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United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia

November 03, 2023

The United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC)[a] was a United Nations peacekeeping operation in Cambodia in 1992–93 formed following the 1991 Paris Peace Accords. This was the first occasion in which the UN directly assumed responsibility for the administration of an outright independent state (the UN did the administration of the former Dutch territory of Netherlands New Guinea between 1962 and 1963 prior), rather than simply monitoring or supervising the area. The UN transitional authority organized and ran elections, had its own radio station and jail, and was responsible for promoting and safeguarding human rights at the national level.

Cambodia
កម្ពុជា (Khmer)
1992–1993
Location of Cambodia in Southeast Asia.
StatusUnited Nations protectorate
Capital
and largest city
Phnom Penh
Common languagesKhmer
Special Representative of
the Secretary-General		 
• 1992-1993
Yasushi Akashi
History 
23 October 1991
28 February 1992
• Elections
23 May 1993
24 September 1993
CurrencyRiel (៛) (KHR)
Time zoneUTC+07:00 (ICT)
Driving sideright
Calling code+855
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia
AbbreviationUNTAC
Formation28 February 1992[1]
TypeMonitoring, peacekeeping
Legal statusEnded September 1993[2]
Parent organization
United Nations Security Council
WebsiteUNTAC Website

History edit

UNTAC was established in February 1992 under United Nations Security Council Resolution 745 in agreement with the State of Cambodia, the de facto government of the country at that time, to implement the Paris Peace Accords of October 1991.[1] UNTAC was the product of intense diplomatic activity over many years.

Headed by Chief of Mission Yasushi Akashi (Japan), Force Commander Lieutenant-General John Sanderson (Australia), and Police Commissioner Brigadier-General Klaas Roos (Netherlands), UNTAC involved approximately 15,900 military, 3,400 civilian police, 2,000 civilians and 450 UN Volunteers, as well as locally recruited staff and interpreters. During the electoral period, more than 50,000 Cambodians served as electoral staff and some 900 international polling station officers were seconded from Governments. The whole operation cost over $1.6 billion (equivalent to $2.5 billion in 2017),[3] mostly in salaries for expatriates.

Goals edit

UNTAC's aim was to restore peace and civil government in a country ruined by decades of civil war and Cold War machinations, to hold free and fair elections leading to a new constitution and to "kick-start" the rehabilitation of the country. It was to exercise 'supervision' or 'supervision or control' over all aspects of government, including foreign affairs, national defence, finance, public security and information, and to supervise, monitor and verify the withdrawal and non-return of foreign military forces.[4]

Its mission was also to canton, disarm and demobilize Cambodia's fighting factions, confiscate caches of weapons and military supplies, promote and protect human rights, oversee military security and maintain law and order, repatriate and resettle refugees and displaced persons, assist in mine clearance and the establishment of training programmes in mine clearance and mine awareness, rehabilitate essential infrastructure and assist in economic reconstruction and development.

Another important goal was the trial of senior Khmer Rouge leaders. The process that was initiated during the UNTAC led on 4 October 2004, to the ratification of an agreement with the United Nations by the Cambodian National Assembly on the establishment of a tribunal to try senior leaders responsible for the atrocities committed by the Khmer Rouge. Donor countries pledged the $43 million international share of the three-year tribunal budget, while the Cambodian government's share of the budget was $13.3 million. The first trials of senior Khmer Rouge leaders took place only in 2007, when many of them were already dead or in ill-health.[5]

Disarmament edit

 
An Australian Army UNTAC Patch

Despite UNTAC's boasting of its effectiveness and being feted by the international community as a success, UNTAC failed to disarm the Khmer Rouge, while effectively disarming the SOC's local militias.[6] This bias allowed the Khmer Rouge to make territorial gains and gave rise to political violence.[7] The State of Cambodia's military leaders were furious, claiming that UNTAC was extremely exacting with the disarmament of the CPAF, but too lenient and ineffective when it came to disarm the Khmer Rouge.[8]

1993 elections edit

Over 4 million Cambodians (about 90% of eligible voters) participated in the May 1993 elections, although the Khmer Rouge or Party of Democratic Kampuchea (PDK), whose forces were never actually disarmed or demobilised, barred some people from participating. Prince Ranariddh's FUNCINPEC Party was the top vote recipient with a 45.5% vote, followed by Hun Sen's Cambodian People's Party and the Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party, respectively. FUNCINPEC then entered into a coalition with the other parties that had participated in the election.[9]

