fbpx
Wikipedia

Fasting

March 08, 2023

Fasting is the abstention from eating and sometimes drinking. From a purely physiological context, "fasting" may refer to the metabolic status of a person who has not eaten overnight (see "Breakfast"), or to the metabolic state achieved after complete digestion and absorption of a meal.[1] Metabolic changes in the fasting state begin after absorption of a meal (typically 3–5 hours after eating).

A diagnostic fast refers to prolonged fasting from 1 to 100 hours (depending on age) conducted under observation to facilitate the investigation of a health complication, usually hypoglycemia. Many people may also fast as part of a medical procedure or a check-up, such as preceding a colonoscopy or surgery, or before certain medical tests. Intermittent fasting is a technique sometimes used for weight loss that incorporates regular fasting into a person's dietary schedule. Fasting may also be part of a religious ritual, often associated with specifically scheduled fast days, as determined by the religion.

Health effects

See also: Starvation response, Intermittent fasting, and Autophagy

Fasting may have different results on health in different circumstances. To understand whether loss of appetite (anorexia) during illness was protective or detrimental, researchers in the laboratory of Ruslan Medzhitov at Yale School of Medicine gave carbohydrate to mice with a bacterial or viral illness, or deprived them of carbohydrate. They found that carbohydrate was detrimental to bacterial sepsis. But with viral sepsis or influenza, nutritional supplementation with carbohydrates was beneficial, decreasing mortality, whereas denying glucose to the mice, or blocking its metabolism, was lethal. The researchers put forth hypotheses to explain the findings and called for more research on humans to determine whether our bodies react similarly, depending on whether an illness is bacterial or viral.[2][3]

Alternate-day fasting (alternating between a 24-hour "fast day" when the person eats less than 25% of usual energy needs, followed by a 24-hour non-fasting "feast day" period) has been shown to improve cardiovascular and metabolic biomarkers similarly to a calorie restriction diet in people who are overweight, obese or have metabolic syndrome.[4][5][6][7]

A 2021 review found that moderate alternate-day fasting for two to six months was associated with reductions of body weight, body mass index, and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese adults.[8]

Medical application

See also: Preoperative fasting, Body cleansing, and Nothing by mouth

Fasting is always practised prior to surgery or other procedures that require general anesthesia because of the risk of pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents after induction of anesthesia (i.e., vomiting and inhaling the vomit, causing life-threatening aspiration pneumonia).[9][10][11] Additionally, certain medical tests, such as cholesterol testing (lipid panel) or certain blood glucose measurements require fasting for several hours so that a baseline can be established. In the case of a lipid panel, failure to fast for a full 12 hours (including vitamins) will guarantee an elevated triglyceride measurement.[12]

Mental health

In one review, fasting improved alertness, mood, and subjective feelings of well-being, possibly improving overall symptoms of depression, and boosting cognitive performance.[13]

Weight loss

Main article: Intermittent fasting

Intermittent fasting for periods shorter than 24 hours has been shown to be effective for weight loss in obese and healthy adults and to maintain lean body mass.[14][15][16]

Complications

Main article: Refeeding syndrome

In rare occurrences,[17] dry fasting can lead to the potentially fatal refeeding syndrome upon reinstatement of food intake due to electrolyte imbalance.[18]

Historical medical studies

Fasting was historically studied on population under famine and hunger strikes, which led to the alternative name of "starvation diet", as a diet with 0 calories intake per day.[19][20]

Other effects

See also: Category:Food and drink appreciation

It has been argued that fasting makes one more appreciative of food,[14][21][22][23] and possibly drink.

Political application

Fasting is often used to make a political statement, to protest, or to bring awareness to a cause. A hunger strike is a method of non-violent resistance in which participants fast as an act of political protest, or to provoke feelings of guilt, or to achieve a goal such as a policy change. A spiritual fast incorporates personal spiritual beliefs with the desire to express personal principles, sometimes in the context of social injustice.[24]

The political leader Gandhi undertook several long fasts as political and social protests. Gandhi's fasts had a significant impact on the British Raj and the Indian population generally.[25]

In Northern Ireland in 1981, a prisoner, Bobby Sands, was part of the 1981 Irish hunger strike, protesting for better rights in prison.[26] Sands had just been elected to the British Parliament and died after 66 days of not eating. 100,000 people attended his funeral, and the strike ended only after nine other men died. In all, ten men survived without food for 46 to 73 days.

