran told the New York Times that the government had finished securing the northern area, but not the middle-class and working-class areas of the city.[63] A 26 November Guardian editorial characterized the protests as "crushed".[62]

December 2019

On 7 December, coinciding with Students Day in Iran, students in Tehran and various other cities conducted demonstrations in support of the protests.[64] In the early hours of 17 December, students at Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran gathered outside the dormitories and protested the killing of protesters.[65]

On 25 December, the day before the 40th day mourning procession of the protesters killed in the November protests, security forces arrested several members of Pouya Bakhtiari's family.[66]

On 26 December 2019, security forces attacked different cemeteries around Iran to prevent the families, of those killed in November uprising, from holding ceremonies in honour of the 40th day of the death of their loved ones. Some of the mourners were arrested and taken away. One month after Iranian rulers fears any anti-government gathering.[67][68]

2020

January 2020

Main article: Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests
 
Protests at Tehran's Hafez Street, 11 January 2020

On 11 January 2020, after Iranian authorities had stated that Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 had been shot down by Iranian military forces, killing all 176 passengers and flight personnel,[69] three thousand people protested in Tehran, with chants including "Death to the dictator". Police used tear gas on the protestors.[70] Officials reported that 82 Iranians among several other Iranians with dual citizenship were among the victims of the crash.[71] Hundreds of people protested in front of Amirkabir University of Technology.[72] The protestors called for the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei to resign, chanted "Death to the liars" and called "for the IRGC to leave the country".[73] Protests also took place at the Sharif University of Technology and in Isfahan, Rasht, Sari, and Hamedan. Protesters chanted against the Revolutionary Guards, the Supreme Leader, and the entire political system of the Islamic Republic.[74]

On 12 January, similar protests took place around Iran. In the morning, students gathered at the dormitories of the University of Tehran and chanted against the Supreme Leader.[75] There were around 3,000 participants in the main demonstration in Tehran according to the Iranian Labour News Agency.[70] In online social media videos posted in the evening of a location near Azadi Square in Tehran, there were sounds of gunshots, pools of blood on the ground, wounded people being carried and security personnel with rifles. Hossein Rahimi of the Tehran police stated the following day that police had "been given orders to show restraint" and did not shoot during the protests.[76] The Iranian daily Etemad wrote "Apologise and resign" in a banner headline.[70] The Iranian president described the missile attack as an unforgivable error.[77]

Protests continued in Tehran on 13 January, including 40 students at a Tehran university who chanted "They killed our elites and replaced them with clerics", in reference to the Iranian students who had died on flight AUI752.[78]

In the video surfacing on the internet, many Tehran university students openly refused to walk over the American and Israeli flags which was the symbol of the country's foreign policy of anti-Americanism and anti-Zionism since the inception of the Islamic Republic.[79] The flags had been painted so that protesters would walk over them as they marched.[80]

On 14 January, students at various universities in Tehran, and other Iranian cities continued protesting against the regime and Ali Khamenei. At Amir Kabir University, protesters and the Basij clashed violently. Students at the University of Tehran chanted "We will die to reclaim Iran" and "Death to the concept of a [Supreme Leader]".[81]

On 15 January 2020 students in Isfahan and other Iranian cities held their 5th day of protests, after the government of Ayatollah Khamenei admitted downing the Ukrainian passenger plane. Students held banners showing 1500+176 meaning 176 innocent passengers was added to the 1500 killed in November uprising.[82]

On 16 January 2020, protesters planned to head down Valiasr Street to the IRIB headquarters in the capital city of Tehran, but were prevented by the heavy presence of in that street. Anti-riot police also took position in several other key points to prevent funeral gatherings for those killed in the missile attack on AUI752 flight. Nevertheless, many mourners attended the funerals.[82]

February 2020

On the 40th day anniversary of the Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 victims memorial at Amir Kabir University on 16 February, students chanted against the ruling system and called for the boycott of the 2020 parliamentary election.[83]

On 25 February 2020, a human rights center in Iran announced that a court in Iran sentenced five persons arrested during November uprising to different prison terms from 18 months to eleven years. The five detainees, who aged between 29 and 51 years, also received different number of lashes. The state court charged them with " collusion against national and international security" and "propaganda against the system".[84]

The organization Human Rights Watch has called on the Geneva United Nations Human Rights Council to adopt "Urgent action" in regard to the "brutal crackdown" of the November protests in Iran. Michael Page, the organization's deputy director for the Middle East says, "Iranian authorities are now confronting popular protests with an astonishing level of violence".[85]

July 2020

It is said that 237 protest movements were formed in 85 cities in Iran in July 2020.[by whom?][citation needed] On 16 July 2020, amid a heavy security presence, protesters took to the streets of Behbehan and chanted "We don't want a clerical regime" and "Not Gaza, not Lebanon, my life only for Iran".[86][87] The security forces fired tear gas to disperse the protesters, as witnessed told Reuters. A heavy security presence was also reported in various other Iranian cities.[88][89]

Internet shutdown

Main article: 2019 Internet blackout in Iran

On the eve of the protests, Iranian authorities started disrupting internet connections and social media. The Internet was effectively blocked following Iran's Supreme National Security Council decision to shut it down for 24 hours.[90][91]

Because of internet censorship in Iran, the Iranian government and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Sepah have always opposed joining Iranian to popular social networks such as Facebook, Twitter and so on.[92][93] Therefore, popular social networks are blocked by those in Iran and because of Iranian protests, internet censorship in Iran has increased.[94][95][96] But now they have decided to Internet blackout in Iran.[92][97][93]

NetBlocks reports that users first reported outages in Mashhad on 15 November. The disruptions increased in extent and severity with impact also visible on overall connectivity charts. Iran's largest mobile network operators, including MCI, Rightel and IranCell, were deactivated on the evening of 16 November 2019. By 20 November, national connectivity was at 5% of ordinary levels, making it difficult to monitor human rights violations and cover incidents on the ground.[98]

The government has also jammed satellite TV connections and sent anonymous messages to people near protest sites reading: "We know you are here."[99]

On 21 November 2019, a small return of connectivity was tracked by NetBlocks, along with reports that some users had returned online; national connectivity was up to 8%.[100]

Slogans and tactics

Chants, banners and posters of demonstrators targeted the government and its leaders, and such pillars of the Islamic Republic ideology as pan-Islamic unity, anti-Zionist solidarity with Palestine and Hezbollah of Lebanon, reverence and awe for the Supreme Leader, and hatred for the Pahlavi dynasty. Many protest chants and slogans were directed at expressing discontent with the Iranian government's spending on conflicts in Gaza, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Yemen. Other chants praised the late Shah of Iran calling for his return.[101]

Slogans

In November 2019, people chanted, "Shah of Iran, return to Iran!", "Iran is muddled in a mess without the Shah", "Clerics must get lost", "No to Gaza, no to Lebanon. We sacrifice our lives for Iran," "Death to the dictator", "Death to the Islamic Republic", "Our military brothers, why do you kill your brother?", "Bless your soul Reza Shah", "Not Gaza, not Lebanon, my life only for Iran", "Oil money has been lost, it has all been spent on Palestine", "They have brought up Islam, but trampled the people", "The supreme leader lives like a God. We, the people live like beggars."[102] "We have no money or fuel, to hell with Palestine."[103]

Chants became even more radical in the January protests, with demonstrators calling for a revolution and chanting, "This is your last month, [Khamenei] it is time to go", "Oh Crown Prince, come to our help", "Clerics must get lost", "No reforms, no referendum, just strikes and revolution", "Sepah commits murders, and the Supreme Leader supports it", "You killed our elites, and replaced them with clerics", and "Death to Khamenei".[104]

Tactics and methods

Protesters began by organizing rallies in protest of Iran's government resulting in police gunfire. As protests were met with government crackdowns, protesters began to block streets and highways, often parking their vehicles in the road. The protests intensified with Iranians burning pictures and banners of the supreme leader Ali Khamenei and burning government banks.