The parties represented in the 120-member assembly proceeded to draft and approve a new constitution, which was promulgated 24 September 1993. It established a multiparty liberal democracy in the framework of a constitutional monarchy, with the former Prince Sihanouk elevated to King. Prince Ranariddh and Hun Sen became First and Second Prime Ministers, respectively, in the Royal Cambodian Government (RGC). The constitution provides for a wide range of internationally recognised human rights.[9]

Participating countries edit

The 46 participating countries providing military observers, police, or troops were:[10]

Criticism edit

Norodom Sihanouk had reservations about the UNTAC operation. The massive presence of foreign troops led to the abuse of some Cambodian women, boosting prostitution[16] and possibly driving a spike in the prevalence of HIV/AIDS by introducing the virus from other affected countries.[17][18] The number of sex workers in the State of Cambodia rose from about 6,000 in 1991, to over 20,000 after the arrival of UNTAC personnel in 1992. By 1995 there were between 50,000 and 90,000 Cambodians affected by AIDS according to a WHO estimate.[19]

Statistics edit

  • Duration: March 1992 – September 1993
  • Strength: Approximately 22,000 military and civilian personnel
  • Fatalities: 78 (4 military observers, 41 other military personnel, 14 civilian police, 5 international civilian staff and 14 local staff).
  • Expenditures: US$1.62 billion (UNAMIC and UNTAC combined)[20]

See also edit

Further reading edit

  • Strangio, Sebastian. 2014. Hun Sen’s Cambodia. Yale University Press.

Notes edit

  1. ^ Khmer: អាជ្ញាធរអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ បណ្ដោះអាសន្ននៅកម្ពុជា
    Arabic: سلطة الأمم المتحدة الانتقالية في كمبوديا
    Chinese: 联合国柬埔寨过渡时期权力机构
    French: Autorité provisoire des Nations unies au Cambodge
    Russian: Организация Объединенных Наций Временный орган в Камбодже
    Spanish: Autoridad Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en Camboya

References edit

  1. ^ a b United Nations Security Council Resolution 745. S/RES/745(1992) 28 February 1992. Retrieved 9 April 2008.
  2. ^ "{title}". from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  3. ^ "Cambodia's prime minister has wrecked a 25-year push for democracy". The Economist. 12 October 2017. from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  4. ^ "UNITED NATIONS TRANSITIONAL AUTHORITY IN CAMBODIA (UNTAC) - Background (Summary)". peacekeeping.un.org. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  5. ^ . Archived from the original on 14 September 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  6. ^ Daniel Bultmann (2015) 'Inside Cambodian Insurgency. A Sociological Perspective on Civil Wars and Conflict', Ashgate: Burlington, VT/Farnham, UK, ISBN 9781472443076.
  7. ^ Margaret Slocomb, The People's Republic of Kampuchea, 1979-1989: The revolution after Pol Pot ISBN 978-974-9575-34-5
  8. ^ Benny Widyono, Dancing in Shadows: Sihanouk, the Khmer Rouge, and the United Nations in Cambodia, ISBN 0-7425-5553-4 - ISBN 978-0-7425-5553-2
  9. ^ a b . Archived from the original on 14 September 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  10. ^ https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/untacfacts.html
  11. ^ https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/asia-pacific/marquis.html
  12. ^ https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/un/pko/pamph96/02_2.html
  13. ^ https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/december/04dec19_fs/!ut/p/z1/tVLLUtwwEPwWDj5qZ_y2c3NICkJhFpIFbF0oP8aPYEuLLdbs32cWSFVSFUjlEJ2kVvdMT0sgIQOpil3fFqbXqhj4nMvgLlx_Oj5Fz7lY-xsbk5vN5tz_ePHlOgzgBiTIbdXXkAdVFId-TcJ3Kld4ZRSIsnZDEdiETlP6cVM6B3alzNZ0kI-9qqkRlVaGlLGw0yNZqGiZRaFqQTtGZwuHwtBsxEQDFTMx4KAdW1hTRWNJk4Xo8d6O75oZbv9mV_I1vrESZL18pqyvvBPbQ-d8nX71uUIcRxu8dPAkfCW8UyNnD-HbHkK43fW0wLXS08gJf_vHAE8Rzp4tvDMlv1r__eFBJhz2Id0nA9l_SJvbOFN6nLY8QGE60atGQ3YQQPZTANkvAjbeDrp8-VeJKt2IpRM1NNG0epwY7ozZzh8stHBZllWrdTvQqtKjhX-SdHrmyX5nwnYcI3cv7pv0s-vJcr80qfHz5OgH3AHpUw!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?urile=wcm%3Apath%3A%2Fmindef-content%2Fhome%2Fnews-and-events%2Flatest-releases%2F2019%2FDecember%2F04dec19_fs
  14. ^ Cambodia. Lonely Planet
  15. ^ "UN Cambodia - UNTAC. Facts and Figures". from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  16. ^ Milton Osborne, Sihanouk, Prince of Light, Prince of Darkness. Silkworm 1994
  17. ^ "In 1993, the UN tried to bring democracy to Cambodia. Is that dream dead?". BBC News. 28 July 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  18. ^ Wharton, James (30 April 2021). "The 1992 UN Mission To Cambodia". Forces Network. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  19. ^ Soizick Crochet, Le Cambodge, Karthala, Paris 1997, ISBN 2-86537-722-9
  20. ^ "{title}". from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2017.