César Chávez undertook several spiritual fasts, including a 25-day fast in 1968 promoting the principle of nonviolence and a fast of 'thanksgiving and hope' to prepare for pre-arranged civil disobedience by farm workers.[24][27] Chávez regarded a spiritual fast as "a personal spiritual transformation".[28] Other progressive campaigns have adopted the tactic.[29]

Religious views

Main article: Fasting in religion

Fasting is practiced in various religions. Examples include Lent in Christianity; Yom Kippur, Tisha B'av, Fast of Esther, Tzom Gedalia, the Seventeenth of Tamuz, and the Tenth of Tevet in Judaism.[30] Muslims fast during the month of Ramadan each year. The fast includes refraining from consuming any food or liquid from sun up until sundown.

Details of fasting practices differ. Eastern Orthodox Christians fast during specified fasting seasons of the year, which include not only the better-known Great Lent, but also fasts on every Wednesday and Friday (except on special holidays), together with extended fasting periods before Christmas (the Nativity Fast), after Easter (the Apostles Fast) and in early August (the Dormition Fast). Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) generally abstain from food and drink for two consecutive meals in a 24-hour period on the first Sunday of each month.[31]

Like Muslims, they refrain from all drinking and eating unless they are children or are physically unable to fast. Fasting is a feature of ascetic traditions in religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism. Mahayana traditions that follow the Brahma's Net Sutra may recommend that the laity fast "during the six days of fasting each month and the three months of fasting each year".[32] Members of the Baháʼí Faith observe a Nineteen Day Fast from sunrise to sunset during March each year.

In alternative medicine

Although practitioners of alternative medicine promote "cleansing the body" through fasting,[21] the concept of "detoxification“ is marketing myth with few scientific basis for its rationale or efficacy.[33][34]

During the early 20th century, fasting was promoted by alternative health writers such as Hereward Carrington, Edward H. Dewey, Bernarr Macfadden, Frank McCoy, Edward Earle Purinton, Upton Sinclair and Wallace Wattles.[35] All of these writers were either involved in the natural hygiene or new thought movement.[35] Arnold Ehret's pseudoscientific Mucusless Diet Healing System espoused fasting.[36]

Linda Hazzard, a notable quack doctor, put her patients on such strict fasts that some of them died of starvation. She was responsible for the death of more than 40 patients under her care.[37][38]

In 1911, Upton Sinclair authored The Fasting Cure, which made sensational claims of fasting curing practically all diseases, including cancer, syphilis, and tuberculosis.[39][40] Sinclair has been described as "the most credulous of faddists" and his book is considered an example of quackery.[40][41] In 1932, physician Morris Fishbein listed fasting as a fad diet and commented that "prolonged fasting is never necessary and invariably does harm".[42]

