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Ugaritic alphabet

March 22, 2024

The Ugaritic writing system is a Cuneiform Abjad (consonantal alphabet) with syllabic elements used from around either 1400 BCE[1] or 1300Β BCE[2] for Ugaritic, an extinct Northwest Semitic language, and discovered in Ugarit (modern Ras Al Shamra), Syria, in 1928. It has 30 letters. Other languages (particularly Hurrian) were occasionally written in the Ugaritic script in the area around Ugarit, although not elsewhere.

Ugaritic
The Ugaritic writing system
Script type
Time period
from around 1400Β BCE
DirectionLeft-to-rightΒ 
LanguagesUgaritic, Hurrian, Akkadian
Related scripts
Parent systems
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Ugar (040), ​Ugaritic
Unicode
Unicode alias
Ugaritic
U+10380–U+1039F
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Clay tablets written in Ugaritic provide the earliest evidence of both the North Semitic and South Semitic orders of the alphabet, which gave rise to the alphabetic orders of the reduced Phoenician writing system and its descendants (including the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, Hebrew, Syriac, Greek and Latin) on the one hand, and of the Ge'ez alphabet on the other which was also influenced by the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic writing system,[3] and adapted for Amharic. The Arabic and Ancient South Arabian scripts are the only other Semitic alphabets which have letters for all or almost all of the 29 commonly reconstructed proto-Semitic consonant phonemes. (But note that several of these distinctions were only secondarily added to the Arabic alphabet by means of diacritic dots.) According to Manfried Dietrich and Oswald Loretz in Handbook of Ugaritic Studies (eds. Wilfred G. E. Watson and Nicholas Wyatt, 1999): "The language they [the 30 signs] represented could be described as an idiom which in terms of content seemed to be comparable to Canaanite texts, but from a phonological perspective, however, was more like Arabic" (82, 89, 614).

The script was written from left to right. Although cuneiform and pressed into clay, its symbols were unrelated to those of Akkadian cuneiform.[4]

Function edit

Ugaritic was an augmented abjad. In most syllables only consonants were written, including the /w/ and /j/ of diphthongs. However, Ugaritic was unusual among early abjads in also writing vowels after the glottal stop. It is thought that the letter for the syllable /Κ”a/ originally represented the consonant /Κ”/, as aleph does in other Semitic abjads, and that it was later restricted to /Κ”a/ with the addition, at the end of the alphabet, of /Κ”i/ and /Κ”u/.[5][6]

The final consonantal letter of the alphabet, s2, has a disputed origin along with both "appended" glottals, but "The patent similarity of form between the Ugaritic symbol transliterated [s2], and the s-character of the later Northwest Semitic script makes a common origin likely, but the reason for the addition of this sign to the Ugaritic alphabet is unclear (compare Segert 1983:201–218; Dietrich and Loretz 1988). In function, [s2] is like Ugaritic s, but only in certain words – other s-words are never written with [s2]."[7] The words that show s2 are predominantly borrowings, and thus it is often thought to be a late addition to the alphabet representing a foreign sound that could be approximated by native /s/; Huehnergard and Pardee make it the affricate /ts/.[8] Segert instead theorizes that it may have been syllabic /su/, and for this reason grouped with the other syllabic signs /Κ”i/ and /Κ”u/.[9]

Probably the last three letters of the alphabet were originally developed for transcribing non-Ugaritic languages (texts in the Akkadian language and Hurrian language have been found written in the Ugaritic alphabet), and were then applied to write the Ugaritic language.[4] The three letters denoting glottal stop plus vowel combinations were used as simple vowel letters when writing other languages.

The only punctuation is a word divider.