According to the government, four of the security forces killed were shot even though civilians are "largely forbidden to have guns".[35]

Support for former monarchy

One common protest slogan was "Oh Shah of Iran return to Iran."[citation needed] Many protest chants praised the former Pahlavi Dynasty and its two leaders. Monarchist groups supporting the former Pahlavi monarchy were targeted and arrested by authorities across multiple cities. It was reported that some members in a monarchist organization had gone as far as infiltrating the government. During the protest the Iranian Revolutionary Guards had openly admitted the Pahlavi dynasty was popular among much of Iran's population.[105]

Detainees

 
November 2019 demonstrations, Isfahan

On 10 December 2019 the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), which is a human rights organization based in New York City, put Iran among the countries with the highest number of imprisoned journalists.[106]

The Kurdistan Human Rights Network has stated that many detained protesters, some of them underage, are held under gruelling conditions. In addition, sources have characterized conditions in the Greater Tehran Central Penitentiary as "unbearable".[107][108]

In addition to the first phase of arrests during the demonstrations, the security forces examined photographs of licence plates taken during the protests "to identify leaders and speak to informants to identify more" protesters to arrest.[35]

Many observers are worried that some of those arrested have undergone severe torture and may face execution.[109]

On 2 September 2020, Amnesty International accused the Iranian government of widespread abuse of human rights during the 2019 protests that were sparked following soaring fuel prices. According to latest rights group report, Iran resorted to arbitrary detention, enforced disappearance, torture and other ill-treatment of those involved in the November unrest that rocked the Islamic Republic.[110]

Arrest of journalists and lawyers

The European Parliament condemned the government of Iran for harassment of lawyers and journalists, and for denying legal assistance to the large number of protesters already in jail.[111]

The International Observatory of Human Rights have claimed that while social media has been a tool for exposing injustices in the state, those who do so risk being arrested and imprisoned.[112] The few remaining independent news sources face harassment and the risk of arrest.

In 2021, Reporters without Borders (RSF) ranked Iran 174th out of 180 countries on the RSF 2020 World Press Freedom Index; they were placed at 173rd and 170th in 2020 and 2019 respectively.[113] According to RSF, at least 860 journalists and citizen-journalists have been detained or executed since 1979, with an unrelenting state control of news continuing.

In the run-up to the 2021 election in Iran, the pressure of the state to control journalists intensified. Between 16 May and 17 June, RSF received 42 cases of journalists receiving summonses from the prosecutor's office or threats from intelligence ministry officials.[114]

On the 14 August 2021, the Centre for Human Rights in Iran reported that four lawyers had been arrested alongside two political activists.[115] They were preparing to sue the Iranian Government for its handling of the COVID-19 Pandemic but were arrested by judicial agents and pressured to drop the suit before it was filed. During the arrest several of the detainees personal items were confiscated without a warrant and the public is yet to be made aware of official charges against the lawyers.

International organizations warn about torture

In a new statement Amnesty International has spoken about constant torture exerted on thousands arrested during November Uprising. The statement says, "they have been beaten, punched, kicked and flogged by security forces". Detainees include children of 15 and younger.

On 28 December 2019, international human rights watchdog has warned prisoners in Iran's jails "are at risk of being tortured".[116]

Allegations of sexual violence

In January 2020, Amnesty International's investigator on Iran, Raha Bahreini, said she had received reports that a woman protester, detained during anti-government demonstrations following the downing of a Ukrainian passenger plane, had been taken to a police station and sexually assaulted by security forces.[117]

Deaths and casualties

Death count estimates

See also: Casualty recording and List of victims of November 2019 protests in Iran
 
Deaths numbers by provinces[118]
  40 or more people killed
  Between 30–39 people killed
  Between 20–29 people killed
  Between 10–19 people killed
  Between 1–9 people killed
  No Data

The BBC has reported that there is a huge variance in reports of the number of people killed in the protests.[119] On 23 December, Reuters reported that a death toll provided by three unnamed Iranian interior ministry officials was "about 100,500" including "at least 17 teenagers and about 400 women". These numbers were described as "fake news" by a government spokesman and based on figures made by the MEK a week prior.[120] Amnesty International reported that "according to credible reports ... at least 304 people were killed and thousands injured between 15 and 18 November".[121]

The BBC has reported that unofficial reports from various sources say that from 15 to 19 November, about 200 people were killed and 3,000 injured. However, later the Iranian government released some details of 304 deaths during the protest, and Amnesty International found that more than 220 of the recorded deaths took place over just two days on 16 and 17 November.[122][119] One anonymous dissident politician told US journalist Dexter Filkins that he thinks the higher death estimates may be more accurate as in one location "two hundred people" were buried in "a single night".[35]

The Iranian government has announced that 230 persons were killed, including at least six police officers and soldiers.[123]

A man in Sirjan was killed and several others were injured after security forces opened fire on protesters on 15 November.[124][45] The following day, ten protesters were killed during demonstrations.[50]

On 19 November, Amnesty International claimed that around 16 people were killed in Kermanshah, 14 each in Bandar-e Mahshahr and in Javanroud, 9 in Mariwan, 8 in Behbahan, 6 each in Ramhormoz, Sadra and in Shiraz, 4 each in Bukan, Karaj and in Robatkarim, 3 in Khorramshahr, 2 each in Abadan, Ahvaz and in Bumahen, and 1 each in Tehran, Isfahan, Eslamshahr, Sanandaj, Shahriar and in Sirjan.[125][126] According to witness evidence reported in mid-late December, the Bandar-eMahshar death toll was much higher than initially estimated. The Iranian government brought in tanks to the streets of the city and security forces and the IRGC used heavy machine guns against unarmed people, leading to the death of 40–100 people.[127][128][129]

As of 26 November, Amnesty International reported that over 100 people had been killed during the protests, including accounts of wounded or dead protesters removed by government authorities to hide the magnitude of the crackdown on protesters.[130] According to the BBC Persian, the number of deaths has exceeded 200.[131]

According to a report by The Guardian from Shiraz on 1 December, "those on the ground" in the city say the death toll is much higher than the 15 confirmed deaths counted by Amnesty International.[132]

Amnesty International reported that the Iranian government threatened families of the killed protestors against talking to the press. The families were forced to not arrange any funerals and to instead to carry out secret burials.[133]

Speaking at a news conference at the State Department on 5 December, U.S. Special Representative for Iran Brian Hook stated that Iranian government forces killed more than 1,000 protesters.[134][135] There were reports by US-backed Radio Farda that by 5 December 18 children had been killed by the Iranian government.[136][137]

As Reuters has reported, on the second day of Iran protest, in the presence of president Hassan Rouhani, some of his ministers and commanders of the security forces, asserting the government was in total danger, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei called to crush the demonstrators, stating "You have my order [...] Do whatever it takes to end it".[138][139] According to Reuters and the MEK, at least 1,500 people, including 400 women and 17 teenagers, were killed in the uprising and that "many were shot directly in the head".[140]

Death of injured protesters

Human Rights organizations, including Amnesty International, reported that many Iranian protesters wounded in November demonstrations still could not get medical attention as they may get arrested. Two injured protesters, 23-year-old Mohammad Maleki, and Amir Ojani, 43 years old, died in the last days of January due to an acute infection and respiratory diseases.[141]

Killing of children

On 3 March 2020, Amnesty International announced that security forces in Iran killed at least 23 children during November uprising in this country. The victims were 22 boys of age 12 to 17 and a girl who was under 12 years old.[142]

Government responsibility

Reuters reports that Iran's supreme leader, Ali Khamenei, and President Hassan Rouhani ordered deadly weapons be used against the protesters.[143] The order was "confirmed by three sources close to the supreme leader's inner circle and a fourth official, set in motion the bloodiest crackdown on protesters since the Islamic Revolution in 1979". Khamenei, in a meeting with government officials on 17 November 2019, ordered an end to the protests, saying "The Islamic Republic is in danger, do whatever is necessary to end these protests. This is my order." According to the report, Khamenei, who was outraged by protesters tearing down his posters in the streets and the destruction of a statue of Ruhollah Khomeini, told officials in a meeting he would hold them responsible if the protests did not stop immediately.[143]

