The rufous hornbill (Buceros hydrocorax), also known as the Philippine hornbill and locally as kalaw (pronounced KAH-lau), is a large species of hornbill endemic to the Philippines (the largest hornbill in the country). They are referred by locals as the "clock-of-the-mountains" due to its large booming call which typically occur of every hour. It occurs in moist tropical lowland forest. They are now considered to be a threatened species and its reasons for decline being habitat destruction, hunting and poaching for the illegal pet trade.
Buceros hydrocorax semigaelatus:Samar, Leyte, Bohol, Panaon, Biliran, Calicoan and Buad ; Yellow front half of beak; flatter top of head with the casque (horn) smaller and merges into the maxilla
It is sometimes called "the clock of the mountains" because of its periodic noontime call.[5] It has been recorded to have been preyed upon by the Philippine eagle.[6]
Breedingedit
As with other hornbills, females seal themselves within the nest cavity, where they lay the clutch, and remain with the growing young for most or all of the nesting period. In some species, the male helps with the sealing process from outside the nest cavity. The nestlings and the female are fed by the male through a narrow vertical slit in the sealed nest opening, at times joined by non-breeding helper males.[7] Nesting time will last in average of 4–6 months. In this duration the male will provide food to his confine female and nestling. They maintain the year- pair bonds and will paired together until many years’ time and engage a courtship feeding.
Feedingedit
Rufous Hornbills play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of their ecosystem. They are considered a keystone species due to their omnivorous feeding habits, which allow them to disperse seeds along the forest floor from the fruits they consume and control pest populations of insects they predate on.[8]
Habitat and Conservation Statusedit
This species occurs largely in primary evergreen dipterocarp forests, but also uses secondary forest. The Northern rufous hornbill has recorded up to 760 meters in Luzon while its southern counterpart has been recorded up to 2,100 meters above sea level on Mt. Apo.
This species suffers from substantial hunting pressure and widespread loss of habitat as a result of logging and conversion to agriculture. Continued subsistence hunting and felling of remnant dipterocarp forests for agriculture are thought to be further depressing population numbers, and the range is now highly fragmented and likely suffering from an acute lack of suitable nesting trees, at least in parts of the range. Hunters climb up nesting trees to capture the mother and its chicks for the illegal wildlife trade. Hunting for sport and food has been recorded throughout its range. In 2014 Adams, Ilocos Norte in which the Vice-Mayor's son was photographed carrying a deceased juvenile that he just shot.[9] This species has gone locally extinct in Cavite in Mt. Palay-palay due to hunting and the construction of roads and the Kaybiang Tunnel.
Referencesedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buceros hydrocorax.
^11th Congress. "Republic Act No. 9147". Official Gazette of the Philippines.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^Allen, Desmond (2020). Birds of the Philippines. Barcelona: Lynx and Birdlife Guides International. pp. 200–201.
^Ortiz, Margaux C. (2 February 2013). "Hornbills in the city: Clock ticking on nature's timekeeper". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
^"Searching for the Philippine Eagle in the Angat Watershed Forest Reserve".
^Witmer, Mark (1993). "Cooperative Breeding by Rufous Hornbills on Mindanao Island, Philippines" (PDF). The Auk. 110 (4): 933–936. doi:10.2307/4088652. JSTOR 4088652.
^Matutes, Heremerose; Densing, Libertine Agatha (2022-05-21). "Avifauna composition and communities in Leyte Sab-a Basin Peatland and its vicinity in Northeastern Leyte, Philippines". Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity. 6 (2): 35–60. doi:10.5281/zenodo.6569636.
^"Photo of hunter with dead hornbill sparks online outrage". GMA News. April 7, 2014.
