United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement

"USMCA" redirects here. For the geographic code, see UN/LOCODE:USMCA. For the air branch of the United States Marine Corps, see United States Marine Corps Aviation.

The Agreement between the United States of America, the United Mexican States, and Canada (USMCA)^{[1][Note 1]} is a free trade agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the United States. It replaced the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) implemented in 1994,^[2][3][4] and is sometimes characterized as "NAFTA 2.0",^[5][6][7] or "New NAFTA",^[8][9] since it largely maintains or updates the provisions of its predecessor.^[10] USMCA created one of the world's largest free trade zones,^[11] spanning roughly 500 million people and totaling over $26 trillion in GDP (PPP).

Agreement between the United States of America, the United Mexican States, and Canada

United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) (American English) Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) (Canadian English) Tratado entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá (T-MEC) (Spanish) Accord Canada–États-Unis–Mexique (ACEUM) (French)
Type	Free trade agreement
Drafted	30 September 2018
Signed	30 November 2018 10 December 2019 (revised version)
Location	Mexico City, Mexico
Effective	1 July 2020
Condition	3 months after notification of each state that all internal procedures have been completed
Expiration	Upon end of 16-year term (renewable)
Ratifiers	Canada Mexico United States
Languages	English French Spanish

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement

USMCA resulted from renegotiations between the NAFTA member states beginning in 2017; characterized as "tumultuous",^[12] these centered primarily on "auto exports, steel and aluminum tariffs, and the dairy, egg, and poultry markets".^[13] All sides came to a formal agreement on October 1, 2018,^[14] and U.S. President Donald Trump proposed USMCA during the G20 Summit the following month, where it was signed by himself, Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto, and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. A revised version reflecting additional consultations was signed on December 10, 2019 and ratified by all three countries, with Canada being the last to ratify on March 13, 2020. Following notification by all three governments that the provisions were ready for domestic implementation, the agreement came into effect on July 1, 2020.^{[15][16][17][18][19]}

USMCA is primarily a modernization of NAFTA, namely with respect to intellectual property and digital trade,^[20][21] and borrows language from the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), of which Canada and Mexico are signatories. Key changes from its predecessor include increased environmental and working regulations; greater incentives for automobile production in the U.S. (with quotas for Canadian and Mexican automotive production); more access to Canada's dairy market; and an increased duty-free limit for Canadians who buy U.S. goods online.^{[21][22][Note 2]}

Background and nomenclature

Main articles: Economy of the United States, Economy of Mexico, and Economy of Canada

The United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement is based substantially on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which came into effect on January 1, 1994. The present agreement was the result of more than a year of negotiations including possible tariffs by the United States against Canada in addition to the possibility of separate bilateral deals instead.^[23]

During the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Donald Trump's campaign included the promise to renegotiate NAFTA, or cancel it if re-negotiations were to fail.^[24] Upon election, Trump proceeded to make a number of changes affecting trade relations with other countries^[25] — withdrawing from the Paris Agreement, ceasing to be part of negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership, and significantly increasing tariffs with China — reinforcing that he was serious about seeking changes to NAFTA, while drawing wide criticism as well.^[26] One journal article noted that much of the debate surrounding the virtues and faults of the USMCA is similar to that surrounding all free trade agreements (FTAs); for instance, the nature of FTAs as public goods, potential infringements of national sovereignty, and the role of business, labor, environmental, and consumer interests in shaping the language of trade deals.^[27]

The agreement is referred to differently by each signatory—in the United States, it is called the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA);^[1][28] in Canada, it is officially known as the Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) in English^[29] and the Accord Canada–États-Unis–Mexique (ACEUM) in French;^[30] and in Mexico, it is called Tratado entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá (T-MEC).^[31][32] The agreement is sometimes referred to as "New NAFTA"^[33][34] in reference to the previous trilateral agreement it is meant to supersede, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

Negotiations

 

A visualization of the timeline for the USMCA ratification process in the US, as prescribed by Trade Promotion Authority

The formal negotiation process began on May 18, 2017, when the US Trade Representative (USTR), Robert Lighthizer, notified Congress that he intended to renegotiate NAFTA starting in 90 days.^[35] In accordance with Trade Promotion Authority statutes, the USTR released its key negotiating objectives document on July 7, 2017. Negotiations began on August 16, 2017, and continued with eight formal rounds of talks until April 8, 2018. Lacking any resolution, Lighthizer stated on May 2, 2018, that if by the end of the month no deal was reached, negotiations would be halted until 2019. This statement was motivated by the pending change of government in Mexico, in which the then-incoming president, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, disagreed with much of the negotiated language and might be unwilling to sign the deal.

Separately, on May 11, 2018, Speaker of the House Paul Ryan set May 17 as a deadline for Congressional action. This deadline was disregarded, and the deal with Mexico was not reached until August 27, 2018.^[35] At this time Canada had not agreed to the presented deal. Because Mexico's outgoing president, Enrique Peña Nieto, left office on December 1, 2018, and 60 days are required as a review period, the deadline for providing the agreed text was the end of September 30, 2018, which was reached precisely on September 30. Negotiators worked around the clock and completed the agreement less than an hour before midnight of that date on a draft text. The next day on October 1, 2018, the USMCA text was published as an agreed-to document. Lighthizer credited Jared Kushner with architecting the deal and rescuing it several times from collapse.^[36]

The agreed text of the agreement was signed by leaders of all three countries on November 30, 2018, as a side event to the 2018 G20 summit in Buenos Aires, Argentina.^[37] The English, Spanish, and French versions would be equally authentic, and the agreement would take effect after ratification from all three states through the passage of enabling legislation.^[38]

 

Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau greets U.S. Ambassador Kelly Craft in 2019.