Origin edit

 
Dark green shows approximate spread of writing by 1300Β BCE

At the time the Ugaritic script was in use (c. 1300–1190Β BCE),[10] Ugarit, although not a great cultural or imperial centre, was located at the geographic centre of the literate world, among Egypt, Anatolia, Cyprus, Crete, and Mesopotamia. Ugaritic combined the system of the Semitic abjad with cuneiform writing methods (pressing a stylus into clay). However, scholars have searched in vain for graphic prototypes of the Ugaritic letters in Mesopotamian cuneiform. Recently, some have suggested that Ugaritic represents some form of the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet,[11] the letter forms distorted as an adaptation to writing on clay with a stylus. (There may also have been a degree of influence from the poorly understood Byblos syllabary.[12]) It has been proposed in this regard that the two basic shapes in cuneiform, a linear wedge, as in πŽ‚, and a corner wedge, as in πŽ“, may correspond to lines and circles in the linear Semitic alphabets: the three Semitic letters with circles, preserved in the Greek Θ, O and Latin Q, are all made with corner wedges in Ugaritic: πŽ‰ αΉ­, πŽ“ Κ•, and πŽ– q. Other letters look similar as well: πŽ… h resembles its assumed Greek cognate E, while πŽ† w, πŽ” p, and 𐎘 ΞΈ are similar to Greek Y, Ξ , and Ξ£ turned on their sides.[11] Jared Diamond[13] believes the alphabet was consciously designed, citing as evidence the possibility that the letters with the fewest strokes may have been the most frequent.

Abecedaries edit

Lists of Ugaritic letters (abecedaria, singular abecedarium) have been found in two alphabetic orders: the "Northern Semitic order" more similar to the one found in Phoenician, Hebrew and Arabic (the earlier, so-called ΚΎabjadΔ« order), and more distantly, the Greek and Latin alphabets; and the "Southern Semitic order" more similar to the one found in the South Arabian, and the Ge'ez alphabets. The Ugaritic (U) letters are given in cuneiform and transliteration.

North Semitic

Letter: πŽ€ 𐎁 πŽ‚ πŽƒ πŽ„ πŽ… πŽ† πŽ‡ 𐎈 πŽ‰ 𐎊 πŽ‹ 𐎌 𐎍 𐎎 𐎏 𐎐 πŽ‘ πŽ’ πŽ“ πŽ” πŽ• πŽ– πŽ— 𐎘 πŽ™ 𐎚 πŽ› 𐎜 𐎝
Transliteration: ΚΎa b g αΈ« d h w z αΈ₯ αΉ­ y k Ε‘ l m ḏ n αΊ“ s ΚΏ p αΉ£ q r αΉ― Δ‘ t ΚΎi ΚΎu s2

South Semitic

Letter: πŽ… 𐎍 𐎈 𐎎 πŽ– πŽ† 𐎌 πŽ— 𐎚 πŽ’ πŽ‹ 𐎐 πŽƒ 𐎁 πŽ” πŽ€ πŽ“ πŽ‘ πŽ‚ πŽ„ πŽ™ πŽ‰ πŽ‡ 𐎏 𐎊 𐎘 πŽ• [ πŽ› 𐎜 𐎝 ]
Transliteration: h l αΈ₯ m q w Ε‘ r t s k n αΈ« b Ε› p ΚΎa ΚΏ αΊ“ g d Δ‘ αΉ­ z ḏ y αΉ― αΉ£ [ ΚΎi ΚΎu s2 ]


Letters edit

 
Ugaritic alphabet
Ugaritic Letters[14]
Sign Trans. IPA Phoenician Hebrew
πŽ€ ΚΎa Κ”a 𐀀 אַ
𐎁 b b 𐀁 Χ‘
πŽ‚ g Ι‘ 𐀂 Χ’
πŽƒ αΈ« x β€” β€”
πŽ„ d d 𐀃 Χ“
πŽ… h h 𐀄 Χ”
πŽ† w w 𐀅 Χ•
πŽ‡ z z 𐀆 Χ–
𐎈 αΈ₯ Δ§ 𐀇 Χ—
πŽ‰ αΉ­ tΛ€ 𐀈 ט
𐎊 y j 𐀉 Χ™
πŽ‹ k k 𐀊 Χ›
𐎌 Ε‘ Κƒ 𐀔 Χ©
𐎍 l l 𐀋 ל
𐎎 m m 𐀌 מ
𐎏 ḏ Γ° β€” β€”
𐎐 n n 𐀍 נ
πŽ‘ αΊ“ ΞΈΛ€ β€” β€”
πŽ’ s s 𐀎 Χ‘
πŽ“ ΚΏΒ  Κ• 𐀏 Χ’
πŽ” p p 𐀐 Χ€
πŽ• αΉ£ sΛ€ 𐀑 Χ¦
πŽ– q q 𐀒 Χ§
πŽ— r r 𐀓 Χ¨
𐎘 αΉ― ΞΈ β€” β€”
πŽ™ Δ‘ Ι£ β€” β€”
𐎚 t t 𐀕 Χͺ
πŽ› ΚΎi Κ”i β€” β€”
𐎜 ΚΎu Κ”u β€” β€”
𐎝 s2 su β€” β€”
𐎟 word divider 𐀟 β€”

