Ustaše in Australia

At the end of World War II in 1945, members of the fascist Croatian ultranationalist Ustaše regime from the collapsed Nazi puppet state of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) fled from the Balkan region to avoid imprisonment and execution at the hands of the Yugoslav Partisans. With the help of Western authorities, who now viewed the fiercely anti-communist stance of the Ustaše favourably in the emerging Cold War, thousands of members of the regime were allowed to migrate to other countries, including Australia.^{[7][page needed]}

Ustaše in Australia
Local leaders	Fabijan Lovokovic Srecko Rover Anton Butkovic Jure Maric Ante Saric Miroslav Varos Rocque Romac (Osvald Toth) Blaz Kraljevic Nikola Stedul Stjepan Kardum
Founded	1950
Branches	Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Croatian National Resistance
Ideology	Croatian irredentism^[1]^[2] Croatian ultranationalism^[3] Corporate statism^[3] Anti-Serb sentiment^[4] National Catholicism^[5]
Political position	Far-right
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Colours	White   Blue   Red   Black
Slogan	"Za dom spremni"^[6] ("For the Homeland-Ready!")
Flags utilised

Despite the post-war Menzies government having the knowledge that the Ustaše were responsible for carrying out genocide against Serbs, Jews and Romani, as well as murdering anti-fascist Croats, they were allowed to obtain citizenship and establish themselves during the 1950s and 60s to fund and organise various terrorist activities within Australia and abroad with the aim of destabilising the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.^{[7][page needed]}

After a crack-down on Ustaše activities in Australia after 1972, their involvement in large-scale violent acts mostly ceased. However, the continued strong infiltration of Ustaša ideology into the Croatian-Australian community assisted significantly to the creation of neo-Ustaše para-military units which were actively utilised in the Yugoslav region during Croatian War of Independence of the early 1990s. These units were responsible for some of the worst of mass killings of civilians during that conflict.^{[7][page needed]}

Even since Croatian independence, far-right Ustaše ideology has been able to persist as a significant part of Croatian-Australian public society well into the 21st Century. Portraits of the Nazi puppet Ustaše leader Ante Pavelic, known as the Poglavnik, continue to be displayed and the Ustaše slogan "Za dom spremni" continues to be chanted with fascist salutes at social and sporting clubs and events in Australia.^[8]

Background

The Ustaše (pronounced [ûstaʃe]) (singular: Ustaša) were formed in 1929 as a fascist Croatian ultranationalist group led by Ante Pavelic. The ideology of the movement was a blend of fascism, Roman Catholicism and Croatian ultranationalism which called for the creation of a racially "pure" Croatian state and promoted genocide against Serbs, Jews and Roma.^[9]

 

Adolf Hitler meeting Ante Pavelić

During World War II, Adolf Hitler invaded Yugoslavia and the Nazi puppet state of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was established. Pavelic was installed as the Poglavnik or Führer of this state and from 1941 to 1945, this Ustaše regime murdered hundreds of thousands of Serbs, Jews and Roma.^[9]

With the German surrender, end of World War II, and the establishment of socialist Yugoslavia in 1945, the Ustaše movement, along with their state, totally collapsed. Many members of the Ustaše either fled to Italy or were captured, executed or massacred by the Yugoslav Partisans led by Josip Broz Tito. Some of the Ustaše who made it to the Italian displaced persons camps or who were placed under the protection of the Vatican were assisted by Allied authorities in their ability to migrate out of Europe to countries where their vehement anti-Communist stance was deemed to be a potential asset in Cold War geo-politics. This process was dubbed the Ratlines, and Australia became the destination for some of the escaped Ustaše members.^[9]

Beginnings of Ustaše in Australia

People with Croatian heritage had been migrating to Australia since the late 1800s, and when the Ustaše came to power as a Nazi puppet state in 1941, local Croatian-Australian leaders publicly condemned Ante Pavelic and his fascists.^[10] However, as the Ustaše were permitted to enter Australia from the late 1940s, these voices were soon drowned out by the influx of these far-right Nazi collaborators, some of whom were responsible for war-time atrocities.^{[7][page needed][11]}