External links edit

  • Records of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) (1992-1993) at the United Nations Archives

November 03, 2023
united, nations, transitional, authority, cambodia, untac, united, nations, peacekeeping, operation, cambodia, 1992, formed, following, 1991, paris, peace, accords, this, first, occasion, which, directly, assumed, responsibility, administration, outright, inde. The United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia UNTAC a was a United Nations peacekeeping operation in Cambodia in 1992 93 formed following the 1991 Paris Peace Accords This was the first occasion in which the UN directly assumed responsibility for the administration of an outright independent state the UN did the administration of the former Dutch territory of Netherlands New Guinea between 1962 and 1963 prior rather than simply monitoring or supervising the area The UN transitional authority organized and ran elections had its own radio station and jail and was responsible for promoting and safeguarding human rights at the national level Cambodiaកម ព ជ Khmer كامبوديا Arabic 柬埔寨 Chinese Cambodge French Kambodzha Russian Camboya Spanish 1992 1993Flag EmblemLocation of Cambodia in Southeast Asia StatusUnited Nations protectorateCapitaland largest cityPhnom PenhCommon languagesKhmerSpecial Representative ofthe Secretary General 1992 1993Yasushi AkashiHistory Paris Peace Accords23 October 1991 UN Security Council Resolution 74528 February 1992 Elections23 May 1993 Monarchy restored24 September 1993CurrencyRiel KHR Time zoneUTC 07 00 ICT Driving siderightCalling code 855Preceded by Succeeded byState of CambodiaNational Government of Cambodia Second Kingdom of CambodiaUnited Nations Transitional Authority in CambodiaAbbreviationUNTACFormation28 February 1992 1 TypeMonitoring peacekeepingLegal statusEnded September 1993 2 Parent organizationUnited Nations Security CouncilWebsiteUNTAC Website Contents 1 History 1 1 Goals 1 2 Disarmament 1 3 1993 elections 2 Participating countries 3 Criticism 4 Statistics 5 See also 6 Further reading 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksHistory editUNTAC was established in February 1992 under United Nations Security Council Resolution 745 in agreement with the State of Cambodia the de facto government of the country at that time to implement the Paris Peace Accords of October 1991 1 UNTAC was the product of intense diplomatic activity over many years Headed by Chief of Mission Yasushi Akashi Japan Force Commander Lieutenant General John Sanderson Australia and Police Commissioner Brigadier General Klaas Roos Netherlands UNTAC involved approximately 15 900 military 3 400 civilian police 2 000 civilians and 450 UN Volunteers as well as locally recruited staff and interpreters During the electoral period more than 50 000 Cambodians served as electoral staff and some 900 international polling station officers were seconded from Governments The whole operation cost over 1 6 billion equivalent to 2 5 billion in 2017 3 mostly in salaries for expatriates Goals edit UNTAC s aim was to restore peace and civil government in a country ruined by decades of civil war and Cold War machinations to hold free and fair elections leading to a new constitution and to kick start the rehabilitation of the country It was to exercise supervision or supervision or control over all aspects of government including foreign affairs national defence finance public security and information and to supervise monitor and verify the withdrawal and non return of foreign military forces 4 Its mission was also to canton disarm and demobilize Cambodia s fighting factions confiscate caches of weapons and military supplies promote and protect human rights oversee military security and maintain law and order repatriate and resettle refugees