Unicode edit

Main article: Ugaritic (Unicode block)

Ugaritic script was added to the Unicode Standard in April, 2003 with the release of version 4.0.

The Unicode block for Ugaritic is U+10380–U+1039F:

Ugaritic[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
Β  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+1038x πŽ€ 𐎁 πŽ‚ πŽƒ πŽ„ πŽ… πŽ† πŽ‡ 𐎈 πŽ‰ 𐎊 πŽ‹ 𐎌 𐎍 𐎎 𐎏
U+1039x 𐎐 πŽ‘ πŽ’ πŽ“ πŽ” πŽ• πŽ– πŽ— 𐎘 πŽ™ 𐎚 πŽ› 𐎜 𐎝 𐎟
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
2.^ Grey area indicates non-assigned code point

Six letters for transliteration were added to the Latin Extended-D block in March 2019 with the release of Unicode 12.0:[15]

  • U+A7BA Ꞻ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER GLOTTAL A
  • U+A7BB ꞻ LATIN SMALL LETTER GLOTTAL A
  • U+A7BC Ꞽ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER GLOTTAL I
  • U+A7BD ꞽ LATIN SMALL LETTER GLOTTAL I
  • U+A7BE Ꞿ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER GLOTTAL U
  • U+A7BF ꞿ LATIN SMALL LETTER GLOTTAL U

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ A Primer on Ugaritic, William M. Schniedewind (pg 32)
  2. ^ Ugaritic, in The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia
  3. ^ Ullendorf, Edward (July 1951). "Studies in the Ethiopic Syllabary". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. Cambridge University Press. 21 (3): 207–217.
  4. ^ a b Healey, John F. (1990). "The Early Alphabet". Reading the Past: Ancient Writing from Cuneiform to the Alphabet. p.Β 216. ISBNΒ 0-520-07431-9.
  5. ^ Florian Coulmas, 1991, The writing systems of the world
  6. ^ William Schniedewind, Joel Hunt, 2007. A primer on Ugaritic
  7. ^ Ugaritic, in The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia
  8. ^ Huehnergard, An Introduction to Ugaritic (2012), p. 21; Pardee, Ugaritic alphabetic cuneiform in the context of other alphabetic systems in Studies in ancient Oriental civilization (2007), p. 183.
  9. ^ Stanislave Segert, "The Last Sign of the Ugaritic Alphabet" in Ugaritic-Forschugen 15 (1983): 201–218
  10. ^ Ugaritic, in The Ancient-Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia
  11. ^ a b Brian Colless, Cuneiform alphabet and picto-proto-alphabet
  12. ^ A Basic Grammar of the Ugaritic Language: With Selected Texts and Glossary, p. 19 by Stanislav Segert, 1985.
  13. ^ Writing Right | Senses | DISCOVER Magazine
  14. ^ Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William, eds. (1996). "Epigraphic Semitic Scripts". The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press, Inc. p.Β 92. ISBNΒ 978-0-19-507993-7.
  15. ^ Suignard, Michel (2017-05-09). "L2/17-076R2: Revised proposal for the encoding of an Egyptological YOD and Ugaritic characters" (PDF).

