fbpx
Wikipedia

Albert Claude

April 08, 2024

Albert Claude (French pronunciation: [albɛʁ klod]; 24 August 1899 – 22 May 1983) was a Belgian-American cell biologist and medical doctor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with Christian de Duve and George Emil Palade. His elementary education started in a comprehensive primary school at Longlier, his birthplace. He served in the British Intelligence Service during the First World War, and got imprisoned in concentration camps twice. In recognition of his service, he was granted enrolment at the University of Liège in Belgium to study medicine without any formal education required for the course. He earned his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1928. Devoted to medical research, he initially joined German institutes in Berlin. In 1929 he found an opportunity to join the Rockefeller Institute in New York. At Rockefeller University he made his most groundbreaking achievements in cell biology. In 1930 he developed the technique of cell fractionation, by which he discovered the agent of the Rous sarcoma, components of cell organelles such as mitochondrion, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosome and lysosome. He was the first to employ the electron microscope in the field of biology. In 1945 he published the first detailed structure of cell. His collective works established the complex functional and structural properties of cells.[1]

Albert Claude
Born(1899-08-24)24 August 1899
Longlier, Neufchâteau, Belgium
Died22 May 1983(1983-05-22) (aged 83)
Brussels, Belgium
NationalityBelgian
CitizenshipBelgium and United States
Alma materUniversity of Liège
Known forCell fractionation
Electron microscopy in biology
SpouseJulia Gilder
ChildrenPhilippa
Parents
  • Florentin Joseph Claude (father)
  • Marie-Glaudice Watriquant Claude (mother)
AwardsLouisa Gross Horwitz Prize in 1970
Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize in 1971
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974
Scientific career
FieldsCell biology
InstitutionsRockefeller University
Institut Jules Bordet
Université libre de Bruxelles
Université catholique de Louvain

Claude served as director at Jules Bordet Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment and Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Cancérologie in Louvain-la-Neuve ; Professor at the Free University of Brussels, the University of Louvain, and Rockefeller University. For his pioneering works he received the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize in 1970, together with George Palade and Keith Porter, the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize in 1971, and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with his student George Palade and friend Christian de Duve.[2]

Early life and education edit

Albert Claude was born in 1899 (but according to civil register 1898) in Longlier, a hamlet in Neufchâteau, Belgium, to Florentin Joseph Claude and Marie-Glaudice Watriquant Claude. He was the youngest among three brothers and one sister. His father was a Paris-trained baker and ran a bakery-cum-general store at Longlier valley near railroad station. His mother, who developed breast cancer in 1902, died when he was seven years old. He spent his pre-school life with his ailing mother. He started education in Longlier Primary School, a pluralistic school of single room, mixed grades, and all under one teacher. In spite of the inconveniences, he remarked the education system as "excellent." He served as a bell boy, ringing the church bell every morning at 6. Due to economic depression the family moved to Athus, a prosperous region with steel mills, in 1907. He entered German-speaking school. After two years he was asked to look after his uncle who was disabled with cerebral haemorrhage in Longlier. He dropped out of school and practically nursed his uncle for several years.[1] At the outbreak of the First World War he was apprenticed to steel mills and worked as an industrial designer. Inspired by Winston Churchill, then British Minister of War, he joined the resistance and volunteered in British Intelligence Service in which he served during the whole war. At the end of the war he was decorated with the Interallied Medal along with veteran status.[3] He then wanted to continue education. Since he had no formal secondary education, particularly required for medicine course, such as in Greek and Latin, he tried to join School of Mining in Liège. By that time Marcel Florkin became head of the Direction of Higher Education in Belgium's Ministry of Public Instruction, and under his administration passed the law that enabled war veterans to pursue higher education without diploma or other examinations. As an honour to his war service, he was given admission to the University of Liège in 1922 to study medicine. He obtained his degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1928.[4]