U.S. Ambassador to Canada Kelly Craft played a leadership role in trade negotiations between the US and Canada, resulting in the signing of the new trade agreement.^[39] Her work in hammering out the trilateral agreement raised her stock with the Trump administration.^[40] It was later revealed in a memoir published by Stephen Schwarzman, the CEO and founder of American LBO specialist The Blackstone Group, that he had incited Justin Trudeau to concede the protected dairy market in the USMCA negotiations. According to Schwarzman, Trudeau feared that a recession would affect his government's prospects during the 2019 Canadian federal election. The executive, who had been retained by Trump, also was invited in January 2017 to address the Liberal Cabinet at a Calgary retreat when the Cabinet would be unprotected by its Privy Council Office civil servants. Then, as the negotiations reached their end on October 1, 2018 at a last-minute behind-the-scenes meeting at the United Nations in New York City, Trudeau sacrificed the dairy industry to save the media industry and the automotive exemption. Chrystia Freeland, the Foreign Affairs minister from Trinity-Spadina riding in downtown Toronto whose constituents include many staff of the CBC and The Globe and Mail and the Toronto Star and the Toronto Sun, maps "Canadian culture" directly onto the media industry. Robert Fife in an election cycle article failed to obtain any comment from other than the Liberal party.^[41]

Fox News reported on December 9, 2019, that negotiators from the three countries reached an agreement on enforcement, paving the way for a final deal within 24 hours and ratification by all three parties before the end of the year. Mexico agreed to the enforcement of a minimum wage of US$16/hour for Mexican automotive workers by a "neutral" third party. Mexico, which imports all of its aluminum, also expressed opposition to provisions regarding American steel and aluminum contents in automobile components.^[42]

Provisions

Provisions of the agreement cover a wide range, including agricultural produce, homelessness, manufactured products, labor conditions, digital trade, among others. Some of the more prominent aspects of the agreement include giving US dairy farmers greater access to the Canadian market, guidelines to have a higher proportion of automobiles manufactured amongst the three nations rather than imported from elsewhere, and retention of the dispute resolution system similar to that included in NAFTA.^[38][43]

Dairy

The dairy provisions give the U.S. tariff-free access to 3.6%, up from 3.25% under the never-ratified Trans-Pacific Partnership, of the $15.2 billion (as of 2016) Canadian dairy market.^[44][45] Canada agreed to eliminate Class 7 pricing provisions on certain dairy products, while Canada's domestic supply management system remains in place.^[46] Canada agreed to raise the duty-free limit on purchases from the U.S. to $150 from the previous $20 level, allowing Canadian consumers to have greater duty-free access to the U.S market.^[47]

Automobiles

Automobile rules of origin (ROO) requirements mandate that a certain portion of an automobile's value must come from within the governed region. In NAFTA, the required portion was 62.5 percent. The USMCA increases this requirement by 12.5 percentage points, to 75 percent of the automobile's value. The initial proposal from the Trump administration was an increase to 85 percent, and an added stipulation that 50 percent of the automotive content be made by United States auto manufacturers.^[35] While the deal's text did not include the more demanding version of this provision, there is concern that the increased domestic sourcing, aimed at promoting US employment, will come with higher input costs and disruptions to existing supply chains.^[48]

De minimis

To facilitate greater cross-border trade, the United States has reached an agreement with Mexico and Canada to raise its de minimis shipment value levels. Canada will raise its de minimis level for the first time in decades, from C$20 (US$16) to C$40 (US$32) for taxes. Canada will also provide for duty-free shipments up to C$150 (US$120). Mexico will continue to provide US$50 tax-free de minimis and also provide duty-free shipments up to the equivalent level of US$117. Shipment values up to these levels would enter with minimal formal entry procedures, making it easier for more businesses, especially small- and medium-sized ones, to be a part of cross-border trade. Canada will also allow 90 days after entry for the importer to make payment of taxes.

Labor

 

US Vice President Mike Pence speaks about the USMCA at a Uline distribution center in Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin in October 2019

USMCA Annex 23-A requires Mexico to pass legislation that improves the collective bargaining capabilities of labor unions.^[49] The specific standards Mexico is required to comply with are detailed in the International Labour Organization's Convention 98 on freedom of association and collective bargaining. The administration of Mexico's president, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, introduced legislation in late 2018 which pursues compliance with these international standards.

Other labor-related measures include a minimum wage requirement in the automotive industry. Specifically, 40 to 45 percent of the automobiles manufactured in North America must be made in a factory that pays a minimum of $16 per hour.^[48] This measure will be phased in during the first five years after USMCA ratification.

Intellectual property

The USMCA extends the copyright length in Canada to life plus 70 years, and 75 years for sound recordings.^[50] Furthermore, biotechnological firms would have at least 10 years exclusivity period for agricultural chemicals (double the current 5), and industrial designs' period would "jump" from current 10 to 15 years. Compared to NAFTA, USMCA would require criminal penalties and civil remedies be available for both satellite and cable theft, reaffirm the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, contain the strongest due process and transparency requirements for Geographic Indicator protection systems in any FTA, require criminal procedures and penalties for recording copyrighted movies in movie theaters, and require ex officio authority for customs officials to stop suspected counterfeit goods.^[51]

Pharmaceuticals

USMCA provides for a patent term extension where there is an “unreasonable curtailment” of a pharmaceutical's patent term stemming from delays in the regulatory or marketing approval process.^[52]

USMCA accounts for data exclusivity of new pharmaceutical products. New pharmaceutical products are those which do not contain a chemical entity that has been previously approved in that Party.^[1] Generic manufacturers are prohibited from relying on the innovator's previously undisclosed safety / efficacy testing for at least five years from the date marketing approval was first granted.^[53] Mexico agreed to extend its data protection of new pharmaceutical products.^[54] Canada's data protection regime already offered an eight-year exclusivity period for innovative drugs and thus was not required to make changes.^[55]

Initially, the parties contemplated creating an exclusivity period for new products containing biologics for at least ten years from the approval date. Biologics are defined as a product that is “produced using biotechnology processes and that is, or, alternatively, contains, a virus, therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin, vaccine, blood, blood component or derivative, allergenic product, protein, or analogous product, for use in human beings for the prevention, treatment, or cure of a disease or condition.”^[1] This period would have been longer than the exclusivity periods of both Canada and Mexico, but shorter than that of the United States. This provision was heavily criticized for its potential to limit access to biologic medications and make them unaffordable.^[53][56] Thus, biologics were covered in the definition of “new pharmaceutical products” and are instead eligible for a minimum five-year protection period.^[57]

Elimination of foreign office and local presence requirements

The USMCA sunset clause would eliminate the need for companies to establish headquarters in any other USMCA country. It will encourage cross-border business by excluding US companies from the need to localize data, open a Canadian or Mexican HQ. For example, McDonald's Canada or Apple Canada could both cease to exist and the surviving entities would be a North American McDonald's or Apple.

