United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed

United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, et al. is the trial of five alleged al-Qaeda members for aiding the September 11, 2001 attacks. Charges were announced by Brigadier General Thomas W. Hartmann on February 11, 2008 at a press conference hosted by the Pentagon.^[1] The men charged are Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Walid bin Attash, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Ammar al-Baluchi, and Mustafa Ahmad al Hawsawi.^[2]

Defendants in United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, et al.

Khalid Shaikh Mohammed

Walid bin Attash

Ramzi Binalsihbh

Mustafa al-Hawsawi

Charges

The five men are charged under the military commission system, as established by Congress under the Military Commissions Act of 2006. The charges,^[3] which were brought in 2011, are the following: attacking civilians, attacking civilian objects, intentionally causing serious bodily injury, murder in violation of the law of war, destruction of property in violation of the law of war, hijacking or hazarding a vessel or aircraft, terrorism, and providing material support for terrorism.^[4][5] If convicted, the men may face the death penalty.

The murder charge involves 2,973 individual counts of murder – one for each person killed in the 9/11 attacks.^[6]

The trial in a military commission

 

This image, the first to be made public following Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's capture, stirred controversy, because Janet Hamlin, the courtroom illustrator, was called upon to redraw the image when Mohammed said the original version made his nose too large.^[7]

On February 11, 2008, at a Pentagon press briefing, original charges were announced by Brigadier General Thomas W. Hartmann against six accused. By the time charges were "referred"^[8] (the military procedural equivalent of an indictment) in May 2008, there were only five accused. Later, it was revealed that the military commission Convening Authority (Susan Crawford, at the time) who referred the charges had seen evidence that the additional detainee originally charged, Mohammed al-Qahtani, had been tortured in military custody. Crawford determined that, as a result, he could not be prosecuted.^[9]

The trial was first presided over by military judge Colonel Ralph Kohlmann. The trial began in June 5, 2008, with the arraignment. Court personnel, prosecutors, defense attorneys, victims and family members of victims, as well as members of the press and non-governmental organizations, all traveled to Guantanamo Naval Station for the arraignment.

The U.S. Department of Defense has built a $12 million "Expeditionary Legal Complex" in Guantánamo with a courtroom designed to protect classified information, and capable of trying the alleged co-conspirators before one judge and jury. Only members of the defense teams of each of the five defendants, the prosecution team, court staff, and jury members may enter the courtroom itself. Media and other observers may watch unclassified proceedings only, sequestered in a room behind thick glass, located at the back of the large court facility. The sound from the courtroom to the spectator gallery is delayed 40 seconds,^[10] to allow the judge or court security officer to cut the sound feed, when necessary to protect classified information.^[11]

The death penalty against any of the men requires the unanimous agreement of the members of the commission.^[12] Members of a military commission must all be active duty U.S. military officers.^[13]

At the 2008 arraignment, Mohammed insisted he would not be represented by any attorneys. The other detainees quickly followed suit and said they too wanted to represent themselves, although the judge did not allow them to do so. One of the civilian attorneys Mohammed spurned, David Nevin, later told the Associated Press that he would attempt to meet with Mohammed to "hear him out and see if we can give him information that is helpful".^[14][15]

Mohammed lost his composure after the judge ordered several defense attorneys to keep quiet, saying in broken English, "It's an inquisition. It's not a trial. After torturing they transfer us to inquisition-land in Guantanamo."^[15]

Mohammed stated that he believes only in Sharia law and railed against U.S. President George W. Bush for waging a "crusade war". When the judge warned Mohammed that he will face execution if convicted of organizing the attacks, Mohammed said he welcomes the death penalty, stating that "Yes, this is what I wish, to be a martyr for a long time. I will, God willing, have this, by you."^[15]

A sound feed to journalists from the courtroom was turned off twice.