See also

References

  1. ^ "fasting | Definition, Description, Types, Benefits, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  2. ^ Andrew Wang; et al. (8 September 2016). "Opposing Effects of Fasting Metabolism on Tissue Tolerance in Bacterial and Viral Inflammation". Cell. 166 (6): 1512–1525.e12. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.026. PMC 5555589. PMID 27610573.
  3. ^ James Hamblin (8 September 2016). "Feed a Cold, Don't Starve It". The Atlantic.
  4. ^ Cioffi I, Evangelista A, Ponzo V, Ciccone G, Soldati L, Santarpia L, et al. (December 2018). "Intermittent versus continuous energy restriction on weight loss and cardiometabolic outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Journal of Translational Medicine (Systematic review). 16 (1): 371. doi:10.1186/s12967-018-1748-4. PMC 6304782. PMID 30583725.
  5. ^ Harris L, Hamilton S, Azevedo LB, Olajide J, De Brún C, Waller G, et al. (February 2018). "Intermittent fasting interventions for treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis" (PDF). JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports. 16 (2): 507–547. doi:10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003248. PMID 29419624. S2CID 46780578. (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  6. ^ Mattson MP, Longo VD, Harvie M (October 2017). "Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes". Ageing Research Reviews. 39: 46–58. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2016.10.005. PMC 5411330. PMID 27810402.
  7. ^ Papamichou D, Panagiotakos DB, Itsiopoulos C (June 2019). "Dietary patterns and management of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials". Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases (Systematic review). 29 (6): 531–543. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2019.02.004. PMID 30952576. S2CID 86497236.
  8. ^ Patikorn, Chanthawat; Roubal, Kiera; Veettil, Sajesh K.; Chandran, Viji; Pham, Tuan; Lee, Yeong Yeh; Giovannucci, Edward L.; Varady, Krista A.; Chaiyakunapruk, Nathorn (17 December 2021). "Intermittent fasting and obesity-related health outcomes: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials". JAMA Network Open. 4 (12): e2139558. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.39558. ISSN 2574-3805. PMC 8683964. PMID 34919135.
  9. ^ "Do You Need to Starve Before Surgery? – ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. 25 March 2009. from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  10. ^ Norman, Dr (17 April 2003). "Fasting before surgery – Health & Wellbeing". Abc.net.au. from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  11. ^ . Yestheyrefake.net. 1 January 1994. Archived from the original on 12 November 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  12. ^ "Lowering High TRIGLYCERIDES and Raising HDL Naturally – Full of Health Inc". Reducetriglycerides.com. from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  13. ^ Fond, G; MacGregor, A; Leboyer, M; Michalsen, A (2013). "Fasting in mood disorders: Neurobiology and effectiveness. A review of the literature". Psychiatry Research. 209 (3): 253–8. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.018. PMID 23332541. S2CID 39700065. from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  14. ^ a b Whitney, Eleanor Noss; Rolfes, Sharon Rady (27 July 2012). Understanding Nutrition. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1133587521. from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  15. ^ Shils, Maurice Edward; Shike, Moshe (2006). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781741330. from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  16. ^ Anton, Stephen D; Moehl, Keelin; Donahoo, William T; Marosi, Krisztina; Lee, Stephanie A; Mainous, Arch G; Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan; Mattson, Mark P (2017). "Flipping the Metabolic Switch: Understanding and Applying the Health Benefits of Fasting". Obesity. 26 (2): 254–268. doi:10.1002/oby.22065. PMC 5783752. PMID 29086496.