Career edit

Claude received travel grants from Belgian government for his doctoral thesis on the transplantation of mouse cancers into rats. With this he worked his postdoctoral research in Berlin during the winter of 1928–1929, first at the Institut für Krebsforschung, and then at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology, Dahlem, in the laboratory of tissues culture of Prof. Albert Fischer. Back in Belgium he received fellowship in 1929 from the Belgian American Educational Foundation (Commission for Relief in Belgium, CRB) for research in the United States. He applied for the Rockefeller Institute (now the Rockefeller University) in New York, USA. Simon Flexner, then Director, accepted his proposal to work on the isolation and identification of the Rous sarcoma virus. In September 1929 he joined the Rockefeller Institute.[4] In 1930, he discovered the process of cell fractionation, which was groundbreaking in his time. The process consists of grinding up cells to break the membrane and release the cell's contents. He then filtered out the cell membranes and placed the remaining cell contents in a centrifuge to separate them according to mass. He divided the centrifuged contents into fractions, each of a specific mass, and discovered that particular fractions were responsible for particular cell functions. In 1938 he identified and purified for the first time component of Rous sarcoma virus, the causal agent of carcinoma, as "ribose nucleoprotein" (eventually named RNA). He was the first to use electron microscope to study biological cells. Earlier electron microscopes were used only in physical researches. His first electron microscopic study was on the structure of mitochondria in 1945.[5][6][7][8] He was given American citizenship in 1941.[2] He discovered that mitochondria are the "power houses" of all cells. He also discovered cytoplasmic granules full of RNA and named them "microsomes", which were later renamed ribosomes, the protein synthesizing machineries of cell. With his associate, Keith Porter, he found a "lace-work" structure that was eventually proven to be the major structural feature of the interior of all eukaryotic cells. This was the discovery of endoplasmic reticulum (a Latin for "fishnet").[3]

In 1949, he became Director of the Jules Bordet Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (Institut Jules Bordet) and Professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Free University of Brussels, where he was Emeritus in 1971.
In the mid sixties during an Electron Microscopy symposium in (Bratislava)-(Czechoslovakia) organized by the (UNESCO) at the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, he meets young scientist Dr. Emil Mrena who was at that time head of the Electron Microscopy department. He invited him to come and work with him in Brussels, making it possible for Dr. Mrena's family to escape the communist regime. Their close collaboration gave fruition to 5 publications from 1969 to 1974. With the support of his colleague and friend Christian de Duve, he became in 1972 Professor at the University of Louvain (Université catholique de Louvain) and Director of the "Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Cancérologie" in Louvain-la-Neuve where he moved with Dr. Emil Mrena as sole collaborator. At the same time, he was appointed Professor at the Rockefeller University, an institution with which he had remained connected, in different degrees, since 1929.[1]

Personal life edit

He married Julia Gilder in 1935, with whom he had a daughter, Philippa. They were divorced while he was at Rockefeller. Philippa became a neuroscientist and married Antony Stretton.

Claude was known to be a bit of an eccentric and had close friendship with painters, including Diego Rivera and Paul Delvaux, and musicians such as Edgard Varèse.

After his retirement in 1971 from the Université libre de Bruxelles and from the directorship of the Institut Jules Bordet, he continued his research at the University of Louvain with his collaborator Dr. Emil Mrena, who ended up resigning in 1977 due to decreasing activity of the Laboratory, moving to other research works. It is said that he continued his research in seclusion until he died of natural causes, at his home in Brussels, on Sunday night on 22 May 1983, but he had stopped visiting his own laboratory in Louvain already in 1976 due to his weak health.[4]

Awards and recognitions edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Claude, Albert. "Albert Claude – Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  2. ^ a b Altman, Lawrence K. (24 May 1984). "DR. ALBERT CLAUDE DEAD AT 84; WON NOBEL PRIZE IN MEDICINE". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  3. ^ a b "Albert Claude Biography (1898–1983)". Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  4. ^ a b c "Claude, Albert". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. The Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  5. ^ Palade GE (1971). "Albert Claude and the beginnings of biological electron microscopy". The Journal of Cell Biology. 50 (1): 5d–19d. doi:10.1083/jcb.50.1.5d. PMC 2108415. PMID 19866787.
  6. ^ Raju TN (1999). "The Nobel chronicles. 1974: Albert Claude (1899-1983), George Emil Palade (b 1912), and Christian Réne de Duve (b 1917)". The Lancet. 354 (9185): 1219. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)75433-7. PMID 10513750. S2CID 54323049.
  7. ^ Gompel C (2006). "Albert Claude, an exceptional man". Bull Mem Acad R Med Belg. 161 (10–12): 543–55. PMID 17503730.
  8. ^ Aitchison, J. D. (12 May 2003). "Inventories to insights". The Journal of Cell Biology. 161 (3): 465–469. doi:10.1083/jcb.200302041. PMC 2172947. PMID 12743099.