The sound was also turned off when another defendant discussed early days of his imprisonment. Judge Ralph Kohlmann said that in both cases the sound was turned off because classified information was discussed.^[15]

On September 23, 2008, in the voir dire process, Mohammed questioned the judge on his potential bias at trial.^[16]

On October 12, 2008, Kohlmann ruled that Mohammed and his four co-charged should be provided with laptops so they can work on their defenses.^[17]

Kohlmann unexpectedly replaced

Kohlmann was scheduled to retire in 2009. In November 2008, he was unexpectedly replaced by Stephen Henley.

Possible guilty plea

On December 8, 2008, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and his four co-defendants told the judge that they wished to confess and plead guilty to all charges. The plea was to be delayed until mental competency hearings for Mustafa Ahmad al-Hawsawi and Ramzi bin al-Shibh could be held regarding which Mohammed said, "We want everyone to plead together."^[18][19] Spencer Ackerman, writing in the Washington Independent, reported that Presiding Officer Stephen Henley had to consider whether he was authorized to accept guilty pleas.

Transfer of the case to a civilian court

In July 2009, US Attorney General Eric Holder assigned eight experienced criminal prosecutors to build the best criminal case they could against Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and his co-conspirators. His prosecutors, Holder said, had "constructed a case that uses materials and evidence that does not derive from the techniques that were controversial", which would "maximize our chances for success". It was a major concern to Holder that the case not rest on torture. "It's a statement about what this Administration is about", he said. "It's a statement about this Attorney General. We are not going to use the products of interrogation techniques that this President has banned."^[20]

On November 13, 2009, Eric Holder announced that Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Walid bin Attash, Ali Abdul Aziz Ali and Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi will all be transferred to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York for trial. He also expressed confidence that an impartial jury would be found "to ensure a fair trial in New York".^[21][22]

A rally near the federal court building in Foley Square, in lower Manhattan, was held on 5 December 2010 at which the decision to transfer the case to a civilian court was severely criticized. It was organized, in part, by Debra Burlingame, the sister of the pilot Charles Burlingame, who was killed when Al Qaeda hijackers crashed the plane he had been flying into the Pentagon. Burlingame is one of the three founders of Keep America Safe, a political-advocacy group. Andrew McCarthy, the former Chief Assistant U.S. Attorney who led the prosecution of the 1993 World Trade Center attack, spoke at this rally declaring that Eric Holder didn't "understand what rule of law has always been in wartime". He said, "It's military commissions. It's not to wrap our enemies in our Bill of Rights."

In a letter to president Barack Obama, Dianne Feinstein, the chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee, suggested that holding a trial in New York was dangerous. "New York City has been a high-priority target since at least the first World Trade Center bombing", she wrote. "The trial of the most significant terrorist in custody would add to the threat."^[20]

On January 21, 2010, all charges have been withdrawn in the military commissions against the five suspects in the September 11, 2001, terror attacks being held at Guantanamo Bay. The charges were dropped "without prejudice" – a procedural move that allows federal officials to transfer the men to trial in a civilian court and also allows for the possibility, if necessary, of bringing charges again in military commissions.^[23][24]

In February 2010, White House spokesman Robert Gibbs on CNN said that he expects Mohammed to be found guilty and executed. "Khalid Sheikh Mohammed is going to meet justice and he's going to meet his maker. He will be brought to justice and he's likely to be executed for the heinous crimes he committed."^[25] The White House spokesperson's statement has been criticized as violating the principle of the presumption of innocence and has been characterized as egregious by an attorney of Guantanamo Bay detainees.^[25]

In February 2010, Fox News reported that the legal counsel of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, and the legal counsel of several other captives, was halted without warning.^[26] The attorneys had made the trip to Guantanamo in the usual manner, advising authorities of the purpose of their trip. However, upon their arrival in Guantanamo, they were informed they were no longer allowed to see their clients. They were told that letters they had written to their clients could not be delivered, as they were no longer authorized to write to their clients. Camp authorities told them that since the charges against their clients had been dropped while the Department of Justice determined where to charge them, they no longer needed legal counsel. Camp authorities told them that all future access to the captives had to be approved by Jeh Johnson, the Department of Defense's General Counsel. Fox reported that during earlier periods when the charges had been dropped the captives had still been allowed to see their attorneys. Fox claimed that questions they asked camp authorities lead to the captives' access to their attorneys being restored.