Dispute settlement mechanisms

There are three primary dispute settlement mechanisms contained in NAFTA. Chapter 20 is the country-to-country resolution mechanism. It is often regarded as the least contentious of the three mechanisms, and it was sustained in its original NAFTA form in USMCA. Such cases would involve complaints between USMCA member states that a term of the agreement had been violated.^[58] Chapter 19 disputes manage the justifications of anti-dumping or countervailing duties. Without Chapter 19, the legal recourse for managing these policies would be through the domestic legal system. Chapter 19 specifies that a USMCA Panel will hear the case and act as an International Trade Court in arbitrating the dispute.^[58] The Trump administration attempted to remove Chapter 19 from the new USMCA text, though it has thus far endured in the agreement.

Chapter 11 is the third mechanism, known as investor-state dispute settlement, wherein multinational corporations are enabled to sue participating governments over allegedly discriminatory policies. Chapter 11 is broadly considered the most controversial of the settlement mechanisms.^[59] The Canadian negotiators effectively removed themselves from Chapter 11 in the USMCA version of this measure, Chapter 14.^[60] Canada will have a full exemption from ISDS three years after NAFTA has been terminated.^[59][60]

Beyond the Border accord

In addition to building on the existing NAFTA fused with elements from the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the USMCA also incorporates elements from the "Beyond the Border" accord signed by Prime Minister Stephen Harper and former president Barack Obama, most notably the "single window" initiative and folding the "Regulatory Cooperation Council" into the "Good Regulatory Governance" chapter 28 of the new accord.^[61]

Sunset clause

Additionally, there is a stipulation that the agreement itself must be reviewed by the three nations every six years, with a 16-year sunset clause. The agreement can be extended for additional 16-year terms during the six-year reviews.^[62] The introduction of the sunset clause places more control in shaping the future of the USMCA in the hands of domestic governments. However, there is concern that this can create greater uncertainty. Sectors such as automotive manufacturing require significant investment in cross-border supply chains.^[63] Given the dominance of the United States consumer market, this will likely pressure firms to locate more production in the US, with a greater likelihood of increased production costs for those vehicles.^[64]

Currency

A new addition in the USMCA is the inclusion of Chapter 33 which covers Macroeconomic Policies and Exchange Rate Matters. This is considered significant because it could set a precedent for future trade agreements.^[65] Chapter 33 establishes requirements for currency and macroeconomic transparency which, if violated, would constitute grounds for a Chapter 20 dispute appeal.^[65] The US, Canada, and Mexico are all currently in compliance with these transparency requirements in addition to the substantive policy requirements which align with the International Monetary Fund Articles of Agreement.^[66]

Article 32.10

The USMCA will affect how member countries negotiate future free trade deals. Article 32.10 requires USMCA countries to notify USMCA members three months in advance if they intend to begin free trade negotiations with non-market economies. Article 32.10 permits USMCA countries the ability to review any new free trade deals members agree to go forward. Article 32.10 is widely speculated to be targeting China in intent.^[67] In fact, a senior White House official said in connection to the USMCA deal that "We have been very concerned about the efforts of China to essentially undermine the US position by entering into arrangements with others."^[68]

Against exchange rate manipulation

The USMCA countries are to abide IMF standards aimed to prevent the manipulation of exchange rates. The agreement calls for public disclosure of market interventions. The IMF can be summoned to act as a referee if the parties dispute.^[68]

Against state-owned enterprises

State-owned enterprises, which are favored by China as levers for exercising its dominance, are prevented from receiving unfair subsidies when compared to private enterprise.^[68]

Status

 

Outgoing Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto, U.S. President Donald Trump, and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau sign the agreement during the G20 summit in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on November 30, 2018.

The USMCA was signed on November 30, 2018, by all three parties at the G20 summit in Buenos Aires, as had been planned the preceding months.^[69][70] However, continue disputes over labor rights, steel, and aluminum prevented ratification of this version of the agreement.^[71][72] Consequently, Canadian Deputy Prime Minister Chrystia Freeland, U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lightizer and Mexican Undersecretary for North America Jesus Seade formally signed a revised agreement on December 10, 2019, which was ratified by all three countries by March 13, 2020.

United States

United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement Implementation Act

Long title	To implement the Agreement between the United States of America, the United Mexican States, and Canada attached as an Annex to the Protocol Replacing the North American Free Trade Agreement.
Acronyms (colloquial)	USMCA
Enacted by	the 116th United States Congress
Citations
Public law	Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 116–113 (text) (PDF)
Legislative history
Introduced in the House of Representatives as H.R. 5430 by Steny Hoyer (D-MD) on December 13, 2019 Committee consideration by House Ways and Means, House Education and Labor, House Natural Resources, House Foreign Affairs, House Judiciary, House Budget, House Transportation, House Financial Services, House Agriculture, House Energy and Commerce, and House Oversight and Reform Passed the House of Representatives on December 19, 2019 (385-41) Passed the Senate on January 16, 2020 (89-10) Signed into law by President Donald Trump on January 29, 2020

Domestic procedures for ratification of the agreement are governed by the Trade Promotion Authority legislation, otherwise known as "fast track" authority.

