Lydian script was used to write the Lydian language. Like other scripts of Anatolia in the Iron Age, the Lydian alphabet is based on the Phoenician alphabet. It is related to the East Greek alphabet, but it has unique features.
The first modern codification of the Lydian alphabet was made by Roberto Gusmani in 1964, in a combined lexicon, grammar, and text collection.
Early Lydian texts were written either from left to right or from right to left. Later texts all run from right to left. One surviving text is in the bi-directional boustrophedon manner. Spaces separate words except in one text that uses dots instead. Lydian uniquely features a quotation mark in the shape of a triangle.[2]
The Lydian alphabet[3][4] is closely related to the other alphabets of Asia Minor as well as to the Greek alphabet. It contains letters for 26 sounds. Some are represented by more than one symbol, which is considered one "letter." Unlike the Carian alphabet, which had an f derived from Φ, the Lydian f has the peculiar 8 shape also found in the Neo-Etruscan alphabet and in Italic alphabets of Osco-Umbrian languages such as Oscan, Umbrian, Old Sabine and South Picene (Old Volscian),[5] and it is thought to be an invention of speakers of a Sabellian language (Osco-Umbrian languages).[5]
Arose from word-final or palatalized *m and *n; later loss of final vowels caused it to contrast with those sounds. Transliterated as a Greek ν (nu). A new transcription is ñ, to avoid confusion with the Latin letter v and parallel to the Lycian letter transcribed as ñ, also with similar but unknown pronunciation.)
𐤹
c
[ts~dz]?
An undetermined affricate or fricative: [ts], [z], [dz], or [dʒ], etc. At least one origin is assibilated PIE *d.
In addition, two digraphs, aa and ii, appear to be allophones of [a] and [i] under speculative circumstances, such as lengthening from stress.[9] Complex consonant clusters often appear in the inscriptions and, if present, an epentheticschwa was evidently not written: 𐤥𐤹𐤯𐤣𐤦𐤣 wctdid [wt͡stθiθ], 𐤨𐤮𐤡𐤷𐤯𐤬𐤨 kśbλtok- [kspʎ̩tok].
Note: a newer transliteration employing p for b, s for ś, š for s, and/or w for v appears in recent publications and the online Dictionary of the Minor Languages of Ancient Anatolia (eDiAna), as well as Melchert's Lydian corpus.[10][11]
Examples of wordsedit
𐤬𐤭𐤠ora [ora] "month"
𐤩𐤠𐤲𐤭𐤦𐤳𐤠laqriša [lakʷriʃa] "wall, dromos" or "inscription"[12]
𐤡𐤦𐤭𐤠pira [pira] "house, home"
𐤥𐤹𐤡𐤠𐤲𐤶𐤫𐤯wcbaqẽnt [w̩t͡spaˈkʷãnd] "to trample on" (from PIE *pekʷ- "to crush")
The Lydian alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in April, 2008 with the release of version 5.1. It is encoded in Plane 1 (Supplementary Multilingual Plane).
The Unicode block for Lydian is U+10920–U+1093F:
Lydian[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
^Sasseville, David; Euler, Katrin (2019). "Die Identität des lydischen Qλdãns und seine kulturgeschichtlichen Folgen". Kadmos. 58 (1/2): 125–156. doi:10.1515/kadmos-2019-0007. S2CID 220368367. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
^Kelder, Jorrit. "A new reading of Lydian laqrisa as "words" or "inscriptions" (?)". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
External linksedit
Everson, Michael (2006-02-05). "N3019R2: Proposal to encode the Lycian and Lydian scripts in the SMP of the UCS" (PDF). DKUUG Standardization. Danish Unix User Group (DKUUG). Retrieved 2008-03-18.
Referencesedit
Adiego, I. J. (2007). "Greek and Lydian". In Christidis, A.F.; Arapopoulou, Maria; Chriti, Maria (eds.). A History of Ancient Greek From the Beginning to Late Antiquity. Chris Markham (trans.). Cambridge University press. ISBN978-0-521-83307-3.. Translator Chris Markham.
Gérard, Raphaël (2005). Phonétique et morphologie de la langue lydienne. Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters. ISBN9042915749. French language text.
Gusmani, R. Lydisches Wörterbuch. Mit grammatischer Skizze und Inschriftensammlung, Heidelberg 1964 (Ergänzungsband 1-3, Heidelberg 1980-1986).
