Université libre de Bruxelles
The Université libre de Bruxelles (French: [ynivɛʁsite libʁ də bʁysɛl]; English: Free University of Brussels; abbreviated ULB) is a French-speaking research university in Brussels, Belgium. ULB is one of the two institutions tracing their origins to the Free University of Brussels, founded in 1834 by the lawyer and liberal politician Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen.
Seal of the ULB, created in 2013. | |
| Latin: Universitas Bruxellensis | |
| Motto | Scientia vincere tenebras (Latin) |
|---|---|
Motto in English | Conquering darkness by science |
| Type | Independent/partly state funded |
| Established | 1834 (Free University of Brussels) 1970 (ULB) |
| President | Pierre Gurdjian |
| Rector | Annemie Schaus |
Administrative staff | 4,400 |
| Students | 30,880 (2020)[1] |
| Location | , |
| Campus | Solbosch, Plaine, Erasme, Gosselies |
| Affiliations | EUA AUF ENTREE IMCC T.I.M.E. UNICA Atomium Culture |
| Website | www.ulb.be |
The split occurred along linguistic lines, forming the French-speaking ULB in 1969, and Dutch-speaking Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) in 1970. A major research center open to Europe and the world,[2][3] the ULB now has about 24,200 students, 33% of whom come from abroad, and an equally cosmopolitan staff.[4]
Name edit
Brussels has two universities whose names mean Free University of Brussels in English: the French-speaking Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and the Dutch-speaking Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). Neither uses the English translation, since it is ambiguous.
History edit
Establishment of a university in Brussels edit
The history of the Université libre de Bruxelles is closely linked with that of Belgium itself. When the Belgian State was formed in 1830 by nine breakaway provinces from the Kingdom of the Netherlands, three state universities existed in the cities of Ghent, Leuven and Liège, but none in the new capital, Brussels. Since the government was reluctant to fund another state university, a group of leading intellectuals in the fields of arts, science, and education — amongst whom the study prefect of the Royal Athenaeum of Brussels, Auguste Baron, as well as the astronomer and mathematician Adolphe Quetelet — planned to create a private university, which was permitted under the Belgian Constitution.[5][6]
In 1834, the Belgian episcopate decided to establish a Catholic university in Mechelen with the aim of regaining the influence of the Catholic Church on the academic scene in Belgium, and the government had the intent to close the university at Leuven and donate the buildings to the Catholic institution.[7] The country's liberals strongly opposed to this decision, and furthered their ideas for a university in Brussels as a counterbalance to the Catholic institution. At the same time, Auguste Baron had just become a member of the freemasonic lodge Les Amis Philantropes. Baron was able to convince Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen, the president of the lodge, to support the idea for a new university. On 24 June 1834, Verhaegen presented his plan to establish a free university.[6]
After sufficient funding was collected among advocates, the Université libre de Belgique ("Free University of Belgium") was inaugurated on 20 November 1834, in the Gothic Room of Brussels Town Hall. The date of its establishment is still commemorated annually, by students of its successor institutions, as a holiday called Saint-Verhaegen/Sint-Verhaegen (often shortened to St V) for Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen.[8] In 1836, the university was renamed the Université libre de Bruxelles ("Free University of Brussels").[5]
After its establishment, the Free University faced difficult times, since it did receive no subsidies or grants from the government; yearly fundraising events and tuition fees provided the only financial means. Verhaegen, who became a professor and later head of the new university, gave it a mission statement which he summarised in a speech to King Leopold I: "the principle of free inquiry and academic freedom uninfluenced by any political or religious authority."[6] In 1858, the Catholic Church established the Saint-Louis Institute in the city, which subsequently expanded into a university in its own right.
