1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum
The 1981 Philippine presidential election and national referendum was held on June 16, 1981. President Ferdinand E. Marcos of the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) defeated retired general and World War II veteran Alejo Santos of the Nacionalista Party in a landslide victory. Most opposition parties boycotted the election as a sign of protest over the 1978 election for the Interim Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly), which they condemned as fraudulent. At the same time, a national referendum was held on the question in holding elections for barangay elections in 1982.
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| Turnout | 80.9% 1.3% | ||||||||||||||||||
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Election result per province. Marcos won in every province, city, and municipality. | |||||||||||||||||||
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June 1981 Philippine referendum | |||||||||||||||||||
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Should there be barangay elections right after the presidential elections? | |||||||||||||||||||
| Outcome | Proposal carried | ||||||||||||||||||
| Results | |||||||||||||||||||
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Marcos' 80% margin of victory is the most lopsided Philippine presidential election ever, beating out Manuel L. Quezon's landslide victory of 64% in 1941. Marcos getting 88% of the vote is also the largest in Philippine presidential election history, also beating Quezon's 1941 record of 82%. This is also the most votes received by a person in the Philippines for a single-winner election until 2022 when Sara Duterte won 32 million votes; for multiple-winner elections, it was beaten by Mar Roxas in 2004 with 19 million votes. This was also the presidential election with the most number of candidates, with 13, although nine candidates with the fewest votes collectively just got 0.13% of the vote.
Marcos would have served another six-year term ending in 1987, but it was cut short by the 1986 snap election that eventually resulted in his ouster in the People Power Revolution.
Lifting of martial law edit
On January 17, 1981, President Marcos announced the lifting of martial law via Proclamation No. 2045; in his address, he also inaugurated the "New Republic." Although martial law has ended, Marcos retained all presidential decrees, legislative powers and the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus. The lifting of martial law was speculated to be due to the election of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, with whom Marcos wanted to have close relationship with and who was to be inaugurated only three days later, and the arrival of Pope John Paul II in the country. In February, the Interim Batasang Pambansa (parliament) passed a constitutional amendment that changed the parliamentary system of government to a semi-presidential modeled on that of France. The electorate approved the amendment in a plebiscite held in April. Marcos then called for a presidential election to be scheduled in June.[1]
Campaign edit
The opposition, as early as April, had decided to boycott the election. The United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO), the main opposition umbrella group, wanted to clean the voters' list, a revamping of the Commission on Elections, a campaign to be held nationwide and that UNIDO accredited as a minority party. Marcos did not accept the demands which led UNIDO to call for a boycott. This caused for Marcos to be reportedly dismayed as he could not legitimize the election without a viable opposition candidate.[1] UNIDO also refused to participate as Benigno Aquino Jr. (who was in exile in Massachusetts) was not allowed to participate since only people fifty years old or older were allowed to participate (Aquino was 48 years old at the time).[2]
Marcos instructed Nacionalista Party president Jose Roy to find a token candidate to oppose him. The Nacionalista Party was then a moribund political entity because Marcos, who was elected twice before under its banner, had alternately lured and coerced the vast majority its members to his new Kilusang Bagong Lipunan. The Nacionalista Party chose former Defense Secretary and Bulacan governor Alejo Santos as their standard bearer. Santos, who was appointed by Marcos as chairman of the board of the Philippine Veterans Bank, had Francisco Tatad, Marcos' former information minister, as his campaign manager. The other main candidate was Bartolome Cabangbang of the Federal Party, whose platform was for the Philippines to become the 51st state of the United States.[1]
With UNIDO pressing for a boycott, the government issued a statement that abstention was a mortal sin; the Archbishop of Manila, Cardinal Jaime Sin responded that the people "were free to exercise their moral judgment whether to vote or not." Those who did not vote on the April plebiscite were issued summons to force them to vote. [2]
Results edit
Presidential election edit
Marcos won in every province and city canvassed by the Batasang Pambansa. Marcos' vote totals won't be surpassed until 2022, when his son Bongbong won the presidency. Marcos won overwhelmingly,[1] but with people remembering the American colonial era and wanting a change from the martial law conditions, Cabangbang surprisingly got 4% of the vote.[2]
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ferdinand Marcos | Kilusang Bagong Lipunan | 18,309,360 | 88.02 | |
| Alejo Santos | Nacionalista Party (Roy wing)[a] | 1,716,449 | 8.25 | |
| Bartolome Cabangbang | Federal Party | 749,845 | 3.60 | |
| Delfin Manapaz | Independent | 6,499 | 0.03 | |
| Ursula Dajao | Independent | 4,955 | 0.02 | |
| Benito Valdez | Independent | 4,224 | 0.02 | |
| Lope Rimando | Independent | 1,954 | 0.01 | |
| Lucio Hinigpit | Sovereign Citizen Party | 1,945 | 0.01 | |
| Pacifico Morelos | Independent | 1,740 | 0.01 | |
| Jose Igrobay | Independent | 1,421 | 0.01 | |
| Simeon del Rosario | Independent | 1,234 | 0.01 | |
| Salvador Enage | Independent | 1,185 | 0.01 | |
| Florencio Tipano | Independent | 592 | 0.00 | |
| Total | 20,801,403 | 100.00 | ||
| Valid votes | 20,801,403 | 95.23 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 1,042,426 | 4.77 | ||
| Total votes | 21,843,829 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 26,986,451 | 80.94 | ||
| Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[3] | ||||
Referendum on holding barangay elections edit
Like the presidential election, the measure was carried by overwhelming margins, but notably a large majority in Muntinlupa rejected the measure; it was otherwise carried other places canvassed by the Batasang Pambansa.