Growing objections within the member states about U.S. trade policy and various aspects of the USMCA affected the signing and ratification process. Mexico stated they would not sign the USMCA if steel and aluminum tariffs remained.^[73] There was speculation after the results of the November 6, 2018 U.S. midterm elections that the Democrats' increased power in the House of Representatives might interfere with the passage of the USMCA agreement.^[74][75] Senior Democrat Bill Pascrell argued for changes to the USMCA to enable it to pass Congress.^[76] Republicans opposed USMCA provisions requiring labor rights for LGBTQ and pregnant workers.^[77] Forty Congressional Republicans urged Trump against signing a deal that contained "the unprecedented inclusion of sexual orientation and gender identity language"; as a result, Trump ultimately signed a revised version that committed each nation only to "policies that it considers appropriate to protect workers against employment discrimination" and clarified that the United States would not be required to introduce any additional nondiscrimination laws.^[78] The Canadian government expressed concern about the changes evolving within the USMCA agreement.^[79]

On December 2, 2018, Trump announced he would begin the six-month process to withdraw from NAFTA, adding that Congress needed either to ratify the USMCA or else revert to pre-NAFTA trading rules. Academics had debated whether the president can unilaterally withdraw from the pact without Congressional approval.^[80]

On March 1, 2019, organizations representing the U.S. agricultural sector announced their support for the USMCA and urged Congress to ratify the agreement. They also urged the Trump administration to continue upholding NAFTA until the new trade agreement is ratified.^[81] However, on March 4, House Ways and Means Chairman Richard Neal predicted a "very hard" path through Congress for the deal.^[82] Starting March 7, senior White House officials met with House Ways and Means members, as well as moderate caucuses from both parties, such as the Problem Solvers Caucus, the Tuesday Group, and the Blue Dog Coalition in their efforts to gain support for ratification. The Trump administration has also backed down from the threat of withdrawing from NAFTA as the negotiations with Congress continued.^[83]

On May 30, 2019, USTR Lighthizer submitted to Congress a draft statement on administrative measures concerning the implementation of the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA and the new NAFTA) in accordance with the Presidential Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) Act 2015 (Statement of Administrative Action). The draft would allow USMCA implementation legislation to be submitted to Congress after 30 days, thus on or after June 29. In a letter^[84] sent to Nancy Pelosi, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and Kevin McCarthy, House Minority Leader, Lighthizer said that the USMCA is the gold standard in U.S. trade policy, modernizing U.S. competitive digital trade, intellectual property, and services provisions and creating a level playing field for U.S. companies, workers and farmers, an agreement that represents a fundamental rebalancing of trade relations between Mexico and Canada.

With the draft statement on administrative measures submitted, Speaker Pelosi issued a statement that U.S. Trade Representative Lighthizer should confirm that the draft wording of the USMCA would benefit U.S. workers and farmers and that although she agreed on the need to revise NAFTA, stricter enforcement of labor and environmental protection standards was needed.^[85]

President Donald Trump warned on September 25, 2019 that an impeachment inquiry against him could derail congressional approval of USMCA, dragging down Mexico's peso and stock market as investors fled riskier assets.^[86]

The U.S. House of Representatives was proceeding with work on USMCA, U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said on September 26, 2019.^[87]

Bloomberg News reported on October 29, 2019, that the Trump administration planned to include in the legislation approving the pact a provision that would allow the USTR to directly control how and where cars and parts are made by global automakers.^[88]

On December 19, 2019, the United States House of Representatives passed the USMCA with bipartisan support by a vote of 385 (Democratic 193, Republican 192) to 41 (Democratic 38, Republican 2, Independent 1).^[89][90] On January 16, 2020, the United States Senate passed the trade agreement by a vote of 89 (Democratic 38, Republican 51) to 10 (Democratic 8, Republican 1, Independent 1)^[91] and the bill was forwarded to the White House for Trump's signature.^[92] On January 29, 2020, Trump signed the agreement into law (Public Law No: 116–113).^[93] It officially amended NAFTA^[94] but not the 1989 Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement which is only "suspended," so in case parties fail to extend or renew it in 6 years, FTA would become the law.^[95][96]

On April 24, 2020, Lighthizer gave official notice to Congress that the new trade deal was set to come to force on July 1, 2020, and notified Canada and Mexico to that effect.^[97][98] On June 1, 2020, the USTR released the "Uniform Regulations",^[99] which help interpret the different chapters of the USMCA, primarily chapters 4–7, paving the way for the Agreement to take effect domestically; NAFTA was consequently replaced the following month, on July 1, 2020.^[100]

Mexico

Treaty between Mexico, the United States and Canada
Congress of the Union
Long title Modifying Protocol to the Agreement between the United Mexican States, the United States of America, and Canada, an instrument that modifies the Protocol that replaces the North American Free Trade Agreement with the Agreement between the United Mexican States, the United States of America and Canada.
Passed by	Senate of the Republic
Passed	12 December 2019 (107-1)
Legislative history
Introduced by	Federal Executive Power
Introduced	10 December 2019
Status: In force

On November 27, 2018, the government of Mexico said it would give to Jared Kushner its highest civilian honor, the Order of the Aztec Eagle, for his work in negotiating the USMCA.^[101]

On June 19, 2019, the Senate of Mexico passed the treaty's ratification bill on first reading in a 114–4 vote, with three abstentions.^[102] The treaty was passed on its second and final reading by the Senate on December 12, 2019, by a vote of 107–1.^[103]

On April 3, 2020, Mexico announced it was ready to implement the agreement, joining Canada,^[19] though it requested that its automotive industry be given extra time to comply.^[104]

Manufacturing in Mexico accounts for 17% of GDP.^[105] However, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, the Mexican president believes that this trade deal will be a net positive for the Mexican economy by growing foreign investments, creating jobs, and expanding trade.^[106]

Canada

Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement Implementation Act
Parliament of Canada
Long title An Act to implement the Agreement between Canada, the United States of America and the United Mexican States
Passed by	House of Commons
Passed	13 March 2020
Passed by	Senate
Passed	13 March 2020
Royal assent	13 March 2020
Legislative history
First chamber: House of Commons
Bill title	C-4
Introduced by	Chrystia Freeland, Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs
Status: In force

On May 29, 2019, prime minister Justin Trudeau introduced a CUSMA implementation bill^[107] in the House of Commons.^[108] On June 20, it passed second reading in the House of Commons and was referred to the Standing Committee on International Trade.^[109]

Governor General of Canada Julie Payette declared the dissolution of the 42nd Canadian Parliament on September 11, 2019, and formally issued the writs of election for the 2019 Canadian federal election.^[110] All pending legislation is scrapped upon any dissolution of Parliament, meaning that the CUSMA implementation bill needed to be re-introduced in the 43rd Canadian Parliament which began on December 5, 2019.^[111][112]

On December 10, 2019, a revised CUSMA agreement was reached by the three countries. On January 29, 2020, deputy prime minister and Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs Chrystia Freeland introduced CUSMA implementation bill C-4^[107] in the House of Commons and it passed first reading without a recorded vote. On February 6, the bill passed second reading in the House of Commons on a vote of 275 to 28, with the Bloc Québécois voting against and all other parties voting in favor, and it was referred to the Standing Committee on International Trade.^{[113][114][115]} On February 27, 2020, the committee voted to send the bill to the full House for third reading, without amendments.