Melchert, H. Craig (2004) "Lydian", in Roger D. Woodard (ed.), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-56256-2. pp. 601–608.
Shevoroshkin, V. The Lydian Language, Moscow, 1977.
April 13, 2024
lydian, alphabet, other, uses, lydian, disambiguation, lydian, script, used, write, lydian, language, like, other, scripts, anatolia, iron, based, phoenician, alphabet, related, east, greek, alphabet, unique, features, lydianscript, typealphabettime, period700. For other uses see Lydian disambiguation Lydian script was used to write the Lydian language Like other scripts of Anatolia in the Iron Age the Lydian alphabet is based on the Phoenician alphabet It is related to the East Greek alphabet but it has unique features LydianScript typeAlphabetTime period700 200 BCEDirectionRight to left script LanguagesLydian languageRelated scriptsParent systemsEgyptian hieroglyphs 1 Proto SinaiticPhoenicianAnatolianLydianSister systemsSome other alphabets of Asia MinorISO 15924ISO 15924Lydi 116 LydianUnicodeUnicode aliasLydianUnicode rangeU 10920 U 1093F This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters This article contains uncommon Unicode characters Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of the intended characters The first modern codification of the Lydian alphabet was made by Roberto Gusmani in 1964 in a combined lexicon grammar and text collection Early Lydian texts were written either from left to right or from right to left Later texts all run from right to left One surviving text is in the bi directional boustrophedon manner Spaces separate words except in one text that uses dots instead Lydian uniquely features a quotation mark in the shape of a triangle 2 Contents 1 Alphabet 1 1 Examples of words 2 Unicode 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links 6 ReferencesAlphabet editThe Lydian alphabet 3 4 is closely related to the other alphabets of Asia Minor as well as to the Greek alphabet It contains letters for 26 sounds Some are represented by more than one symbol which is considered one letter Unlike the Carian alphabet which had an f derived from F the Lydian f has the peculiar 8 shape also found in the Neo Etruscan alphabet and in Italic alphabets of Osco Umbrian languages such as Oscan Umbrian Old Sabine and South Picene Old Volscian 5 and it is thought to be an invention of speakers of a Sabellian language Osco Umbrian languages 5 The Lydian Alphabet Letter Transliteration Sound IPA NotesText Image𐤠 nbsp a a 𐤡 nbsp traditional bnew p p b Plain labial voiced to b before nasals and probably r 𐤢 g ɡ Occasionally substituted for secondarily voiced k 𐤣 d 8 d Descends from lenited PIE t most likely an interdental 8 d though another coronal fricative such as z is possible𐤤 nbsp e eː Fairly high and long like Greek ei only occurs accented 𐤥 nbsp traditional vnew w w v Descends from PIE w may have been labiodental Now usually transcribed w to avoid confusion with n for the nasal 𐤸 𐤦 nbsp i i 𐤧 nbsp y i j Apparently an allophone of i perhaps when unstressed Attested only 11 times artymu artimu 6 It may be a borrowing of Carian 𐊹 𐤨 nbsp k k ɡ Voiced to ɡ before nasals and probably r 𐤩 nbsp l l 𐤪 m m 𐤫 nbsp n n 𐤬 nbsp o oː Fairly high and long like Greek oy only occurs accented 𐤭 r r 𐤮 nbsp traditional snew s s A simple s despite its former traditional transcription 𐤯 t t d Voiced to d before nasals and probably r 𐤰 u u 𐤱 nbsp f f or ɸ Labiodental or bilabial fricative Alternates with w in 𐤩𐤤𐤱𐤮 𐤩𐤤𐤥𐤮 lews lefs Zeus 𐤲 nbsp q kʷ At least historically kʷ it is not clear if this pronunciation was still current 𐤳 nbsp traditional snew s c or ʃ Palatalized s Newer transcriptions use s 𐤴 t tc or tʃ 𐤴𐤴 tt results from 𐤯 𐤳 t s as in 𐤨𐤠𐤯 𐤳𐤠𐤣𐤪𐤶𐤮 gt 𐤨𐤠𐤴𐤴𐤠𐤣𐤪𐤶𐤮kat sadmẽs gt kattadmẽs𐤵 nbsp a nasal vowel Perhaps aː Only occurs accented A or a is found before a nasal consonant aliksantru