Yvette Clarke
Yvette Diane Clarke (born November 21, 1964) is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative for New York's 9th congressional district since 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, she first entered Congress in 2007, representing New York's 11th congressional district until redistricting. Clarke represented the 40th district in Brooklyn on the New York City Council from 2002 to 2006.
Yvette Clarke | |
|---|---|
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York | |
| Assumed office January 3, 2007 | |
| Preceded by | Major Owens |
| Constituency | 11th district (2007–2013) 9th district (2013–present) |
| Member of the New York City Council from the 40th district | |
| In office January 1, 2002 – December 31, 2006 | |
| Preceded by | Una S. T. Clarke |
| Succeeded by | Mathieu Eugene |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Yvette Diane Clarke November 21, 1964 New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Relatives | Una S. T. Clarke (mother) |
| Website | House website |
Early life and education Edit
Clarke was born in Flatbush, Brooklyn, on November 21, 1964, to Lesley Clarke and former city councilwoman Una Clarke, both immigrants from Jamaica.[1][2] She graduated from Edward R. Murrow High School and earned a scholarship to enroll at Oberlin College in Ohio, which she attended from 1982 to 1986.[3] While studying at Oberlin, she spent a summer interning in the Washington, D.C. office of Representative Major Owens, where she told Roll Call that she worked on legislative issues involving Caribbean-American trade.[4][5]
In August 2006, Crain's New York Business and the Daily News reported that Clarke's Oberlin transcripts indicated that she had not graduated, contrary to what her campaign literature claimed.[6] Clarke initially said she thought she had earned sufficient credits to graduate from Oberlin, then later said she had completed her degree by attending courses at Medgar Evers College.[6] In 2011, Clarke suggested that she planned to finish her degree at Oberlin by completing independent academic projects.[7][8]
Early career Edit
Before entering politics, Clarke worked as a childcare specialist and trained community residents to care for the children of working parents. Later, she served as an assistant to State Senator Velmanette Montgomery of Brooklyn and Assemblywoman Barbara Clark, of Queens. Clarke also worked as director of business development for the Bronx Overall Economic Development Corporation and was the second director of the Bronx portion of the New York City Empowerment Zone.[9][10]
New York City Council Edit
Clarke was elected to the 40th district of the New York City Council in 2001. She succeeded her mother, former City Council member Una S. T. Clarke,[11] who held the seat for more than a decade, making theirs the first mother-to-daughter succession in city council.[12]
She cosponsored City Council resolutions that opposed the war in Iraq, criticized the federal USA PATRIOT Act, and called for a national moratorium on the death penalty. She was a frequent critic of the Bush administration's policies, and opposed budget cuts by Bush and Congress on several programs addressing women's rights and poverty. She later voted against extending provisions of the Patriot Act after the election of President Barack Obama.[13]
- Committee on Contracts (chair)
- Committee on Education
- Committee on Fire & Criminal Justice Services
- Committee on Health
- Committee on Land Use
- Committee on Planning, Dispositions & Concessions
- Committee on Rules, Privileges & Elections
U.S. House of Representatives Edit
District Edit
Clarke's district, redrawn from the 11th in 2013, includes Sheepshead Bay, Gerritsen Beach, Brownsville, Crown Heights, East Flatbush, Flatbush, Kensington, Midwood, Prospect Heights, Prospect Lefferts Gardens and Park Slope.