Transfer of the case back to a military commission

On January 7, 2011, US President Barack Obama signed the National Defense Authorization Act which explicitly prohibits the use of US Defense Department funds to transfer detainees from Guantanamo Bay to the United States or other countries. It also bars Pentagon funds from being used to build facilities in the United States to house detainees, as the president originally suggested. The move essentially barred the administration from trying detainees in civilian courts. The president objected to the provision in the bill before signing it, calling it "a dangerous and unprecedented challenge to critical executive branch authority" but also said his team would work with the US Congress to "seek repeal of these restrictions".^[27]

On April 4, 2011, Attorney General Eric Holder announced that Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and four other 9/11 terror suspects will face a military trial at the Guantanamo Bay detention facility. In announcing his decision, Holder criticized Congress for imposing restrictions on the Justice Department's ability to bring the men to New York for civilian trials. "After thoroughly studying the case, it became clear to me that the best venue for prosecution was in federal court. I stand by that decision today", Holder said. "As the president has said, those unwise and unwarranted restrictions (imposed by Congress) undermine our counterterrorism efforts and could harm our national security. Decisions about who, where and how to prosecute have always been – and must remain – the responsibility of the executive branch." Holder insisted, "We were prepared to bring a powerful case against Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and his four co-conspirators – one of the most well-researched and documented cases I have ever seen in my decades of experience as a prosecutor." He added, "Had this case proceeded in Manhattan or in an alternative venue in the United States, as I seriously explored in the past year, I am confident that our justice system would have performed with the same distinction that has been its hallmark for over 200 years." Holder had promised to seek the death penalty for each of the five men and on 4 April he warned that it is an "open question" if such a penalty can be imposed by a military commission if the defendants plead guilty.^[28]

On May 5, 2012, the trial started. A small number of 9/11 victims' relatives were attending the hearing. Proceedings were delayed as one of the defendants, Waleed bin Attash, appeared in court while restrained in his chair. The restraints were later removed after defence counsel had given assurances that he would "behave". Khalid Sheikh Mohammed refused to answer the judge's questions. All the defendants refused to wear earphones providing translation into Arabic; the hearing was delayed and could only be resumed upon the arrival of an Arabic translator.^[29]

The trial is conducted in a specially-built courtroom at Guantanamo. Witnesses may see the proceedings through soundproof glass and hear an audio feed that is time-delayed 40 seconds. When classified material is mentioned in the court, the Court can press a censorship button to cut the audio feed to the observers and "illuminate a red light on the judge's bench".^[30]

On January 28, 2013, during a pretrial hearing, "the sound system in the courtroom was suddenly cut, to the surprise of even the judge",^[31] as if the "censorship button" was pressed, audio feed was cut and the red light was illuminated. When the audio feed resumed, trial judge Col. James L. Pohl said, "Note for the record that the 40-second delay was initiated not by me. I'm curious as to why. If some external body is turning the commission off under their own view what ought to be with no reason or explanation, then we are going to have a little meeting about who turns that light on or off." The Miami Herald reported that "the judge ... was clearly furious."^[32]

All four accused refused to enter a plea and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed refused to answer the judge's questions, which his lawyer said he was doing in protest at his alleged torture, and because he believed the tribunal was unfair.^[33]

In October 2014, Mohammed and his four codefendants petitioned the Commission to ban female guards from touching them. Attorneys for Mohammad and his codefendants argued that their Muslim faith forbids any contact between them and women other than their wives and immediate female relatives; therefore, physical contact with female guards limits the accused free exercise of religion and causes undue physical and mental harm. The defense argued the use of female guards is in violation of statutory and constitutional protections under domestic law, as well as additional protections under international humanitarian law. Request for relief was explicitly sought under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993, which states that "the Government may not 'substantially burden' an individual's free exercise of religion except when the burden is in furtherance of a 'compelling governmental interest' and is the 'least restrictive means' of pursuing the compelling interest".^[34]