Summary edit
| Choice | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|
| Yes | 16,268,523 | 81.09 |
| No | 3,793,322 | 18.91 |
| Valid votes | 20,061,845 | 91.84 |
| Invalid or blank votes | 1,781,984 | 8.16 |
| Total votes | 21,843,829 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | 26,986,451 | 80.94 |
| Source: Proclamation No. 2094, s. 1981 | ||
| 1981 Philippine barangay referendum results (excluding invalid votes) | |
|---|---|
| Yes 16,268,523 (81.1%) | |
| ▲ 50% | |
By province/city edit
| Province/City | Yes | % | No | % | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abra | 75,348 | 88.40% | 9,889 | 11.60% | 85,237 |
| Agusan del Norte | 71,803 | 83.74% | 13,946 | 16.26% | 85,749 |
| Agusan del Sur | 75,720 | 82.04% | 16,571 | 17.96% | 92,291 |
| Aklan | 104,436 | 78.24% | 29,038 | 21.76% | 133,474 |
| Albay | 209,958 | 82.85% | 43,452 | 17.15% | 253,410 |
| Angeles City | 54,054 | 85.70% | 9,016 | 14.30% | 63,070 |
| Antique | 113,333 | 71.22% | 45,796 | 28.78% | 159,129 |
| Aurora | 27,961 | 74.78% | 9,428 | 25.22% | 37,389 |
| Bacolod City | 103,869 | 82.06% | 22,708 | 17.94% | 126,577 |
| Bago | 29,835 | 74.49% | 10,218 | 25.51% | 40,053 |
| Baguio | 49,448 | 85.40% | 8,455 | 14.60% | 57,903 |
| Bais | 15,819 | 81.47% | 3,599 | 18.53% | 19,418 |
| Basilan | 45,758 | 77.82% | 13,042 | 22.18% | 58,800 |
| Bataan | 115,717 | 85.37% | 19,824 | 14.63% | 135,541 |
| Batanes | 3,660 | 87.60% | 518 | 12.40% | 4,178 |
| Batangas | 307,990 | 75.73% | 98,695 | 24.27% | 406,685 |
| Batangas City | 46,368 | 79.37% | 12,052 | 20.63% | 58,420 |
| Benguet | 78,242 | 77.45% | 22,787 | 22.55% | 101,029 |
| Bohol | 284,571 | 84.05% | 53,984 | 15.95% | 338,555 |
| Bukidnon | 162,054 | 81.27% | 37,339 | 18.73% | 199,393 |
| Bulacan | 385,518 | 84.68% | 69,766 | 15.32% | 455,284 |
| Butuan | 57,128 | 86.41% | 8,983 | 13.59% | 66,111 |
| Cabanatuan | 49,215 | 89.44% | 5,810 | 10.56% | 55,025 |
| Cadiz | 51,271 | 85.92% | 8,400 | 14.08% | 59,671 |
| Cagayan | 241,410 | 74.10% | 84,366 | 25.90% | 325,776 |
| Cagayan de Oro | 79,992 | 84.71% | 14,433 | 15.29% | 94,425 |
| Calbayog | 35,527 | 86.16% | 5,709 | 13.84% | 41,236 |
| Caloocan | 173,165 | 84.54% | 31,660 | 15.46% | 204,825 |
| Camarines Norte | 66,338 | 79.00% | 17,632 | 21.00% | 83,970 |
| Camarines Sur | 258,506 | 76.90% | 77,632 | 23.10% | 336,138 |
| Camiguin | 21,548 | 87.64% | 3,039 | 12.36% | 24,587 |
| Canlaon | 9,332 | 83.66% | 1,823 | 16.34% | 11,155 |
| Capiz | 112,714 | 69.95% | 48,418 | 30.05% | 161,132 |
| Catanduanes | 61,973 | 85.76% | 10,287 | 14.24% | 72,260 |
| Cavite | 181,276 | 64.31% | 100,602 | 35.69% | 281,878 |
| Cavite City | 39,334 | 86.58% | 6,099 | 13.42% | 45,433 |
| Cebu | 451,192 | 80.68% | 108,049 | 19.32% | 559,241 |
| Cebu City | 270,575 | 94.23% | 16,553 | 5.77% | 287,128 |