Khamenei has allegedly later stated "the decision to use force was not his",[35] but critics have noted that it is the "Supreme National Security Council" that makes decisions on how to deal with such demonstrations and deal with the political crisis in Iran. The council is presided by the president. Iran's constitution prescribes that all decisions taken by the council should be approved by Khamenei.[144] who is also Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces.[145]

The government agents in Iran were accused of stealing the bodies of the dead protesters from morgues, and arresting the injured from hospitals, to give the uprising a lower profile.[26][27]

Aftermath

Iranian news agency claimed that starting from 19 November 2019, thousands of people in cities across Iran participated in separate pro-government rallies in condemnation of the riots and showed support for the Iran supreme leadership.[146] On 20 November 2019, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani declared victory against the "enemy". Iran started gradually restoring internet connection the following day.[147][148] Many supporters (including IRGC leader Hossein Salami) also called for the death penalty on anti-government protesters.[149]

Amnesty International stated on 16 December that one month after the uprising, Iranian security forces are still arresting people and especially youth. Prisons, such as Fashafouyeh prison near the capital Tehran, are overcrowded with detainees, among them juveniles of 15 and younger. Prisoners are faced with daily torture and harassment.[150]

Impacts

The savings from the fuel price rises are planned to be distributed to 18 million poor families, representing 75% of Iran's population.[99][19] However, with inflation already at 40% and a plummeting currency, according to The Economist, "the inflationary effects of the price rise risk wiping out most of the benefit."[19] This inflationary threat has been acknowledged by Khamenei.[19]

Debate in the Iranian parliament

Several criticisms of the Iranian authorities were made in December 2019 by members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, the Iranian parliament. On 9 December 2019, Parvaneh Salahshouri, a female member of the parliament spoke against the country's top officials accusing them of not understanding the griefs of the low-income people and ignoring the deep-seated glitches of the country.[151]

On 10 December 2019, Ali Motahari, a member of Iran's parliament spoke out against the policies of the Supreme Leader and that entities under Khamenei's control have created a stalemate in the parliament. In return, another hardliner has asked the Guardian Council to disqualify Motahari as a candidate for the upcoming elections for his "accuses the Supreme Leader in the gasoline issue".[152]

Fears that mass uprising could ignite again created conflicts within the Iranian ruling system. In early December 2019, Mahmood Alavi, the Intelligence Minister, has sent a letter to the speaker of the parliament asking him to stop Mahmoud Sadeghi, a member of Parliament, for acting "against national interests". Since the protests began in November, Sadeghi continued his attacks against some government entities, including the intelligence system. Sadeghi has also spoken against the forced confessions run by the Ministry of Intelligence and shown on state television.[153]

Reactions

National

  • Supreme Leader of Iran, Ali Khamenei
    • blamed the protests on "all of the centres of villainy around the world that oppose us."[19]
    • "Both friends and foes should know that we have repelled the enemy in the war in military, political and security issues. The recent actions were security issues, not from the people. We have repelled the enemy in various areas, and by God's grace, we will also definitely repel the enemy in the economic war", (from a meeting with producers, economic activists and entrepreneurs on 19 November).[154][155]
    • he also stated that setting fire to banks is not the action of ordinary people but of thugs, adding, "of course, officials should also pay attention and decrease the problems associated as much as they can" (from the beginning of Dars-e Kharej (courses at the highest level of religious curriculum taught to students at seminaries) on 17 November).[156][157]
  • Parvaneh Salahshouri, a member of parliament, stated that the decision to increase the price of fuel was not made by the Majles and had been made by the heads of the three branches. Salahshouri stated, "It has been a while now that parliament is not involved in the decision-making process." She continued and, referring to the parliament, said, "The last semblance of a democracy we had is no more. Shut down the next parliament, it is an act of economic resistance".[158]
  • Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Alavi Gorgani asked the government to "change their decision to increase fuel prices before it is too late".[50]
  • Abolfazl Bahrampour, prominent Iranian Quran scholar, stated that the arrested protesters are Muharib and do not deserve normal execution, but must be tortured to death by mutilation of their right hands and left feet. He made these comments in the Iranian state-sponsored IRIB TV1 citing the 33rd Ayah of Al-Ma'ida Surah: "... The only punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive to make mischief in the land is that they should be murdered, or crucified, or their hands and their feet should be cut off on opposite sides ...".[159][160][161]
  • Dozens of artists living inside Iran published a statement in support of protesters, saying they will not forget the young faces of the dead, who were killed and then ignored by associating them with "foreigners". The statement condemned the violation of the people's "most basic human rights" and their "most apparent needs", and warned that people's voices "will remain in history". Prominent filmmakers including two-time Oscar winner Asghar Farhadi and Berlinale-winner Jafar Panahi, as well as well-known musicians Hossein Alizadeh and Kayhan Kalhor, are among the signatories of the statement. The statement also ridicules speeches by Iranian officials who have blamed protesters as being agents of foreign states, saying "the regime is trying to justify killing them".[162]
  • Iranian Interior Minister Abdolreza Rahmani Fazli in the Iranian parliament, in response to parliamentarians who had been shot in the brain by a number of people, asked if it was possible to shoot, at least in the legs or lower back, that such shootings had taken place? Ali replied that the protesters had also been shot in the leg![163]
  • In another response from Iran's Interior Ministry, Roohallah Jomei told a meeting with members of Iran's parliament that 23 percent of protesters were shot at close range and in temples.[164]
  • In a comment to an American reporter (Dexter Filkins) an (anonymous Iranian) shop owner in the suburbs of Tehran who had witnessed the protests stated "The 2009 protests showed that the regime had lost the middle class. The protests in November show that they've lost the working class, too."[35]

University students

On 7 December 2019, commemorating the student's day, university students in various parts of Iran organized rallies shouting slogans against Hassan Rouhani and chief Justice Ebrahim Raeesi. Students also condemned the government for shooting and killing people during recent demonstrations.[165]

Bus drivers

On 2 December 2019, the Tehran bus drivers' trade union called for the trial of those who ordered the shooting of the protesters. The union described the government's actions as a "massacre and bloody suppression". The statement by the Syndicate of Tehran and Suburbs Bus Company, also expressed concern about the situation of the thousands of detained protesters.[166]

Lawyers

On 10 December 2019, 160 Iranian lawyers called for an investigation into the November killings. The lawyers also called for information regarding the several thousand detained protestors.[167]

Mournings

Iranian regime threatens the families of those killed in recent protests not to talk to reporters or others. Nevertheless, families of young people killed by the regime's security forces are not giving in. Mother of Pooya Bakhtiari, killed by government agents, says her son was a "national hero". She continued that her son pursued "freedom, justice and truth", something that Iran's authorities will not grant to the people.[168]

Diaspora

  • Reza Pahlavi, the exiled son of Iran's deposed Shah, tweeted that the Islamic Republic had brought only poverty and suffering to the Iranian people. He also said that the only thing offered for free by the Islamic Republic was oil to its allies in the region, a reference to Syria's president Bashar Assad.[169]
  • Golshifteh Farahani, an Iranian actress who has been living in exile in France for the past decade, also carried out an extensive interview about the violent response to protests and the high number of people killed, wounded, or arrested. Speaking to Brut America, Farahani explained that many protesters started demonstrating because of a hike in gas prices, but "never came back home". In the video, the actress stated that the killed protesters were "son of some people", "fathers of some people", "daughters of some people", and "they are dead now".[170]
  • Hichkas, Iranian rapper released a song about the recent protests and the inequality that plagues the Iranian society. In the song, titled "Clenched His Fists", the exiled rapper states the various grievances that led to the demonstrations and describes the brutality of the security forces. The song is in the spoken word format and includes audio snippets recorded by protesters on the street, where voices can be heard saying "they are shooting people".[170]