  17. ^ Moore, Jimmy; Fung, Jason (2016). The Complete Guide to Fasting: Heal Your Body Through Intermittent, Alternate-Day, and Extended Fasting. Simon and Schuster. p. 232. ISBN 9781628600018. from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  18. ^ McCue, Marshall D. (2012). Comparative Physiology of Fasting, Starvation, and Food Limitation. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 15. ISBN 9783642290565. from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  19. ^ Johnstone, A (May 2015). "Fasting for weight loss: an effective strategy or latest dieting trend?". International Journal of Obesity (Review). 39 (5): 727–33. doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.214. PMID 25540982. S2CID 24033290.
  20. ^ Ahmed, W; Flynn, MA; Alpert, MA (April 2001). "Cardiovascular complications of weight reduction diets". The American Journal of the Medical Sciences (Review). 321 (4): 280–4. doi:10.1097/00000441-200104000-00007. PMID 11307868.
  21. ^ a b Russell, Sharman Apt; Russell, Sharman (1 August 2008). Hunger: An Unnatural History. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0786722396. from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  22. ^ Leonhardt, David (2013). Nine Habits of Happiness. DoctorZed Publishing. ISBN 9780980625998. from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  23. ^ "Vegetarian Times". Active Interest Media, Inc. 1 October 1985. from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  24. ^ a b Garcia, M. (2007) The Gospel of Cesar Chavez: My Faith in Action Sheed & Ward Publishing p. 103
  25. ^ Harinarayanan, A. (1986). "GANDHI'S FASTS : AN ANALYSIS (Summary)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 47: 696–698. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44141630.
  26. ^ ON THIS DAY 1981: Violence erupts at Irish hunger strike protest 17 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News
  27. ^ Shaw, R. (2008)Beyond the Fields: Cesar Chavez, the UFW, and the struggle for justice in the 21st century University of California Press, p.92
  28. ^ Espinosa, G. Garcia, M Mexican American Religions:Spirituality activism and culture(2008) Duke University Press, p 108
  29. ^ Shaw, R. (2008)Beyond the Fields: Cesar Chavez, the UFW, and the struggle for justice in the 21st century University of California Press, p.93
  30. ^ . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  31. ^ https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/bc/content/ldsorg/topics/fasting-and-fast-offerings/PD60001350_TMP_2016%20LeadMtg_The%20Law%20of%20the%20Fast_9-15-16%20KW.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  32. ^ Brahma's Net Sutra, minor precept 30
  33. ^ Porter, Sian (May 2016). "Detox diets" (PDF). British Dietetic Association. (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2019. The whole idea of detox is nonsense. The body is a well-developed system that has its own built-in mechanisms to detoxify and remove waste and toxins. Our body constantly filters out, breaks down and excretes toxins and waste products like alcohol, medications, products of digestion, dead cells, chemicals from pollution and bacteria
  34. ^ David Gorski (23 May 2011). "Fashionably toxic". Science-Based Medicine. from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  35. ^ a b Griffith, R. Marie. (2000). Apostles of Abstinence: Fasting and Masculinity during the Progressive Era. American Quarterly 52 (4): 599-638.
  36. ^ Kuske, Terrence T. (1983). Quackery and Fad Diets 20 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. In Elaine B. Feldman. Nutrition in the Middle and Later Years. John Wright & Sons. pp. 291-303. ISBN 0-7236-7046-3
  37. ^ Hall, Harriett. (2016). "Natural Medicine, Starvation, and Murder: The Story of Linda Hazzard" 1 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  38. ^ "Linda Hazzard: The “Starvation Doctor”" 1 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  39. ^ Nash, Jay R. (1982). Zanies: The World's Greatest Eccentrics. New Century Publishers. p. 339. ISBN 978-0832901232
  40. ^ a b Gratzer, Walter. (2005). Terrors of the Table: The Curious History of Nutrition. Oxford University Press. p. 201. ISBN 0-19-280661-0
  41. ^ Kang, Lydia; Pedersen, Nate. (2017). Quackery: A Brief History of the Worst Ways to Cure Everything. Workman Publishing. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-7611-8981-7
  42. ^ Fishbein, Morris. (1932). Fads and Quackery in Healing: An Analysis of the Foibles of the Healing Cults. New York: Covici Friede. p. 253