| Cotabato City | 23,476 | 84.27% | 4,383 | 15.73% | 27,859 |
| Dagupan | 38,443 | 89.60% | 4,464 | 10.40% | 42,907 |
| Danao | 49,356 | 96.26% | 1,916 | 3.74% | 51,272 |
| Dapitan | 18,297 | 82.06% | 3,999 | 17.94% | 22,296 |
| Davao City | 128,028 | 79.34% | 33,335 | 20.66% | 161,363 |
| Davao del Norte | 211,333 | 76.55% | 64,754 | 23.45% | 276,087 |
| Davao del Sur | 126,691 | 79.49% | 32,696 | 20.51% | 159,387 |
| Davao Oriental | 100,175 | 82.27% | 21,584 | 17.73% | 121,759 |
| Dipolog | 20,040 | 71.35% | 8,048 | 28.65% | 28,088 |
| Dumaguete | 23,860 | 81.56% | 5,395 | 18.44% | 29,255 |
| Eastern Samar | 142,199 | 98.98% | 1,459 | 1.02% | 143,658 |
| General Santos | 48,544 | 77.55% | 14,052 | 22.45% | 62,596 |
| Gingoog | 26,025 | 83.29% | 5,223 | 16.71% | 31,248 |
| Ifugao | 26,405 | 69.69% | 11,482 | 30.31% | 37,887 |
| Iligan City | 51,067 | 84.64% | 9,264 | 15.36% | 60,331 |
| Ilocos Norte | 155,515 | 89.64% | 17,980 | 10.36% | 173,495 |
| Ilocos Sur | 196,979 | 85.92% | 32,276 | 14.08% | 229,255 |
| Iloilo | 406,918 | 76.04% | 128,213 | 23.96% | 535,131 |
| Iloilo City | 118,397 | 72.28% | 45,412 | 27.72% | 163,809 |
| Iriga City | 23,765 | 86.49% | 3,711 | 13.51% | 27,476 |
| Isabela | 341,115 | 88.91% | 42,569 | 11.09% | 383,684 |
| Kalinga-Apayao | 63,301 | 69.58% | 27,673 | 30.42% | 90,974 |
| La Carlota City | 27,267 | 87.84% | 3,776 | 12.16% | 31,043 |
| La Union | 230,516 | 84.17% | 43,349 | 15.83% | 273,865 |
| Laguna | 227,928 | 78.84% | 61,180 | 21.16% | 289,108 |
| Lanao del Norte | 85,853 | 77.32% | 25,176 | 22.68% | 111,029 |
| Lanao del Sur | 134,466 | 65.12% | 72,039 | 34.88% | 206,505 |
| Laoag City | 35,160 | 90.63% | 3,633 | 9.37% | 38,793 |
| Lapu-Lapu City | 38,394 | 84.70% | 6,938 | 15.30% | 45,332 |
| Las Piñas | 46,098 | 84.20% | 8,649 | 15.80% | 54,747 |
| Legazpi City | 36,156 | 82.61% | 7,610 | 17.39% | 43,766 |
| Leyte | 484,538 | 93.11% | 35,853 | 6.89% | 520,391 |
| Lipa City | 44,226 | 84.84% | 7,900 | 15.16% | 52,126 |
| Lucena City | 37,427 | 83.35% | 7,475 | 16.65% | 44,902 |
| Maguindanao | 163,076 | 72.99% | 60,342 | 27.01% | 223,418 |
| Makati | 84,150 | 70.23% | 35,674 | 29.77% | 119,824 |
| Malabon | 94,277 | 84.71% | 17,014 | 15.29% | 111,291 |
| Mandaluyong | 72,826 | 68.39% | 33,657 | 31.61% | 106,483 |
| Mandaue City | 43,300 | 85.38% | 7,416 | 14.62% | 50,716 |
| Manila | 699,432 | 85.24% | 121,158 | 14.76% | 820,590 |
| Marawi City | 11,600 | 46.90% | 13,134 | 53.10% | 24,734 |
| Marikina | 74,569 | 86.13% | 12,009 | 13.87% | 86,578 |
| Marinduque | 66,406 | 84.57% | 12,117 | 15.43% | 78,523 |
| Masbate | 171,991 | 85.36% | 29,503 | 14.64% | 201,494 |
| Misamis Occidental | 75,352 | 82.15% | 16,369 | 17.85% | 91,721 |
| Misamis Oriental | 124,987 | 83.21% | 25,223 | 16.79% | 150,210 |