In 1950, several notable Ustaše figures arrived in Australia as migrants. Amongst these were Djujo Krpan, Ljubomir Vuina, Fabijan Lovokovic and Srecko Rover. Krpan was an Ustaša police investigator who was involved in the killing of hundreds of people in the Lika region. ASIO was aware of this but due to his anti-communist credentials, he was given a favourable assessment and given Australian citizenship in 1955.^{[7][page needed]}

Vuina was from Sarajevo where he became a colonel in the Crna Legija (Black Legion), a notorious death squad infamous for their massacres of civilians and the mass deaths at concentration camps which were under their control. Vuina was a founder of the Adelaide Croatia Club in 1950 and Australian authorities estimated that by 1952, around 250 people that had been associated with the Ustaše were members at the club. ASIO later allowed Vuina to set up a newspaper and organise paramilitary training. Vuina obtained citizenship and moved to the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney were he died in 1999. He remained proud of his time in the Crna Legija and believed the unit should be represented at Anzac Day parades. Ironically, the Returned and Services League of Australia has for many years allowed representatives of the genocidal Serbian Nazi-collaborator militia, the Chetniks, to march in Anzac Day parades across the country.^{[7][page needed][12][13]}

Lovoković was an Ustaše Youth member who migrated to Sydney in 1950 and re-established Spremnost, a major Ustaše newspaper of the NDH. He also established the Australian branch of the Croatian Liberation Movement (HOP). The HOP was the foremost post-WW2 Ustaše organisation, being founded by the Poglavnik, Ante Pavelić, in 1957. Lovoković regarded himself as the leader of the Ustaše in Australia but took no responsibility for any of its military training or violence.^[14][15][16]

Srecko Blaz Rover was a member of the Nazi Security Police in Sarajevo and led a mobile killing unit that went from village to village arresting and murdering people they judged as enemies. By the end of the war he was in the personal security service of Ante Pavelic. After the collapse of the NDH, he was captured by the Allies and utilised to lead and organise subversive attacks on the communist Partisans as part of the Križari. Most of these missions were a failure and in 1947 Srecko was in displaced persons camps in Italy where he became a police officer of the ISO. In this role he was able to negotiate his migration to Australia and probably organised for other Ustaše to migrate to this country.^{[7][page needed]}

 

Srećko Rover

Once in Australia, Rover established himself in Melbourne where he helped form the Melbourne Croatia football club in 1953 and obtained citizenship in 1956. He established the Australian branch of the Croatian National Resistance (HNO) in 1957 which was the more militant post-war wing of the Ustaše that was led from Spain by the notorious Ustaše concentration camp commander Vjekoslav Luburić. Again the Australian authorities allowed the Ustaše to organise and openly promote their ideology, an Ustaša float was even permitted to participate in the 1962 Melbourne Moomba parade.^{[7][page needed][15][17]}

In 1961, the Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood (HRB) was established in Australia by Friar Rocque Romac (aka Osvald Toth) and Srecko Rover. This group was an original Australian formation and was integral to the organisation of bombings and insurgent training camps that occurred in the years following.^[15]

Organised terrorist activities in the 1960s

The anti-communist zeal of the naturalised Ustaše immigrants aligned neatly with the political stance of both the ruling Liberal Party government under Robert Menzies, and ASIO under Charles Spry. This gave the Ustaše a significant degree of freedom and protection to organise major national and international terrorist activities on Australian soil.^[15] The extent of this freedom was made clear in April 1963 with the publication of photos of Ustaše training operations centred near Wodonga. The photos of Ustaše men in military fatigues and Ustaše uniforms, armed with Australian Army rifles and sitting on an Australian armoured vehicle, caused a furore which the Liberal Party brushed off as a "picnic". The Spremnost newspaper, however, described it as a 5-day paramilitary training exercise, praising it with an ode entitled "Poem for Terrorism". Ustaše training camps were also established at Dimbulah, Atherton and Mackay in Far North Queensland.^[15][11]

In July that same year, a group of nine Croatian-Australian men of the HRB were captured conducting covert operations in Yugoslavia with plans to assassinate local officials and raise a rebellion in the north of that country. They were dubbed the Croatian Nine and two of these men, Stanko Zdrilic and Mika Fumic, were Australian citizens from Melbourne, while another, Josip Oblak, was the secretary of the Croatian society in Wollongong. All were found to have been trained at Ustaše camps in New South Wales run by the HOP, and all were found guilty in a Yugoslav court, being sentenced to prison terms ranging from 6 to 14 years. Oblak and another man, Ilija Tolic, are believed to have later died while incarcerated.^[18][19][20]