Tenure Edit
In April 2007, Clarke was the sole member of Congress to oppose a bill to rename the Ellis Island Library after British-born Bob Hope, saying in a statement, "Bob Hope is a great American and a fantastic human being, [but] I see the museum and all aspects of the island to be greater than any one human being."[14]
On September 29, 2008, Clarke voted in support of HR 3997, the Emergency Economic Stability Act of 2008. The act failed, 205–228. She wrote legislation to improve the process of removing the names of individuals who believe they were wrongly identified as a threat when screened against the No Fly List used by the Transportation Security Administration, which passed 413–3 on February 3, 2009.[15] In November 2009 she was one of 54 members of Congress to sign on to a controversial letter to President Obama, urging him to use diplomatic pressure to resolve the blockade affecting Gaza.[16][17] On March 25, 2010, she introduced the International Cybercrime Reporting and Cooperation Act – H.R.4962.[18]
Clarke supported the Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument Preservation Act (H.R. 1501; 113th Congress), a bill that would direct the Secretary of the Interior to study the suitability and feasibility of designating the Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument in Fort Greene Park in Brooklyn as a unit of the National Park System (NPS).[19] Clarke argued the bill was a good idea because "this monument commemorates not only the sacrifices of soldiers in the Revolutionary War who dedicated themselves to the cause of liberty, but a reminder that even in wartime we must protect basic human rights. These thousands of deaths were an atrocity that should never occur again."[20]
On September 17, 2013, Clarke introduced the Homeland Security Cybersecurity Boots-on-the-Ground Act (H.R. 3107; 113th Congress), a bill that would require the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to undertake several actions designed to improve the readiness and capacity of DHS's cybersecurity workforce.[21][22] DHS would also be required to create a strategy for recruiting and training additional cybersecurity employees.[23]
Committee assignments Edit
- Committee on Energy and Commerce (Vice Chair)
- Committee on Small Business
- United States House Homeland Security Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and Innovation(Chair)
Caucus memberships Edit
- Congressional Black Caucus, First Vice Chair[24]
- Congressional Caribbean Caucus, Chair
- Congressional Caucus on Multicultural Media, Chair
- Congressional Caucus on Black Women and Girls, Co-chair
- Congressional Caucus on Black Men and Boys, Co-chair
- Congressional Progressive Caucus.[25]
- Congressional Arts Caucus[26]
- Medicare for All Caucus
Policy positions Edit
Israel Edit
Clarke has said she supports a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[27] Some of her stances have subjected her to public criticism by constituents in her district, which is roughly 20% Jewish according to 2010 Census estimates.[28][29] In 2010, Clarke signed two petitions urging Obama to pressure Israel to resolve the Gaza Blockade, which she later retracted.[30] In 2009, she voted against H.R. 867,[31] which sought to condemn the controversial Goldstone Report[32] commissioned by the United Nations.[33] In 2015 Clarke indicated she would vote for the JCPOA, known as the Iran nuclear deal, despite appeals from some of her Jewish constituents and local advocacy groups to vote against it.[34][35][36][37] Explaining her decision, Clarke said in a statement, "Iran is on the verge of creating a nuclear bomb, right now. The JCPOA provides a pathway that holds great potential to forever change this reality."[38] In 2015, Clarke attended Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu's speech before a joint session of Congress after initially expressing uncertainty.[39]
Abortion Edit
Clarke has stated that she is pro-choice.[40] She has earned high ratings from interest groups such as NARAL Pro-Choice America and Planned Parenthood for her votes against legislation to place restrictions on abortion rights, including the No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act of 2011, which would have prohibited federal funds from being used to cover abortions.[41] Her ratings with anti-abortion organizations such as the National Right to Life Committee have been correspondingly low.[42]
Budget, spending and tax issues Edit
Clarke has consistently opposed legislation to reduce government spending and cut taxes, including voting against the Job Protection and Recession Prevention Act of 2012, which sought to extend tax cuts established during George W. Bush's administration through the end of 2013.[41] Clarke received a 92% rating from the National Journal for being liberal on economic policy in 2011, while she received a 15% rating from the National Taxpayers Union for her positions on tax and spending in 2011, and a 2% rating from the Citizens Against Government Waste in 2010.[42]
Clarke was among the 46 House Democrats who voted against final passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023.[43]
Environmental policy Edit
Clarke has supported efforts to combat climate change and limit fossil fuel consumption.[44] She has generally opposed legislation that gives priority to economic over conservation interests, such as the Stop the War on Coal Act of 2012 and the Conservation and Economic Growth Act of 2012.[45][46] She has supported legislation that increases conservation efforts and regulation of the energy industry, such as the Offshore Drilling Regulations and Other Energy Law Amendments Act of 2010.[41] In 2011 Clarke received 100% ratings from Environment America, the League of Conservation Voters, and the Sierra Club, the latter on her clean water positions, while she received a 14% rating over the period 2008–2011 from the Global Exchange for her loyalty to the finance, insurance, and real estate lobbies.[42] She was strongly critical of the Trump administration's decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement.[47]