Further reading

  • Francis Gano Benedict. (1915). A Study of Prolonged Fasting. Carnegie Institution of Washington.
  • Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne (1900). "Day 28: Of Fasting" . The Sermon on the Mount. Longmans, Green, and Co.
  • Joan Jacobs Brumberg. (1988). Fasting Girls: The Emergence of Anorexia Nervosa As a Modern Disease. Harvard University Press.
  • Caroline Walker Bynum. (1987). Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06329-7
  • John Arthur Glaze. (1928). Psychological Effects of Fasting. American Journal of Psychology 40 (2): 236–253.
  • A. M. Johnstone. (2007). Fasting – the ultimate diet?. Obesity Reviews 8 (3): 211–222.
  • Walter Vandereycken, Ron Van Deth. (2001). From Fasting Saints to Anorexic Girls: The History of Self-Starvation. Bloomsbury Academic.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fasting.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Fasting.

March 08, 2023
fasting, abstention, from, eating, sometimes, drinking, from, purely, physiological, context, fasting, refer, metabolic, status, person, eaten, overnight, breakfast, metabolic, state, achieved, after, complete, digestion, absorption, meal, metabolic, changes, . Fasting is the abstention from eating and sometimes drinking From a purely physiological context fasting may refer to the metabolic status of a person who has not eaten overnight see Breakfast or to the metabolic state achieved after complete digestion and absorption of a meal 1 Metabolic changes in the fasting state begin after absorption of a meal typically 3 5 hours after eating A diagnostic fast refers to prolonged fasting from 1 to 100 hours depending on age conducted under observation to facilitate the investigation of a health complication usually hypoglycemia Many people may also fast as part of a medical procedure or a check up such as preceding a colonoscopy or surgery or before certain medical tests Intermittent fasting is a technique sometimes used for weight loss that incorporates regular fasting into a person s dietary schedule Fasting may also be part of a religious ritual often associated with specifically scheduled fast days as determined by the religion Contents 1 Health effects 1 1 Medical application 1 2 Mental health 1 3 Weight loss 1 4 Complications 1 5 Historical medical studies 2 Other effects 3 Political application 4 Religious views 5 In alternative medicine 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksHealth effects EditSee also Starvation response Intermittent fasting and Autophagy Fasting may have different results on health in different circumstances To understand whether loss of appetite anorexia during illness was protective or detrimental researchers in the laboratory of Ruslan Medzhitov at Yale School of Medicine gave carbohydrate to mice with a bacterial or viral illness or deprived them of carbohydrate They found that carbohydrate was detrimental to bacterial sepsis But with viral sepsis or influenza nutritional supplementation with carbohydrates was beneficial decreasing mortality whereas denying glucose to the mice or blocking its metabolism was lethal The researchers put forth hypotheses to explain the findings and called for more research on humans to determine whether our bodies react similarly depending on whether an illness is bacterial or viral 2 3 Alternate day fasting alternating between a 24 hour fast day when the person eats less than 25 of usual energy needs followed by a 24 hour non fasting feast day period has been shown to improve cardiovascular and metabolic biomarkers similarly to a calorie restriction diet in people who are overweight obese or have metabolic syndrome 4 5 6 7 A 2021 review found that moderate alternate day fasting for two to six months was associated with reductions of body weight body mass index and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese adults 8 Medical application Edit See also Preoperative fasting Body cleansing and Nothing by mouth Fasting is always practised prior to surgery or other procedures that require general anesthesia because of the risk of pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents after induction of anesthesia i e vomiting and inhaling the vomit causing life threatening aspiration pneumonia 9 10 11 Additionally certain medical tests such as cholesterol testing lipid panel or certain blood glucose measurements require fasting for several hours so that a baseline can be established In the case of a lipid panel failure to fast for a full 12 hours including vitamins will guarantee an elevated triglyceride measurement 12 Mental health Edit In one review fasting improved alertness mood and subjective feelings of well being possibly improving overall symptoms of depression and boosting cognitive performance 13 Weight loss