International

States

  •   United States:
    • U.S. President of the United States Donald Trump announced his support for the protests stating "Iran has become so unstable that the government has shut down their entire Internet System so that the Great Iranian people cannot talk about the tremendous violence taking place within the country...."[22]
    • U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo supported the demonstrations and stated that "The United States is with [the Iranian people]".[171] In a Tweet from late December 2020, he stated a figure of 1,500 casualties of the protests.[172]
    • The Democratic Presidential candidate Bernie Sanders criticized the Iranian government for not letting its civilians protest for a "better future" and to stop "showing violence against demonstrators".[citation needed]
    • On 3 December, US President Donald Trump, while attending NATO summit in London, said, "Iran is killing perhaps thousands and thousands of people right now as we speak".[173]
    • The United States said that the Iranian government had committed "gross human rights violations" during the protests.[174]
  •   European Union:
    • Josep Borrell, European Union's new High Representative for Foreign Affairs has condemned the use of deadly force by the Iranian regime against peaceful demonstrators.[175]
    • Almost all political groups and tendencies in the European Parliament voted in favour of a resolution which condemned the Iranian government for its extensive use of force against peaceful protesters in November uprising. European lawmakers called for an independent investigation into atrocities including direct shooting at demonstrators. The resolution calls on the Iranian government "to announce the total number of detainees".[176][177] The European parliament condemned the government of Iran for harassment of lawyers and journalists, and for denying legal assistance to the large number of protesters already in jail.[111]
  •   Germany: Chancellery urged Iran to respect the "legitimate" protests against a petrol price hike and open talks with the demonstrators: "It is legitimate and deserving of our respect when people courageously air their economic and political grievances, as is currently happening in Iran," said Chancellor Angela Merkel's spokeswoman, Ulrike Demmer.[178]
  •   Sweden: Foreign Minister Ann Linde wrote on Twitter: "Terrible casualties in Iran. Nothing can justify this violence. Today's ambassador to Sweden from Our view is informed."[citation needed]

Supernationals

  •   United Nations: The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet expressed her "deep concern" about the treatment of the large number of people arrested in the demonstrations. She also expressed concern about torture or execution of detainees.[179]
  • Amnesty International started a petition in which human rights organisations asked United Nations (UN) member states to condemn the Iranian government for the crackdown on the unarmed protesters in the November uprising. The signatories include International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), Human Rights Watch (HRW), Justice for Iran and Amnesty International.[180] "There must be independent and impartial investigations into these killings, and those suspected of ordering and carrying them out must be prosecuted in fair trials," said Philip Luther, Research and Advocacy Director for the Middle East and North Africa at Amnesty International, in response to the killing of at least 23 children by security forces.[142]

Sanctions after November uprising

The United States implemented sanctions on Mohammad-Javad Azari Jahromi, Iran's communications minister, following the deactivation of internet servers inside Iran.[181]

On 19 December 2019, the United States Government enforced sanctions on two Iranian judges, Abolghassem Salavati and Mohammad Moghisseh, for suppressing "freedoms of speech and assembly". Thousands of people are now in Iran's jails just for participating in November uprising. They may face torture or even execution. The two judges have long records of issuing long term prison sentences or death penalties[182][183] for Iranians longing for democracy and opposed to the rule of the Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei.[184]