Growth, internal tensions and move edit
The Free University grew significantly over the following decades. In 1842, it moved to the Granvelle Palace, which it occupied until 1928. It expanded the number of subjects taught and, in 1880, became one of the first institutions in Belgium to allow female students to study in some faculties. In 1893, it received large grants from Ernest and Alfred Solvay and Raoul Warocqué to open new faculties in the city. A disagreement over an invite to the anarchist geographer Élisée Reclus to speak at the university in 1893 led to some of the liberal and socialist faculty splitting away from the Free University to form the New University of Brussels (Université nouvelle de Bruxelles) in 1894. The institution failed to displace the Free University, however, and closed definitively in 1919.[9]
In 1900, the Free University's football team won the bronze medal at the Summer Olympics. After Racing Club de Bruxelles declined to participate, a student selection with players from the university was sent by the Federation.[10][11] The team was enforced with a few non-students.[12] The Institute of Sociology was founded in 1902, then in 1904 the Solvay School of Commerce, which would later become the Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management. In 1911, the university obtained its legal personality under the name Université libre de Bruxelles - Vrije Hogeschool te Brussel.[13]
The German occupation during World War I led to the suspension of classes for four years in 1914–1918. In the aftermath of the war, the Free University moved its principle activities to the Solbosch in the southern suburb of Ixelles and a purpose-built university campus was created, funded by the Belgian American Educational Foundation. The university was again closed by the German occupiers during World War II on 25 November 1941. Students from the university were involved in the Belgian Resistance, establishing Groupe G which focused on sabotage.
Splitting of the university edit
Until the early 20th century, courses at the Free University were taught exclusively in French, the language of the upper class in Belgium at that time, as well as of law and academia. However, with the Dutch-speaking population asking for more rights in Belgium (see Flemish Movement), some courses began being taught in both French and Dutch at the Faculty of Law as early as 1935. Nevertheless, it was not until 1963 that all faculties offered their courses in both languages.[14] Tensions between French- and Dutch-speaking students in the country came to a head in 1968 when the Catholic University of Leuven split along linguistic lines, becoming the first of several national institutions to do so.
On 1 October 1969, the French and Dutch entities of the Free University separated into two distinct sister universities. This splitting became official with the act of 28 May 1970, of the Belgian Parliament, by which the French-speaking Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and the Dutch-speaking Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) officially became two separate legal, administrative and scientific entities.[15][16]
Campuses edit
The ULB comprises three main campuses: the Solbosch campus, on the territories of the City of Brussels and Ixelles municipalities in the Brussels-Capital Region, the Plaine campus in Ixelles, and the Erasmus campus in Anderlecht, beside the Erasmus Hospital.
The main and largest campus of the university is the Solbosch, which hosts the administration and general services of the university. It also includes most of the faculties of the humanities, the École polytechnique, the large library of social sciences, and among the museums of the ULB, the Museum of Zoology and Anthropology,[17] the Allende exhibition room and the Michel de Ghelderode Museum-Library.
The Plaine campus hosts the Faculty of Science and the Faculty of Pharmacy. There are also the Experimentariums of physics and chemistry, the Museum of Medicinal Plants and Pharmacy[18] and student housing. This site is served by Delta station.
The Erasmus campus houses the Erasmus Hospital and the Pôle Santé, the Faculty of Medicine, the School of Public Health and the Faculty of Motor Sciences. There is also the School of Nursing (with the Haute école libre de Bruxelles – Ilya Prigogine), the Museum of Medicine[19] and the Museum of Human Anatomy and Embryology.[20] This site is served by Erasme/Erasmus metro station.
The university also has buildings and activities in the Brussels municipality of Auderghem, and outside of Brussels, in Charleroi on the Aéropole Science Park and Nivelles.