and displaced persons assist in mine clearance and the establishment of training programmes in mine clearance and mine awareness rehabilitate essential infrastructure and assist in economic reconstruction and development Another important goal was the trial of senior Khmer Rouge leaders The process that was initiated during the UNTAC led on 4 October 2004 to the ratification of an agreement with the United Nations by the Cambodian National Assembly on the establishment of a tribunal to try senior leaders responsible for the atrocities committed by the Khmer Rouge Donor countries pledged the 43 million international share of the three year tribunal budget while the Cambodian government s share of the budget was 13 3 million The first trials of senior Khmer Rouge leaders took place only in 2007 when many of them were already dead or in ill health 5 Disarmament edit nbsp An Australian Army UNTAC PatchDespite UNTAC s boasting of its effectiveness and being feted by the international community as a success UNTAC failed to disarm the Khmer Rouge while effectively disarming the SOC s local militias 6 This bias allowed the Khmer Rouge to make territorial gains and gave rise to political violence 7 The State of Cambodia s military leaders were furious claiming that UNTAC was extremely exacting with the disarmament of the CPAF but too lenient and ineffective when it came to disarm the Khmer Rouge 8 1993 elections edit Over 4 million Cambodians about 90 of eligible voters participated in the May 1993 elections although the Khmer Rouge or Party of Democratic Kampuchea PDK whose forces were never actually disarmed or demobilised barred some people from participating Prince Ranariddh s FUNCINPEC Party was the top vote recipient with a 45 5 vote followed by Hun Sen s Cambodian People s Party and the Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party respectively FUNCINPEC then entered into a coalition with the other parties that had participated in the election 9 The parties represented in the 120 member assembly proceeded to draft and approve a new constitution which was promulgated 24 September 1993 It established a multiparty liberal democracy in the framework of a constitutional monarchy with the former Prince Sihanouk elevated to King Prince Ranariddh and Hun Sen became First and Second Prime Ministers respectively in the Royal Cambodian Government RGC The constitution provides for a wide range of internationally recognised human rights 9 Participating countries editThe 46 participating countries providing military observers police or troops were 10 nbsp Algeria nbsp Argentina nbsp Australia nbsp Austria nbsp Bangladesh nbsp Belgium nbsp Brunei nbsp Bulgaria nbsp Cameroon nbsp Canada 11 nbsp Chile nbsp China nbsp Colombia nbsp Cote d Ivoire nbsp Denmark nbsp Egypt nbsp Fiji nbsp France nbsp Germany nbsp Ghana nbsp Hungary nbsp India nbsp Indonesia nbsp Ireland nbsp Italy nbsp Japan 12 nbsp Jordan nbsp Kenya nbsp Malaysia nbsp Morocco nbsp Namibia nbsp Nepal nbsp Netherlands nbsp New Zealand nbsp Nigeria nbsp Norway nbsp Pakistan nbsp Peru nbsp Philippines nbsp Poland nbsp Russia nbsp Senegal nbsp Singapore 13 nbsp Sweden nbsp Tanzania nbsp Thailand nbsp Tunisia nbsp Turkey nbsp United Kingdom nbsp United States nbsp Uruguay 14 15 Criticism editNorodom Sihanouk had reservations about the UNTAC operation The massive presence of foreign troops led to the abuse of some Cambodian women boosting prostitution 16 and possibly driving a spike in the prevalence of HIV AIDS by introducing the virus from other affected countries 17 18 The number of sex workers in the State of Cambodia rose from about 6 000 in 1991 to over 20 000 after the arrival of UNTAC personnel in 1992 By 1995 there were between 50 000 and 90 000 Cambodians affected by AIDS according to a WHO estimate 19 