External links edit

  • Download a Ugaritic font (includes Unicode font)
  • Ugaritic cuneiform characters from the Unicode Ugaritic cuneiform script
  • Ugaritic cuneiform Omniglot entry on the subject
  • Ugaritic script (ancientscripts.com)
  • Ugaritic writing
  • GNU FreeFont Unicode font family with Ugaritic range in its sans-serif face.

March 22, 2024
ugaritic, alphabet, ugaritic, writing, system, cuneiform, abjad, consonantal, alphabet, with, syllabic, elements, used, from, around, either, 1400, 1300, ugaritic, extinct, northwest, semitic, language, discovered, ugarit, modern, shamra, syria, 1928, letters,. The Ugaritic writing system is a Cuneiform Abjad consonantal alphabet with syllabic elements used from around either 1400 BCE 1 or 1300 BCE 2 for Ugaritic an extinct Northwest Semitic language and discovered in Ugarit modern Ras Al Shamra Syria in 1928 It has 30 letters Other languages particularly Hurrian were occasionally written in the Ugaritic script in the area around Ugarit although not elsewhere UgariticThe Ugaritic writing systemScript typeAbjadTime periodfrom around 1400 BCEDirectionLeft to right LanguagesUgaritic Hurrian AkkadianRelated scriptsParent systemsEgyptian hieroglyphs Proto Sinaitic script UgariticISO 15924ISO 15924Ugar 040 UgariticUnicodeUnicode aliasUgariticUnicode rangeU 10380 U 1039F This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters Clay tablets written in Ugaritic provide the earliest evidence of both the North Semitic and South Semitic orders of the alphabet which gave rise to the alphabetic orders of the reduced Phoenician writing system and its descendants including the Paleo Hebrew alphabet Hebrew Syriac Greek and Latin on the one hand and of the Ge ez alphabet on the other which was also influenced by the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic writing system 3 and adapted for Amharic The Arabic and Ancient South Arabian scripts are the only other Semitic alphabets which have letters for all or almost all of the 29 commonly reconstructed proto Semitic consonant phonemes But note that several of these distinctions were only secondarily added to the Arabic alphabet by means of diacritic dots According to Manfried Dietrich and Oswald Loretz in Handbook of Ugaritic Studies eds Wilfred G E Watson and Nicholas Wyatt 1999 The language they the 30 signs represented could be described as an idiom which in terms of content seemed to be comparable to Canaanite texts but from a phonological perspective however was more like Arabic 82 89 614 The script was written from left to right Although cuneiform and pressed into clay its symbols were unrelated to those of Akkadian cuneiform 4 Contents 1 Function 2 Origin 3 Abecedaries 4 Letters 5 Unicode 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksFunction editUgaritic was an augmented abjad In most syllables only consonants were written including the w and j of diphthongs However Ugaritic was unusual among early abjads in also writing vowels after the glottal stop It is thought that the letter for the syllable Κ”a originally represented the consonant Κ” as aleph does in other Semitic abjads and that it was later restricted to Κ”a with the addition at the end of the alphabet of Κ”i and Κ”u 5 6 The final consonantal letter of the alphabet s2 has a disputed origin along with both appended glottals but The patent similarity of form between the Ugaritic symbol transliterated s2 and the s