4. Clarido, Aiza P. (2017). Dark-winged Clock: Hornbill
January 19, 2024
rufous, hornbill, rufous, hornbill, buceros, hydrocorax, also, known, philippine, hornbill, locally, kalaw, pronounced, large, species, hornbill, endemic, philippines, largest, hornbill, country, they, referred, locals, clock, mountains, large, booming, call, . The rufous hornbill Buceros hydrocorax also known as the Philippine hornbill and locally as kalaw pronounced KAH lau is a large species of hornbill endemic to the Philippines the largest hornbill in the country They are referred by locals as the clock of the mountains due to its large booming call which typically occur of every hour It occurs in moist tropical lowland forest They are now considered to be a threatened species and its reasons for decline being habitat destruction hunting and poaching for the illegal pet trade Rufous hornbillBuceros h hydrocoraxConservation statusVulnerable IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix II CITES 2 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder BucerotiformesFamily BucerotidaeGenus BucerosSpecies B hydrocoraxBinomial nameBuceros hydrocoraxLinnaeus 1766SynonymsBuceros mindanensis Tweeddale 1877It is illegal to hunt capture or possess rufous hornbills under Philippine Law RA 9147 3 Contents 1 Distribution and Taxonomy 1 1 Subspecies 2 Behaviour 2 1 Breeding 2 2 Feeding 3 Habitat and Conservation Status 4 ReferencesDistribution and Taxonomy editIt is endemic to the Philippines where it occurs in primary mature secondary and disturbed forests on 11 islands The bill of the nominate subspecies is entirely red while the bill of the subspecies semigaleatus and mindanensis are pale yellow on the distal half nbsp Subspecies B h mindanensis illustration by Joseph Smit 1881Subspecies edit Three subspecies are recognized Buceros hydrocorax hydrocorax Luzon and Marinduque Larger with an all red bill large casque Now extinct on Marinduque Buceros hydrocorax semigaelatus Samar Leyte Bohol Panaon Biliran Calicoan and Buad Yellow front half of beak flatter top of head with the casque horn smaller and merges into the maxilla Buceros hydrocorax mindanensis Dinagat Siargao Mindanao plus Balut Bucas and Talicud and Basilan Yellow front half of beak large casque 4 The HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World has split this into two species with the Northern Rufous Hornbill consisting of the nominate and the Southern Rufous Hornbill consisting of the semigaelatus and mindanensis subspecies Behaviour editIt is sometimes called the clock of the mountains because of its periodic noontime call 5 It has been recorded to have been preyed upon by the Philippine eagle 6 Breeding edit As with other hornbills females seal themselves within the nest cavity where they lay the clutch and remain with the growing young for most or all of the nesting period In some species the male helps with the sealing process from outside the nest cavity The nestlings and the female are fed by the male through a narrow vertical slit in the sealed nest opening at times joined by non breeding helper males 7 Nesting time will last in average of 4 6 months In this duration the male will provide food to his confine female and nestling They maintain the year pair bonds and will paired together until many years time and engage a courtship feeding Feeding edit Rufous Hornbills play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of their ecosystem They are considered a keystone species due to their omnivorous feeding habits which allow them to disperse seeds along the forest floor from the fruits they consume and control pest populations of insects they predate on 8 Habitat and Conservation Status editThis species occurs largely in primary evergreen dipterocarp forests but also uses secondary forest The Northern rufous hornbill has recorded up to 760 meters in Luzon while its southern counterpart has been recorded up to 2 100 meters above sea level on Mt Apo This species has been classified as vulnerable It is believed that the North Rufous Hornbill is more threatened as the National List of Threatened Terrestrial Fauna of the Philippines has classified it and Endangered while classifying the southern species or sub species as Vulnerable This species suffers from substantial hunting pressure and widespread loss of habitat as a result of logging and conversion to agriculture Continued subsistence hunting and felling of remnant dipterocarp forests for agriculture are thought to be further depressing population numbers and the range is now highly fragmented and likely suffering from an acute lack of suitable nesting trees at least in parts of the range Hunters climb up nesting trees to capture the mother and its chicks for the illegal wildlife trade Hunting for sport and food has been recorded throughout its range In 2014 Adams Ilocos Norte in which the Vice Mayor s son was photographed carrying a deceased juvenile that he just shot 9 This species has gone locally extinct in Cavite in Mt Palay palay due to hunting and the construction of roads and the Kaybiang Tunnel References edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buceros hydrocorax Buceros hydrocorax IUCN Red List 2014 Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 2022 01 14 11th Congress Republic Act No 9147 Official Gazette of the Philippines a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Allen Desmond 2020 Birds of the Philippines Barcelona Lynx and Birdlife Guides International pp 200 201 Ortiz Margaux C 2 February 2013 Hornbills in the city Clock ticking on nature s timekeeper Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved 9 May 2013 Searching for the Philippine Eagle in the Angat Watershed Forest Reserve Witmer Mark 1993 Cooperative Breeding by Rufous Hornbills on Mindanao Island Philippines PDF The Auk 110 4 933 936 doi 10 2307 4088652 JSTOR 4088652 Matutes Heremerose Densing Libertine Agatha 2022 05 21 Avifauna composition and communities in Leyte Sab a Basin Peatland and its vicinity in Northeastern Leyte Philippines Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity 6 2 35 60 doi 10 5281 zenodo 6569636 Photo of hunter with dead hornbill sparks online outrage GMA News April 7 2014 4 Clarido Aiza P 2017 Dark winged Clock Hornbill Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rufous hornbill amp oldid 1160787019, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