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The main building on the Solbosch campus, located in the City of Brussels close to Ixelles
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Entrance of the Paul-Émile Janson Auditorium on the Solbosch campus
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The Museum of Medicine on the Erasmus campus in Anderlecht
Faculties and institutes edit
- Institute for European Studies[21]
- Interfacultary School of Bio-Engineering
- School of Public Health
- High Institute of Physical Education and Kinesiotherapy
- Institute of Work Sciences
- Institute of Statistics and Operational Research
- Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management
- Faculty of Sciences
International Partnerships edit
University of California, Berkeley, University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, Université de Montréal, Waseda University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, BeiHang University, Universidade de São Paulo, Université de Lausanne, Université de Genève, University Ouaga I Pr. Joseph Ki-Zerbo, University of Lubumbashi[22]
| Faculty or Institute | Bachelor's degrees | Master's degrees | Complementary master's degrees |
|---|---|---|---|
| Faculty of Architecture | Architecture | Architecture | |
| Faculty of Philosophy and Letters | Ancient Languages and Literature: 1. Classic orientation; 2. Oriental orientation | Ancient Languages and Literature: 1. Classic orientation (1 or 2 years) 2. Oriental orientation (1 or 2 years) | African Languages and Cultures |
| Pedagogy in Higher Education | |||
| Language Sciences | |||
| Art History and Archaeology | Art History and Archaeology (1 or 2 years) | ||
| Art History and Archaeology: Musicology | Art History and Archaeology: Musicology (1 or 2 years) | ||
| French and Roman Languages and Literature | Cultural Management | ||
| History | Ethics | ||
| Information and Communication | French and Roman Languages and Literature (1 or 2 years) | ||
| Modern Languages and Literature | French and Roman Languages and Literature: French Foreign Language | ||
| Modern Languages and Literature: 1. General orientation 2. Germanic orientation 3. Oriental orientation 4. Slavic orientation | History (1 or 2 years) | ||
| Philosophy | Information and Communication (1 or 2 years) | ||
| Religious and Secular Studies | Information and Communication Sciences and Technologies | ||
| Linguistics | |||
| Modern Languages and Literature (1 or 2 years) | |||
| Modern Languages and Literature: 1. Arab orientation 2. Germanic orientation (1 or 2 years) 3. Oriental orientation (1 or 2 years) 4. Slavic orientation (1 or 2 years) | |||
| Multilingual Communication | |||
| Performing Arts | |||
| Philosophy (1 or 2 years) | |||
| Religious and Secular Studies | |||
| Faculty of Law and Criminological Science | Law | Criminology | Economic Law |
| Law | International Law | ||
| Notaries | |||
| Public and Administrative Law | |||
| Social Law | |||
| Tax Law | |||
| Faculty of Psychological Science, and of Education | Psychology and Educational Sciences | Educational Sciences | Pedagogy in Higher Education |
| Psychology and Educational Sciences: Speech Therapy | Psychology | Psychoanalytic Theories | |
| Speech Therapy | Risk Management and Well-being at Work | ||
| Faculty of Sciences (recently absorbed the Institute of Environment Gestion (IGEAT)) | Biology | Actuarial Science | Nanotechnology |
| Chemistry | Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology | ||
| Computer Sciences | Bioengineering: Agricultural Sciences | ||
| Engineering: Bioengineering | Bioengineering: Chemistry and Bio-industries | ||
| Geography | Bioengineering: Environmental Sciences and Technologies | ||
| Geology | Bioinformatics and Modeling | ||
| Mathematics | Biology (1 year) | ||
| Physics | Chemistry (1 or 2 years) | ||
| Sciences (Polyvalent first year) | Computer Sciences (1 or 2 years) | ||
| Environmental Sciences and Management (1 or 2 years) | |||
| Geography (1 or 2 years) | |||
| Geology (1 or 2 years) | |||
| Mathematics (1 or 2 years) | |||
| Organismal Biology and Ecology | |||
| Physics (1 or 2 years) | |||
| Statistics | |||
| Tourism Sciences and Management (1 or 2 years) | |||
| Faculty of Applied Sciences/Polytechnic School | Engineering: Bioengineering | Bioengineering: Agricultural Sciences | Conservation and Restoration of Immovable Cultural Heritage |
| Engineering: Civil | Bioengineering: Chemistry and Bio-industries | Nanotechnology | |
| Engineering: Civil Architect | Bioengineering: Environmental Sciences and Technologies | Nuclear Engineering | |
| Civil Engineering: Architectural | Transportation Management | ||
| Civil Engineering: Biomedical | Urban and Regional Planning | ||
| Civil Engineering: Chemistry and Material Science | |||
| Civil Engineering: Computer | |||
| Civil Engineering: Constructions | |||
| Civil Engineering: Electrical | |||
| Civil Engineering: Electro-mechanical | |||
| Civil Engineering: Mechanical | |||
| Civil Engineering: Physicist | |||
| Faculty of Medicine | Biomedical Sciences | Biomedical Sciences | |
| Dentistry | Dentistry | ||
| Medicine | Medicine | ||
| Veterinary Medicine | |||
| Institute of Pharmacy | Pharmaceutical Sciences | Biomedical Sciences | Clinical Biology (for pharmacists) |
| Pharmaceutical Sciences | Hospital Pharmacy | ||
| Industrial Pharmacy | |||
| Faculty of Social and Political Sciences | Human and Social Science | Anthropology | |
| Political Science | Human Resources Management | ||
| Sociology and Anthropology | Political Science (1 or 2 years) | ||
| Political Science: International Relations | |||
| Population and Development | |||
| Public Administration | |||
| Sociology | |||
| Sociology and Anthropology (1 year) | |||
| Work Science (1 or 2 years) | |||
| Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management | Business Engineering | Business Engineering | Industrial Management and Technology |
| Economics | Economics (1 or 2 years) | Microfinance | |
| Institute of European Studies | European Studies | European Law | |
| Interdisciplinary Analysis of European Construction |
Research edit
At the heart of the Free University of Brussels there are at least 2000 PhD students and around 3600 researchers and lecturers who work around different scientific fields and produce cutting-edge research.