See also

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August 22, 2023
2019, 2020, iranian, protests, been, suggested, that, portions, 2017, 2021, iranian, protests, split, from, merged, into, this, article, discuss, november, 2022, series, nationwide, civil, protests, iran, sometimes, known, bloody, november, using, iranian, cal. It has been suggested that portions of 2017 2021 Iranian protests be split from it and merged into this article Discuss November 2022 A series of nationwide civil protests in Iran sometimes known as Bloody November or using the Iranian calendar Bloody Aban Persian آبان خونین took place in 2019 and 2020 Initially caused by a 50 200 increase in fuel prices 13 14 15 they occurred as part of the wider Iranian Democracy Movement leading to calls for the overthrow of the government in Iran and Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei 16 17 The protests commenced as peaceful gatherings on the evening of 15 November but spread to 21 cities within hours as videos of the protest circulated online 18 19 20 21 22 eventually becoming the most violent and severe anti government unrest since the Iranian Revolution in 1979 23 24 2019 2020 Iranian protestsPart of 2017 2021 Iranian protests and Persian Gulf crisis 2019 present Date15 November 2019 19 November 2019 4 days main phase Spillover clashes lasted until 16 July 2020LocationThroughout Iran in 29 provinces 104 cities and 719 places 1 Caused byIncrease in fuel prices Crackdowns of previous waves of the Iranian Democracy Movement such as the 2017 2018 Iranian protests resulting in failures to deliver the demands of the movement Escalation of the 2018 2019 Iranian general strikes and protests occurring as part of the Iranian Democracy Movement Government corruption Poverty Human rights abuses Opposition to President Hassan Rouhani and Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei Opposition to the Islamic Republic Opposition to Iranian involvement in regional conflicts Opposition to Anti Americanism in IranGoalsSocial and economic stability Prosecution of corrupt government officials Removal of Ali Khamenei Regime change and removal of the Islamic Republic of Iran De KhomeinizationMethodsDemonstrations riots sit ins civil resistance strikes online activisms arsonResulted inProtests violently crushed by government troops Internet blackout imposed by government Continued growth and rise of the Iranian Democracy Movement leading to further protests in the movement such as 2021 2022 Iranian protests and the Mahsa Amini protestsPartiesProtesters Support by most anti Islamic Republic organizations Islamic Republic of Iran Pro government protesters 2 3 Lead figuresNo centralized leadership Ali Khamenei Hassan Rouhani Ebrahim Raisi Ali Larijani Hossein SalamiRahmani Fazli Hossein Ashtari Azari JahromiNumberc 200 000 4 5 100 000 150 000Casualties and losses225 killed per Interior Ministry 6 7 305 protesters and bystanders killed per Amnesty International and HRW 8 1 500 in total killed per Reuters 9 1 000 killed per United States Department of State 10 7 000 arrested 11 731 banks and 140 government sites torched per Abdolreza Rahmani Fazli 12 To block the sharing of information regarding the protests and the deaths of hundreds of protesters on social media platforms the government shut down the Internet nationwide resulting in a near total internet blackout of around six days 25 26 27 In an effort to crush the protests the Iranian government according to Amnesty International shot protesters dead from rooftops helicopters and at close range with machine gun fire In an effort to mask the scale and casualty count of the protests it hauled away large numbers of bodies of the dead protesters 24 and threatened families of slain protesters not to speak to the media or hold funerals 28 As many as 1 500 Iranian protesters were killed 9 29 30 The government crackdown and protests resulted in the destruction of 731 government banks including Iran s central bank nine Islamic religious centres protesters tearing down anti American billboards and posters and statues of the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei as well as former leader Ruhollah Khomeini Fifty government military bases were also attacked by protesters 31 32 The Iranian regime also employed a week long nationwide internet shutdown becoming the longest total Internet shutdown in a large country 33 It was also the first blackout that effectively isolated a whole nation 34 The uprising as well as the wider Iranian Democracy Movement in general differed from earlier protests in 2009 in not being limited to students and large cities and in the speed severity and higher death toll of the government crackdown which crushed the uprising in three days 35 although protests flared up periodically in the months after Contents 1 Background 2 Timeline 2 1 2019 2 1 1 November 2019 2 1 2 December 2019 2 2 2020 2 2 1 January 2020 2 2 2 February 2020 2 2 3 July 2020 3 Internet shutdown 4 Slogans and tactics 4 1 Slogans 4 2 Tactics and methods 4 3 Support for former monarchy 5 Detainees 5 1 Arrest of journalists and lawyers 5 2 International organizations warn about torture 5 3 Allegations of sexual violence 6 Deaths and casualties 6 1 Death count estimates 6 2 Death of injured protesters 6 3 Killing of children 6 4 Government responsibility 7 Aftermath 7 1 Impacts 7 2 Debate in the Iranian parliament 8 Reactions 8 1 National 8 1 1 University students 8 1 2 Bus drivers 8 1 3 Lawyers 8 1 4 Mournings 8 2 Diaspora 8 3 International 8 3 1 States 8 3 2 Supernationals 8 4 Sanctions after November uprising 9 See also 10 ReferencesBackground EditMain article 2018 2019 Iranian general strikes and protests Iran has experienced numerous nationwide protests and civil unrest since 2016 including the 2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt 2017 2018 Iranian protests 2018 2019 Iranian general strikes and protests Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests in January 2020 Sanctions by the United States and the European Union coupled with economic mismanagement were factors involved in a severe economic crisis in Iran in the 2010s 36 Multiple protests and strikes took place in Iran in December 2017 37 throughout 2018 38 39 and in the first half of 2019 40 Protest causes ranged from rising prices 37 to teachers 39 and railway workers rights 40 Prior to the November 2019 cycle of unrest the President of Iran Hassan Rouhani said Iran is experiencing one of its hardest years since the 1979 Islamic revolution 19 According to an estimate by Djavad Salehi Isfahani cited in the Atlantic Council inflation sent nearly 1 6 million Iranians into poverty in just a single year prior to the November 2019 protest 41 with a similar figure given by the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation s office for employment and social welfare 42 One of the grievances of the protesters was thought to be the privileges of the Islamic Republic s elite During this time of economic hardship a decree issued by the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei exempted some trustees from paying taxes They included Khatam al Anbiya Construction Headquarters and many other smaller entities belonging to Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps IRGC citation needed In September 2019 just two months before the uprising a former member of Iran s Parliament Behzad Nabavi told an interviewer that the Razavi Economic Foundation which is presided over by Khamenei together with the Revolutionary Guards IRGC and the Ministry of Intelligence MOIS controls about 60 of the Iranian economy None of these entities pay any taxes and no government organization is allowed to go through their books 43 In late 2019 anti government protests took place in Iranian allies Lebanon and Iraq 19 The immediate cause of the protest was the increase in price of fuel which was announced by the government at midnight on 15 November 2019 19 Prior to the price increase drivers could buy up to 250 litres 66 US gal each month for 10 000 Iranian rial per litre 0 90 per US gallon 17 With the new price structure prices started at 15 000 rial per litre 1 35 per US gallon for the first 60 litres 16 US gal and rose to 30 000 per litre 2 70 per US gallon after that a price increase of 50 to 200 17 An Iranian state television programme described these measures as a way to help fund the subsidies of around 60 million Iranians 36 Timeline Edit2019 Edit November 2019 Edit See also Massacre of Mahshahr Riot police against protesters in TehranparsAfter the government announced the price increase in the early hours of 15 November Iranians in various cities 37 cities according to reports by citizen journalists and social media 44 took to the streets to protest One protester was reportedly killed in Sirjan after security forces opened fire 45 16 while the governor said that the death had occurred under unclear circumstances 44 Other demonstrators in the city set fire to a gas station and chanted Rouhani leave the country alone 45 16 Protesters in Ahvaz demanded that people boycott fuel and stop their cars in the middle of the road as a sign of protest 46 In Mashhad Iran s second largest city demonstrators blocked traffic in the streets and highways 36 turning them into parking lots Protesters gathered late into the night in Qods a suburb of Tehran and destroyed a police vehicle 47 Protests were peaceful at first as was the state response 48 Protests continued to expand for a second day on 16 November Demonstrators gathered in over 50 cities and many major cities such as Tehran Tabriz Isfahan and Shiraz to protest the sudden price hike 49 Security forces shot at protesters with live bullets in an effort to disperse them killing at least ten protesters in Isfahan Behbahan Kermanshah Karaj and Shiraz 50 Several banks in Eslamshahr Behbahan and Tehran and one religious school in Isfahan were burned down by protesters 50 In Shahriar demonstrators burned down a monument depicting the ring of the Ruhollah Khomeini the founder of the Islamic Republic 51 On 16 November internet access across the country was reported to be in a near total shutdown with online activity estimated to be 7 of ordinary levels 52 53 State news agencies reported that over 1 000 people had been arrested by the 16th and that the protests had spread to over 100 cities in Iran 50 Shop owners in Tehran and Isfahan closed the bazaars and went on strike in protest While in Tabriz students from the University of Tabriz left their classes and demonstrated at the university 54 55 Students at the University of Tehran gathered for a second day to protest on 16 November the current situation in the country and chanted Death to the dictator and Not Gaza not Lebanon my life only for Iran 56 Protests continued in the Sadeghiyeh neighbourhood of Tehran and the bazaar was packed with security forces attempting to prevent bazaar merchants from going on strike 57 Citizens of Tehran reported that despite the internet shutdown the protests gathered in intensity on Tuesday 57 Heavy clashes were also reported in Shiraz where the security forces fired directly at people 57 Authorities reported that nine Islamic seminaries and Friday prayer offices were burned by protesters across the country 58 Protests continued for a fifth consecutive day on 19 November despite a