Immigration Edit
Clarke has called for immigration reform that would create a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants living in the United States and direct resources away from enforcement.[48] In 2010, she voted for the DREAM Act, which passed the House but was blocked in the Senate.[49] Clarke has voted against legislative proposals to constrain immigration.[50] She praised the Obama administration's DACA program and condemned the Trump administration's termination of the program, calling it "cruel and vindictive".[51] She has also called for extending the Temporary Protected Status granted to Haitian immigrants seeking refuge after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti,[52] and for the abolition of ICE.[53]
Syria Edit
In 2023, Clarke was among 56 Democrats to vote in favor of H.Con.Res. 21, which directed President Joe Biden to remove U.S. troops from Syria within 180 days.[54][55]
Technology Edit
On April 10, 2019, Clarke and Senators Ron Wyden and Cory Booker introduced the Algorithmic Accountability Act of 2019, legislation granting additional powers to the Federal Trade Commission in addition to forcing companies to study whether race, gender or other biases influence their technology.[56]
On January 11, 2022, Clarke and Representative Ritchie Torres sent a letter to Jen Easterly, the director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), requesting more information on efforts to reduce security risks to federal networks through the adoption of multi-factor authentication requirements. The letter argues that broad adoption of multi-factor-authentication is essential to protect the security of federal networks and systems.[57]
In the media Edit
On the Colbert Report, in its "Better Know a District" segment in early September 2012, when Stephen Colbert asked Clarke what she would have changed in 1898, the year Brooklyn merged with New York City, if she could go back in time, Clarke answered the abolition of slavery. Colbert replied, "Slavery...Really? I didn't realize there was slavery in Brooklyn in 1898". (Slavery was abolished in New York State in 1827.[58]) Clarke responded, "I'm pretty sure there was", saying the Dutch owned slaves in New York in 1898.[58][59][60] The next day, Clarke was unavailable for comment, and her media representative stated the statements were meant in jest.[61]
2016 presidential election Edit
Clarke endorsed Hillary Clinton for president in 2016 and cast a vote for her as a superdelegate at the 2016 Democratic National Convention.[62] During the 2016 campaign, Clarke appeared with Clinton at an event at Medgar Evers College.[63]
Political campaigns Edit
In 2004, Clarke, then a member of the New York City Council, made her first run for Congress for the 11th district against incumbent Major Owens, for whom she had interned in college.[64] Clarke's run followed an unsuccessful bid by her mother in 2000 against Owens for the same seat.[65][66] Clarke lost the 2004 Democratic primary to Owens, who won 45.4% of the vote to her 28.9% in a multi-candidate race.[67] After the 2004 election, Owens declined to seek reelection, after which Clarke announced her intention to run again in 2006.[68] Owens later called Clarke and her mother's successive political campaigns against him "[a] stab in the back".[69][70]
2006 Edit
In May 2006, another Caribbean-American candidate, Assemblyman N. Nick Perry, withdrew from the race to succeed Owens, leading some observers to contend that Clarke's chances for winning the race would improve now that another candidate from the same community was no longer competing.
Election results Edit
On September 12, 2006, Clarke won the Democratic nomination with a plurality, 31.20%, of the vote in a four-person primary, defeating then-councilman David Yassky, State Senator Carl Andrews, and Major Owens's son, Christopher Owens. In the November 7 general election, Clarke was elected to the House of Representatives with 89% of the vote against Republican nominee Stephen Finger.[71][72]
2008 Edit
Clarke was reelected on November 4 by a large margin.
2010 Edit
Clarke was reelected on November 2 by a large margin.
2012 Edit
Clarke was challenged in the Democratic primary by Sylvia Kinard, an attorney and ex-wife of former New York City Comptroller and mayoral candidate Bill Thompson.[73] Clarke defeated Kinard with 88.3% of the vote.[74] She had $50,000 in her campaign account before the June primary.[75] In the November general election, Clarke defeated Republican nominee Daniel Cavanagh.[76]
2014 Edit
Clarke was reelected with 89.5% of the vote, defeating Cavanagh again.[77]
2016 Edit
Clarke ran unopposed in the primary and defeated Alan Bellone in the November general election with 92.4% of the vote.[78]
2018 Edit
On June 26, Clarke narrowly defeated primary challenger Adem Bunkeddeko with 51.9% of the vote.[79] She defeated Republican nominee Lutchi Gayot in the November 6 general election.[80]
2020 Edit
Clarke faced a four-way Democratic primary against Adem Bunkeddeko, Chaim Deutsch, and former army veteran and Democratic Socialists of America member Isiah James.
See also Edit
References Edit
- ^ "Biography - Congresswoman Yvette Clarke". Congresswoman Yvette Clarke. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
- ^ "The Clarke Family". Observer. 2006-12-18. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
- ^ Celeste Katz, New York Daily News, Daily Politics: Yvette's Education January 4, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, August 23, 2006
- ^ Gangitano, Alex; Gangitano, Alex (2018-07-20). "Clarke Knows the 'Tricks of the Trade' From Her Internship". Roll Call. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
- ^ "Major Owens dies at 77". October 22, 2013.