The projects of these scientists span thematics that concern exact, applied and human sciences and researchers at the heart of the ULB have been awarded numerous international awards and recognitions.
The research carried out at the ULB is financed by different bodies such as the European Research Council, the Walloon Region, the Brussels Capital Region, the National Fund for Scientific Research, or one of the foundations that are dedicated to research at the ULB; the ULB Foundation or the Erasme Funds.
Since the early 2000s, the MAPP project has started studying political party membership evolution through the time.
Rankings edit
Notable people edit
- Count Richard Goblet d'Alviella (b. 1948), businessman
- Jules Anspach (1829–1879), politician and mayor of Brussels
- Philippe Autier (b. 1956), epidemiologist and clinical oncologist
- Zénon-M. Bacq (1903–1983), radiobiologist, laureate of the 1948 Francqui Prize
- Radu Bălescu (1932–2006), Romanian and Belgian physicist, laureate of the 1970 Francqui Prize
- Saeed Bashirtash (b. 1965), Iranian dentist, writer and political activist
- Didier Bellens (1955–2016), businessman, CEO of Belgacom
- Vincent Biruta (b. 1958), Rwandan physician and politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Jules Bordet (1870–1961), physician, laureate of the 1919 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- Karel Bossart (1904–1975), aeronautical engineer, designer of the SM-65 Atlas
- Jean Brachet (1909–1998), biochemist
- Robert Brout (1928–2011), American physicist, laureate of the 2004 Wolf Prize
- Jean Bourgain (1954–2018), mathematician, laureate of the 1994 Fields Medal
- Albert Claude (1899–1983), biologist, laureate of the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- Heidi Cruz (b. 1972), American businesswoman, wife of U.S. Senator Ted Cruz
- Herman De Croo (b. 1937), liberal politician
- Théophile de Donder (1872–1957), physicist, mathematician, and father of irreversible thermodynamics
- Vũ Đức Đam (b. 1963), Vietnamese politician, Deputy Prime Minister
- Pierre Deligne (b. 1944), mathematician, laureate of the 1978 Fields Medal
- Antoine Depage (1862–1925), surgeon, founder and president of the Belgian Red Cross, and one of the founders of Scouting in Belgium
- Mathias Dewatripont (b. 1959), economist, laureate of the 1998 Francqui Prize
- François Englert (b. 1932), physicist, laureate of the 2004 Wolf Prize, laureate of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics
- Jacques Errera (1896–1977), physicochemist, laureate of the 1938 Francqui Prize
- Aleth Félix-Tchicaya (b. 1955), Congolese writer
- Louis Franck (1868–1937), lawyer, liberal politician and statesman
- Matyla Ghyka (1881–1965), Romanian poet, novelist, mathematician, historian, and diplomat
- Michel Goldman (b. 1955), immunologist
- Nico Gunzburg (1882–1984), lawyer and criminologist
- Camille Gutt (1884–1971), economist, politician, and industrialist, first Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund
- Marc Henneaux (b. 1955), physicist, laureate of the 2000 Francqui Prize
- Amir Abbas Hoveida (1919–1979), Iranian economist and politician, Prime Minister
- Enver Hoxha (1908–1985), Albanian politician, leader of Communist Albania
- Julius Hoste Jr. (1884–1954), businessman and liberal politician
- Léon Van Hove (1924–1990), physicist, laureate of the 1958 Francqui Prize, Director General of the CERN
- Paul Hymans (1865–1941), politician and first President of the League of Nations
- Paul Janson (1840–1913), liberal politician
- Bahadir Kaleagasi (b. 1966), Turkish writer, International co-ordinator of TUSIAD
- Jeton Kelmendi (b. 1978), Albanian writer, laureate of the 2010 International Solenzara Prize
- Henri La Fontaine (1854–1943), lawyer, laureate of the 1913 Nobel Prize for Peace
- Roberto Lavagna (b. 1942), Argentine economist and politician, Minister of Economy and Production
- Maurice Lippens (b. 1943), businessman and banker
- Lucien Lison (1908–1984), Belgian-Brazilian physician and biochemist, considered the "father of histochemistry"