On January 7, 2015, presiding Judge Col. James L. Pohl granted a temporary order "limiting the use of female guards to physically touch" Mohammad and his codefendants, "during movements to and from attorney-client meetings and Commission hearings, absent exigent circumstances, until such time the Commission makes a final ruling".^[35]

On July 8, 2016, Judge Pohl rescinded the temporary order, citing that under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, the United States government has legitimate interests in "gender-neutral staffing to promote detention facility security, full integration of women into the Armed Forces, and prevention of gender discrimination".^[36]

On August 10, 2012, the government filed a pleading describing an ex parte motion seeking permission of the military commission to destroy a military black site where the accused were imprisoned.^[37] In response, the defense filed dozens of discovery requests and motions to compel. On August 12, 2013, the military commission ruled that information related to the black site would be admissible as evidence in court, and protected under the law as such.^[38]

In June 2014, the military commission issued an ex parte order authorizing the substitution of documented evidence provided by the government, in lieu of preserving the black site for further investigation. The military commission also required that the defense team be notified of the impending destruction of evidence. However, the black site was destroyed in 2014, and the defense team was not notified until February 2016. In response, the prosecution stated this error was "simple miscommunication, resulting in inaction", between the military commission and government, each believing the task of notifying the defense team was that of the other.^[39]

On May 10, 2016, defense attorneys for Mohammad filed a motion for recusal of the military judge and current prosecution team, in response to the ex parte order leading to the "secret destruction of evidence with important guilt phase and mitigation value, despite a public order not to".^[40] On August 19, 2016, defense attorneys submitted a request "seeking all documents and information regarding the authorization for and destruction of the black site" including all actions taken by the government concerning the issue, communications between all parties involved, and documentation regarding any efforts taken by the government to notify the defense team about destruction of the black site. The motion was denied.^[41]

On September 28, 2016, the defense team filed a subject motion to compel discovery, or to dismiss all charges. On January 17, 2017, Judge Pohl granted this motion in part: the government is to provide the defense team with specified information from a limited number of classified documents pertaining to the decommission of the black site. All other requests for compelling discovery were denied, as was the request for dismissal of charges.^[42]

Trial date

On August 30, 2019, Judge W. Shane Cohen set the trial to begin on January 11, 2021. Finding that the case "will face a host of administrative and logistics challenges requiring coordination between [the prosecution, the defense], the Convening Authority, classified information equity holders, and installation management officials", the Commission also introduced a scheduling order for the trial.^[43]

On September 7, 2021, pre-trial hearings resumed after a break of a year and a half due to the COVID-19 pandemic and personnel changes.^[44]

On July 18, 2022, the U.S. Department of Defense released a media invitation for the pre-trial hearing scheduled from September 17, 2022 to October 15, 2022. However, in August 2022 the pre-trials were postponed to an unspecified date. In December 2022, hearings were further postponed into 2023, with speculation that they may be delayed even more as the Biden administration weighs a possible plea deal that would take the death penalty off the table. This news attracted criticism from Republicans, with US Representative Jim Jordan tweeting, "Joe Biden's allies are negotiating lesser sentences for 9/11 attackers. If they won't punish terrorists, how can we trust them to lock up criminals in your neighborhood?"^[45]

In a letter dated August 1, 2023, Pentagon officials informed families of 9/11 victims of the possibility of a plea agreement which would spare the lives of the accused.^[46]

On May 6, 2024, the U.S. Department of Defense released a media invitation for the pre-trial hearing scheduled from July 15th to August 9th, 2024.^[47]

Resignation of Major Jason Wright

In 2011, US Army Captain Jason Wright was appointed to serve as Mohammed's military counsel.^[48][49] In April 2014 Wright went on record that he felt the United States Army was making him choose between his military career and his responsibilities to his client. Wright described how he had spent the previous three years building a rapport with Mohammed, and that the military would undermine his right to a fair trial by reassigning him. Wright said he felt he had no choice but to resign his Army commission and continue to represent Mohammed as a civilian.