heavy security presence the country Gatherings were reported in Tehran Karaj Shiraz and Isfahan 59 The city of Shush in Khuzestan province was effectively closed down as Haft Tappeh workers protested the current conditions 60 The Revolutionary Guards reportedly took the bodies of the dead protesters and the injured in hospitals to hide to cover up the true death toll and downplay the protests In some cases government officials sold the bodies of the protesters 26 27 61 The protests reached 70 of provinces according to The Guardian 62 On 21 November Iran partially restored access to the internet Residents of Tehran told the New York Times that the government had finished securing the northern area but not the middle class and working class areas of the city 63 A 26 November Guardian editorial characterized the protests as crushed 62 December 2019 Edit On 7 December coinciding with Students Day in Iran students in Tehran and various other cities conducted demonstrations in support of the protests 64 In the early hours of 17 December students at Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran gathered outside the dormitories and protested the killing of protesters 65 On 25 December the day before the 40th day mourning procession of the protesters killed in the November protests security forces arrested several members of Pouya Bakhtiari s family 66 On 26 December 2019 security forces attacked different cemeteries around Iran to prevent the families of those killed in November uprising from holding ceremonies in honour of the 40th day of the death of their loved ones Some of the mourners were arrested and taken away One month after Iranian rulers fears any anti government gathering 67 68 2020 Edit January 2020 Edit Main article Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests Protests at Tehran s Hafez Street 11 January 2020On 11 January 2020 after Iranian authorities had stated that Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 had been shot down by Iranian military forces killing all 176 passengers and flight personnel 69 three thousand people protested in Tehran with chants including Death to the dictator Police used tear gas on the protestors 70 Officials reported that 82 Iranians among several other Iranians with dual citizenship were among the victims of the crash 71 Hundreds of people protested in front of Amirkabir University of Technology 72 The protestors called for the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei to resign chanted Death to the liars and called for the IRGC to leave the country 73 Protests also took place at the Sharif University of Technology and in Isfahan Rasht Sari and Hamedan Protesters chanted against the Revolutionary Guards the Supreme Leader and the entire political system of the Islamic Republic 74 On 12 January similar protests took place around Iran In the morning students gathered at the dormitories of the University of Tehran and chanted against the Supreme Leader 75 There were around 3 000 participants in the main demonstration in Tehran according to the Iranian Labour News Agency 70 In online social media videos posted in the evening of a location near Azadi Square in Tehran there were sounds of gunshots pools of blood on the ground wounded people being carried and security personnel with rifles Hossein Rahimi of the Tehran police stated the following day that police had been given orders to show restraint and did not shoot during the protests 76 The Iranian daily Etemad wrote Apologise and resign in a banner headline 70 The Iranian president described the missile attack as an unforgivable error 77 Protests continued in Tehran on 13 January including 40 students at a Tehran university who chanted They killed our elites and replaced them with clerics in reference to the Iranian students who had died on flight AUI752 78 In the video surfacing on the internet many Tehran university students openly refused to walk over the American and Israeli flags which was the symbol of the country s foreign policy of anti Americanism and anti Zionism since the inception of the Islamic Republic 79 The flags had been painted so that protesters would walk over them as they marched 80 On 14 January students at various universities in Tehran and other Iranian cities continued protesting against the regime and Ali Khamenei At Amir Kabir University protesters and the Basij clashed violently Students at the University of Tehran chanted We will die to reclaim Iran and Death to the concept of a Supreme Leader 81 On 15 January 2020 students in Isfahan and other Iranian cities held their 5th day of protests after the government of Ayatollah Khamenei admitted downing the Ukrainian passenger plane Students held banners showing 1500 176 meaning 176 innocent passengers was added to the 1500 killed in November uprising 82 On 16 January 2020 protesters planned to head down Valiasr Street to the IRIB headquarters in the capital city of Tehran but were prevented by the heavy presence of in that street Anti riot police also took position in several other key points to prevent funeral gatherings for those killed in the missile attack on AUI752 flight Nevertheless many mourners attended the funerals 82 February 2020 Edit On the 40th day anniversary of the Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 victims memorial at Amir Kabir University on 16 February students chanted against the ruling system and called for the boycott of the 2020 parliamentary election 83 On 25 February 2020 a human rights center in Iran announced that a court in Iran sentenced five persons arrested during November uprising to different prison terms from 18 months to eleven years The five detainees who aged between 29 and 51 years also received different number of lashes The state court charged them with collusion against national and international security and propaganda against the system 84 The organization Human Rights Watch has called on the Geneva United Nations Human Rights Council to adopt Urgent action in regard to the brutal crackdown of the November protests in Iran Michael Page the organization s deputy director for the Middle East says Iranian authorities are now confronting popular protests with an astonishing level of violence 85 July 2020 Edit It is said that 237 protest movements were formed in 85 cities in Iran in July 2020 by whom citation needed On 16 July 2020 amid a heavy security presence protesters took to the streets of Behbehan and chanted We don t want a clerical regime and Not Gaza not Lebanon my life only for Iran 86 87 The security forces fired tear gas to disperse the protesters as witnessed told Reuters A heavy security presence was also reported in various other Iranian cities 88 89 Internet shutdown EditMain article 2019 Internet blackout in Iran On the eve of the protests Iranian authorities started disrupting internet connections and social media The Internet was effectively blocked following Iran s Supreme National Security Council decision to shut it down for 24 hours 90 91 Because of internet censorship in Iran the Iranian government and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Sepah have always opposed joining Iranian to popular social networks such as Facebook Twitter and so on 92 93 Therefore popular social networks are blocked by those in Iran and because of Iranian protests internet censorship in Iran has increased 94 95 96 But now they have decided to Internet blackout in Iran 92 97 93 NetBlocks reports that users first reported outages in Mashhad on 15 November The disruptions increased in extent and severity with impact also visible on overall connectivity charts Iran s largest mobile network operators including MCI Rightel and IranCell were deactivated on the evening of 16 November 2019 By 20 November national connectivity was at 5 of ordinary levels making it difficult to monitor human rights violations and cover incidents on the ground 98 The government has also jammed satellite TV connections and sent anonymous messages to people near protest sites reading We know you are here 99 On 21 November 2019 a small return of connectivity was tracked by NetBlocks along with reports that some users had returned online national connectivity was up to 8 100 Slogans and tactics EditChants banners and posters of demonstrators targeted the government and its leaders and such pillars of the Islamic Republic ideology as pan Islamic unity anti Zionist solidarity with Palestine and Hezbollah of Lebanon reverence and awe for the Supreme Leader and hatred for the Pahlavi dynasty Many protest chants and slogans were directed at expressing discontent with the Iranian government s spending on conflicts in Gaza Iraq Syria Lebanon and Yemen Other chants praised the late Shah of Iran calling for his return 101 Slogans Edit In November 2019 people chanted Shah of Iran return to Iran Iran is muddled in a mess without the Shah Clerics must get lost No to Gaza no to Lebanon We sacrifice our lives for Iran Death to the dictator Death to the Islamic Republic Our military brothers why do you kill your brother Bless your soul Reza Shah Not Gaza not Lebanon my life only for Iran Oil money has been lost it has all been spent on Palestine They have brought up Islam but trampled the people The supreme leader lives like a God We the people live like beggars 102 We have no money or fuel to hell with Palestine 103 Chants became even more radical in the January protests with demonstrators calling for a revolution and chanting This is your last month Khamenei it is time to go Oh Crown Prince come to our help Clerics must get lost No reforms no referendum just strikes and revolution Sepah commits murders and the Supreme Leader supports it You killed our elites and replaced them with clerics and Death to Khamenei 104 Tactics and methods Edit Protesters began by organizing rallies in protest of Iran s government resulting in police gunfire As protests were met with government crackdowns protesters began to block streets and highways often parking their vehicles in the road The protests intensified with Iranians burning pictures and banners of the supreme leader Ali Khamenei and burning government banks According to the government four of the security forces killed were shot even though civilians are largely forbidden to have guns 35 Support for former monarchy Edit One common protest slogan was Oh Shah of Iran return to Iran citation needed Many protest chants praised the former Pahlavi Dynasty and its two leaders Monarchist groups supporting the former Pahlavi monarchy were targeted and arrested by authorities across multiple cities It was reported that some members in a monarchist organization had gone as far as infiltrating the government During the protest the Iranian Revolutionary Guards had openly admitted the Pahlavi dynasty was popular among much of Iran s population 105 Detainees Edit November 2019 demonstrations IsfahanOn 10 December 2019 the Committee to Protect Journalists CPJ which is a human rights organization based in New York City put Iran among the countries with the highest number of imprisoned journalists 106 The Kurdistan Human Rights Network has stated that many detained protesters some of them underage are held under gruelling conditions In addition sources have characterized conditions in the Greater Tehran Central Penitentiary as unbearable 107 108 In