 

The 1964 trial of the Croatian Nine, with six of the men involved pictured in the front row

Further violent Ustaše activities were also being conducted within Australia mostly targeting supporters of a federalist Yugoslavia. In May 1964, HRB member Tomislav Lesic attempted to deliver a suitcase bomb to the Yugoslav consulate in Sydney which prematurely exploded causing the loss of his lower legs and some of his sight. The Ustaše in Melbourne threatened to bomb police stations and shoot officers if they were investigated. In Sydney and Melbourne, houses of perceived communists were either bombed or broken into with occupants being injured and tortured. Various Yugoslav social gatherings were also bombed in places like Geelong and Fitzroy. Leading Ustaša figures in the bombings including Josip Senic and Ambroz Andric were arrested. When Andric was placed on trial for bashing a Yugoslav, Srecko Rover supported him in court wearing his Ustaše Gestapo badge.^[15]

The bombings continued into 1967, with a large attack on the Sydney Yugoslav consulate, and several attacks on Yugoslav Association meetings, one involving a pen-bomb which resulted in the disfigurement of a boy's face. In 1968, the Ustaše tried to burn down the Sydney Yugoslav consulate, with the federal treasurer at the time, William MacMahon, calling the arsonists a 'good bunch'.^[15]

Increased extremism 1969 to 1973

From 1969 to 1973, the operations of the Ustaše increased dramatically both in their number and in their violence. A total of around 60 attacks were attributed to the Ustaše movement in Australia during this time period and, as in the past, the authorities were still unable or unwilling to halt them. Part of the reason for this upsurge could have been the 1969 assassination in Spain of the HRB's genocidal figurehead, Maks Luburic. More than 60 Luburic supporters demonstrated at the Yugoslav embassy in Canberra following his killing.^[15][21]

Bombing targets were expanded to include the Yugoslav and USSR embassies in Canberra, Yugoslav travel agencies, cinemas displaying Yugoslav films, and also various Serbian orthodox churches. The bombing of the Yugoslav consulate in Melbourne in October 1970 did considerable damage to both the building and around 20 homes near to it. Racketeering and extortion were also applied by the Ustaše to both fund and create fear of their movement. In an apparent political execution, known anti-Ustaša Croatian Yago Despot and his friend Charles Hughes, were found dead in their Caulfield residence each with a single bullet wound to the head. This double-murder remains unsolved.^[15][22][23]

Additionally at this time, new branches of the Ustaše were established in Australia, including the United Croats of West Germany (UHNj) and the Croatian Illegal Revolutionary Organisation (HIRO), with Jakov Suljak being the Australian head of the former group. Two militant youth organisations were also created: the Croatian Youth (HM) run in Australia by Jure Maric, and the World League of Croatian Youth (SHUMS) with Zdenko Marincic being the local secretary.^[16][24]

In 1972 in particular, there were three major Ustaše activities which resulted in the Australian authorities finally taking a stand against the terrorist attacks.^[15]

The Bugojno group

Main article: Bugojno group

It was revealed by Yugoslavian authorities that a band of 19 armed men of Croatian background, dubbed the Bugojno group, had been intercepted in Yugoslavia trying to conduct violent subversive activities. Their plans were to blow up bridges and government buildings and try to incite a rebellion in Yugoslavia. Of the 19 men, six were Australian citizens and a further 3 had lived in Australia. Brothers, Adolf and Ambroz Andric and four others were killed in action, while three, Djuro Horvat, Bejil Keskic and Mirko Vlasnovic, were executed after a later trial. This incident created a significant controversy, especially after a training camp was concurrently discovered in the Warburton Ranges organised by Ivan Mudrinic.^[25][15]

George St Bombings

In September, a Yugoslavian travel agency was bombed during the busy morning period in George Street in central Sydney . Two co-ordinated blasts injured 16 people, 2 seriously, most of whom were bystanders in the busy street outside the agency. Tomislav Lesic, who was involved in previous operations, was found at the bomb site with his artificial legs damaged by the blasts. This bombing shocked the nation in the way that it was planned to inflict casualties on the general public.^[15]