Edit Main article Intermittent fasting Intermittent fasting for periods shorter than 24 hours has been shown to be effective for weight loss in obese and healthy adults and to maintain lean body mass 14 15 16 Complications Edit Main article Refeeding syndrome In rare occurrences 17 dry fasting can lead to the potentially fatal refeeding syndrome upon reinstatement of food intake due to electrolyte imbalance 18 Historical medical studies Edit Fasting was historically studied on population under famine and hunger strikes which led to the alternative name of starvation diet as a diet with 0 calories intake per day 19 20 Other effects EditSee also Category Food and drink appreciation It has been argued that fasting makes one more appreciative of food 14 21 22 23 and possibly drink Political application EditFasting is often used to make a political statement to protest or to bring awareness to a cause A hunger strike is a method of non violent resistance in which participants fast as an act of political protest or to provoke feelings of guilt or to achieve a goal such as a policy change A spiritual fast incorporates personal spiritual beliefs with the desire to express personal principles sometimes in the context of social injustice 24 The political leader Gandhi undertook several long fasts as political and social protests Gandhi s fasts had a significant impact on the British Raj and the Indian population generally 25 In Northern Ireland in 1981 a prisoner Bobby Sands was part of the 1981 Irish hunger strike protesting for better rights in prison 26 Sands had just been elected to the British Parliament and died after 66 days of not eating 100 000 people attended his funeral and the strike ended only after nine other men died In all ten men survived without food for 46 to 73 days Cesar Chavez undertook several spiritual fasts including a 25 day fast in 1968 promoting the principle of nonviolence and a fast of thanksgiving and hope to prepare for pre arranged civil disobedience by farm workers 24 27 Chavez regarded a spiritual fast as a personal spiritual transformation 28 Other progressive campaigns have adopted the tactic 29 Religious views EditMain article Fasting in religion Fasting is practiced in various religions Examples include Lent in Christianity Yom Kippur Tisha B av Fast of Esther Tzom Gedalia the Seventeenth of Tamuz and the Tenth of Tevet in Judaism 30 Muslims fast during the month of Ramadan each year The fast includes refraining from consuming any food or liquid from sun up until sundown Details of fasting practices differ Eastern Orthodox Christians fast during specified fasting seasons of the year which include not only the better known Great Lent but also fasts on every Wednesday and Friday except on special holidays together with extended fasting periods before Christmas the Nativity Fast after Easter the Apostles Fast and in early August the Dormition Fast Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints Mormons generally abstain from food and drink for two consecutive meals in a 24 hour period on the first Sunday of each month 31 Like Muslims they refrain from all drinking and eating unless they are children or are physically unable to fast Fasting is a feature of ascetic traditions in religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism Mahayana traditions that follow the Brahma s Net Sutra may recommend that the laity fast during the six days of fasting each month and the three months of fasting each year 32 Members of the Bahaʼi Faith observe a Nineteen Day Fast from sunrise to sunset during March each year In alternative medicine EditAlthough practitioners of alternative medicine promote cleansing the body through fasting 21 the concept of detoxification is marketing myth with few scientific basis for its rationale or efficacy 33 34 During the early 20th century fasting was promoted by alternative health writers such as Hereward Carrington Edward H Dewey Bernarr Macfadden Frank McCoy Edward Earle Purinton Upton Sinclair and Wallace Wattles 35 All of these writers were either involved in the natural hygiene or new thought movement 35 Arnold Ehret s pseudoscientific Mucusless Diet Healing System espoused fasting 36 Linda Hazzard a notable quack doctor put her patients on such strict fasts that some of them died of starvation She was responsible for the death of more than 40 patients under her care 37 38 In 1911 Upton Sinclair authored The Fasting Cure which made sensational claims of fasting curing practically all diseases including cancer syphilis and tuberculosis 39 40 Sinclair has been described as the most credulous of faddists and his book is considered an example of quackery 40 41 In 1932 physician Morris Fishbein listed fasting as a fad diet and commented that prolonged fasting is never necessary and