On March 13, 2020, the House of Commons passed bill C-4 to implement CUSMA before suspending itself for 6 weeks due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the "extraordinary circumstances", the third and final reading of the bill was deemed to be approved without a recorded vote, as part of an omnibus adjournment motion unanimously approved by all members present.^[116] Prime Minister Justin Trudeau was not present, since he was in self-isolation at home after his wife Sophie Grégoire Trudeau tested positive for COVID-19 infection. On the same day, the Senate passed first, second, and third readings of the bill without recorded votes,^[117] and Governor General Julie Payette granted royal assent and it became law, thus completing Canada's ratification of the legislation.^{[113][114][4]}

On April 3, 2020, Canada notified the United States and Mexico that it completed its domestic ratification process of the agreement.^[118]

Effects and analysis

 

U.S. Vice President Mike Pence speaks in support of the USMCA in 2019

 

A clickable Euler diagram showing the relationships between various multinational organisations in the Americas.v • d • e

Similarities to NAFTA

During his 2016 election campaign and presidency, Trump was highly critical of NAFTA (oftentimes describing it as "perhaps the worst trade deal ever made")^[119] while extolling USMCA as "a terrific deal for all of us."^[120] The USMCA is very similar to NAFTA, carrying over many of the same provisions and making only modest, mostly cosmetic changes,^[121] and is expected to have only a minor economic effect.^[122] Former U.S. Trade Representative Mickey Kantor, who oversaw the signing of NAFTA during the Bill Clinton administration, said, "It's really the original NAFTA."^[123]

Response

Representatives from the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL–CIO) have criticized the labor standards in the USMCA as unenforceable and toothless.^[124] Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts said "the new rules will make it harder to bring down drug prices for seniors and anyone else who needs access to life-saving medicine",^[125] reflecting on the measure that expands the patent length for biological substances to 10 years, limiting access for new generic drugs to enter the market.

The Trump administration's Office of the U.S. Trade Representative has proposed the USMCA, citing new digital trade measures, the strengthening of protection for trade secrets, and the automobile rules-of-origin adjustments, as some of the benefits of the trade agreement.^[126]

In 2018 Jim Balsillie, former chair of once-dominant handheld telephone firm Research In Motion, wrote that the "colonial supplicant attitude" of Canadian politicians was a wrong-headed approach to the data and IP provisions of the USMCA.^[20]

A report published in summer 2018 was that the National Research Council of Canada feared that domestic firms run the risk of becoming "data cows" of foreign big data under the provisions of the USMCA.^[20]

Economic effects

USMCA is projected to have a very small effect on the economy.^[122] An International Monetary Fund (IMF) working paper issued in late March 2019 found that the agreement would have "negligible" effects on the broad economy.^[122][127] The IMF study projected that the USMCA "would adversely affect trade in the automotive, textiles and apparel sectors, while generating modest aggregate gains in terms of welfare, mostly driven by improved goods market access, with a negligible effect on real GDP."^[127] The IMF study noted that the USMCA's economic benefits would be greatly enhanced if there were an end to the Trump trade war (i.e., if the U.S. eliminated tariffs on steel and aluminum imports from Canada and Mexico, and Canada and Mexico dropped retaliatory tariffs on imports from the U.S.)^[127]

An April 2019 International Trade Commission analysis on the likely effect of the USMCA estimated that the agreement, when fully implemented (six years following ratification) would increase U.S. real GDP by 0.35% and would increase U.S. total employment by 0.12% (176,000 jobs).^[128][129] The analysis cited by another study from the Congressional Research Service found the agreement would not have a measurable effect on jobs, wages, or overall economic growth.^[128] In the summer of 2019, Trump's top economic advisor Larry Kudlow (the director of the National Economic Council in the Trump White House) made unsupported claims regarding the likely economic benefits of the agreement, overstating projections related to jobs and GDP growth.^[128]

In December 2019, Thea M. Lee and Robert E. Scott of the Economic Policy Institute criticized USMCA as "weak tea, at best" because it would have "virtually no measurable impacts on wages or incomes for U.S. workers," noting that "The benefits are tiny, and it's highly uncertain whether the deal will be a net winner or loser, in the end."^[130]

In June 2020, the Nikkei Asian Review reported that Japanese auto companies are opting to "triple Mexican pay rather than move to US" in order to avoid tariffs on automotive parts.^[131]

See also

•  Economics portal
•  North America portal
•  Canada portal
•  Mexico portal
•  United States portal

 

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

President Biden and President Lopez Obrador Joint Statement

• North American integration
• Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)
• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
• North American Leaders' Summit (NALS)
• Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)
• US public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement
• China–United States trade war

Notes

1. Commonly known as the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) in the United States and the Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) in Canada.
2. The full list of differences between USMCA and NAFTA is listed on the website of the United States Trade Representative (USTR): "UNITED STATES–MEXICO–CANADA TRADE FACT SHEET Modernizing NAFTA into a 21st Century Trade Agreement". ustr.gov. 2020. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.