Further reading edit

  • Rheinberger, H J (1997). "Cytoplasmic particles in Brussels (Jean Brachet, Hubert Chantrenne, Raymond Jeener) and at Rockefeller (Albert Claude), 1935–1955". History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences. 19 (1): 47–67. PMID 9284642.
  • Frühling, J (August 1994). "[Eulogy of Professor Albert Claude, Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1974]". Bull. Mem. Acad. R. Med. Belg. 149 (12): 466–9. PMID 8563685.
  • Brachet, J (1988). (PDF). Annuaire de l'Académie Royale de Belgique: 93–135. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2017.
  • de Duve, C (1987). "[Albert Claude and the beginnings of modern cell biology]". La Cellule. 74: 11–9. PMID 3079269.
  • Henry, J (1984). "[Eulogy to Professor Albert Claude, honorary member of the Royal Academy]". Bull. Mem. Acad. R. Med. Belg. 139 (3): 197–202. PMID 6388698.
  • de Duve, C; Palade G E (1983). "Albert Claude, 1899–1983". Nature. 304 (5927): 588. Bibcode:1983Natur.304..588D. doi:10.1038/304588a0. PMID 6308471. S2CID 27808144.
  • Tagnon, H (June 1983). "[In memoriam Prof. Albert Claude]". Revue Médicale de Bruxelles. 4 (6): 450–2. PMID 6348913.
  • Olsen, B R; Lie S O (December 1974). "[Nobel prize in medicine 1974 (Albert Claude, George Palade, Christian de Duve)]". Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. 94 (34–36): 2400–3. PMID 4614493.
  • Florkin, M (October 1972). "[A salute to Albert Claude]". Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. 80 (4): 632–47. doi:10.3109/13813457209075254. PMID 4120117.
  • Florkin, M (December 1974). "[Homage to Albert Claude and Christian de Duve, Nobel Prize laureates in medicine and physiology, 1974]". Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. 82 (5): 807–15. doi:10.3109/13813457409072328. PMID 4142698.
  • Palade, G E (July 1971). "Albert Claude and the beginnings of biological electron microscopy". J. Cell Biol. 50 (1): 5d–19d. doi:10.1083/jcb.50.1.5d. PMC 2108415. PMID 19866787.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Albert Claude.
  • His list of publications on the Institutional Repository of Université libre de Bruxelles
  • Albert Claude on Nobelprize.org  
  • The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
  • Biography at biography.com 1 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  • Science Quotes by Albert Claude
  • Profile at Rockefeller University