- Amer Husni Lutfi (b. 1956), Syrian politician, Minister of Economy and Trade
- Paul Magnette (b. 1971), socialist politician and political scientist, mayor of Charleroi, laureate of the 2000 Francqui Prize
- Marguerite Massart (1900–1979), first Belgian female engineer
- Adolphe Max (1869–1939), politician, mayor of Brussels
- Adrien-Jean Le Mayeur (1880–1958), painter
- Fradique de Menezes (b. 1942), São Toméan politician, President
- Françoise Meunier, doctor, Director General of the EORTC
- Charles Michel (b. 1975), politician, Prime Minister and President of the European Council
- Constantin Mille (1861–1927), Romanian socialist militant and journalist
- Axel Miller (b. 1965), businessman, CEO of Dexia
- Roland Mortier (1920–2015), philologist, laureate of the 1965 Francqui Prize
- François Narmon (1934–2013), economist and businessman, President of Dexia and the Belgian Olympic Committee
- Amélie Nothomb (b. 1967), writer, laureate of the 1999 Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française
- Paul Otlet (1868–1944), author, entrepreneur, lawyer and peace activist, founding father of documentation
- Henri De Page (1894–1969), jurist, Professor in Law, generally seen as the most important Belgian lawyer ever
- Marc Parmentier (b. 1956), scientist, laureate of the 1999 Francqui Prize
- Etienne Pays (b. 1948), molecular biologist, laureate of the 1996 Francqui Prize and of the Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology
- Robert Peston (b. 1960), British journalist, presenter, and author, ITV News Political Editor
- Martine Piccart (b. 1953), medical oncologist, President of the EORTC
- Marie Popelin (1846–1913), jurist and feminist
- Ilya Prigogine (1917–2003), physicist and chemist, laureate of the 1955 Francqui Prize and of the 1977 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- Lodewijk De Raet (1870–1914), economist and politician
- Eric Remacle (1960–2013), economist, laureate of the 2000 Francqui Prize
- Jan Van Rijswijck (1853–1906), lawyer, liberal politician and journalist, mayor of Antwerp
- David Ruelle (b. 1935), Belgian-French mathematical physicist
- Pedro Sánchez (b. 1972), Spanish politician, Prime Minister
- Jean Auguste Ulric Scheler (1819–1890), philologist
- Paul-Henri Spaak (1899–1972), politician, statesman, Prime Minister, Secretary General of NATO, and one of the Founding fathers of the European Union
- Isabelle Stengers (b. 1949), philosopher
- Jean Stengers (1922–2002), historian
- Jacques Tits (1930–2021), Belgian-French mathematician, laureate of the 1993 Wolf Prize and of the 2008 Abel Prize
- Michel Vanden Abeele, diplomat, Director-General of the European Commission
- Raoul Vaneigem (b. 1934), writer and Situationist theorist
- Emile Vandervelde (1866–1938), statesman, socialist leader, Minister of Justice, and Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Adamantios Vassilakis (1942–2021), Greek ambassador to the United Nations
- August Vermeylen (1872–1945), writer and literature critic
- Éliane Vogel-Polsky (1926–2015), lawyer and feminist
- Raoul Warocqué (1870–1917), industrialist
- Charles Woeste (1837–1922), lawyer and politician
- Odette De Wynter (1927–1998), first woman to be a notary in Belgium
Nobel Prize Winners edit
For pre-1970 notable faculty and alumni, see Free University of Brussels:
- Ilya Prigogine (1917–2003): Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1977
- François Englert (b. 1932): Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013
- Denis Mukwege (b. 1955): Nobel Prize for Peace in 2018
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Denis Mukwege, Nobel Prize for Peace (2018)
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ "Etudiants par domaine d'études : tableau 1.4.2". Annuaire statistique 2020. Année académique 2019-2020 (Table of the number of students enrolled by university by field of study). Statistiques sur les étudiants (in French). Conseil des Recteurs francophones: 1. 2020.