| Mountain Province | 28,741 | 83.68% | 5,606 | 16.32% | 34,347 |
| Muntinlupa | 14,532 | 18.55% | 63,805 | 81.45% | 78,337 |
| Naga City | 32,039 | 85.12% | 5,602 | 14.88% | 37,641 |
| Navotas | 45,637 | 90.08% | 5,027 | 9.92% | 50,664 |
| Negros Occidental | 318,634 | 76.85% | 96,008 | 23.15% | 414,642 |
| Negros Oriental | 207,909 | 83.56% | 40,908 | 16.44% | 248,817 |
| North Cotabato | 195,220 | 81.38% | 44,662 | 18.62% | 239,882 |
| Northern Samar | 110,531 | 84.60% | 20,114 | 15.40% | 130,645 |
| Nueva Ecija | 269,078 | 80.77% | 64,077 | 19.23% | 333,155 |
| Nueva Vizcaya | 91,965 | 78.84% | 24,682 | 21.16% | 116,647 |
| Occidental Mindoro | 52,804 | 85.44% | 8,995 | 14.56% | 61,799 |
| Olongapo City | 61,506 | 77.15% | 18,217 | 22.85% | 79,723 |
| Oriental Mindoro | 145,221 | 85.92% | 23,791 | 14.08% | 169,012 |
| Ormoc City | 48,330 | 98.45% | 761 | 1.55% | 49,091 |
| Oroquieta City | 16,186 | 82.10% | 3,529 | 17.90% | 19,715 |
| Ozamiz City | 25,355 | 78.45% | 6,965 | 21.55% | 32,320 |
| Pagadian City | 22,538 | 80.91% | 5,319 | 19.09% | 27,857 |
| Palawan | 82,003 | 83.90% | 15,735 | 16.10% | 97,738 |
| Palayan City | 8,181 | 82.11% | 1,782 | 17.89% | 9,963 |
| Pampanga | 280,741 | 80.34% | 68,714 | 19.66% | 349,455 |
| Pangasinan | 569,883 | 88.90% | 71,132 | 11.10% | 641,015 |
| Parañaque | 108,216 | 85.18% | 18,825 | 14.82% | 127,041 |
| Pasay City | 116,428 | 77.37% | 34,062 | 22.63% | 150,490 |
| Pasig | 85,510 | 84.65% | 15,508 | 15.35% | 101,018 |
| Pateros | 16,704 | 81.48% | 3,796 | 18.52% | 20,500 |
| Puerto Princesa City | 22,407 | 87.79% | 3,115 | 12.21% | 25,522 |
| Quezon | 278,706 | 81.56% | 62,996 | 18.44% | 341,702 |
| Quezon City | 468,821 | 73.93% | 165,349 | 26.07% | 634,170 |
| Quirino | 30,772 | 79.93% | 7,728 | 20.07% | 38,500 |
| Rizal | 198,945 | 88.60% | 25,596 | 11.40% | 224,541 |
| Romblon | 62,993 | 85.01% | 11,104 | 14.99% | 74,097 |
| Roxas City | 26,085 | 80.90% | 6,159 | 19.10% | 32,244 |
| Samar | 98,334 | 82.55% | 20,792 | 17.45% | 119,126 |
| San Carlos City, Negros Occidental | 25,415 | 86.75% | 3,882 | 13.25% | 29,297 |
| San Carlos City, Pangasinan | 32,426 | 81.56% | 7,329 | 18.44% | 39,755 |
| San Jose City | 27,464 | 90.88% | 2,756 | 9.12% | 30,220 |
| San Juan | 59,500 | 80.27% | 14,621 | 19.73% | 74,121 |
| San Pablo City | 49,879 | 81.98% | 10,964 | 18.02% | 60,843 |
| Silay City | 28,473 | 77.17% | 8,422 | 22.83% | 36,895 |
| Siquijor | 26,807 | 81.42% | 6,118 | 18.58% | 32,925 |
| Sorsogon | 154,603 | 85.27% | 26,708 | 14.73% | 181,311 |
| South Cotabato | 147,860 | 72.48% | 56,148 | 27.52% | 204,008 |
| Southern Leyte | 145,189 | 97.86% | 3,175 | 2.14% | 148,364 |
| Sultan Kudarat | 86,585 | 85.83% | 14,290 | 14.17% | 100,875 |
| Sulu | 95,311 | 74.88% | 31,980 | 25.12% | 127,291 |
| Surigao City | 28,015 | 87.67% | 3,941 | 12.33% | 31,956 |