- ^ a b Healy, Patrick (August 23, 2006). "Yvette Clarke's Oberlin Education". New York Times. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
- ^ Crain's New York Business, Clarke Still Seeking Diploma, March 2, 2011
- ^ Moore, Tina (September 5, 2012). "Rep. Yvette Clarke of Brooklyn tells Stephen Colbert the Dutch enslaved blacks in Brooklyn in 1898". New York Daily News. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
- ^ VoteNY, Biography: Yvette D. Clarke, 2012
- ^ Hicks, Jonathan P. (14 September 2006). "In Her Mother's Footsteps, and Now in Shirley Chisholm's, Too". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
- ^ "CONGRESSWOMAN YVETTE CLARKE DISCUSSES FEDERAL JOB POLICY, FORMER REP. MAJOR OWENS REFLECTS ON THE LIFE OF SHIRLEY CHISHOLM ON URBAN FOCUS". CUNY.edu. February 17, 2010.
- ^ "Brooklyn mother and daughter's political path was a first for city". Retrieved 2018-08-04.
- ^ "The U.S. Congress Votes Database". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
- ^ Rizk, Christie (2007-04-14). "No Hope for Yvette". The Brooklyn Paper. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
- ^ Clarke, Yvette (2009-02-04). "Text - H.R.559 - 111th Congress (2009-2010): FAST Redress Act of 2009". Retrieved 2018-08-04.
- ^ "U.S. Lawmakers to Obama: Press Israel to Ease Gaza Siege". Haaretz. 2010. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
- ^ "ZOA Critical Of The 54 Congressmen Who Signed Letter To Obama Blaming Israeli Blockade For Gaza's Problems". Zionist Organization of America. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
- ^ . Open Congress Organization. March 25, 2010. Archived from the original on December 28, 2010. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
- ^ "H.R. 1501 – Summary". United States Congress. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
- ^ "Congresswoman Clarke Urges Designation Prison Ship Martyrs Monument as a National Monument". Office of Yvette D. Clarke. April 29, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
- ^ "H.R. 3107 – Summary". United States Congress. 29 July 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
- ^ "H.R. 3107 – CBO" (PDF). Congressional Budget Office. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
- ^ Medici, Andy (July 29, 2014). "House passes DHS cyber bills". Federal Times. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
- ^ "Membership". Congressional Black Caucus. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- ^ "Caucus Members". Congressional Progressive Caucus. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
- ^ "Membership". Congressional Arts Caucus. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
- ^ "Congresswoman Clarke's Statement on H.Res.11 - Congresswoman Yvette Clarke". Congresswoman Yvette Clarke. 2017-01-06. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
- ^ "Yvette Clarke takes Step Against Israel, Again". July 3, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
- ^ "Jewish Population by Congressional District". pjvoice.org. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
- ^ Dickter, Adam. "Clarke Gets An Earful On Israel". The Jewish Week. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
- ^ Ileana, Ros-Lehtinen (2009-11-03). "H.Res.867 - 111th Congress (2009-2010): Calling on the President and the Secretary of State to oppose unequivocally any endorsement or further consideration of the "Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict" in multilateral fora". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
- ^ Bronner, Ethan (23 January 2010). "Israel Completing Rebuttal to Goldstone Report". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
- ^ "Congresswoman Yvette D. Clarke Votes Against H. Res. 867 - Congresswoman Yvette Clarke". Congresswoman Yvette Clarke. 2010-12-21. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
- ^ Berman, Yackov (July 30, 2015). "An Open Letter to Congresswoman Yvette Clarke". The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
- ^ "Rep. Clarke Ignores Constituency, Supports Iran Deal". Crown Heights Info. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
- ^ "Locals Reach Out to Rep. Clarke". COLLIVE. August 4, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
- ^ "Crown Heights Jews Campaign Congresswoman to Block Iran Deal". Arutz Sheva. August 4, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
- ^ "Congresswoman Clarke's Statement on the Iran Nuclear Agreement - Congresswoman Yvette Clarke". Congresswoman Yvette Clarke. 2015-08-31. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
- ^ Line, Chabad On (13 March 2015). "Activists Applaud Yvette Clarke". collive. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
- ^ "The Voter's Self Defense System". Vote Smart. Retrieved 2018-09-04.