Situation définitive en fin d'année académique (Definitive situation at the end of the academic year)
- ^ "Université libre de Bruxelles". QS Top Universities. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
- ^ "ARWU World University Rankings 2016 | Academic Ranking of World Universities 2016 | Top 500 universities | Shanghai Ranking - 2016". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b "A University born of an idea". Université libre de Bruxelles. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ a b c Witte, Els (1996). Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen (1796–1862). ISBN 90-5487-140-7.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Lamberts, Emiel; Roegiers, Jan (1990). Leuven University, 1425–1985. Leuven: Leuven University Press. ISBN 90-6186-418-6.
- ^ "Pierre Théodore Verhaegen and St V". Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
- ^ Laqua, Daniel (2013). The Age of Internationalism and Belgium, 1880–1930: Peace, Progress and Prestige. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-8883-4.
- ^ Great Britain's first home Olympic football adventure by Jon Carter, ESPN, 26 Jun 2012
- ^ Before the World Cup: Who were football’s earliest world champions? by Paul Brown on Medium Sports, 6 Jun 2018
- ^ Games of the II. Olympiad - Football Tournament by Søren Elbech and Karel Stokkermans on the RSSSF
- ^ Nerincx, Edmond (8 November 1911). Loi du 12 août 1911 accordant la personnification civile aux universités de Bruxelles et de Louvain (PDF) (in French). Brussels: Belgian official journal. p. 4846. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
- ^ "About the University: Culture and History". Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Retrieved 25 November 2007.
- ^ "Chambre des Représen tant" (PDF).
- ^ "Law of 28 May 1970, concerning the splitting of the universities in Brussels and Leuven" (in Dutch). Belgisch Staatsblad/Flemish Government. Retrieved 25 November 2007.
- ^ "Muséum de Zoologie et d'Anthropologie". www2.ulb.ac.be. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
- ^ "Université Libre de Bruxelles - page 3". www2.ulb.ac.be. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
- ^ "Musée de la Médecine de Bruxelles". Musée de la médecine. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
- ^ "Musée d'Anatomie et d'Embryologie humaines - page 2". www2.ulb.ac.be. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
- ^ "Home". www.iee-ulb.eu. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
- ^ "Les relations internationales de l'ULB". www.ulb.ac.be. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
- ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020". ShanghaiRanking. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
- ^ "World University Rankings 2020-2021". Center for World University Rankingsg. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
- ^ "CWTS Leiden Ranking 2020 - P(top 10%)". CWTS Leiden Ranking. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
- ^ "QS World University Rankings 2021". Top Universities. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
- ^ "World University Rankings 2021 - Université libre de Bruxelles". Times Higher Education (THE). Retrieved 7 March 2021.
- ^ "Best Global Universities 2021 - Université Libre de Bruxelles". U.S. News Education (USNWR). ). Retrieved 7 March 2021.
References edit
- Despy, A., 150 ans de L‘ULB. Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1984
- Noel, F., 1894. Université libre de Bruxelles en crise, Brussels, 1994
- The ULB, a university born of an idea
- ULB, at a glance
External links edit
Media related to Université libre de Bruxelles at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website