addition to the first phase of arrests during the demonstrations the security forces examined photographs of licence plates taken during the protests to identify leaders and speak to informants to identify more protesters to arrest 35 Many observers are worried that some of those arrested have undergone severe torture and may face execution 109 On 2 September 2020 Amnesty International accused the Iranian government of widespread abuse of human rights during the 2019 protests that were sparked following soaring fuel prices According to latest rights group report Iran resorted to arbitrary detention enforced disappearance torture and other ill treatment of those involved in the November unrest that rocked the Islamic Republic 110 Arrest of journalists and lawyers Edit The European Parliament condemned the government of Iran for harassment of lawyers and journalists and for denying legal assistance to the large number of protesters already in jail 111 The International Observatory of Human Rights have claimed that while social media has been a tool for exposing injustices in the state those who do so risk being arrested and imprisoned 112 The few remaining independent news sources face harassment and the risk of arrest In 2021 Reporters without Borders RSF ranked Iran 174th out of 180 countries on the RSF 2020 World Press Freedom Index they were placed at 173rd and 170th in 2020 and 2019 respectively 113 According to RSF at least 860 journalists and citizen journalists have been detained or executed since 1979 with an unrelenting state control of news continuing In the run up to the 2021 election in Iran the pressure of the state to control journalists intensified Between 16 May and 17 June RSF received 42 cases of journalists receiving summonses from the prosecutor s office or threats from intelligence ministry officials 114 On the 14 August 2021 the Centre for Human Rights in Iran reported that four lawyers had been arrested alongside two political activists 115 They were preparing to sue the Iranian Government for its handling of the COVID 19 Pandemic but were arrested by judicial agents and pressured to drop the suit before it was filed During the arrest several of the detainees personal items were confiscated without a warrant and the public is yet to be made aware of official charges against the lawyers International organizations warn about torture Edit In a new statement Amnesty International has spoken about constant torture exerted on thousands arrested during November Uprising The statement says they have been beaten punched kicked and flogged by security forces Detainees include children of 15 and younger On 28 December 2019 international human rights watchdog has warned prisoners in Iran s jails are at risk of being tortured 116 Allegations of sexual violence Edit In January 2020 Amnesty International s investigator on Iran Raha Bahreini said she had received reports that a woman protester detained during anti government demonstrations following the downing of a Ukrainian passenger plane had been taken to a police station and sexually assaulted by security forces 117 Deaths and casualties EditDeath count estimates Edit See also Casualty recording and List of victims of November 2019 protests in Iran Deaths numbers by provinces 118 40 or more people killed Between 30 39 people killed Between 20 29 people killed Between 10 19 people killed Between 1 9 people killed No DataThe BBC has reported that there is a huge variance in reports of the number of people killed in the protests 119 On 23 December Reuters reported that a death toll provided by three unnamed Iranian interior ministry officials was about 100 500 including at least 17 teenagers and about 400 women These numbers were described as fake news by a government spokesman and based on figures made by the MEK a week prior 120 Amnesty International reported that according to credible reports at least 304 people were killed and thousands injured between 15 and 18 November 121 The BBC has reported that unofficial reports from various sources say that from 15 to 19 November about 200 people were killed and 3 000 injured However later the Iranian government released some details of 304 deaths during the protest and Amnesty International found that more than 220 of the recorded deaths took place over just two days on 16 and 17 November 122 119 One anonymous dissident politician told US journalist Dexter Filkins that he thinks the higher death estimates may be more accurate as in one location two hundred people were buried in a single night 35 The Iranian government has announced that 230 persons were killed including at least six police officers and soldiers 123 A man in Sirjan was killed and several others were injured after security forces opened fire on protesters on 15 November 124 45 The following day ten protesters were killed during demonstrations 50 On 19 November Amnesty International claimed that around 16 people were killed in Kermanshah 14 each in Bandar e Mahshahr and in Javanroud 9 in Mariwan 8 in Behbahan 6 each in Ramhormoz Sadra and in Shiraz 4 each in Bukan Karaj and in Robatkarim 3 in Khorramshahr 2 each in Abadan Ahvaz and in Bumahen and 1 each in Tehran Isfahan Eslamshahr Sanandaj Shahriar and in Sirjan 125 126 According to witness evidence reported in mid late December the Bandar eMahshar death toll was much higher than initially estimated The Iranian government brought in tanks to the streets of the city and security forces and the IRGC used heavy machine guns against unarmed people leading to the death of 40 100 people 127 128 129 As of 26 November Amnesty International reported that over 100 people had been killed during the protests including accounts of wounded or dead protesters removed by government authorities to hide the magnitude of the crackdown on protesters 130 According to the BBC Persian the number of deaths has exceeded 200 131 According to a report by The Guardian from Shiraz on 1 December those on the ground in the city say the death toll is much higher than the 15 confirmed deaths counted by Amnesty International 132 Amnesty International reported that the Iranian government threatened families of the killed protestors against talking to the press The families were forced to not arrange any funerals and to instead to carry out secret burials 133 Speaking at a news conference at the State Department on 5 December U S Special Representative for Iran Brian Hook stated that Iranian government forces killed more than 1 000 protesters 134 135 There were reports by US backed Radio Farda that by 5 December 18 children had been killed by the Iranian government 136 137 As Reuters has reported on the second day of Iran protest in the presence of president Hassan Rouhani some of his ministers and commanders of the security forces asserting the government was in total danger Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei called to crush the demonstrators stating You have my order Do whatever it takes to end it 138 139 According to Reuters and the MEK at least 1 500 people including 400 women and 17 teenagers were killed in the uprising and that many were shot directly in the head 140 Death of injured protesters Edit Human Rights organizations including Amnesty International reported that many Iranian protesters wounded in November demonstrations still could not get medical attention as they may get arrested Two injured protesters 23 year old Mohammad Maleki and Amir Ojani 43 years old died in the last days of January due to an acute infection and respiratory diseases 141 Killing of children Edit On 3 March 2020 Amnesty International announced that security forces in Iran killed at least 23 children during November uprising in this country The victims were 22 boys of age 12 to 17 and a girl who was under 12 years old 142 Government responsibility Edit Reuters reports that Iran s supreme leader Ali Khamenei and President Hassan Rouhani ordered deadly weapons be used against the protesters 143 The order was confirmed by three sources close to the supreme leader s inner circle and a fourth official set in motion the bloodiest crackdown on protesters since the Islamic Revolution in 1979 Khamenei in a meeting with government officials on 17 November 2019 ordered an end to the protests saying The Islamic Republic is in danger do whatever is necessary to end these protests This is my order According to the report Khamenei who was outraged by protesters tearing down his posters in the streets and the destruction of a statue of Ruhollah Khomeini told officials in a meeting he would hold them responsible if the protests did not stop immediately 143 Khamenei has allegedly later stated the decision to use force was not his 35 but critics have noted that it is the Supreme National Security Council that makes decisions on how to deal with such demonstrations and deal with the political crisis in Iran The council is presided by the president Iran s constitution prescribes that all decisions taken by the council should be approved by Khamenei 144 who is also Commander in Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces 145 The government agents in Iran were accused of stealing the bodies of the dead protesters from morgues and arresting the injured from hospitals to give the uprising a lower profile 26 27 Aftermath EditIranian news agency claimed that starting from 19 November 2019 thousands of people in cities across Iran participated in separate pro government rallies in condemnation of the riots and showed support for the Iran supreme leadership 146 On 20 November 2019 Iranian President Hassan Rouhani declared victory against the enemy Iran started gradually restoring internet connection the following day 147 148 Many supporters including IRGC leader Hossein Salami also called for the death penalty on anti government protesters 149 Amnesty International stated on 16 December that one month after the uprising Iranian security forces are still arresting people and especially youth Prisons such as Fashafouyeh prison near the capital Tehran are overcrowded with detainees among them juveniles of 15 and younger Prisoners are faced with daily torture and harassment 150 Impacts Edit The savings from the fuel price rises are planned to be distributed to 18 million poor families representing 75 of Iran s population 99 19 However with inflation already at 40 and a plummeting currency according to The Economist the inflationary effects of the price rise risk wiping out most of the benefit 19 This inflationary threat has been acknowledged by Khamenei 19 Debate in the Iranian parliament Edit Several criticisms of the Iranian authorities were made in December 2019 by members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly the Iranian parliament On 9 December 2019 Parvaneh Salahshouri a female member of the parliament spoke against the country s top officials accusing them of not understanding the griefs of the low income people and ignoring the deep seated glitches of the country 151 On 10 December 2019 Ali Motahari a member of Iran s parliament spoke out against the policies of the Supreme Leader and that entities under Khamenei s control have created a stalemate in the parliament In return another hardliner has asked the Guardian Council to disqualify Motahari as a candidate for the upcoming elections for his accuses the Supreme