Killing of an American tourist

In Brisbane an American tourist was killed in a bombing attack. This coincided with other bombings in Queensland including that of the Dimbulah Bridge.^{[7][page needed]}

Despite the magnitude of these and other attacks within only a number of months of each other, the Liberal Party government still continued to obfuscate making public the organisers of these terrorist activities, with Attorney-General Ivor Greenwood in particular, denying even the existence of the Ustaše.^[15] Related to this was the fact that the Ustaše leader, Fabijan Lovokovic, was by this stage a highly influential Liberal Party member in William MacMahon's electorate and was on the party's NSW Migrant Advisory Council which contained WW2 war criminals such as Ljenko Urbančič.^{[26][7][page needed]}

Crackdown on Ustaše under the Whitlam and Fraser governments

In late 1972, the Whitlam government came to power in Australia and immediately a large number of raids were conducted on known Ustase organisers and sympathesisers. Major figures were arrested and a significant amount of bomb-making materials were confiscated. A major plan to train another 109 insurgents in Australia and send them into Yugoslavia was disrupted. This plan was organised by Srecko Rover in conjunction with the high level Ustaše leader Dinko Šakić who was exiled in Spain. Šakić was a close relation of "Maks" Luburić and was also a commander of the notorious Jasenovac concentration camps during WW2.^[15][14]

Depsite the success of these raids, ASIO still refused to co-operate in providing information and evidence to enable prosecution for the terrorist activities. In 1973, frustrated by ASIO's unwillingness to assist and concerned about a possible assassination attempt on Gough Whitlam by the Ustaše, the new Attorney-General, Lionel Murphy, took matters into his own hands and commandeered documents from the ASIO offices himself and made public the information accumulated by ASIO on the Ustaše in Australia. This incident was later named the Murphy raids and caused a major political fracas that harmed the Whitlam government's reputation on their ability to withhold confidential Cold War information.^[27][15]

However, the raids were effective in that they caused a significant curtailment in Ustaše activity in Australia. Other measurses such as the threat to halt Yugoslav immigration, the cancellation of Srecko Rover's passport and legislation being passed to criminalise fighting for foreign organisations, placed further pressure on limiting Ustaše activity.^[15]

This pressure was continued under the Fraser government where 19 HRB members led by Jure Maric were arrested at an Ustaše para-military training camp at Mount Imlay in NSW in 1978. Several members were jailed with Maric receiving a four-year sentence under the newly introduced Foreign Incursion and Recruitment section of the Commonwealth Crimes Act.^[28][29] In the early 1980s another trial of six Croatian-Australians occurred. These men, members of a new group called the Croatian Republican Party (HRS), were arrested and convicted of crimes including attempting to bomb Sydney's water supply, destroy Yugoslav travel agencies and murder Lovokovic whom they viewed as a traitor to the Ustaše movement. They were betrayed by a probable Yugoslav double agent and received sentences of up to 15 years jail.^[30]

Ustaše sympathisers in Australia had to adapt to this new era and attempted to soften their appearance by creating new "moderate" neo-Ustaše organisations. In 1981, the HNO and the HRB merged to form a new group called the Croatian Movement for Statehood (HDP) led by Croatian-Australian Nikola Štedul.^[31] Štedul had his passport cancelled by Australian authorities and later survived an assassination attempt in Scotland in 1988 where he was shot 8 times by a Yugoslav agent.^[32]

Role in the Croatian War of Independence

The collapse of the Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s gave hope to many Croatian-Australians that a truly independent Croatian nation would be formed. It also gave the organisational ability of Ustaše ideologues in Australian society much increased impetus. Significant funding was raised by people such as Stjepan Kardum the leader of the Sydney Branch of the neo-Ustaše group called the Croatian Party of Rights (HSP). This money was funnelled into the formation of ultra-nationalistic paramilitary units called the Croatian Defence Forces (HOS) that fought in the Croatian War of Independence. These units operated separate from the control of the regular Croatian Armed Forces and were involved in some of the worst civilian mass killings of that conflict.^{[citation needed]} It is estimated that up to 200 Croatian-Australians fought in these paramilitary units.^{[7][page needed]}