April 08, 2024
albert, claude, french, pronunciation, albɛʁ, klod, august, 1899, 1983, belgian, american, cell, biologist, medical, doctor, shared, nobel, prize, physiology, medicine, 1974, with, christian, duve, george, emil, palade, elementary, education, started, comprehe. Albert Claude French pronunciation albɛʁ klod 24 August 1899 22 May 1983 was a Belgian American cell biologist and medical doctor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with Christian de Duve and George Emil Palade His elementary education started in a comprehensive primary school at Longlier his birthplace He served in the British Intelligence Service during the First World War and got imprisoned in concentration camps twice In recognition of his service he was granted enrolment at the University of Liege in Belgium to study medicine without any formal education required for the course He earned his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1928 Devoted to medical research he initially joined German institutes in Berlin In 1929 he found an opportunity to join the Rockefeller Institute in New York At Rockefeller University he made his most groundbreaking achievements in cell biology In 1930 he developed the technique of cell fractionation by which he discovered the agent of the Rous sarcoma components of cell organelles such as mitochondrion chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus ribosome and lysosome He was the first to employ the electron microscope in the field of biology In 1945 he published the first detailed structure of cell His collective works established the complex functional and structural properties of cells 1 Albert ClaudeBorn 1899 08 24 24 August 1899Longlier Neufchateau BelgiumDied22 May 1983 1983 05 22 aged 83 Brussels BelgiumNationalityBelgianCitizenshipBelgium and United StatesAlma materUniversity of LiegeKnown forCell fractionationElectron microscopy in biologySpouseJulia GilderChildrenPhilippaParentsFlorentin Joseph Claude father Marie Glaudice Watriquant Claude mother AwardsLouisa Gross Horwitz Prize in 1970Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize in 1971Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974Scientific careerFieldsCell biologyInstitutionsRockefeller UniversityInstitut Jules BordetUniversite libre de BruxellesUniversite catholique de LouvainClaude served as director at Jules Bordet Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment and Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Cancerologie in Louvain la Neuve Professor at the Free University of Brussels the University of Louvain and Rockefeller University For his pioneering works he received the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize in 1970 together with George Palade and Keith Porter the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize in 1971 and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with his student George Palade and friend Christian de Duve 2 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Awards and recognitions 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksEarly life and education editAlbert Claude was born in 1899 but according to civil register 1898 in Longlier a hamlet in Neufchateau Belgium to Florentin Joseph Claude and Marie Glaudice Watriquant Claude He was the youngest among three brothers and one sister His father was a Paris trained baker and ran a bakery cum general store at Longlier valley near railroad station His mother who developed breast cancer in 1902 died when he was seven years old He spent his pre school life with his ailing mother He started education in Longlier Primary School a pluralistic school of single room mixed grades and all under one teacher In spite of the inconveniences he remarked the education system as excellent He served as a bell boy ringing the church bell every morning at 6 Due to economic depression the family moved to Athus a prosperous region with steel mills in 1907 He entered German speaking school After two years he was asked to look after his uncle who was disabled with cerebral haemorrhage in Longlier He dropped out of school and practically nursed his uncle for several years 1 At the outbreak of the First World War he was apprenticed to steel mills and worked as an industrial designer Inspired by Winston Churchill then British Minister of War he joined the resistance and volunteered in British Intelligence Service in which he served during the whole war At the end of the war he was decorated with the Interallied Medal along with veteran status 3 He then wanted to continue education Since he had no formal secondary education particularly required for medicine course such as in Greek and Latin he tried to join School of Mining in Liege By that time Marcel Florkin became head of the Direction of Higher Education in Belgium s Ministry of Public Instruction and under his administration passed the law that enabled war veterans to pursue higher education without diploma or other examinations As an honour to his war service he was given admission to the University of Liege in 1922 to study medicine He obtained his degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1928 4 Career editClaude received travel grants from Belgian government for his doctoral thesis on the transplantation of mouse cancers into rats With this he worked his postdoctoral research in Berlin during the winter of 1928 1929 first at the Institut fur Krebsforschung and then at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology Dahlem in the laboratory of tissues culture of Prof Albert Fischer Back in Belgium he received fellowship in 1929 from the Belgian American Educational Foundation Commission for Relief in Belgium CRB for research in the United States He applied for the Rockefeller Institute now the Rockefeller University in New York USA Simon Flexner then Director accepted his proposal to work on the isolation and identification of the Rous sarcoma virus In September 1929 he joined the Rockefeller Institute 4 In 1930 he discovered the process of cell fractionation which was groundbreaking in his time The process consists of grinding up cells to break the membrane and release the cell s contents He then filtered out the cell membranes and placed the remaining cell contents in a centrifuge to separate them according to mass He divided the centrifuged contents into fractions each of a specific mass and discovered that particular fractions were responsible for particular cell functions In 1938 he identified and purified for the first time component of Rous sarcoma virus the causal agent of carcinoma as ribose nucleoprotein eventually named RNA He was the first to use electron microscope to study biological cells Earlier electron microscopes were used only in physical researches His first electron microscopic study was on the structure of mitochondria in 