| Surigao del Norte | 110,183 | 88.29% | 14,608 | 11.71% | 124,791 |
| Surigao del Sur | 104,787 | 81.39% | 23,967 | 18.61% | 128,754 |
| Tacloban City | 58,945 | 99.01% | 590 | 0.99% | 59,535 |
| Tagaytay City | 5,231 | 63.78% | 2,970 | 36.22% | 8,201 |
| Tagbilaran City | 15,034 | 76.31% | 4,666 | 23.69% | 19,700 |
| Taguig | 45,214 | 86.71% | 6,930 | 13.29% | 52,144 |
| Tangub City | 10,433 | 71.00% | 4,261 | 29.00% | 14,694 |
| Tarlac | 233,144 | 93.37% | 16,548 | 6.63% | 249,692 |
| Tawi-Tawi | 45,610 | 77.01% | 13,616 | 22.99% | 59,226 |
| Toledo City | 27,486 | 71.87% | 10,759 | 28.13% | 38,245 |
| Trece Martires City | 3,218 | 61.42% | 2,021 | 38.58% | 5,239 |
| Valenzuela | 53,337 | 83.95% | 10,198 | 16.05% | 63,535 |
| Zambales | 111,470 | 87.07% | 16,548 | 12.93% | 128,018 |
| Zamboanga City | 73,896 | 78.86% | 19,812 | 21.14% | 93,708 |
| Zamboanga del Norte | 91,490 | 81.79% | 20,365 | 18.21% | 111,855 |
| Zamboanga del Sur | 208,751 | 79.81% | 52,804 | 20.19% | 261,555 |
| Total | 16,268,523 | 81.55% | 3,793,322 | 18.45% | 19,886,751 |
| Source: Commission on Elections[4] | |||||
Aftermath edit
Marcos was inaugurated on June 30, 1981, at the Quirino Grandstand, with then-United States Vice President George H. W. Bush in attendance. This is when Bush made the infamous praise for Marcos: "We love your adherence to democratic principles and to the democratic process."[5]
Barangay elections were indeed held on May 17, 1982.
On August 21, 1983, Senator Aquino returned from exile in the United States, but was assassinated at Manila International Airport. Growing unrest followed, and Marcos was forced to call the snap election of 1986, where UNIDO and Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan participated and nominated Aquino's widow Corazon Aquino as their standard bearer. Marcos claimed victory over Aquino despite reports of massive cheating, but he was removed from power a few hours after his oath-taking on February 25, 1986.
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b c d Celoza, Albert (1997). Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism. Praeger Publishers. pp. 73–76. ISBN 978-0-275-94137-6.
- ^ a b c Steinberg, David Joel (2000). The Philippines: A Singular and a Plural Place. Westview Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-8133-3755-5.
- ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific. - ^ Report of the Commission on Elections to the President of the Philippines, the Prime Minister, and the Batasang Pambansa on the Manner the Election of President of the Philippines was Held on June 16, 1981. Manila: Bureau of Print. 1981. pp. 180–195.
- ^ Russell, George (February 3, 1986). . TIME. Archived from the original on March 4, 2008.
External links edit
- Official website of the Commission on Elections