invariably does harm 42 See also Edit Science portal Medicine portal Food portal Religion portalAngus Barbieri s fast Anorexia mirabilis Anorexia nervosa Asceticism Autophagy Black Fast Break fast Calorie restriction Fasting in Jainism Force feeding Inedia Ketosis List of diets List of fasting advocates List of ineffective cancer treatments Poustinia Protein sparing modified fast Santhara Simple living Starvation Starvation response Superstition Superstition and psychology Taboo food and drink Vegetarianism and religion Weight lossReferences Edit fasting Definition Description Types Benefits amp Facts Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 28 October 2021 Andrew Wang et al 8 September 2016 Opposing Effects of Fasting Metabolism on Tissue Tolerance in Bacterial and Viral Inflammation Cell 166 6 1512 1525 e12 doi 10 1016 j cell 2016 07 026 PMC 5555589 PMID 27610573 James Hamblin 8 September 2016 Feed a Cold Don t Starve It The Atlantic Cioffi I Evangelista A Ponzo V Ciccone G Soldati L Santarpia L et al December 2018 Intermittent versus continuous energy restriction on weight loss and cardiometabolic outcomes a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials Journal of Translational Medicine Systematic review 16 1 371 doi 10 1186 s12967 018 1748 4 PMC 6304782 PMID 30583725 Harris L Hamilton S Azevedo LB Olajide J De Brun C Waller G et al February 2018 Intermittent fasting interventions for treatment of overweight and obesity in adults a systematic review and meta analysis PDF JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports 16 2 507 547 doi 10 11124 JBISRIR 2016 003248 PMID 29419624 S2CID 46780578 Archived PDF from the original on 30 October 2019 Retrieved 23 October 2019 Mattson MP Longo VD Harvie M October 2017 Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes Ageing Research Reviews 39 46 58 doi 10 1016 j arr 2016 10 005 PMC 5411330 PMID 27810402 Papamichou D Panagiotakos DB Itsiopoulos C June 2019 Dietary patterns and management of type 2 diabetes A systematic review of randomised clinical trials Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases Systematic review 29 6 531 543 doi 10 1016 j numecd 2019 02 004 PMID 30952576 S2CID 86497236 Patikorn Chanthawat Roubal Kiera Veettil Sajesh K Chandran Viji Pham Tuan Lee Yeong Yeh Giovannucci Edward L Varady Krista A Chaiyakunapruk Nathorn 17 December 2021 Intermittent fasting and obesity related health outcomes An umbrella review of meta analyses of randomized clinical trials JAMA Network Open 4 12 e2139558 doi 10 1001 jamanetworkopen 2021 39558 ISSN 2574 3805 PMC 8683964 PMID 34919135 Do You Need to Starve Before Surgery ABC News Abcnews go com 25 March 2009 Archived from the original on 8 February 2011 Retrieved 18 October 2010 Norman Dr 17 April 2003 Fasting before surgery Health amp Wellbeing Abc net au Archived from the original on 29 May 2010 Retrieved 18 October 2010 Anesthesia Information full edition From Yes They re Fake Yestheyrefake net 1 January 1994 Archived from the original on 12 November 2010 Retrieved 18 October 2010 Lowering High TRIGLYCERIDES and Raising HDL Naturally Full of Health Inc Reducetriglycerides com Archived from the original on 15 July 2011 Retrieved 18 October 2010 Fond G MacGregor A Leboyer M Michalsen A 2013 Fasting in mood disorders Neurobiology and effectiveness A review of the literature Psychiatry Research 209 3 253 8 doi 10 1016 j psychres 2012 12 018 PMID 23332541 S2CID 39700065 Archived from the original on 17 June 2018 Retrieved 4 November 2018 a b Whitney Eleanor Noss Rolfes Sharon Rady 27 July 2012 Understanding Nutrition Cengage Learning ISBN 978 1133587521 Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 Retrieved 22 January 2017 Shils Maurice Edward Shike Moshe 2006 Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins ISBN 9780781741330 Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 Retrieved 22 January 2017 Anton Stephen D Moehl Keelin Donahoo William T Marosi Krisztina Lee Stephanie A Mainous Arch G Leeuwenburgh Christiaan Mattson Mark P 2017 Flipping the Metabolic Switch Understanding and Applying the Health Benefits of Fasting Obesity 26 2 254 268 doi 10 1002 oby 22065 PMC 5783752 PMID 29086496 Moore Jimmy Fung Jason 2016 The Complete Guide to Fasting Heal Your Body Through Intermittent Alternate Day and Extended Fasting Simon and Schuster p 232 ISBN 9781628600018 Archived from the original on 27 December 2019 Retrieved 1 August 2017 McCue Marshall D 2012 Comparative Physiology of Fasting Starvation and Food Limitation Springer Science amp Business Media p 15 ISBN 9783642290565 Archived from the original on 1 January 2020 Retrieved 1 August 2017 Johnstone A May 2015 Fasting for weight loss an effective strategy or latest dieting trend International Journal of Obesity Review 39 5 727 33 