aliksantru 7 𐤶 nbsp ẽ nasal vowel Not ẽ perhaps a or ae as in Lycian Only occurs accented 𐤷 l ʎ or ɾʲ Palatalized l or palatalized flap 8 𐤸 traditional n new n ɲ or ŋ Arose from word final or palatalized m and n later loss of final vowels caused it to contrast with those sounds Transliterated as a Greek n nu A new transcription is n to avoid confusion with the Latin letter v and parallel to the Lycian letter transcribed as n also with similar but unknown pronunciation 𐤹 nbsp c ts dz An undetermined affricate or fricative ts z dz or dʒ etc At least one origin is assibilated PIE d In addition two digraphs aa and ii appear to be allophones of a and i under speculative circumstances such as lengthening from stress 9 Complex consonant clusters often appear in the inscriptions and if present an epenthetic schwa was evidently not written 𐤥𐤹𐤯𐤣𐤦𐤣 wctdid wt st8i8 𐤨𐤮𐤡𐤷𐤯𐤬𐤨 ksbltok kspʎ tok Note a newer transliteration employing p for b s for s s for s and or w for v appears in recent publications and the online Dictionary of the Minor Languages of Ancient Anatolia eDiAna as well as Melchert s Lydian corpus 10 11 Examples of words edit 𐤬𐤭𐤠 ora ora month 𐤩𐤠𐤲𐤭𐤦𐤳𐤠 laqrisa lakʷriʃa wall dromos or inscription 12 𐤡𐤦𐤭𐤠 pira pira house home 𐤥𐤹𐤡𐤠𐤲𐤶𐤫𐤯 wcbaqẽnt w t spaˈkʷand to trample on from PIE pekʷ to crush Unicode editMain article Lydian Unicode block The Lydian alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in April 2008 with the release of version 5 1 It is encoded in Plane 1 Supplementary Multilingual Plane The Unicode block for Lydian is U 10920 U 1093F Lydian 1 2 Official Unicode Consortium code chart PDF 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E FU 1092x 𐤠 𐤡 𐤢 𐤣 𐤤 𐤥 𐤦 𐤧 𐤨 𐤩 𐤪 𐤫 𐤬 𐤭 𐤮 𐤯U 1093x 𐤰 𐤱 𐤲 𐤳 𐤴 𐤵 𐤶 𐤷 𐤸 𐤹 Notes 1 As of Unicode version 15 1 2 Grey areas indicate non assigned code pointsSee also editLydian language Lydia Lydians RunesNotes edit Himelfarb Elizabeth J First Alphabet Found in Egypt Archaeology 53 Issue 1 Jan Feb 2000 21 Everson Michael 2006 02 05 L2 06 050 Proposal to encode the Lycian and Lydian scripts in the SMP of the UCS PDF Adiego 2007 page 769 Everson 2006 a b McDonald Katherine 2015 Oscan in Southern Italy and Sicily Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press pp 65 82 ISBN 9781107103832 Gerard 2005 page36 Gerard 2005 page 35 Sasseville David Euler Katrin 2019 Die Identitat des lydischen Qldans und seine kulturgeschichtlichen Folgen Kadmos 58 1 2 125 156 doi 10 1515 kadmos 2019 0007 S2CID 220368367 Retrieved 2021 03 14 Gerard 2005 page 34 EDIANA Corpus www ediana gwi uni muenchen de Retrieved 2019 03 26 Lydian Corpus PDF Kelder Jorrit A new reading of Lydian laqrisa as words or inscriptions a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help External links editEverson Michael 2006 02 05 N3019R2 Proposal to encode the Lycian and Lydian scripts in the SMP of the UCS PDF DKUUG Standardization Danish Unix User Group DKUUG Retrieved 2008 03 18 References editAdiego I J 2007 Greek and Lydian In Christidis A F Arapopoulou Maria Chriti Maria eds A History of Ancient Greek From the Beginning to Late Antiquity Chris Markham trans Cambridge University press ISBN 978 0 521 83307 3 Translator Chris Markham Gerard Raphael 2005 Phonetique et morphologie de la langue lydienne Louvain la Neuve Peeters ISBN 9042915749 French language text Gusmani R Lydisches Worterbuch Mit grammatischer Skizze und Inschriftensammlung Heidelberg 1964 Erganzungsband 1 3 Heidelberg 1980 1986 Melchert H Craig 2004 Lydian in Roger D Woodard ed The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World s Ancient Languages Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 56256 2 pp 601 608 Shevoroshkin V The Lydian Language Moscow 1977 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lydian alphabet amp oldid 1187492888, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
