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Verbena bonariensis

December 07, 2023

This is about the Verbena bonariensis described by Linnaeus. See also below for a common misapplication of this taxon.

Verbena bonariensis, the purpletop vervain, clustertop vervain, Argentinian vervain,[2] tall verbena or pretty verbena, is a member of the verbena family cultivated as a flowering annual or herbaceous perennial plant. In USA horticulture, it is also known by the ambiguous names purpletop (also used for the grass Tridens flavus) and South American vervain (which can mean any of the numerous species in the genus Verbena occurring in that continent). For the misapplication "Brazilian verbena" see below.

Verbena bonariensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Verbenaceae
Genus: Verbena
Species:
V. bonariensis
Binomial name
Verbena bonariensis
Synonyms[1]
  • Verbena bonariensis f. albiflora Moldenke
  • Verbena bonariensis var. conglomerata Briq.
  • Verbena bonariensis var. longibracteata Kuntze
  • Verbena bonariensis f. robustior Chodat
  • Verbena elongata Salisb.
  • Verbena inamoena Briq.
  • Verbena intercedens Briq.
  • Verbena trichotoma Moench

It is native to tropical South America where it grows throughout most of the warm regions, from Colombia and Brazil to Argentina and Chile.

Description edit

Verbena bonariensis is a tall and slender-stemmed perennial. It can grow to 6 ft (180 cm) tall and can spread to 3 ft (90 cm) wide. At maturity, it will develop a woody base. Fragrant lavender to rose-purple flowers are in tight clusters located on terminal and axillary stems, blooming from mid-summer until fall frost. The stem is square with very long internodes. Leaves are ovate to ovate-lanceolate with a toothed margin and grow up to 4 in (10 cm) long.

Etymology edit

Verbena is derived from Latin, meaning ‘sacred bough’, in reference to the leafy twigs of vervaine (Verbena officinalis) which were historically carried by priests, used in wreaths for druidic rituals, and for medicine. Named by Virgil and Pliny the Elder. The common name, vervaine, comes from the Celtic name, ‘ferfain’.[3]

Its specific epithet bonariensis means ‘from Buenos Aires, Argentina’. ‘Buenos’ means ‘good’ and ‘aires’ means ‘air’ (‘good air’).[3][4]

Taxonomy and systematics edit

Verbena bonariensis is a member of the South American vervains, which are polyploid and have more than 14 chromosomes. Among these, it is part of a lineage which might also include Verbena intermedia and seems well distant from Verbena litoralis or Verbena montevidensis for example.[5]

Sometimes, the name Verbena brasiliensis, Brazilian verbena or Brazilian vervain, is found for this species.[6] However, this is the result of a mix-up with V. brasiliensis, the "true" Brazilian verbena, which has been erroneously referred to as V. bonariaensis by several botanists.[7]

Subspecies edit

There are two named subspecies:[8][citation needed]

  • Verbena bonariensis subsp. bonariensis L.
  • Verbena bonariensis subsp. conglomerata Briq.

Cultivation edit

 

V. bonariensis is cultivated as an ornamental plant for traditional and drought tolerant and 'pollinator-host' gardens and parks.

It is a perennial, hardy in USDA Zones 7-11. It can be grown as an annual in areas where it is not winter hardy and will bloom in the first year when grown from seed. Its long internodes give it a sparse appearance but allow it to intermingle and coexist with other plants. The flowers which appear in mid- to late summer, are very attractive to butterflies, and provide nectar for native bees and many beneficial garden insects.

This species grows best in a well-drained soil. It prefers full sun to partial shade and needs regular moisture. It has a reputation of rarely being attacked by insect pests, but may be susceptible to powdery mildew. V. bonariensis is commonly grown from seed which germinates readily without pre-treatment, but can also be propagated from herbaceous stem cuttings.

It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[9][10]

 

Invasive species edit

V. bonariensis self-seeds readily. This ability has raised concerns that it may become an invasive species and noxious weed in favorable habitats.[11] It has naturalized in a number of southern United States.

Presently, the plant is on the invasive species watchlist for Washington state,[12] naturalized in tropical and southern Africa, temperate Asia, Australia, New Zealand, the United States (including Hawaii), the West Indies, Macaronesia and the Mascarene Islands. According to Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk, it is considered a weed in Fiji, New Guinea and other South Pacific islands.[13]

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ Verbena bonariensis L.. POWO (2022). Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet. Retrieved 05 July 2022.
  2. ^ (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  3. ^ a b Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521866453 (hardback), ISBN 9780521685535 (paperback). pp 74, 399
  4. ^ CalFlora Botanical Names
  5. ^ Yuan & Olmstead (2008)
  6. ^ E.g. USDA (2007)
  7. ^ UDSA (2008a)
  8. ^ ITIS [2000]
  9. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Verbena bonariensis". Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  10. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 106. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  11. ^ "Verbena bonariensis Risk". California Invasive Plant Council. 2017-10-15. Retrieved 2020-03-16.
  12. ^ WSNWCB (2007)
  13. ^ Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: V. bonariensis

References edit

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Verbena bonariensis.
  • Missouri Botanical Garden Kemper Center for Home Gardening - Verbena bonariensis (Purpletop)
  • Verbena bonariensis - Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Database
  • Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk

December 07, 2023
verbena, bonariensis, this, about, thedescribed, linnaeus, also, below, common, misapplication, this, taxon, purpletop, vervain, clustertop, vervain, argentinian, vervain, tall, verbena, pretty, verbena, member, verbena, family, cultivated, flowering, annual, . This is about theVerbena bonariensisdescribed by Linnaeus See also below for a common misapplication of this taxon Verbena bonariensis the purpletop vervain clustertop vervain Argentinian vervain 2 tall verbena or pretty verbena is a member of the verbena family cultivated as a flowering annual or herbaceous perennial plant In USA horticulture it is also known by the ambiguous names purpletop also used for the grass Tridens flavus and South American vervain which can mean any of the numerous species in the genus Verbena occurring in that continent For the misapplication Brazilian verbena see below Verbena bonariensisScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade AsteridsOrder LamialesFamily VerbenaceaeGenus VerbenaSpecies V bonariensisBinomial nameVerbena bonariensisL Synonyms 1 Verbena bonariensis f albiflora MoldenkeVerbena bonariensis var conglomerata Briq Verbena bonariensis var longibracteata KuntzeVerbena bonariensis f robustior ChodatVerbena elongata Salisb Verbena inamoena Briq Verbena intercedens Briq Verbena trichotoma MoenchIt is native to tropical South America where it grows throughout most of the warm regions from Colombia and Brazil to Argentina and Chile Contents 1 Description 2 Etymology 3 Taxonomy and systematics 3 1 Subspecies 4 Cultivation 5 Invasive species 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 External linksDescription editVerbena bonariensis is a tall and slender stemmed perennial It can grow to 6 ft 180 cm tall and can spread to 3 ft 90 cm wide At maturity it will develop a woody base Fragrant lavender to rose purple flowers are in tight clusters located on terminal and axillary stems blooming from mid summer until fall frost The stem is square with very long internodes Leaves are ovate to ovate lanceolate with a toothed margin and grow up to 4 in 10 cm long Etymology editVerbena is derived from Latin meaning sacred bough in reference to the leafy twigs of vervaine Verbena officinalis which were historically carried by priests used in wreaths for druidic rituals and for medicine Named by Virgil and Pliny the Elder The common name vervaine comes from the Celtic name ferfain 3 Its specific epithet bonariensis means from Buenos Aires Argentina Buenos means good and aires means air good air 3 4 Taxonomy and systematics editVerbena bonariensis is a member of the South American vervains which are polyploid and have more than 14 chromosomes Among these it is part of a lineage which might also include Verbena intermedia and seems well distant from Verbena litoralis or Verbena montevidensis for example 5 Sometimes the name Verbena brasiliensis Brazilian verbena or Brazilian vervain is found for this species 6 However this is the result of a mix up with V brasiliensis the true Brazilian verbena which has been erroneously referred to as V bonariaensis by several botanists 7 Subspecies edit There are two named subspecies 8 citation needed Verbena bonariensis subsp bonariensis L Verbena bonariensis subsp conglomerata Briq Cultivation edit nbsp V bonariensis is cultivated as an ornamental plant for traditional and drought tolerant and pollinator host gardens and parks It is a perennial hardy in USDA Zones 7 11 It can be grown as an annual in areas where it is not winter hardy and will bloom in the first year when grown from seed Its long internodes give it a sparse appearance but allow it to intermingle and coexist with other plants The flowers which appear in mid to late summer are very attractive to butterflies and provide nectar for native bees and many beneficial garden insects This species grows best in a well drained soil It prefers full sun to partial shade and needs regular moisture It has a reputation of rarely being attacked by insect pests but may be susceptible to powdery mildew V bonariensis is commonly grown from seed which germinates readily without pre treatment but can also be propagated from herbaceous stem cuttings It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society s Award of Garden Merit 9 10 nbsp Invasive species editV bonariensis self seeds readily This ability has raised concerns that it may become an invasive species and noxious weed in favorable habitats 11 It has naturalized in a number of southern United States Presently the plant is on the invasive species watchlist for Washington state 12 naturalized in tropical and southern Africa temperate Asia Australia New Zealand the United States including Hawaii the West Indies Macaronesia and the Mascarene Islands According to Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk it is considered a weed in Fiji New Guinea and other South Pacific islands 13 Footnotes edit Verbena bonariensis L POWO 2022 Plants of the World Online Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Published on the Internet Retrieved 05 July 2022 BSBI List 2007 xls Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland Archived from the original xls on 2015 06 26 Retrieved 2014 10 17 a b Gledhill David 2008 The Names of Plants Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521866453 hardback ISBN 9780521685535 paperback pp 74 399 CalFlora Botanical Names Yuan amp Olmstead 2008 E g USDA 2007 UDSA 2008a ITIS 2000 RHS Plant Selector Verbena bonariensis Retrieved 21 August 2023 AGM Plants Ornamental PDF Royal Horticultural Society July 2017 p 106 Retrieved 5 February 2019 Verbena bonariensis Risk California Invasive Plant Council 2017 10 15 Retrieved 2020 03 16 WSNWCB 2007 Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk V bonariensisReferences editBailey L H 1951 Verbena bonariensis In Manual of Cultivated Plants 840 Macmillan Publishing Company Verbena bonariensis Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved August 7 2008 Verbena bonariensis Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 2008 08 07 Verbena brasiliensis Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 2008 08 07 United States Department of Agriculture USDA 2008b USDA Plants Profile Verbena bonariensis Retrieved 2008 AUG 07 Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board WSNWCB 2007 Tall Verbena Purple Top Cluster Flower Vervain Version of 2007 MAR 31 Retrieved 2008 AUG 07 Yuan Yao Wu amp Olmstead Richard G 2008 A species level phylogenetic study of the Verbena complex Verbenaceae indicates two independent intergeneric chloroplast transfers Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48 1 23 33 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2008 04 004External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Verbena bonariensis Missouri Botanical Garden Kemper Center for Home Gardening Verbena bonariensis Purpletop Verbena bonariensis Dr Duke s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Database Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Verbena bonariensis amp oldid 1171485938, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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