character of the later Northwest Semitic script makes a common origin likely but the reason for the addition of this sign to the Ugaritic alphabet is unclear compare Segert 1983 201 218 Dietrich and Loretz 1988 In function s2 is like Ugaritic s but only in certain words other s words are never written with s2 7 The words that show s2 are predominantly borrowings and thus it is often thought to be a late addition to the alphabet representing a foreign sound that could be approximated by native s Huehnergard and Pardee make it the affricate ts 8 Segert instead theorizes that it may have been syllabic su and for this reason grouped with the other syllabic signs Κ”i and Κ”u 9 Probably the last three letters of the alphabet were originally developed for transcribing non Ugaritic languages texts in the Akkadian language and Hurrian language have been found written in the Ugaritic alphabet and were then applied to write the Ugaritic language 4 The three letters denoting glottal stop plus vowel combinations were used as simple vowel letters when writing other languages The only punctuation is a word divider Origin edit nbsp Dark green shows approximate spread of writing by 1300 BCEAt the time the Ugaritic script was in use c 1300 1190 BCE 10 Ugarit although not a great cultural or imperial centre was located at the geographic centre of the literate world among Egypt Anatolia Cyprus Crete and Mesopotamia Ugaritic combined the system of the Semitic abjad with cuneiform writing methods pressing a stylus into clay However scholars have searched in vain for graphic prototypes of the Ugaritic letters in Mesopotamian cuneiform Recently some have suggested that Ugaritic represents some form of the Proto Sinaitic alphabet 11 the letter forms distorted as an adaptation to writing on clay with a stylus There may also have been a degree of influence from the poorly understood Byblos syllabary 12 It has been proposed in this regard that the two basic shapes in cuneiform a linear wedge as in πŽ‚ and a corner wedge as in πŽ“ may correspond to lines and circles in the linear Semitic alphabets the three Semitic letters with circles preserved in the Greek 8 O and Latin Q are all made with corner wedges in Ugaritic πŽ‰ αΉ­ πŽ“ Κ• and πŽ– q Other letters look similar as well πŽ… h resembles its assumed Greek cognate E while πŽ† w πŽ” p and 𐎘 8 are similar to Greek Y P and S turned on their sides 11 Jared Diamond 13 believes the alphabet was consciously designed citing as evidence the possibility that the letters with the fewest strokes may have been the most frequent Abecedaries editLists of Ugaritic letters abecedaria singular abecedarium have been found in two alphabetic orders the Northern Semitic order more similar to the one found in Phoenician Hebrew and Arabic the earlier so called ΚΎabjadi order and more distantly the Greek and Latin alphabets and the Southern Semitic order more similar to the one found in the South Arabian and the Ge ez alphabets The Ugaritic U letters are given in cuneiform and transliteration North Semitic Letter πŽ€ 𐎁 πŽ‚ πŽƒ πŽ„ πŽ… πŽ† πŽ‡ 𐎈 πŽ‰ 𐎊 πŽ‹ 𐎌 𐎍 𐎎 𐎏 𐎐 πŽ‘ πŽ’ πŽ“ πŽ” πŽ• πŽ– πŽ— 𐎘 πŽ™ 𐎚 πŽ› 𐎜 𐎝Transliteration ΚΎa b g αΈ« d h w z αΈ₯ αΉ­ y k s l m ḏ n αΊ“ s ΚΏ p αΉ£ q r αΉ― Δ‘ t ΚΎi ΚΎu s2South Semitic Letter πŽ… 𐎍 𐎈 𐎎 πŽ– πŽ† 𐎌 πŽ— 𐎚 πŽ’ πŽ‹ 𐎐 πŽƒ 𐎁 πŽ” πŽ€ πŽ“ πŽ‘ πŽ‚ πŽ„ πŽ™ πŽ‰ πŽ‡ 𐎏 𐎊 𐎘 πŽ• πŽ› 𐎜 𐎝 Transliteration h l αΈ₯ m q w s r t s k n αΈ« b s p ΚΎa ΚΏ αΊ“ g d Δ‘ αΉ­ z ḏ y