Leader in the gasoline issue 152 Fears that mass uprising could ignite again created conflicts within the Iranian ruling system In early December 2019 Mahmood Alavi the Intelligence Minister has sent a letter to the speaker of the parliament asking him to stop Mahmoud Sadeghi a member of Parliament for acting against national interests Since the protests began in November Sadeghi continued his attacks against some government entities including the intelligence system Sadeghi has also spoken against the forced confessions run by the Ministry of Intelligence and shown on state television 153 Reactions EditNational Edit Supreme Leader of Iran Ali Khamenei blamed the protests on all of the centres of villainy around the world that oppose us 19 Both friends and foes should know that we have repelled the enemy in the war in military political and security issues The recent actions were security issues not from the people We have repelled the enemy in various areas and by God s grace we will also definitely repel the enemy in the economic war from a meeting with producers economic activists and entrepreneurs on 19 November 154 155 he also stated that setting fire to banks is not the action of ordinary people but of thugs adding of course officials should also pay attention and decrease the problems associated as much as they can from the beginning of Dars e Kharej courses at the highest level of religious curriculum taught to students at seminaries on 17 November 156 157 Parvaneh Salahshouri a member of parliament stated that the decision to increase the price of fuel was not made by the Majles and had been made by the heads of the three branches Salahshouri stated It has been a while now that parliament is not involved in the decision making process She continued and referring to the parliament said The last semblance of a democracy we had is no more Shut down the next parliament it is an act of economic resistance 158 Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Alavi Gorgani asked the government to change their decision to increase fuel prices before it is too late 50 Abolfazl Bahrampour prominent Iranian Quran scholar stated that the arrested protesters are Muharib and do not deserve normal execution but must be tortured to death by mutilation of their right hands and left feet He made these comments in the Iranian state sponsored IRIB TV1 citing the 33rd Ayah of Al Ma ida Surah The only punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive to make mischief in the land is that they should be murdered or crucified or their hands and their feet should be cut off on opposite sides 159 160 161 Dozens of artists living inside Iran published a statement in support of protesters saying they will not forget the young faces of the dead who were killed and then ignored by associating them with foreigners The statement condemned the violation of the people s most basic human rights and their most apparent needs and warned that people s voices will remain in history Prominent filmmakers including two time Oscar winner Asghar Farhadi and Berlinale winner Jafar Panahi as well as well known musicians Hossein Alizadeh and Kayhan Kalhor are among the signatories of the statement The statement also ridicules speeches by Iranian officials who have blamed protesters as being agents of foreign states saying the regime is trying to justify killing them 162 Iranian Interior Minister Abdolreza Rahmani Fazli in the Iranian parliament in response to parliamentarians who had been shot in the brain by a number of people asked if it was possible to shoot at least in the legs or lower back that such shootings had taken place Ali replied that the protesters had also been shot in the leg 163 In another response from Iran s Interior Ministry Roohallah Jomei told a meeting with members of Iran s parliament that 23 percent of protesters were shot at close range and in temples 164 In a comment to an American reporter Dexter Filkins an anonymous Iranian shop owner in the suburbs of Tehran who had witnessed the protests stated The 2009 protests showed that the regime had lost the middle class The protests in November show that they ve lost the working class too 35 University students Edit On 7 December 2019 commemorating the student s day university students in various parts of Iran organized rallies shouting slogans against Hassan Rouhani and chief Justice Ebrahim Raeesi Students also condemned the government for shooting and killing people during recent demonstrations 165 Bus drivers Edit On 2 December 2019 the Tehran bus drivers trade union called for the trial of those who ordered the shooting of the protesters The union described the government s actions as a massacre and bloody suppression The statement by the Syndicate of Tehran and Suburbs Bus Company also expressed concern about the situation of the thousands of detained protesters 166 Lawyers Edit On 10 December 2019 160 Iranian lawyers called for an investigation into the November killings The lawyers also called for information regarding the several thousand detained protestors 167 Mournings Edit Iranian regime threatens the families of those killed in recent protests not to talk to reporters or others Nevertheless families of young people killed by the regime s security forces are not giving in Mother of Pooya Bakhtiari killed by government agents says her son was a national hero She continued that her son pursued freedom justice and truth something that Iran s authorities will not grant to the people 168 Diaspora Edit Reza Pahlavi the exiled son of Iran s deposed Shah tweeted that the Islamic Republic had brought only poverty and suffering to the Iranian people He also said that the only thing offered for free by the Islamic Republic was oil to its allies in the region a reference to Syria s president Bashar Assad 169 Golshifteh Farahani an Iranian actress who has been living in exile in France for the past decade also carried out an extensive interview about the violent response to protests and the high number of people killed wounded or arrested Speaking to Brut America Farahani explained that many protesters started demonstrating because of a hike in gas prices but never came back home In the video the actress stated that the killed protesters were son of some people fathers of some people daughters of some people and they are dead now 170 Hichkas Iranian rapper released a song about the recent protests and the inequality that plagues the Iranian society In the song titled Clenched His Fists the exiled rapper states the various grievances that led to the demonstrations and describes the brutality of the security forces The song is in the spoken word format and includes audio snippets recorded by protesters on the street where voices can be heard saying they are shooting people 170 International Edit States Edit United States U S President of the United States Donald Trump announced his support for the protests stating Iran has become so unstable that the government has shut down their entire Internet System so that the Great Iranian people cannot talk about the tremendous violence taking place within the country 22 U S Secretary of State Mike Pompeo supported the demonstrations and stated that The United States is with the Iranian people 171 In a Tweet from late December 2020 he stated a figure of 1 500 casualties of the protests 172 The Democratic Presidential candidate Bernie Sanders criticized the Iranian government for not letting its civilians protest for a better future and to stop showing violence against demonstrators citation needed On 3 December US President Donald Trump while attending NATO summit in London said Iran is killing perhaps thousands and thousands of people right now as we speak 173 The United States said that the Iranian government had committed gross human rights violations during the protests 174 European Union Josep Borrell European Union s new High Representative for Foreign Affairs has condemned the use of deadly force by the Iranian regime against peaceful demonstrators 175 Almost all political groups and tendencies in the European Parliament voted in favour of a resolution which condemned the Iranian government for its extensive use of force against peaceful protesters in November uprising European lawmakers called for an independent investigation into atrocities including direct shooting at demonstrators The resolution calls on the Iranian government to announce the total number of detainees 176 177 The European parliament condemned the government of Iran for harassment of lawyers and journalists and for denying legal assistance to the large number of protesters already in jail 111 Germany Chancellery urged Iran to respect the legitimate protests against a petrol price hike and open talks with the demonstrators It is legitimate and deserving of our respect when people courageously air their economic and political grievances as is currently happening in Iran said Chancellor Angela Merkel s spokeswoman Ulrike Demmer 178 Sweden Foreign Minister Ann Linde wrote on Twitter Terrible casualties in Iran Nothing can justify this violence Today s ambassador to Sweden from Our view is informed citation needed Supernationals Edit United Nations The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet expressed her deep concern about the treatment of the large number of people arrested in the demonstrations She also expressed concern about torture or execution of detainees 179 Amnesty International started a petition in which human rights organisations asked United Nations UN member states to condemn the Iranian government for the crackdown on the unarmed protesters in the November uprising The signatories include International Federation for Human Rights FIDH Human Rights Watch HRW Justice for Iran and Amnesty International 180 There must be independent and impartial investigations into these killings and those suspected of ordering and carrying them out must be prosecuted in fair trials said Philip Luther Research and Advocacy Director for the Middle East and North Africa at Amnesty International in response to the killing of at least 23 children by security forces 142 Sanctions after November uprising Edit The United States implemented sanctions on Mohammad Javad Azari Jahromi Iran s communications minister following the deactivation of internet servers inside Iran 181 On 19 December 2019 the United States Government enforced sanctions on two Iranian judges Abolghassem Salavati and Mohammad Moghisseh for suppressing freedoms of speech and assembly Thousands of people are now in Iran s jails just for participating in November uprising They may face torture or even execution The two judges have long records of issuing long term prison sentences or death penalties 182 183 for Iranians longing for democracy and opposed to the rule of the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei 184 See also Edit2016 2021 Iranian protests 2017 2018 Iranian protests 2018 2019 Iranian general strikes and protests Human rights in Iran Internet censorship in Iran Mahsa Amini protests StopExecutionsinIran Abduction of bodies by the Islamic Republic of IranReferences Edit https www hra news org periodical a 70 Archived 2021 02 18 at the Wayback Machine خبرگزاری هرانا جمع بندی از اعتراضات خونین ۹۸ نسخه دوم 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