doi 10 1038 ijo 2014 214 PMID 25540982 S2CID 24033290 Ahmed W Flynn MA Alpert MA April 2001 Cardiovascular complications of weight reduction diets The American Journal of the Medical Sciences Review 321 4 280 4 doi 10 1097 00000441 200104000 00007 PMID 11307868 a b Russell Sharman Apt Russell Sharman 1 August 2008 Hunger An Unnatural History Basic Books ISBN 978 0786722396 Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 Retrieved 22 January 2017 Leonhardt David 2013 Nine Habits of Happiness DoctorZed Publishing ISBN 9780980625998 Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 Retrieved 22 January 2017 Vegetarian Times Active Interest Media Inc 1 October 1985 Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 Retrieved 22 January 2017 a b Garcia M 2007 The Gospel of Cesar Chavez My Faith in Action Sheed amp Ward Publishing p 103 Harinarayanan A 1986 GANDHI S FASTS AN ANALYSIS Summary Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 47 696 698 ISSN 2249 1937 JSTOR 44141630 ON THIS DAY 1981 Violence erupts at Irish hunger strike protest Archived 17 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine BBC News Shaw R 2008 Beyond the Fields Cesar Chavez the UFW and the struggle for justice in the 21st century University of California Press p 92 Espinosa G Garcia M Mexican American Religions Spirituality activism and culture 2008 Duke University Press p 108 Shaw R 2008 Beyond the Fields Cesar Chavez the UFW and the struggle for justice in the 21st century University of California Press p 93 History of the Fast Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 Retrieved 14 February 2016 https www churchofjesuschrist org bc content ldsorg topics fasting and fast offerings PD60001350 TMP 2016 20LeadMtg The 20Law 20of 20the 20Fast 9 15 16 20KW pdf bare URL PDF Brahma s Net Sutra minor precept 30 Porter Sian May 2016 Detox diets PDF British Dietetic Association Archived PDF from the original on 17 October 2016 Retrieved 29 January 2019 The whole idea of detox is nonsense The body is a well developed system that has its own built in mechanisms to detoxify and remove waste and toxins Our body constantly filters out breaks down and excretes toxins and waste products like alcohol medications products of digestion dead cells chemicals from pollution and bacteria David Gorski 23 May 2011 Fashionably toxic Science Based Medicine Archived from the original on 30 January 2019 Retrieved 29 January 2019 a b Griffith R Marie 2000 Apostles of Abstinence Fasting and Masculinity during the Progressive Era American Quarterly 52 4 599 638 Kuske Terrence T 1983 Quackery and Fad Diets Archived 20 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine In Elaine B Feldman Nutrition in the Middle and Later Years John Wright amp Sons pp 291 303 ISBN 0 7236 7046 3 Hall Harriett 2016 Natural Medicine Starvation and Murder The Story of Linda Hazzard Archived 1 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine Science Based Medicine Retrieved 1 May 2019 Linda Hazzard The Starvation Doctor Archived 1 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 1 May 2019 Nash Jay R 1982 Zanies The World s Greatest Eccentrics New Century Publishers p 339 ISBN 978 0832901232 a b Gratzer Walter 2005 Terrors of the Table The Curious History of Nutrition Oxford University Press p 201 ISBN 0 19 280661 0 Kang Lydia Pedersen Nate 2017 Quackery A Brief History of the Worst Ways to Cure Everything Workman Publishing p 265 ISBN 978 0 7611 8981 7 Fishbein Morris 1932 Fads and Quackery in Healing An Analysis of the Foibles of the Healing Cults New York Covici Friede p 253Further reading EditFrancis Gano Benedict 1915 A Study of Prolonged Fasting Carnegie Institution of Washington Bossuet Jacques Benigne 1900 Day 28 Of Fasting The Sermon on the Mount Longmans Green and Co Joan Jacobs Brumberg 1988 Fasting Girls The Emergence of Anorexia Nervosa As a Modern Disease Harvard University Press Caroline Walker Bynum 1987 Holy Feast and Holy Fast The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 06329 7 John Arthur Glaze 1928 Psychological Effects of Fasting American Journal of Psychology 40 2 236 253 A M Johnstone 2007 Fasting the ultimate diet Obesity Reviews 8 3 211 222 Walter Vandereycken Ron Van Deth 2001 From Fasting Saints to Anorexic Girls The History of Self Starvation Bloomsbury Academic External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fasting Wikiquote has quotations related to Fasting Fasting at Curlie Fasting Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 10 11th ed 1911 pp 193 198 Fast New International Encyclopedia 1905 O Neill James David 1909 Fast Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 5 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fasting amp oldid 1141603095, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.