References

1. "Agreement between the United States of America, the United Mexican States, and Canada 12/13/19 Text". ustr.gov. Office of the United States Trade Representative. December 13, 2019. from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
2. "Mexico first to ratify USMCA trade deal, Trump presses U.S. Congress to do same". Reuters. June 19, 2019. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
3. "Trump Signs Trade Deal With Canada and Mexico". New York Times. January 29, 2020. from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
4. "Canadian Parliament rushes through ratification of USMCA trade pact". Reuters. March 13, 2020. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
5. Long, Heather. "The USMCA is finally done. Here's what is in it". Washington Post. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
6. Lea, Brittany De (November 30, 2018). "NAFTA 2.0: What to know". FOXBusiness. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
7. Montes, Juan (February 13, 2019). "Strikes at Low-Wage Plants Signal Revival of Labor Demands in Mexico". Wall Street Journal. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020 – via www.wsj.com.
8. Swanson, Ana; Tankersley, Jim (January 29, 2020). "Trump Just Signed the U.S.M.C.A. Here's What's in the New NAFTA". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
9. "Under USMCA, Canada rolls with 'new NAFTA'". FreightWaves. July 1, 2020. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
10. Swanson, Ana; Tankersley, Jim (January 29, 2020). "Trump Just Signed the U.S.M.C.A. Here's What's in the New NAFTA. (Published 2020)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
11. Canada, Global Affairs (April 21, 2022). "The Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement". GAC. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
12. Swanson, Ana; Cochrane, Emily (January 29, 2020). "Trump Signs Trade Deal With Canada and Mexico (Published 2020)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
13. "What we know about the new USMCA trade deal | CBC News". CBC. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
14. Dangerfield, Katie (August 30, 2018). "NAFTA deal reached: Canada, U.S., Mexico reach trade agreement under new name". Global News. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
15. "New North American trade pact to take effect July 1: USTR". Reuters. April 24, 2020. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
16. Rodriguez, Sabrina (April 24, 2020). "North American trade deal to take effect on July 1". Politico. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
17. "U.S. seals the deal on USMCA, says trade agreement can now take effect July 1". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. April 24, 2020. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
18. "New North American trade deal to come into effect in July". Deutsche Welle. April 25, 2020. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
19. CBC News, "Mexico joins Canada, notifies U.S. it's ready to implement new NAFTA" 2020/04/04 November 26, 2020, at the Wayback Machine accessed 6 April 2020
20. "Are You Afraid of Google? BlackBerry Cofounder Jim Balsillie Says You Should Be". The Walrus. April 10, 2019. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
21. "USMCA v NAFTA: What's changed and what it means for IP in Canada | Smart & Biggar/Fetherstonhaugh". www.smart-biggar.ca. October 2, 2018. from the original on July 25, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2019.
22. "Labour, environment standards key to getting USMCA through: Canadian ambassador". National Post. The Canadian Press. December 3, 2018. Retrieved May 18, 2019. |url=
23. Wattles, Jackie; Lobosco, Katie (September 1, 2018). "Trump again threatens to leave Canada out of new NAFTA deal". CNN. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
24. Stephenson, Emily; Becker, Amanda (June 28, 2016). "Trump vows to reopen, or toss, NAFTA pact with Canada and Mexico". Reuters. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
25. Gore, Kiran Nasir (March 1, 2019). "An Introduction to the Trump Effect on the Future of Global Dispute Resolution". Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3356649. S2CID 226863559. SSRN 3356649. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
26. Pace, Julie; Colvin, Jill (June 1, 2017). "President Trump pulls the U.S. out of Paris climate accord, sparking global criticism". PBS NewsHour. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
27. Gore, Kiran Nasir (July 1, 2019). "From NAFTA to USMCA: Providing Context for a New Era of Regional Investor-State Dispute Settlement". Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3412709. S2CID 211438774. SSRN 3412709. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
28. Harrup, Anthony; Mackrael, Kim (October 16, 2018). "Goodbye Nafta. Hello...USMCA? Musca? AEUMC? You-Smacka?". The Wall Street Journal. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
29. MacLeod, Meredith (November 30, 2018). "What's in a name? Canada goes with CUSMA for new trade deal". CTV News. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
30. "L'Accord Canada–États-Unis–Mexique (ACEUM)". Gouvernement du Canada (in French). August 15, 2014. from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
31. "T-MEC es el nombre con el que se conocerá al nuevo acuerdo comercial". El Universal (in Spanish). October 17, 2018. from the original on August 13, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
32. "AMLO gana y se queda T-MEC como nombre para acuerdo comercial trilateral". El Financiero (in Spanish). October 17, 2018. from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
33. Murphy, Jessica; Sherman, Natalie (October 1, 2018). "USMCA trade deal: Who gets what from 'new Nafta'?". BBC News. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
34. McGregor, Janyce (November 30, 2018). "'Battle' over as Trudeau, Trump, Pena Nieto sign 'new NAFTA'". CBC News. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
35. "From NAFTA to USMCA: Understanding Changes to Free Trade in North America". Livingston International. from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
36. "How Trump's son-in-law helped salvage the north American trade zone". reuters. October 1, 2018. from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
37. Palmer, Doug; Cassella, Megan. "NAFTA 2.0 is signed — but it's far from finished". POLITICO. from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
38. Diamond, Jeremy; Liptak, Kevin; Newton, Paula; Borak, Donna (October 1, 2018). "US and Canada reach deal on NAFTA after talks go down to the wire". CNN. from the original on December 11, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
39. Fassihi, Vivian Salama and Farnaz (February 23, 2019). "Trump to Nominate Kelly Craft as U.N. Ambassador". The Wall Street Journal.
40. Johnson, Eliana; Lippman, Daniel; Orr, Gabby (October 12, 2018). "White House considers 2 female ambassadors to replace Haley at U.N." POLITICO.
41. Robert Fife (September 13, 2019). "Blackstone CEO says he advised Trudeau to make dairy concession to reach USMCA deal". The Globe and Mail Inc.
42. USMCA trade agreement reached December 9, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Edward Lawrence & Jonathan Garber, FOX Business, Dec 9, 2019,
43. "U.S.-Mexico-Canada Trade Agreement: Likely Impact on the U.S. Economy and on Specific Industry Sectorsa" (PDF). United States International Trade Commission. April 2019. (PDF) from the original on July 1, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
44. Dale, Daniel; MacCharles, Tonda (September 30, 2018). "Canada, U.S. reach new NAFTA deal". Toronto Star. from the original on October 1, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