Wright was promoted from Captain to Major in September 2012. Army lawyers normally attend a year of graduate school, when they are promoted to Major. While most officers take that year of schooling immediately, Wright followed the procedure to apply for a deferral of his training. He received a one-year deferral, but when that expired he felt his responsibilities to Mohammed required him to resign, so he could continue to be his counsel as a civilian.

Role of Gina Haspel

On January 8, 2019, Carol Rosenberg of the Miami Herald reported that partially redacted transcripts from a pre-trial hearing seemed to indicate that Gina Haspel had been the "Chief of Base" of a clandestine CIA detention site at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Station in the 2003–2004 period.^[50][51]

References

1. . Archived from the original on 2010-06-25. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
2. Rosenberg, Carol (21 December 2015). "About the 9/11 war crimes trial". Miami Herald.
3. Office of, Military Commissions. "United States of America vs. Khalid Sheik Mohammed et. al" (PDF). mc.mil.
4. "10 U.S.C. 950t(25)". Cornell Law School, Legal Information Institute. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
5. The federal charge of material support for terrorism is codified at 18 USC §§ 2339A & 2339B "18 USC 2339A". Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
6. "Guantanamo 9/11 suspects on trial". BBC News. June 6, 2008. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
7. "9/11 Suspect: Artist Drew My Nose Too Big". CBS News. 2008-06-05. from the original on 2012-04-23. Retrieved 2011-02-02. The confessed mastermind of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on America said a courtroom artist at his arraignment Thursday made his nose look too big.
8. Rule for Military Commission 601(e). Rules for Military Commissions
9. Glaberson, Bill (January 14, 2009). "Detainee Was Tortured, a Bush Official Confirms". New York Times. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
10. Rosenberg, Carol (August 30, 2019). "Trial for Men Charged With Plotting 9/11 Attacks Is Set for 2021". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
11. "About the 9/11 war crimes trial", Miami Herald, February 27, 2008
12. Rule for Military Commission 921(c) (Voting)
13. Rule for Military Commissions 503(a) (Members) Rules for Military Commissions
14. Guantanamo 9/11 suspects on trial, BBC News, June 6, 2008
15. Selsky, Andrew O. (June 5, 2008), , Huffington Post, archived from the original on March 9, 2016
16. Worthington, Andy (September 29, 2008), Is Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Running the 9/11 Trials?
17. Rosenberg, Carol (October 12, 2008), , Miami Herald, archived from the original on December 4, 2008, retrieved July 18, 2018, Mohammed, his nephew Ammar al Baluchi and Walid Bin Attash have sought through standby counsel filings at the Military Commission a long list of resources they say they need to mount their defense -- including Internet links to read news accounts and do live research on databases..
18. Reuters wire service (December 8, 2008). "Sept. 11 Defendants Ask to Plead Guilty". The New York Times. Retrieved December 8, 2008. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
    "Top 9/11 suspects to plead guilty". BBC News. December 8, 2008. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
19. Ackerman, Spencer (December 8, 2008). . Washington Independent. Archived from the original on December 13, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2018., .
20. Jane Mayer (2010-02-16). "The Trial.Eric Holder and the battle over Khalid Sheikh Mohammed". The New Yorker.
21. Terry Frieden, Chris Kokenes (2009-11-13). "Accused 9/11 plotter Khalid Sheikh Mohammed faces New York trial". CNN.
22. "Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Trial 2009". Associated Press. November 13, 2009. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
23. Catherine Herridge (2010-01-22). "Charges Withdrawn in Military Commissions for Sept. 11 Suspects". Fox News.
24. "Pentagon drops charges against 9/11 plotters, clearing way for civilian trials". Idaho Statesman. February 26, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
25. Al Jazeera English, 1 Feb, 2010, "Execution 'Likely' for 9/11 Suspect," . Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
26. Catherine Herridge (2010-02-24). . Fox News. Archived from the original on 2010-02-28. A group of attorneys, including military counsel, said they were being blocked from meeting with their clients, the Sept. 11 suspects at Guantanamo Bay -- only to have access restored late Wednesday after Fox News reported the attorneys' concerns.