1945 5 6 7 8 He was given American citizenship in 1941 2 He discovered that mitochondria are the power houses of all cells He also discovered cytoplasmic granules full of RNA and named them microsomes which were later renamed ribosomes the protein synthesizing machineries of cell With his associate Keith Porter he found a lace work structure that was eventually proven to be the major structural feature of the interior of all eukaryotic cells This was the discovery of endoplasmic reticulum a Latin for fishnet 3 In 1949 he became Director of the Jules Bordet Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment Institut Jules Bordet and Professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Free University of Brussels where he was Emeritus in 1971 In the mid sixties during an Electron Microscopy symposium in Bratislava Czechoslovakia organized by the UNESCO at the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences he meets young scientist Dr Emil Mrena who was at that time head of the Electron Microscopy department He invited him to come and work with him in Brussels making it possible for Dr Mrena s family to escape the communist regime Their close collaboration gave fruition to 5 publications from 1969 to 1974 With the support of his colleague and friend Christian de Duve he became in 1972 Professor at the University of Louvain Universite catholique de Louvain and Director of the Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Cancerologie in Louvain la Neuve where he moved with Dr Emil Mrena as sole collaborator At the same time he was appointed Professor at the Rockefeller University an institution with which he had remained connected in different degrees since 1929 1 Personal life editHe married Julia Gilder in 1935 with whom he had a daughter Philippa They were divorced while he was at Rockefeller Philippa became a neuroscientist and married Antony Stretton Claude was known to be a bit of an eccentric and had close friendship with painters including Diego Rivera and Paul Delvaux and musicians such as Edgard Varese After his retirement in 1971 from the Universite libre de Bruxelles and from the directorship of the Institut Jules Bordet he continued his research at the University of Louvain with his collaborator Dr Emil Mrena who ended up resigning in 1977 due to decreasing activity of the Laboratory moving to other research works It is said that he continued his research in seclusion until he died of natural causes at his home in Brussels on Sunday night on 22 May 1983 but he had stopped visiting his own laboratory in Louvain already in 1976 due to his weak health 4 Awards and recognitions editBaron Holvoet Prize of the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique of Belgium in 1965 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize in 1970 from Columbia University Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize in 1971 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with Palade and de Duve for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell Medal of the Belgian Academy of Medicine Member of the Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium Member of the French Academy of Sciences Honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Order of the Palmes Academiques of France Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold II Honorary doctorates from the universities of Modena Brno Liege Louvain Gent and the Rockefeller University References edit a b c Claude Albert Albert Claude Biographical www nobelprize org Nobel Media AB Retrieved 4 February 2014 a b Altman Lawrence K 24 May 1984 DR ALBERT CLAUDE DEAD AT 84 WON NOBEL PRIZE IN MEDICINE The New York Times Retrieved 4 February 2014 a b Albert Claude Biography 1898 1983 Advameg Inc Retrieved 5 February 2014 a b c Claude Albert Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography The Encyclopedia com Retrieved 5 February 2014 Palade GE 1971 Albert Claude and the beginnings of biological electron microscopy The Journal of Cell Biology 50 1 5d 19d doi 10 1083 jcb 50 1 5d PMC 2108415 PMID 19866787 Raju TN 1999 The Nobel chronicles 1974 Albert Claude 1899 1983 George Emil Palade b 1912 and Christian Rene de Duve b 1917 The Lancet 354 9185 1219 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 05 75433 7 PMID 10513750 S2CID 54323049 Gompel C 2006 Albert Claude an exceptional man Bull Mem Acad R Med Belg 161 10 12 543 55 PMID 17503730 Aitchison J D 12 May 2003 Inventories to insights The Journal of Cell Biology 161 3 465 469 doi 10 1083 jcb 200302041 PMC 2172947 PMID 12743099 Further reading editRheinberger H J 1997 Cytoplasmic particles in Brussels Jean Brachet Hubert Chantrenne Raymond Jeener and at Rockefeller Albert Claude 1935 1955 History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 19 1 47 67 PMID 9284642 Fruhling J August 1994 Eulogy of Professor Albert Claude Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1974 Bull Mem Acad R Med Belg 149 12 466 9 PMID 8563685 Brachet J 1988 Notice sur Albert Claude Associe de l Academie PDF Annuaire de l Academie Royale de Belgique 93 135 Archived from the original PDF on 3 April 2017 de Duve C 1987 Albert Claude and the beginnings of modern cell biology La Cellule 74 11 9 PMID 3079269 Henry J 1984 Eulogy to Professor Albert Claude honorary member of the Royal Academy Bull Mem Acad R Med Belg 139 3 197 202 PMID 6388698 de Duve C Palade G E 1983 Albert Claude 1899 1983 Nature 304 5927 588 Bibcode 1983Natur 304 588D doi 10 1038 304588a0 PMID 6308471 S2CID 27808144 Tagnon H June 1983 In memoriam Prof Albert Claude Revue Medicale de Bruxelles 4 6 450 2 PMID 6348913 Olsen B R Lie S O December 1974 Nobel prize in medicine 1974 Albert Claude George Palade Christian de Duve Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 94 34 36 2400 3 PMID 4614493 Florkin M October 1972 A salute to Albert Claude Arch Int Physiol Biochim 80 4 632 47 doi 10 3109 13813457209075254 PMID 4120117 Florkin M December 1974 Homage to Albert Claude and Christian de Duve Nobel Prize laureates in medicine and physiology 1974 Arch Int Physiol Biochim 82 5 807 15 doi 10 3109 13813457409072328 PMID 4142698 Palade G E July 1971 Albert Claude and the beginnings of biological electron microscopy J Cell Biol 50 1 5d 19d doi 10 1083 jcb 50 1 5d PMC 2108415 PMID 19866787 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Albert Claude His list of publications on the Institutional Repository of Universite libre de Bruxelles Albert Claude on Nobelprize org nbsp The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize Biography at biography com Archived 1 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine Science Quotes by Albert Claude Profile at Rockefeller University Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Albert Claude amp oldid 1178254154, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.