45. "Canada's Dairy Industry at a Glance". Canadian Dairy Information Centre. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. March 26, 2018. from the original on September 24, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
46. Blanchfield, Mike (October 1, 2018). "Trump approves of new continental trade deal as winners and losers are assessed". The Canadian Press. iheartradio.ca. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
47. Evans, Pete (October 1, 2018). "New free trade deal with U.S. will see Canada's duty-free limit raised to $150 from $20". CBC News. from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
48. Reinsch, William Alan; Caporal, Jack (October 3, 2018). "From NAFTA to USMCA: What's New and What's Next". www.csis.org. from the original on February 28, 2019. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
49. "Mexico: UPDATE Regarding the USMCA, the Commercial Agreement Between the United States, Mexico and Canada". L&E Global Knowledge Centre. December 13, 2018. from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
50. "How the Canadian Music Biz Is Reacting to New Trade Deal With U.S., Mexico". Billboard. October 4, 2018. from the original on July 10, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
51. Wattles, Jackie; Lobosco, Katie (September 1, 2018). "The full list of the updated IP protocol is posted on USTR Lighthizer's website" (PDF). CNN. (PDF) from the original on February 17, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
52. Norman, John (May 10, 2018). "THE USMCA: WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR PATENTS AND THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY?". Gowling WLG.
53. Uhthoff; Vega, Gómez; Guerrero, Uhthoff SC-Margarita (March 18, 2020). "Effects of the USMCA (US-Mexico-Canada agreement) in the Mexican pharmaceutical industry | Lexology". www.lexology.com. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
54. "EFFECTS OF THE USMCA (US-MEXICO-CANADA AGREEMENT) IN THE MEXICAN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY". en.uhthoff.com.mx. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
55. Norman, John (October 5, 2018). "THE USMCA: WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR PATENTS AND THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY?".
56. "USMCA still allows Canadians access to generic pharmaceuticals". CityNews Edmonton. December 10, 2019. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
57. Gutiérrez, Eder (August 13, 2020). "USMCA and Mexico's new IP Law: implications for the pharmaceutical industry".
58. Lester, Simon (July 26, 2017). "Knowing Your NAFTA Dispute Chapters: 11 vs. 19 vs. 20". Cato Institute. from the original on April 11, 2019. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
59. "NAFTA's controversial Chapter 11: What's an ISDS and why does it matter?". Trade Ready. May 27, 2016. from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
60. Gore, Kiran Nasir; Camp, Charles (2019). "The Rise of NAFTA 2.0: A Case Study in Effective ISDS Reform". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3502291. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 226813183.
61. Smith, Tori K. "An Analysis of the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement". The Heritage Foundation. from the original on February 17, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
62. Long, Heather. . Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 1, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
63. "The renegotiation of NAFTA is a relief. But it is not a success". The Economist. October 4, 2018. ISSN 0013-0613. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
64. "Canada joins North America's revised trade deal". The Economist. October 4, 2018. ISSN 0013-0613. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
65. Segal, Stephanie (October 5, 2018). "USMCA Currency Provisions Set a New Precedent". www.csis.org. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
66. . www.stewartlaw.com. Archived from the original on May 16, 2019. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
67. "Nafta's China Clause Is Latest Blow to Trudeau's Asia Ambitions". www.bloomberg.com. from the original on August 28, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
68. "Trump's 'poison pill' in China trade fight". The Financial Times. October 8, 2018. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
69. "A new Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement". Government of Canada. November 30, 2018. from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
70. "Future Mexican minister: Trade deal could be signed at G20". National Post. Associated Press. November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
71. "Canada, U.S., Mexico sign agreement on USMCA". Toronto Sun. Canadian Press. December 10, 2019. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
72. Jesse Snyder (December 10, 2019). "Trade Deal Breakthrough as Deal Nears U.S. Vote: Freeland, U.S. negotiators in Mexico". National Post. p. A1.
73. Blanchfield, Mike (October 26, 2018). "No signature on USMCA if U.S. steel and aluminum tariffs stay: Mexican minister". CTVNews. from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
74. Salama, William Mauldin and Vivian. "Democrats' House Victory Complicates Passage of New Nafta, Trade Deals". WSJ. from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
75. "Trump's USMCA trade deal could be upended as Democrats vow to withhold support". Financial Post. November 12, 2018. from the original on February 17, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
76. "Senior House Democrat Says Trump Must Change USMCA Trade Deal". www.bloomberg.com. from the original on September 2, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
77. Press, Jordan (November 18, 2018). "Republican lawmakers question protection for LGBTQ and pregnant workers in USMCA". CBC News. The Canadian Press. from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
78. Duffy, Nick (December 3, 2018). "Trump strips LGBT rights from USMCA trade deal with Mexico and Canada". Pink News. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
79. Ljunggren, David (November 8, 2018). "'Not what we agreed to': Canada at odds with U.S. changes to text of USMCA, source says". Financial Post. Reuters. from the original on February 26, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
80. "Trump says he will withdraw from NAFTA, pressuring Congress to approve new trade deal". Politico. December 2, 2018. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
81. "Producer groups urge ratification of U.S.M.C.A." Baking Business. March 5, 2019. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved March 6, 2019.
82. "Neal: New NAFTA will have 'very hard' path through Congress". Politico. March 4, 2019. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved March 6, 2019.
83. "White House tries to charm Democrats on new NAFTA". Politico. March 7, 2019. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved March 9, 2019. Aides said there were no immediate plans to withdraw from the 25-year-old agreement, though the president hasn't completely ruled out doing it eventually if the negotiations over approving USMCA fall apart.
84. "USTR" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
85. "Pelosi Statement on the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement". Speaker Nancy Pelosi. May 30, 2019. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
86. "Trump says impeachment inquiry could derail trade deal, Mexico markets slump". Reuters. September 26, 2019. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
87. "Pelosi says 'moving ahead' on trade deal; Mexico optimistic". Reuters. September 27, 2019. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