27. In Reversal, Obama Orders Guantanamo Military Trial for 9/11 Mastermind Khalid Sheikh Mohammed by JASON RYAN and HUMA KHAN
28. Accused 9/11 terror suspects to face military trials by Alan Silverleib
29. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and other '9/11 plotters' in court
30. Andavolu, Krishna (2013-02-03). "Strange Things Are Happening at Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's Trial". Vice. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
31. "Hidden mike revealed at Guantanamo meeting room". Archived from the original on 2013-04-14. Retrieved 2013-02-28.
32. . Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 2013-02-23.
33. "Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and other '9/11 plotters' in court". BBC. 2012-05-06. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
34. United States of America v. KSM et al., AE254Y(WBA) (Military Commission 17 October 2014).
35. United States of America v. KSM et al., AE254JJ, Interim Order (Military Commission 7 January 2015).
36. United States of America v. KSM et al., AE254QQQQQ, Ruling (Military Commission 8 July 2016).
37. United States of America v. KSM et al., AE052 (Military Commission 10 August 2012).
38. United States of America v/ KSM et al., AE052N Ruling (Military Commission 12 August 2013).
39. United States of America v. KSM et al., AE425C (GOV) (Military Commission 24 May 2016).
40. United States of America v. KSM et al., AE425 (KSM) (Military Commission 10 May 2016).
41. United States v. KSM et al., AE425L (Mohammad, AAA) (Military Commission 19 August 2016).
42. United States of America, AE425T (KSM, AAA) Ruling (Military Commission 17 January 2017).
43. Rosenberg, Carol (August 30, 2019). "Trial for Men Charged With Plotting 9/11 Attacks Is Set for 2021". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
44. "Alleged 9/11 plotters, including Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, appear at Guantanamo pretrial hearing". CNN. September 7, 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
45. "9/11 trial delayed again as Biden administration pushes for plea deal with terrorists". Washington Examiner. 2023-01-09. Retrieved 2023-01-19.
46. McDougall, A. J. (2023-08-17). "9/11 Defendants May Be Spared Death in Plea Deal, Officials Tell Families". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
47. "Media Invitation Announced for United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed et al. Pre-Trial Hearing". U.S. Department of Defense. May 6, 2024.
48. Ryan C. Reilly (2014-04-21). "Army Drives 9/11 Mastermind's Lawyer To Sacrifice His Military Career". Washington DC: Huffington Post. from the original on 2014-04-24. Retrieved 2014-09-08. As it stands, Maj. Jason Wright will become Mr. Jason Wright and stop receiving a military paycheck on Aug. 26. At that point, he will likely also be removed from KSM's defense team, but his decision to resign from the Army will have delayed his departure by roughly a month.
49. Noelle Price. "Defense Attorney for Accused 9/11 Terror Attack Leader Resigns". JD Journal. from the original on 2014-09-08. Last week, Wright resigned. According to NPR.org, Wright has accused the United States of "abhorrent leadership," specifically on human rights and due process guarantees. Wright also claims that the government is creating a "show trial."
50. Carol Rosenberg (2019-01-08). "Did CIA Director Gina Haspel run a black site at Guantánamo?". McClatchy News Service. Guantanamo. from the original on 2019-01-08. The claim by Rita Radostitz, a lawyer for Khalid Sheik Mohammed, appears in one paragraph of a partially redacted transcript of a secret hearing held at Guantánamo on Nov. 16. Defense lawyers were arguing, in a motion that ultimately failed, that Haspel's role at the prison precludes the possibility of a fair trial for the men accused of orchestrating the 9/11 attacks who were also held for years in covert CIA prisons.
51. "Redacted-transcript-of-closed-9-11-trial-hearing". Guantanamo Military Commission. 2018-11-16. from the original on 2019-01-08. Retrieved 2019-01-08. And so again, our evidence here is that there is a change, a significant change, a sea change in the classification guidance once Gina Haspel becomes in a position of power within the CIA. And we don 't know for sure, and we cannot tell you for sure that she is who requested that change in the classification guidance.   Media related to File:Redacted-transcript-of-closed-9-11-trial-hearing_(2018-11-16).pdf at Wikimedia Commons