αΉ― αΉ£ ΚΎi ΚΎu s2 Letters edit nbsp Ugaritic alphabetUgaritic Letters 14 Sign Trans IPA Phoenician HebrewπŽ€ ΚΎa Κ”a 𐀀 א 𐎁 b b 𐀁 Χ‘πŽ‚ g Ι‘ 𐀂 Χ’πŽƒ αΈ« x πŽ„ d d 𐀃 Χ“πŽ… h h 𐀄 Χ”πŽ† w w 𐀅 Χ•πŽ‡ z z 𐀆 Χ–πŽˆ αΈ₯ Δ§ 𐀇 Χ—πŽ‰ αΉ­ tΛ€ 𐀈 ט𐎊 y j 𐀉 Χ™πŽ‹ k k 𐀊 Χ›πŽŒ s Κƒ 𐀔 ש𐎍 l l 𐀋 ל𐎎 m m 𐀌 מ𐎏 ḏ d 𐎐 n n 𐀍 Χ πŽ‘ αΊ“ 8Λ€ πŽ’ s s 𐀎 Χ‘πŽ“ ΚΏ Κ• 𐀏 Χ’πŽ” p p 𐀐 Χ€πŽ• αΉ£ sΛ€ 𐀑 Χ¦πŽ– q q 𐀒 Χ§πŽ— r r 𐀓 ר𐎘 αΉ― 8 πŽ™ Δ‘ Ι£ 𐎚 t t 𐀕 ΧͺπŽ› ΚΎi Κ”i 𐎜 ΚΎu Κ”u 𐎝 s2 su word divider Unicode editMain article Ugaritic Unicode block Ugaritic script was added to the Unicode Standard in April 2003 with the release of version 4 0 The Unicode block for Ugaritic is U 10380 U 1039F Ugaritic 1 2 Official Unicode Consortium code chart PDF 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E FU 1038x πŽ€ 𐎁 πŽ‚ πŽƒ πŽ„ πŽ… πŽ† πŽ‡ 𐎈 πŽ‰ 𐎊 πŽ‹ 𐎌 𐎍 𐎎 𐎏U 1039x 𐎐 πŽ‘ πŽ’ πŽ“ πŽ” πŽ• πŽ– πŽ— 𐎘 πŽ™ 𐎚 πŽ› 𐎜 𐎝 Notes 1 As of Unicode version 15 1 2 Grey area indicates non assigned code pointSix letters for transliteration were added to the Latin Extended D block in March 2019 with the release of Unicode 12 0 15 U A7BA Ꞻ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER GLOTTAL A U A7BB ꞻ LATIN SMALL LETTER GLOTTAL A U A7BC Ꞽ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER GLOTTAL I U A7BD ꞽ LATIN SMALL LETTER GLOTTAL I U A7BE Ꞿ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER GLOTTAL U U A7BF ꞿ LATIN SMALL LETTER GLOTTAL USee also edit nbsp Asia portalOld Persian cuneiform a much later unrelated attempt at a cuneiform semi alphabet References edit A Primer on Ugaritic William M Schniedewind pg 32 Ugaritic in The Ancient Languages of Syria Palestine and Arabia Ullendorf Edward July 1951 Studies in the Ethiopic Syllabary Africa Journal of the International African Institute Cambridge University Press 21 3 207 217 a b Healey John F 1990 The Early Alphabet Reading the Past Ancient Writing from Cuneiform to the Alphabet p 216 ISBN 0 520 07431 9 Florian Coulmas 1991 The writing systems of the world William Schniedewind Joel Hunt 2007 A primer on Ugaritic Ugaritic in The Ancient Languages of Syria Palestine and Arabia Huehnergard An Introduction to Ugaritic 2012 p 21 Pardee Ugaritic alphabetic cuneiform in the context of other alphabetic systems in Studies in ancient Oriental civilization 2007 p 183 Stanislave Segert The Last Sign of the Ugaritic Alphabet in Ugaritic Forschugen 15 1983 201 218 Ugaritic in The Ancient Languages of Syria Palestine and Arabia a b Brian Colless Cuneiform alphabet and picto proto alphabet A Basic Grammar of the Ugaritic Language With Selected Texts and Glossary p 19 by Stanislav Segert 1985 Writing Right Senses DISCOVER Magazine Daniels Peter T Bright William eds 1996 Epigraphic Semitic Scripts The World s Writing Systems Oxford University Press Inc p 92 ISBN 978 0 19 507993 7 Suignard Michel 2017 05 09 L2 17 076R2 Revised proposal for the encoding of an Egyptological YOD and Ugaritic characters PDF External links editDownload a Ugaritic font includes Unicode font Ugaritic cuneiform characters from the Unicode Ugaritic cuneiform script Ugaritic cuneiform Omniglot entry on the subject Ugaritic script ancientscripts com Ugaritic writing GNU FreeFont Unicode font family with Ugaritic range in its sans serif face Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ugaritic alphabet amp oldid 1204452215, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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