88. "Trump White House Wants Direct Control over Where Cars Are Made". Bloomberg.com. October 29, 2019. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
89. "H.R. 5430 (United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement Implementation Act)". United States House of Representatives. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
90. "FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 701". congress. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
91. "H.R. 5430 (United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement Implementation Act)". United States Senate. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
92. Schroeder, Robert. "USMCA heads to Trump's desk for signature after Senate approves pact". MarketWatch. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
93. "President Donald J. Trump's United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement Delivers a Historic Win for American Workers". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved January 29, 2020 – via National Archives.
94. Kirby, Jen (February 4, 2020). "USMCA, Trump's new NAFTA deal, explained in 600 words". Vox. from the original on July 18, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
95. "On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 5430)". United States Senate. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
96. Schroeder, Robert. "Once Trump signs bill into law, NAFTA is officially cancelled but CUFTA is only 'suspended'". MarketWatch. Retrieved January 16, 2020.^{[dead link]}
97. "USMCA To Enter Into Force July 1 After United States Takes Final Procedural Steps For Implementation". ustr.gov. April 24, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
98. "US Seals the Deal on USMCA. Says Trade Agreement can Now Take Effect". Windsor Star. April 25, 2020.
99. "Uniform Regulations" (PDF). ustr.gov. Office of the United States Trade Representative. from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
100. "USMCA Uniform Regulations Issued". The National Law Review. from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
101. Kirby, Jen (November 28, 2018). "Jared Kushner is getting an award from Mexico, and Mexicans aren't happy about it". Vox.
102. Perez, D. M. (June 20, 2019), "México ratifica el nuevo TLC con EE UU y Canadá" [Mexico ratifies the new Free Trade Agreement with the U.S. and Canada], El Pais (in Spanish), Madrid, retrieved June 21, 2019
103. "Mexican Senate ratifies changes to USMCA trade pact". AP News. December 12, 2019. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
104. "Mexico asks U.S., Canada to grant automakers transition for USMCA rules". Reuters. April 7, 2020. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
105. "The USMCA Could Strengthen Mexico's Hand on Trade". Centre for International Governance Innovation. October 4, 2018. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
106. Sheridan, Mary Beth. "Mexico becomes first country to ratify new North American trade deal". Washington Post. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
107. An Act to implement the Agreement between Canada, the United States of America and the United Mexican States
108. "Freeland heralds new NAFTA, says Canada ready to ratify as MPs begin debate". CTV News. June 11, 2019. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
109. "House Government Bill C-100". Parliament of Canada. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
110. "The Dissolution of Parliament and the Calling of an Election". the Governor General of Canada. September 13, 2019. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
111. Bernstein, Ryan; Eatedali, Mariam (June 18, 2019). "Clock is ticking for ratification of USMCA trade deal". MarketWatch. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
112. "What is dissolution of Parliament?". Senate of Canada. September 6, 2019. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
113. "House Government Bill 43rd Parliament, 1st Session, C-4". House of Commons. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
114. "House Government Bill 43rd Parliament, 1st Session, C-4, Recorded Votes". from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
115. "VOTE NO. 13, 43RD PARLIAMENT, 1ST SESSION". Parliament of Canada, House of Commons. February 6, 2020. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
116. Pablo Rodriguez, Leader of the Government in the House of Commons (March 13, 2020). "Business of the House" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 149 No. 031. Canada: House of Commons. pp. 3–4.
117. "Routine Proceedings, Orders of the Day". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 151, Issue 17. Canada: Senate. March 13, 2020.
118. "Statement by the Deputy Prime Minister on Canada's ratification of the new NAFTA". Government of Canada. April 3, 2020. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
119. "Trump: We'Re replacing NAFTA, which was "perhaps the worst trade deal ever made"". www.cnn.com. October 1, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
120. "President Trump announces 'truly historic' trade deal to replace NAFTA". USA TODAY. October 1, 2018. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
121. Geoffrey Gertz, 5 things to know about USMCA, the new NAFTA February 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Brookings Institution (October 2, 2018).
122. Tory Newmyer, The Finance 202: USMCA isn't expected to have a big impact on the economy February 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Washington Post (December 11, 2019).
123. Wiseman, Paul (November 29, 2018). "Trump's New NAFTA Faces Skeptics In now-Democrat-led House". AP NEWS. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
124. Gruenberg, Mark (November 27, 2018). "AFL-CIO to Feds: 'New NAFTA' enforcement unknown". People'S World. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
125. Dhue, Stephanie (November 29, 2018). "Sen. Elizabeth Warren opposes Trump'S NAFTA replacement deal with Mexico, Canada". www.cnbc.com. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
126. "United States–Mexico–Canada Trade Fact Sheet – Rebalancing Trade to Support Manufacturing". ustr.gov. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
127. Mary E. Burfisher, Frederic Lambert & Troy D Matheson, NAFTA to USMCA: What is Gained? February 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, International Monetary Fund Working Paper No. 19/73 (March 26, 2019).
128. Gore, D'Angelo (August 21, 2019). "Kudlow's Unsupported USMCA Jobs Claim". FactCheck.org. from the original on August 22, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
129. United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement: Likely Impact on the U.S. Economy and Specific Industry Sectors February 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine (with errata), United States International Trade Commission, Publication No. 4889, Investigation No. TPA 105-003 (April 2019).
130. Thea M. Lee & Robert E. Scott, Statement: U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement—Weak tea, at best February 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Economic Policy Institution (December 10, 2019).
131. Nakayama, Shuji; Asayama, Ryo (June 28, 2020). "Japan auto companies triple Mexican pay rather than move to US". nikkei.com. from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2020.

Further reading

• Beaulieu, Eugene, and Dylan Klemen. "You Say USMCA or T-MEC and I Say CUSMA: The New NAFTA-Let's Call the Whole Thing On." The School of Public Policy Publications (2020) online.

External links

• Agreement between the United States of America, the United Mexican States, and Canada 12/13/19 Text, subject to legal review on the official website of the Office of the United States Trade Representative.