The Croatian Defence Forces (HOS) was led by Croatian-Australian Blaz Kraljevic who was a member of Srecko Rover's HRB. Kraljevic was given the rank of Major General and carried out systematic war crimes and "ethnic cleansing" during the war.^{[citation needed]} The HOS were considered dangerous to the aims and the stability of the newly created modern Croatia to the point where Kraljevic was assassinated by Croatian forces.^{[citation needed]} Croatian-Australians also fought under Željko Glasnović and compared their unit with the 369th Ustaše Division who fought alongside the Nazis in the Battle of Stalingrad.^{[7][page needed][verification needed][33]}

Neo-Ustaše in 21st century Australian society

With the establishment of the modern state of Croatia, the neo-Ustaša in that country have been consigned to the far-right fringe. Their main political group, the Croatian Party of Rights, is unpopular in Croatia and Croatian ministers regularly condemn the fascist legacy of neo-Ustaša elements such as the HOS veterans groups.

Conversely, in Australia, Croatian social and sporting clubs continue to display busts and portraits of Ante Pavelic and support for HOS is also widely expressed.^[8] Zoran Milanović, the first prime minister of an independent Croatia ever to come to Australia, was shunned by much of the Australian Croatian community on a visit in 2014 due to his anti-fascist policies such as making the Za dom spremni chant illegal.^[34]

The 10th of April 1941 anniversary of the establishment of the Nazi puppet state of the NDH is also publicly celebrated in many Australian Croatian clubs, often with the past involvement of members of the Liberal Party of Australia. Recent high-ranking Liberal Party identities such as Helen Coonan, and Craig Kelly have continued the Liberal Party tradition of helping neo-Ustase celebrate the 10th of April that has seen past members such as William MacMahon, David Clarke, W.C. Wentworth, Eric Willis and Peter Coleman also partaking in ceremonies glorifying Ante Pavelic. The more recent episode involving Craig Kelly resulted in a diplomatic rift with the Croatian embassy which condemned the celebration of the anniversary of the Nazi puppet-state.^[35]

In 2013, Croatian-Australian footballer Josip Šimunić was given a 10 match ban by FIFA and blocked from competing in the World Cup for leading the fascist Za dom spremni chant with Croatian football fans after a qualifying game.^[36] Šimunić was also fined by Croatian legal authorities. Canberra FC president Marko Vrkic made the claim that Simunic didn't intend to cause offense when using the chant. Stating he was "thanking the fans" and that "The chant means to fight for your home country.", comparing it to "Australians using, Aussie, Aussie, Aussie, Oi, Oi, Oi. However the very same chant was used by the WWII Ustashe as their callsign, making the chant synonymous with the genocidal regime.^[37]

2022 Australia Cup Final

Since the 1950s, Croatian-Australians have been instrumental in the success of developing football in Australia with many Croatian-Australian footballers, coaches and managers making important contributions to the success of domestic league clubs and the Australian national team. However, many famous Croatian-Australian clubs also have links to the Ustaše. For example, Melbourne Croatia was founded in 1953 with the involvement of the Ustaše officer Srecko Rover who was involved in mass killings in the NDH and was a leader of the HNO in Australia. Croatian-Australian football clubs in the modern age continue to overtly display Ustaše symbolism and use Ustaše flags.^{[8][38][7][page needed]}

During the 2022 Australia Cup Final that featured Sydney United 58 FC, the main Croatian-Australian team in NSW, footage showed some Sydney United fans participating in the Ustaša Za dom spremni chant while giving fascist salutes. Many Ustaše and HOS flags were proudly displayed and the Welcome to Country presented by a local Indigenous leader was interrupted and booed.^[39][40]

These actions were condemned in the wider community. A well-known Croatian-Australian who made a public statement saying that the actions were "embarrassing" was quickly told on social media to be silent by another prominent Croatian-Australian in the football community. In a response reminiscent of the pandering to the Ustaše in 1950s Australia, Football Australia chose not to even mention the Ustaše, and banned just two Sydney United fans while fining the club $15,000. Amidst calls for the club to lose its licence, Football Australia advised the Sydney United club that they must do some education courses and volunteer work in the next few years.^[41][42]

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