Statistics editDuration March 1992 September 1993 Strength Approximately 22 000 military and civilian personnel Fatalities 78 4 military observers 41 other military personnel 14 civilian police 5 international civilian staff and 14 local staff Expenditures US 1 62 billion UNAMIC and UNTAC combined 20 See also edit nbsp Cambodia portal nbsp Politics portal nbsp Law portal nbsp 1990s portalUN protectorateFurther reading editStrangio Sebastian 2014 Hun Sen s Cambodia Yale University Press Notes edit Khmer អ ជ ញ ធរអង គក រសហប រជ ជ ត បណ ដ អ សន នន កម ព ជ Arabic سلطة الأمم المتحدة الانتقالية في كمبوديا Chinese 联合国柬埔寨过渡时期权力机构 French Autorite provisoire des Nations unies au CambodgeRussian Organizaciya Obedinennyh Nacij Vremennyj organ v Kambodzhe Spanish Autoridad Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en CamboyaReferences edit a b United Nations Security Council Resolution 745 S RES 745 1992 28 February 1992 Retrieved 9 April 2008 title Archived from the original on 19 February 2009 Retrieved 29 June 2017 Cambodia s prime minister has wrecked a 25 year push for democracy The Economist 12 October 2017 Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 Retrieved 14 October 2017 UNITED NATIONS TRANSITIONAL AUTHORITY IN CAMBODIA UNTAC Background Summary peacekeeping un org Retrieved 9 July 2023 UNTAC Archived from the original on 14 September 2009 Retrieved 16 July 2010 Daniel Bultmann 2015 Inside Cambodian Insurgency A Sociological Perspective on Civil Wars and Conflict Ashgate Burlington VT Farnham UK ISBN 9781472443076 Margaret Slocomb The People s Republic of Kampuchea 1979 1989 The revolution after Pol Pot ISBN 978 974 9575 34 5 Benny Widyono Dancing in Shadows Sihanouk the Khmer Rouge and the United Nations in Cambodia ISBN 0 7425 5553 4 ISBN 978 0 7425 5553 2 a b UNTAC and UNAMIC Web site UNTAC History Archived from the original on 14 September 2009 Retrieved 16 July 2010 https peacekeeping un org mission past untacfacts html https www canada ca en department national defence services military history history heritage past operations asia pacific marquis html https www mofa go jp policy un pko pamph96 02 2 html https www mindef gov sg web portal mindef news and events latest releases article detail 2019 december 04dec19 fs ut p z1 tVLLUtwwEPwWDj5qZ y2c3NICkJhFpIFbF0oP8aPYEuLLdbs32cWSFVSFUjlEJ2kVvdMT0sgIQOpil3fFqbXqhj4nMvgLlx Oj5Fz7lY xsbk5vN5tz ePHlOgzgBiTIbdXXkAdVFId TcJ3Kld4ZRSIsnZDEdiETlP6cVM6B3alzNZ0kI 9qqkRlVaGlLGw0yNZqGiZRaFqQTtGZwuHwtBsxEQDFTMx4KAdW1hTRWNJk4Xo8d6O75oZbv9mV I1vrESZL18pqyvvBPbQ d8nX71uUIcRxu8dPAkfCW8UyNnD HbHkK43fW0wLXS08gJf vHAE8Rzp4tvDMlv1r eFBJhz2Id0nA9l SJvbOFN6nLY8QGE60atGQ3YQQPZTANkvAjbeDrp8 VeJKt2IpRM1NNG0epwY7ozZzh8stHBZllWrdTvQqtKjhX SdHrmyX5nwnYcI3cv7pv0s vJcr80qfHz5OgH3AHpUw dz d5 L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh urile wcm 3Apath 3A 2Fmindef content 2Fhome 2Fnews and events 2Flatest releases 2F2019 2FDecember 2F04dec19 fs Cambodia Lonely Planet UN Cambodia UNTAC Facts and Figures Archived from the original on 31 May 2017 Retrieved 29 June 2017 Milton Osborne Sihanouk Prince of Light Prince of Darkness Silkworm 1994 In 1993 the UN tried to bring democracy to Cambodia Is that dream dead BBC News 28 July 2018 Retrieved 3 August 2021 Wharton James 30 April 2021 The 1992 UN Mission To Cambodia Forces Network Retrieved 3 August 2021 Soizick Crochet Le Cambodge Karthala Paris 1997 ISBN 2 86537 722 9 title Archived from the original on 26 February 2009 Retrieved 29 June 2017 External links editRecords of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia UNTAC 1992 1993 at the United Nations Archives Untac com UNTAC website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia amp oldid 1182251525, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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