- ^ a b c "Yvette Clarke's Voting Records". Project Vote Smart. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
- ^ a b c "Yvette Clarke's Ratings and Endorsements - The Voter's Self Defense System - Vote Smart". Project Vote Smart. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
- ^ Gans, Jared (May 31, 2023). "Republicans and Democrats who bucked party leaders by voting no". The Hill. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
- ^ "Paris Talks Must Address the Harm of Climate Change - Congresswoman Yvette Clarke". Congresswoman Yvette Clarke. 2015-12-01. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
- ^ "H.R.2578 - 112th Congress (2011-2012): Conservation and Economic Growth Act". www.congress.gov. 2012-06-20. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
- ^ "H.R.3409 - 112th Congress (2011-2012): Stop the War on Coal Act of 2012". www.congress.gov. 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
- ^ "Yvette D. Clarke on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
- ^ "Congresswoman Welcomes Passage of DREAM Act - CaribWorldNews - Congresswoman Yvette Clarke". Congresswoman Yvette Clarke. 2010-12-21. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
- ^ "DREAM Act dies in Senate". POLITICO. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
- ^ "H.R.6136 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Border Security and Immigration Reform Act of 2018". www.congress.gov. 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
- ^ "OpEd: Protecting the Dream: DACA is a fight over America's soul". NBC News. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
- ^ "Clarke Leads Bipartisan Group of Lawmakers to Protect TPS Migrants - Congresswoman Yvette Clarke". Congresswoman Yvette Clarke. 2017-11-14. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
- ^ "Progressive Democrats introduce bill to abolish ICE". ABC News. 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
- ^ "H.Con.Res. 21: Directing the President, pursuant to section 5(c) of … -- House Vote #136 -- Mar 8, 2023". March 8, 2023.
- ^ "House Votes Down Bill Directing Removal of Troops From Syria". Associated Press. March 8, 2023.
- ^ Dastin, Jeffrey (April 10, 2019). "U.S. lawmakers propose bill to fight bias in tech companies' algorithms". Reuters.
- ^ "Reps. Clarke and Torres Push for Adoption of Multi-Factor Authentication to Reduce Federal Security Risks". 12 January 2022.
- ^ a b "Brooklyn Democrat Makes Slavery Gaffe On 'The Colbert Report'". September 5, 2012.
- ^ King, James (September 5, 2012). "Congresswoman Yvette Clarke On The 1898 Dutch Enslavement Of Brooklyn (That Never Actually Happened)".
- ^ "Rep. Yvette Clarke of Brooklyn tells Stephen Colbert the Dutch enslaved blacks in Brooklyn in 1898". Daily News. New York. September 5, 2012.
- ^ "Yvette Clarke's Spokeswoman Says Colbert Appearance Was Supposed Be Funny".
- ^ Mali, Meghashyam (15 April 2015). "Hillary racks up endorsements for 2016".
- ^ "Clinton Rocks Crown Heights In Women's Town Hall". www.kingscountypolitics.com. 6 April 2016. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
- ^ "OWENS GETS A WARNING FROM CLARKE". NY Daily News. Retrieved 2018-08-07.
- ^ "Caribbean American Involvement In New York City Politics On The Rise". Queens Chronicle. Retrieved 2018-08-07.
- ^ New York State Board of Elections. "Primary Election Kings 2000" (PDF).
- ^ NYC Board of Elections. "Primary Election Kings" (PDF). vote.nyc.ny.us/html/results/2004_previous.shtml. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
- ^ Hicks, Jonathan P. (23 August 2006). "Councilwoman Gains Backing in Congress Race". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
- ^ Bernstein, Adam (October 22, 2013). "Major R. Owens, liberal congressman known as 'Rappin' Rep,' dies at 77". Washington Post.
- ^ Wright Austin, Sharon D. (March 2018). The Caribbeanization of Black politics : race, group consciousness, and political participation in America. Albany. p. 137. ISBN 9781438468099. OCLC 1019835943.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "New York State Board of Elections - Primary Vote Congressional Districts" (PDF). 2006-09-12. Retrieved 2023-08-26.
- ^ "NYS Board of Elections - Congressional Vote" (PDF). 2006-11-07. Retrieved 2023-08-26.
- ^ "Sylvia Kinard Forms Committee for Yvette Clarke Challenge". Observer. 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
- ^ "Congress Election Returns June 26, 2012" (PDF). New York State Board of Elections.
- ^ "Marty for Congress? Don't fuggedaboutit!". Crains New York. 19 March 2012.
- ^ "New York". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
- ^ "New York Election Results". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-07-16.
- ^ "New York U.S. House 9th District Results: Yvette D. Clarke Wins". Retrieved 2018-07-16.
- ^ Almukhtar, Sarah (26 June 2018). "New York Primary Election Results". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-07-16.
- ^ d_evers (2018-06-26). "New York's 2018 congressional primary election results". CSNY. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
External links Edit
- Congresswoman Yvette Clarke official U.S. House website
- Yvette Clarke for Congress
- Yvette Clarke at Curlie
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
- Legislation sponsored at the Library of Congress
- Profile at Vote Smart
- Appearances on C-SPAN